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Alonaizan R. Molecular regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation during parasitic infection. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231918. [PMID: 38623843 PMCID: PMC11096646 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are a serious global health concern, causing many common and severe infections, including Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis. The NLRP3 inflammasome belongs to the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins) family, which are cytosolic proteins playing key roles in the detection of pathogens. NLRP3 inflammasomes are activated in immune responses to Plasmodium, Leishmania, Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma cruzi, and other parasites. The role of NLRP3 is not fully understood, but it is a crucial component of the innate immune response to parasitic infections and its functions as a sensor triggering the inflammatory response to the invasive parasites. However, while this response can limit the parasites' growth, it can also result in potentially catastrophic host pathology. This makes it essential to understand how NLRP3 interacts with parasites to initiate the inflammatory response. Plasmodium hemozoin, Leishmania glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and E. histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin can stimulate NLRP3 activation, while the dense granule protein 9 (GRA9) of T. gondii has been shown to suppress it. Several other parasitic products also have diverse effects on NLRP3 activation. Understanding the mechanism of NLRP3 interaction with these products will help to develop advanced therapeutic approaches to treat parasitic diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge of the NLRP3 inflammasome's action on the immune response to parasitic infections and aims to determine the mechanisms through which parasitic molecules either activate or inhibit its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Alonaizan
- Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Borba PB, Lago J, Lago T, Araújo-Pereira M, Queiroz ATL, Barud HS, Carvalho LP, Machado PRL, Carvalho EM, de Oliveira CI. Improved Treatment Outcome Following the Use of a Wound Dressings in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions. Pathogens 2024; 13:416. [PMID: 38787268 PMCID: PMC11124396 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania parasites, is a neglected tropical disease and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form. Despite the associated toxicity and adverse effects, Meglumine antimoniate (MA) remains the first-choice treatment for CL in Brazil, pressing the need for the development of better alternatives. Bacterial NanoCellulose (BNC), a biocompatible nanomaterial, has unique properties regarding wound healing. In a previous study, we showed that use of topical BNC + systemic MA significantly increased the cure rate of CL patients, compared to treatment with MA alone. Herein, we performed a study comparing the combination of a wound dressing (BNC or placebo) plus systemic MA versus systemic MA alone, in CL caused by Leishmania braziliensis. We show that patients treated with the combination treatment (BNC or placebo) + MA showed improved cure rates and decreased need for rescue treatment, although differences compared to controls (systemic MA alone) were not significant. However, the overall time-to-cure was significantly lower in groups treated with the combination treatment (BNC+ systemic MA or placebo + systemic MA) in comparison to controls (MA alone), indicating that the use of a wound dressing improves CL treatment outcome. Assessment of the immune response in peripheral blood showed an overall downmodulation in the inflammatory landscape and a significant decrease in the production of IL-1a (p < 0.05) in patients treated with topical BNC + systemic MA. Our results show that the application of wound dressings to CL lesions can improve chemotherapy outcome in CL caused by L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro B. Borba
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
| | - Jamile Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, HUPES-UFBA, Salvador 40110-060, BA, Brazil
| | - Tainã Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, HUPES-UFBA, Salvador 40110-060, BA, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo-Pereira
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER Initiative), Salvador 41720-200, BA, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional (IPCT), UniFTC, Salvador 41720-200, BA, Brazil
| | - Artur T. L. Queiroz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER Initiative), Salvador 41720-200, BA, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional (IPCT), UniFTC, Salvador 41720-200, BA, Brazil
| | - Hernane S. Barud
- Laboratório de BioPolímeros e Biomateriais, Uniara, Araraquara 14801-340, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, HUPES-UFBA, Salvador 40110-060, BA, Brazil
- INCT—Instituto de Investigação em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador 40110-040, BA, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. L. Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, HUPES-UFBA, Salvador 40110-060, BA, Brazil
- INCT—Instituto de Investigação em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador 40110-040, BA, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, HUPES-UFBA, Salvador 40110-060, BA, Brazil
- INCT—Instituto de Investigação em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador 40110-040, BA, Brazil
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
- INCT—Instituto de Investigação em Doenças Tropicais, Salvador 40110-040, BA, Brazil
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3
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Amorim CF, Lovins VM, Singh TP, Novais FO, Harris JC, Lago AS, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Beiting DP, Scott P, Grice EA. Multiomic profiling of cutaneous leishmaniasis infections reveals microbiota-driven mechanisms underlying disease severity. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh1469. [PMID: 37851822 PMCID: PMC10627035 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is a parasitic infection that can result in inflammation and skin injury with highly variable and unpredictable clinical outcomes. Here, we investigated the potential impact of microbiota on infection-induced inflammatory responses and disease resolution by conducting an integrated analysis of the skin microbiome and host transcriptome on a cohort of 62 patients infected with L. braziliensis. We found that overall bacterial burden and microbiome configurations dominated with Staphylococcus spp. were associated with delayed healing and enhanced inflammatory responses, especially by IL-1 family members. Quantification of host and bacterial transcripts on human lesions revealed that high lesional S. aureus transcript abundance was associated with delayed healing and increased expression of IL-1β. This cytokine was critical for modulating disease outcomes in L. braziliensis-infected mice colonized with S. aureus, given that its neutralization reduced pathology and inflammation. These results highlight how the human microbiome can shape disease outcomes in cutaneous leishmaniasis and suggest pathways toward host-directed therapies to mitigate the inflammatory consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Victoria M. Lovins
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Tej Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Fernanda O. Novais
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States
| | - Jordan C. Harris
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Alexsandro S. Lago
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
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Rahmanipour M, Mohebali M, Koosha M, Kazemirad E, Yasami-Khiabani S, Mirjalali H, Hajjaran H. Effect of Leishmania RNA virus 2 on virulence factors and cytokines gene expression in a human macrophage infected with Leishmania major: A preliminary study. Exp Parasitol 2023; 246:108459. [PMID: 36596336 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important infectious parasitic diseases in the world caused by the Leishmania parasite. In recent decades, the presence of a virus from the Totiviridae family has been proven in some Leishmania species. Although the existence of LRV2 in the Old world Leishmania species has been confirmed, almost no studies have been done to determine the potential impact of LRV2 on the immunopathogenicity of the Leishmania parasite. In this preliminary study, we measured the expression of target genes, including Glycoprotein 63 (gp63), Heat Shock Protein 70 (hsp70), Cysteine Protease b (cpb), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL8 and IL-12 in LRV2 positive Leishmania major strain (LRV2+L. major) and LRV2 negative L. major strain (LRV2-L. major). We exposed THP-1, a human leukemia monocytic cell line, to promastigotes of both strains. After the initial infection, RNA was extracted at different time points, and the relative gene expression was determined using a real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Findings showed that the presence of LRV2 in L. major was able to increase the expression of gp63, hsp70, and cpb genes; also, we observed lower levels of expression in cytokine genes of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12 in the presence of LRV2+, which are critical factors in the host's immune response against leishmaniasis. These changes could suggest that the presence of LRV2 in L. major parasite may change the outcome of the disease and increase the probability of Leishmania survival; nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rahmanipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kazemirad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Farias Amorim C, Lovins VM, Singh TP, Novais FO, Harris JC, Lago AS, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Beiting DP, Scott P, Grice EA. The skin microbiome enhances disease through IL-1b and delays healing in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.02.23285247. [PMID: 36798406 PMCID: PMC9934716 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.23285247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis infection results in inflammation and skin injury, with highly variable and unpredictable clinical outcomes. Here, we investigated the potential impact of microbiota on infection-induced inflammatory responses and disease resolution by conducting an integrated analysis of the skin microbiome and host transcriptome on a cohort of 62 L. braziliensis -infected patients. We found that overall bacterial burden and microbiome configurations dominated with Staphylococcus spp. were associated with delayed healing and enhanced inflammatory responses, especially by IL-1 family members. Dual RNA-seq of human lesions revealed that high lesional S. aureus transcript abundance was associated with delayed healing and increased expression of IL-1β. This cytokine was critical for modulating disease outcome in L. braziliensis -infected mice colonized with S. aureus , as its neutralization reduced pathology and inflammation. These results implicate the microbiome in cutaneous leishmaniasis disease outcomes in humans and suggest host-directed therapies to mitigate the inflammatory consequences.
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Khandibharad S, Nimsarkar P, Singh S. Mechanobiology of immune cells: Messengers, receivers and followers in leishmaniasis aiding synthetic devices. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:186-198. [PMID: 36051499 PMCID: PMC9424266 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are influential molecules which can direct cells behavior. In this review, cytokines are referred as messengers, immune cells which respond to cytokine stimulus are referred as receivers and the immune cells which gets modulated due to their plasticity induced by infectious pathogen leishmania, are referred as followers. The advantage of plasticity of cells is taken by the parasite to switch them from parasite eliminating form to parasite survival favoring form through a process called as reciprocity which is undergone by cytokines, wherein pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory switch occur rendering immune cell population to switch their phenotype. Detailed study of this switch can help in identification of important targets which can help in restoring the phenotype to parasite eliminating form and this can be done through synthetic circuit, finding its wider applicability in therapeutics. Cytokines as messengers for governing reciprocity in infection. Leishmania induces reciprocity modulating the immune cells plasticity. Reciprocity of cytokines identifies important target for therapeutics. Therapeutic targets aiding the design of synthetic devices to combat infection.
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Novais FO, Amorim CF, Scott P. Host-Directed Therapies for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660183. [PMID: 33841444 PMCID: PMC8032888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical presentations from self-resolving infections to severe chronic disease. Anti-parasitic drugs are often ineffective in the most severe forms of the disease, and in some cases the magnitude of the disease can result from an uncontrolled inflammatory response rather than unrestrained parasite replication. In these patients, host-directed therapies offer a novel approach to improve clinical outcome. Importantly, there are many anti-inflammatory drugs with known safety and efficacy profiles that are currently used for other inflammatory diseases and are readily available to be used for leishmaniasis. However, since leishmaniasis consists of a wide range of clinical entities, mediated by a diverse group of leishmanial species, host-directed therapies will need to be tailored for specific types of leishmaniasis. There is now substantial evidence that host-directed therapies are likely to be beneficial beyond autoimmune diseases and cancer and thus should be an important component in the armamentarium to modulate the severity of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Cavalli G, Colafrancesco S, Emmi G, Imazio M, Lopalco G, Maggio MC, Sota J, Dinarello CA. Interleukin 1α: a comprehensive review on the role of IL-1α in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102763. [PMID: 33482337 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family member IL-1α is a ubiquitous and pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine. The IL-1α precursor is constitutively present in nearly all cell types in health, but is released upon necrotic cell death as a bioactive mediator. IL-1α is also expressed by infiltrating myeloid cells within injured tissues. The cytokine binds the IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1), as does IL-1β, and induces the same pro-inflammatory effects. Being a bioactive precursor released upon tissue damage and necrotic cell death, IL-1α is central to the pathogenesis of numerous conditions characterized by organ or tissue inflammation. These include conditions affecting the lung and respiratory tract, dermatoses and inflammatory skin disorders, systemic sclerosis, myocarditis, pericarditis, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, inflammatory thrombosis, as well as complex multifactorial conditions such as COVID-19, vasculitis and Kawasaki disease, Behcet's syndrome, Sjogren Syndrome, and cancer. This review illustrates the clinical relevance of IL-1α to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, as well as the rationale for the targeted inhibition of this cytokine for treatment of these conditions. Three biologics are available to reduce the activities of IL-1α; the monoclonal antibody bermekimab, the IL-1 soluble receptor rilonacept, and the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra. These advances in mechanistic understanding and therapeutic management make it incumbent on physicians to be aware of IL-1α and of the opportunity for therapeutic inhibition of this cytokine in a broad spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena Colafrancesco
- Dipartimento of Clinical Sciences (Internal Medicine, Anesthesia and Resuscitation, and Cardiology), Rheumatology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimo Imazio
- University Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Throracic Department, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lopalco
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Maggio
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infantile Care, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jurgen Sota
- Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Osero BO, Aruleba RT, Brombacher F, Hurdayal R. Unravelling the unsolved paradoxes of cytokine families in host resistance and susceptibility to Leishmania infection. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100043. [PMID: 33415318 PMCID: PMC7773805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Successful clearance of Leishmania relies on a robust human immune response and various cytokines have been implicated in resistance and susceptibility to Leishmania infection. Accordingly, various immunotherapeutic approaches involving cytokines and cytokine receptors are being considered as novel avenues of treatment given the limited efficacy of current anti-leishmanial drugs. These approaches target canonical T helper (Th)1/Type 1 cytokines as intended mediators of host-protection to infection whilst concomitantly suppressing Th2/Type 2 cytokines and their anticipated disease-promoting roles. However, the use of cytokine and cytokine receptor gene-deficient mice over the years has challenged this simplistic view of Th1/Type 1-mediated resistance and Th2/Type 2-mediated susceptibility. Indeed, contribution to susceptibility vs resistance is only a partial consequence to cytokine action as the overall response is multi-faceted due to the pleiotropic, redundant, antagonistic and synergistic action of cytokines and interactions with immune cells in the diseased state. Notably, while the responses of certain cytokines are selectively host-protective or characteristic disease-enhancers, some ligands exert a response depending on the parasite-species initiating infection. Paradoxically, others play dual or contradictory roles in different Leishmania immunopathologies. Hence, cytokines in disease is an unsolved paradox and a comprehensive knowledge of cytokine interplay is important to guide the development of novel immunotherapeutics against leishmaniasis. In this review, we characterize various cytokine families in persistence and clearance of the Leishmania parasite and particularly elucidate unsolved cytokine puzzles in leishmaniasis based on information acquired from "gain of knowledge by loss of function" studies in cytokine and cytokine receptor gene-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Ong'ondo Osero
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raphael Taiwo Aruleba
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ramona Hurdayal
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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Krayem I, Lipoldová M. Role of host genetics and cytokines in Leishmania infection. Cytokine 2020; 147:155244. [PMID: 33059974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are important regulators of innate and specific responses in leishmaniasis, a disease that currently affects 12 million people. We overviewed the current information about influences of genetically engineered mouse models of cytokine and chemokine on leishmaniasis. We found that genetic background of the host, parasite species and sub-strain, as well as experimental design often modify effects of genetically engineered cytokine genes. Next we analyzed genes and QTLs (quantitative trait loci) that control response to Leishmania species in mouse in order to establish relationship between genetic control of cytokine expression and organ pathology. These studies revealed a network-like complexity of the combined effects of the multiple functionally diverse QTLs and their individual specificity. Genetic control of organ pathology and systemic immune response overlap only partially. Some QTLs control both organ pathology and systemic immune response, but the effects of genes and loci with the strongest impact on disease are cytokine-independent, whereas several loci modify cytokines levels in serum without influencing organ pathology. Understanding this genetic control might be important in development of vaccines designed to stimulate certain cytokine spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtissal Krayem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítná 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic.
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11
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Chanyalew M, Abebe M, Endale B, Girma S, Tasew G, van Zandbergen G, Ritter U, Gadisa E, Aseffa A, Laskay T. Enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in Ethiopian cutaneous leishmaniasis upon exposure to Leishmania aethiopica. Cytokine 2020; 145:155289. [PMID: 32951968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) vary due to the infecting Leishmania species and host genetic makeup that result in different immune responses against the parasites. The host immune response to Leishmania aethiopica (L.aethiopica), the causative agent of CL in Ethiopia, is poorly understood. To contribute to the understanding of the protective immune response in CL due to L.aethiopica, we characterized the cytokine response to L. aethiopica in patients with the localized form of CL (LCL) and age-and sex-matched apparently healthy controls. By applying a whole blood based in vitro culture we found enhanced release of TNF, IL-6, MCP-1 or CCL2, IP-10 or CXCL10, MIP-1β or CCL4 and IL-8 or CXCL8- but not of IL-10CL patients in response to L. aethiopica compared to the controls. No difference was observed between LCL cases and controls in the secretion of these cytokines and chemokines in whole blood cultures treated with the TLR-ligands LPS, MALP-2 or polyI: C. The observed increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines reflects an enhanced response against the parasites by LCL patients as compared to healthy controls rather than a generally enhanced ability of blood leukocytes from LCL patients to respond to microbial constituents. Our findings suggest that the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines is associated with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L.aethiopica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menberework Chanyalew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Markos Abebe
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birtukan Endale
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Selfu Girma
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Ethiopia Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen D-63225, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, D-23560 Lübeck, Germany.
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12
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Saresella M, Basilico N, Marventano I, Perego F, La Rosa F, Piancone F, Taramelli D, Banks H, Clerici M. Leishmania infantum infection reduces the amyloid β 42-stimulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:597-605. [PMID: 32335194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been shown to play a major role in the neuroinflammation that accompanies Alzheimer's disease (AD); interventions that down regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome could thus be beneficial in AD. Parasite infections were recently shown to be associated with improved cognitive functions in Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4)-expressing members of an Amazonian tribe. We verified in an in vitro model whether Leishmania infantum infection could reduce NLRP3. Results obtained in an initial experimental model in which PBMC were LPS primed and nigericin-stimulated showed that L. infantum infection significantly reduced ASC-speck formation (i.e. intracellular inflammasome proteins assembly), as well as the production of activated caspase 5 and IL-1β, but increased that of activated caspase 1 and IL-18. Moreover, L. infantum infection induced the generation of an anti-inflammatory milieu by suppressing the production of TNFα and increasing that of IL-10. These results were replicated when cells that had been LPS-primed were stimulated with Aβ42 and infected with L. infantum. Results herein indicate that Leishmania infection favors an anti-inflammatory milieu, which includes the down-regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, possibly to facilitate its survival inside host cells. A side effect of Leishmaniasis would be the hampering of neuroinflammation; this could play a protective role against AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Federica Perego
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | - Donatella Taramelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy.
| | - Helen Banks
- Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (Cergas), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Milan 20100, Italy.
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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13
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Amorim EADS, de França ÁA, Pereira VRA, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA. IL-1 family and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A poorly understood relationship. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 57:85-92. [PMID: 32540132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytokines of the interleukin (IL) -1 family act in the initiation of an effective immune response in Leishmania infection, represented mainly by the T helper 1 (Th1) profile, in addition to being associated with disease exacerbation and controversial contributions in the Th2 responses. The family also includes members who self-regulate inflammation, such as antagonists and anti-inflammatory cytokines, most of which have not yet been studied in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in humans. Here we summarize findings about what is known so far about the role of these cytokines in mice, the main study model, and in humans. We reinforce the importance of studies of these cytokines as new targets in the context of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Alves da Silva Amorim
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, PE, 55608-680, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco Foundation (Fiocruz/PE), Department of Immunology, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Áquila Alcântara de França
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, PE, 55608-680, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco Foundation (Fiocruz/PE), Department of Immunology, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco Foundation (Fiocruz/PE), Department of Immunology, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz-de-Castro
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, PE, 55608-680, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Pernambuco Foundation (Fiocruz/PE), Department of Immunology, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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14
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de Carvalho RVH, Zamboni DS. Inflammasome Activation in Response to Intracellular Protozoan Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:459-472. [PMID: 32298633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic complexes that assemble in response to cellular stress or upon sensing microbial molecules, culminating in cytokine processing and an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Inflammasomes are usually composed of a sensor molecule, an adaptor protein, and an inflammatory caspase, such as Caspase-1, which cleaves and activates multiple substrates, including Gasdermin-D, pro-IL-1β, and pro-IL-18. Ultimately, inflammasome activation promotes inflammation and restriction of the microbial infection. In recent years, many studies have addressed the role of inflammasomes during fungal, bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases, revealing sophisticated aspects of the host-pathogen interaction. In this review, we summarize recent advances on inflammasome activation in response to intracellular parasites, including Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, and Toxoplasma gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan V H de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Babaloo Z, Oskoei MR, Kohansal MH, Barac A, Ahmadpour E. Serum profile of IL-1β and IL-17 cytokines in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101431. [PMID: 32059125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite, mainly infects macrophages of mammalian tissues. Inflammatory related cytokines have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-17 in patients with active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and control group. Serum concentrations of both IL-1β and IL-17 cytokines were assessed by ELISA in Leishmania infantum infected patients (n = 25) and healthy individuals (n = 25) from Meshkin-Shahr, northwest of Iran. Mean serum concentrations of IL-1β in the patients and control groups were 47.34 ± 23.82, and 20.49 ± 9.38, respectively, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Furthermore, mean IL-17 concentration in patients with VL (243.96 ± 73.46) was twice higher comparing to control group (106.38 ± 129.06) (p < 0.001). Several cytokines are involved in the regulation of immunity against VL. The present data has shown that, increased serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-17 are present in the patients with VL. Further investigations are needed to enhance our knowledge about the regulatory role of these cytokines in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Babaloo
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Rajaei Oskoei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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16
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Amorim CF, Novais FO, Nguyen BT, Misic AM, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Beiting DP, Scott P. Variable gene expression and parasite load predict treatment outcome in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaax4204. [PMID: 31748229 PMCID: PMC7068779 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients infected with Leishmania braziliensis develop chronic lesions that often fail to respond to treatment with antiparasite drugs. To determine whether genes whose expression is highly variable in lesions between patients might influence disease outcome, we obtained biopsies of lesions from patients before treatment with pentavalent antimony and performed transcriptomic profiling on these clinical samples. We identified genes that were highly variably expressed between patients, and the variable expression of these genes correlated with treatment outcome. Among the most variable genes in all the patients were components of the cytolytic pathway, and the expression of these genes correlated with parasite load in the skin. We demonstrated that treatment failure was linked to the cytolytic pathway activated during infection. Using a host-pathogen marker profile of as few as three genes, we showed that eventual treatment outcome could be predicted before the start of treatment in two separate cohorts of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (n = 21 and n = 25). These findings raise the possibility of point-of-care diagnostic screening to identify patients at high risk of treatment failure and provide a rationale for a precision medicine approach to drug selection in cutaneous leishmaniasis. This work more broadly demonstrates the value of identifying genes of high variability in other diseases to better understand and predict diverse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | - Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | - Ba T Nguyen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | - Ana M Misic
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40110-060, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40110-060, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA.
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA.
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17
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da Silva GAV, de Mesquita TGR, de Souza Encarnação HV, do Espírito Santo Junior J, da Costa Sabino K, de Aguiar Neres I, de Almeida SA, de Souza MLG, Talhari S, Ramasawmy R. A polymorphism in the IL1B gene (rs16944 T/C) is associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania guyanensis and plasma cytokine interleukin receptor antagonist. Cytokine 2019; 123:154788. [PMID: 31357078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nod-like Receptor Protein3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages infected with Leishmania sp. enhances the secretion of IL-1β. Excess IL-1β production is linked to disease severity in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. mexicana. Blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cell cultures from skin biopsies of patients with CL caused by L. braziliensis inhibited the release of IL-1β. We hypothesized that common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL1B and in its receptor antagonist IL1RN genes may be predictive of CL caused by L. guyanensis. The SNPs -511T/C (rs16944) and +3954C/T (rs1143634) of the IL1B and IL1RN VNTR (rs2234663) were assessed in 881 patients with CL and 837 healthy controls by PCR-RFLP and direct PCR respectively. Plasma cytokines levels were also assayed. The plasma levels of IL-1β were higher in patients compared to control subjects. In contrast, increased plasma levels of IL-1Ra were observed in controls. The rs16944 C/C genotype was more common among the patients (OR = 1.5 [95%CI 1.1-2.0]; P = 0.004) and the C allele suggests susceptibility to CL (OR = 1.2 [95%CI 1.1-1.4]; P = 0.003). The rs16944 C/C genotype shows a tendency to correlate with lower levels of the IL-1Ra cytokine. Low levels of IL-1Ra cytokine and rs16944 C/C genotype seem to confer susceptibility to L. guyanensis-infection in the Amazonas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karolina da Costa Sabino
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Isaac de Aguiar Neres
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Mara Lúcia Gomes de Souza
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Sinésio Talhari
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada-PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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18
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Carvalho AM, Novais FO, Paixão CS, de Oliveira CI, Machado PRL, Carvalho LP, Scott P, Carvalho EM. Glyburide, a NLRP3 Inhibitor, Decreases Inflammatory Response and Is a Candidate to Reduce Pathology in Leishmania braziliensis Infection. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:246-249.e2. [PMID: 31252034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Paulo Roberto Lima Machado
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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19
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Oualha R, Barhoumi M, Marzouki S, Harigua-Souiai E, Ben Ahmed M, Guizani I. Infection of Human Neutrophils With Leishmania infantum or Leishmania major Strains Triggers Activation and Differential Cytokines Release. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:153. [PMID: 31134162 PMCID: PMC6524560 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected diseases, caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the Leishmania (L.) genus. Although the principal host cells of the parasites are macrophages, neutrophils are the first cells rapidly recruited to the site of parasites inoculation, where they play an important role in the early recognition and elimination of the parasites. The nature of early interactions between neutrophils and Leishmania could influence the outcome of infection. Herein we aimed to evaluate whether different Leishmania strains, responsible for distinct clinical manifestations, could influence ex vivo functional activity of neutrophils. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated from 14 healthy volunteers and the ex vivo infection of these cells was done with two L. infantum and one L. major strains. Infection parameters were determined and neutrophils activation was assessed by oxidative burst, degranulation, DNA release and apoptosis; cytokine production was measured by a multiplex flow cytometry analysis. Intracellular amastigotes were rescued to determine Leishmania strains survival. The results showed that L. infantum and L. major promastigotes similarly infected the neutrophils. Oxidative burst, neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase activity and apoptosis were significantly increased in infected neutrophils but with no differences between strains. The L. infantum-infected neutrophils induced more DNA release than those infected by L. major. Furthermore, Leishmania strains induced high amounts of IL-8 and stimulated the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β by human neutrophils. We observed that only one strain promoted IL-6 release by these neutrophils. The production of TNF-α was also differently induced by the parasites strains. All these results demonstrate that L. infantum and L. major strains were able to induce globally a similar ex vivo activation and apoptosis of neutrophils; however, they differentially triggered cytokines release from these cells. In addition, rescue of intracellular parasites indicated different survival rates further emphasizing on the influence of parasite strains within a species on the fate of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafeh Oualha
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Marzouki
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections - LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Harigua-Souiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections - LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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20
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Dayakar A, Chandrasekaran S, Kuchipudi SV, Kalangi SK. Cytokines: Key Determinants of Resistance or Disease Progression in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Opportunities for Novel Diagnostics and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:670. [PMID: 31024534 PMCID: PMC6459942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms namely cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The VL affects several internal organs and is the deadliest form of the disease. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of VL are variable based on the vector, parasite (e.g., species, strains, and antigen diversity), host (e.g., genetic background, nutrition, diversity in antigen presentation and immunity) and the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, and hygiene). Chemotherapy of VL is limited to a few drugs which is expensive and associated with profound toxicity, and could become ineffective due to the parasites developing resistance. Till date, there are no licensed vaccines for humans against leishmaniasis. Recently, immunotherapy has become an attractive strategy as it is cost-effective, causes limited side-effects and do not suffer from the downside of pathogens developing resistance. Among various immunotherapeutic approaches, cytokines (produced by helper T-lymphocytes) based immunotherapy has received great attention especially for drug refractive cases of human VL. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge on the molecular interactions of immune cells or components and on cytokines interplay in the host defense or pathogenesis is important to determine appropriate immunotherapies for leishmaniasis. Here, we summarized the current understanding of a wide-spectrum of cytokines and their interaction with immune cells that determine the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis. We have also highlighted opportunities for the development of novel diagnostics and intervention therapies for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Suresh K Kalangi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Sciences, Indrashil University, Mehsana, India
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21
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Varikuti S, Jha BK, Volpedo G, Ryan NM, Halsey G, Hamza OM, McGwire BS, Satoskar AR. Host-Directed Drug Therapies for Neglected Tropical Diseases Caused by Protozoan Parasites. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2655. [PMID: 30555425 PMCID: PMC6284052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatments using anti-parasitic drugs are toxic and prolonged with poor patient compliance. In addition, emergence of drug-resistant parasites is increasing worldwide. Hence, there is a need for safer and better therapeutics for these infections. Host-directed therapy using drugs that target host pathways required for pathogen survival or its clearance is a promising approach for treating infections. This review will give a summary of the current status and advances of host-targeted therapies for treating NTDs caused by protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bijay Kumar Jha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gregory Halsey
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Omar M Hamza
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bradford S McGwire
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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22
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Hartley MA, Eren RO, Rossi M, Prevel F, Castiglioni P, Isorce N, Desponds C, Lye LF, Beverley SM, Drexler SK, Fasel N. Leishmania guyanensis parasites block the activation of the inflammasome by inhibiting maturation of IL-1β. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:137-149. [PMID: 29487860 PMCID: PMC5826701 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.03.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The various symptomatic outcomes of cutaneous leishmaniasis relates to the type and potency of its underlying inflammatory responses. Presence of the cytoplasmic Leishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV1) within Leishmania guyanensis, worsens lesional inflammation and parasite burden, as the viral dsRNA genome acts as a potent innate immunogen stimulating Toll-Like-Receptor-3 (TLR3). Here we investigated other innate pattern recognition receptors capable of reacting to dsRNA and potentially contributing to LRV1-mediated inflammatory pathology. We included the cytoplasmic dsRNA sensors, namely, the RIG-like receptors (RLRs) and the inflammasome-dependent and -independent Nod-like-receptors (NLRs). Our study found no role for RLRs or inflammasome-dependent NLRs in the pathology of L. guyanensis infection irrespective of its LRV1-status. Further, neither LRV1-bearing L. guyanensis (LgyLRV1+) nor LRV1-negative L. guyanensis (LgyLRV1-) activated the inflammasome in vitro. Interestingly, similarly to L. donovani, L. guyanensis infection induced the up-regulation of the A20 protein, known to be involved in the evasion of inflammasome activation. Moreover, we observed that LgyLRV1+ promoted the transcription of inflammasome-independent NLRC2 (also called NOD2) and NLRC5. However, only NLRC2 showed some contribution to LRV1-dependent pathology. These data confirmed that the endosomal TLR3 pathway is the dominant route of LRV1-dependent signalling, thus excluding the cytosolic and inflammasome pathways. We postulate that avoidance of the inflammasome pathways is likely an important mechanism of virulence in Leishmania infection irrespective of the LRV1-status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Remzi O Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Isorce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan K Drexler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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23
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Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines is currently comprised of 11 members that have pleiotropic functions in inflammation and cancer. IL-1α and IL-1β were the first members of the IL-1 family to be described, and both signal via the same receptor, IL-1R. Over the last decade, much progress has been made in our understanding of biogenesis of IL-1β and its functions in human diseases. Studies from our laboratory and others have highlighted the critical role of nod-like receptors (NLRs) and multi-protein complexes known as inflammasomes in the regulation of IL-1β maturation. Recent studies have increased our appreciation of the role played by IL-1α in inflammatory diseases and cancer. However, the mechanisms that regulate the production of IL-1α and its bioavailability are relatively understudied. In this review, we summarize the distinctive roles played by IL-1α in inflammatory diseases and cancer. We also discuss our current knowledge about the mechanisms that control IL-1α biogenesis and activity, and the major unanswered questions in its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Malik
- Department of Immunology St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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24
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How Inflammasomes Inform Adaptive Immunity. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:217-237. [PMID: 28987733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An immune response consists of a finely orchestrated interplay between initial recognition of potential microbial threats by the innate immune system and subsequent licensed adaptive immune neutralization. The initial recognition integrates environmental cues derived from pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cell-intrinsic damage-associated molecular patterns to contextualize the insult and inform a tailored adaptive response via T and B lymphocytes. While there are much data to support the role of transcriptional responses downstream of pattern recognition receptors in informing the adaptive immune response, markedly less attention has been paid to the role of post-translational responses to pathogen-associated molecular pattern and damage-associated molecular pattern recognition by the innate immune system, and how this may influence adaptive immunity. A well-characterized post-translational consequence of pattern recognition receptor signaling is the assembly of a multimeric signaling platform, termed the inflammasome, by members of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod), leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs), and pyrin and HIN domain (PYHIN) families. Inflammasomes assemble in response to cytosolic perturbations, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant ion fluxes in the case of the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome or the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the case of the non-canonical inflammasome. Assembly of the inflammasome allows for the cleavage and activation of inflammatory caspases. These activated inflammatory caspases in turn cleave pro-form inflammatory cytokines into their mature bioactive species and lead to unconventional protein secretion and lytic cell death. In this review, we discuss evidence for inflammasome-mediated instruction and contextualization of infectious and sterile agents to the adaptive immune system.
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25
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Gimblet C, Meisel JS, Loesche MA, Cole SD, Horwinski J, Novais FO, Misic AM, Bradley CW, Beiting DP, Rankin SC, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Scott P, Grice EA. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Induces a Transmissible Dysbiotic Skin Microbiota that Promotes Skin Inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:13-24.e4. [PMID: 28669672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skin microbiota can impact allergic and autoimmune responses, wound healing, and anti-microbial defense. We investigated the role of skin microbiota in cutaneous leishmaniasis and found that human patients infected with Leishmania braziliensis develop dysbiotic skin microbiota, characterized by increases in the abundance of Staphylococcus and/or Streptococcus. Mice infected with L. major exhibit similar changes depending upon disease severity. Importantly, this dysbiosis is not limited to the lesion site, but is transmissible to normal skin distant from the infection site and to skin from co-housed naive mice. This observation allowed us to test whether a pre-existing dysbiotic skin microbiota influences disease, and we found that challenging dysbiotic naive mice with L. major or testing for contact hypersensitivity results in exacerbated skin inflammatory responses. These findings demonstrate that a dysbiotic skin microbiota is not only a consequence of tissue stress, but also enhances inflammation, which has implications for many inflammatory cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Gimblet
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacquelyn S Meisel
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Loesche
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Horwinski
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ana M Misic
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles W Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador 40110-160, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador 40110-160, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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26
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Moreira RB, Pirmez C, de Oliveira-Neto MP, Aguiar LS, Gonçalves AJS, Pereira LOR, Abreu L, De Oliveira MP. AIM2 inflammasome is associated with disease severity in tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Moreira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - C. Pirmez
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - M. P. de Oliveira-Neto
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - L. S. Aguiar
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - A. J. S. Gonçalves
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - L. O. R. Pereira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - L. Abreu
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - M. P. De Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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Mayer-Barber KD, Yan B. Clash of the Cytokine Titans: counter-regulation of interleukin-1 and type I interferon-mediated inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:22-35. [PMID: 27264686 PMCID: PMC5214938 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades the notion of 'inflammation' has been extended beyond the original hallmarks of rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling) and dolor (pain) described by Celsus. We have gained a more detailed understanding of the cellular players and molecular mediators of inflammation which is now being applied and extended to areas of biomedical research such as cancer, obesity, heart disease, metabolism, auto-inflammatory disorders, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Innate cytokines are often central components of inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss how the type I interferon and interleukin-1 cytokine pathways represent distinct and specialized categories of inflammatory responses and how these key mediators of inflammation counter-regulate each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bo Yan
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Maspi N, Abdoli A, Ghaffarifar F. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:247-260. [PMID: 27660895 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1232042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by different species of the genus Leishmania. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines play different roles in resistance/susceptibility and the immunopathogenesis of Leishmania infection. The balance and dynamic changes in cytokines may control or predict clinical outcome. T helper 1 (Th1) inflammatory cytokines (especially interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-12) are the crucial factors in the initiation of protective immunity against L. major infection, whereas T helper 2 cytokines including IL-5, IL-4, and IL-13 facilitate the persistence of parasites by downregulating the Th1 immune response. On the other hand, aggravation of inflammatory reactions leads to collateral tissue damage and formation of ulcer. For this reason, immunity system such as T regulatory cells produce regulatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β and IL-10 to inhibit possible injures caused by increased inflammatory responses in infection site. In this article, we review the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the immunoprotection and immunopathology of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Maspi
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Parasitology , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Parasitology , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Fathemeh Ghaffarifar
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Parasitology , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
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29
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Kyriazis ID, Koutsoni OS, Aligiannis N, Karampetsou K, Skaltsounis AL, Dotsika E. The leishmanicidal activity of oleuropein is selectively regulated through inflammation- and oxidative stress-related genes. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:441. [PMID: 27501956 PMCID: PMC4977900 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Much research effort has been focused on investigating new compounds derived from low-cost sources, such as natural products, for treating leishmaniasis. Oleuropein derived from numerous plants, particularly from the olive tree, Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae), is a biophenol with many biological activities. Our previous findings showed that oleuropein exhibits leishmanicidal effects against three Leishmania spp. in vitro, and minimizes the parasite burden in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible mechanism(s) that mediate this leishmanicidal activity. Methods We determined the efficacy of oleuropein in elevating ROS and NO production in L. donovani-infected J774A.1 macrophages and in explanted splenocytes and hepatocytes obtained from L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. We also assessed the expression of genes that are related to inflammation, T-cell polarization and antioxidant defense, in splenocytes. Finally, we determined the ratios of specific IgG2a/IgG1 antibodies and DTH reactions in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice treated with oleuropein. Results Oleuropein was able to elevate ROS production in both in vitro and in vivo models of visceral leishmaniasis and raised NO production in ex vivo cultures of splenocytes and hepatocytes. The extensive oxidative stress found in oleuropein-treated mice was obviated by the upregulation of the host’s antioxidant enzyme (mGCLC) and the simultaneous downregulation of the corresponding enzyme of the parasite (LdGCLC). Moreover, oleuropein was able to mount a significant Th1 polarization characterized by the expression of immune genes (IL-12β, IL-10, TGF-β1, IFN-γ) and transcription factors (Tbx21 and GATA3). Moreover, this immunomodulatory effect was also correlated with an inhibitory effect on IL-1β gene expression, rather than with the expression of IL-1α, IL-1rn and TNF-α. Furthermore, oleuropein-treated BALB/c mice mounted a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and an elevated Leishmania-specific IgG2a/IgG1 ratio that clearly demonstrated an in vivo protective mechanism. Conclusion The ability of Oleuropein to promote a Th1 type immune response in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice points towards the candidacy of this bioactive compound as an immunomodulatory agent that may complement therapeutic approaches to leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Kyriazis
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece.,VIVUS research and diagnostic center, 160 Konstanta str, Volos, Greece
| | - Olga S Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Nektarios Aligiannis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Karampetsou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece.
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30
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Gurung P, Kanneganti TD. Immune responses against protozoan parasites: a focus on the emerging role of Nod-like receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3035-51. [PMID: 27032699 PMCID: PMC4956549 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nod-like receptors (NLRs) have gained attention in recent years because of the ability of some family members to assemble into a multimeric protein complex known as the inflammasome. The role of NLRs and the inflammasome in regulating innate immunity against bacterial pathogens has been well studied. However, recent studies show that NLRs and inflammasomes also play a role during infections caused by protozoan parasites, which pose a significant global health burden. Herein, we review the diseases caused by the most common protozoan parasites in the world and discuss the roles of NLRs and inflammasomes in host immunity against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-2794, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-2794, USA.
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31
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Di Paolo NC, Shayakhmetov DM. Interleukin 1α and the inflammatory process. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:906-13. [PMID: 27434011 PMCID: PMC5152572 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation occurs after disruption of tissue homeostasis by cell stress, injury or infection and ultimately involves the recruitment and retention of cells of hematopoietic origin, which arrive at the affected sites to resolve damage and initiate repair. Interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β are equally potent inflammatory cytokines that activate the inflammatory process, and their deregulated signaling causes devastating diseases manifested by severe acute or chronic inflammation. Although much attention has been given to understanding the biogenesis of IL-1β, the biogenesis of IL-1α and its distinctive role in the inflammatory process remain poorly defined. In this review we examine key aspects of IL-1α biology and regulation and discuss its emerging importance in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation that underlie the pathology of many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson C Di Paolo
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dmitry M Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Transplantation and Immune-mediated Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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32
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Fernandes ACBS, Pedroso RB, de Mello TFP, Donatti L, Venazzi EAS, Demarchi IG, Aristides SMA, Lonardoni MVC, Silveira TGV. In vitro characterization of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolates from patients with different responses to Glucantime(®) treatment from Northwest Paraná, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167:83-93. [PMID: 27181585 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases that presents various clinical manifestations. Many studies have shown that the parasite plays an important role in the clinical manifestations and prognosis of this disease. The cutaneous and mucosal forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) are associated with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which exhibits intraspecific genetic polymorphisms and various clinical manifestations. The present study focused on four different L. braziliensis strains that were isolated from patients with distinct Glucantime(®) treatment responses. The isolates were described based on their molecular, biological, and infective characteristics. Growth patterns in culture medium and different grow phases were analyzed, MID-Logarithimic (Mid-LOG), Logarithimic (LOG) and Stationary (STAT) phases. Complement resistance was evaluated using guinea pig serum. Infection to murine peritoneal macrophages, cytokine and nitric oxide were analyzed. Ultrastructural features were determined by transmission electron microscopy, and molecular characteristics were determined based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). All of the L. braziliensis isolates showed typical growth and similar complement sensitivity patterns. Markedly lower infectivity indexes were observed for all strains in the LOG phase, with different cytokine profiles. The ultrastructure analysis revealed distinct differences between the MID-LOG, LOG, and STAT phases. The RAPD results showed a divergence between the isolates of the L. braziliensis. The in vitro characterization of L. braziliensis isolates from humans with different treatment responses using various parameters enabled us to observe differences among the isolates. Molecular and in vivo characterizations are currently under study to improve understanding of the parasite-host interaction that can imply in the clinical manifestation differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raíssa Bocchi Pedroso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Lucélia Donatti
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Dkhil MA, Bauomy AA, Diab MSM, Al-Quraishy S. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective role of gold nanoparticles against murine hepatic schistosomiasis. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:7467-75. [PMID: 26719689 PMCID: PMC4687720 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s97622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become the focus of much attention in biomedical research, especially in the context of nanomedicine, due to their distinctive physicochemical properties. The current study was planned to assess the effect of three dose levels of AuNPs on the gene expression, histology, and oxidative stress status of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice liver. Inoculation of mice with 100 μL AuNPs at different doses (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg mice body weight) twice on day 46 and day 49 postinfection reduced the total worm burden, the egg load in the liver, and the granuloma size. AuNPs also appeared to decrease the activities of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide significantly, and increase the level of glutathione compared to the infected untreated group. Concomitantly, AuNPs ameliorated the inflammatory response by decreasing the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These consistent molecular, histopathological, and biochemical data suggest that AuNPs could ameliorate infection-induced damage in the livers of mice. Our results indicated that AuNPs are effective anti-schistosomal and antioxidant agents. Further confirmation of the role of nanogold as an anti-schistosomal agent, as well as its mechanism of action, requires further studies to be undertaken in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira A Bauomy
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt ; Department of Laboratory Sciences, College of Science & Arts, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa S M Diab
- Molecular Drug Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control & Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Induction, Propagation, and Activity of Host Nitric Oxide: Lessons from Leishmania Infection. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:653-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Gimblet C, Loesche MA, Carvalho L, Carvalho EM, Grice EA, Artis D, Scott P. IL-22 Protects against Tissue Damage during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134698. [PMID: 26285207 PMCID: PMC4540492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease characterized by ulcerating skin lesions, the resolution of which requires an effective, but regulated, immune response that limits parasite growth without causing permanent tissue damage. While mechanisms that control the parasites have been well studied, the factors regulating immunopathologic responses are less well understood. IL-22, a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, can contribute to wound healing, but in other instances promotes pathology. Here we investigated the role of IL-22 during leishmania infection, and found that IL-22 limits leishmania-induced pathology when a certain threshold of damage is induced by a high dose of parasites. Il22-/- mice developed more severe disease than wild-type mice, with significantly more pathology at the site of infection, and in some cases permanent loss of tissue. The increased inflammation was not due to an increased parasite burden, but rather was associated with the loss of a wound healing phenotype in keratinocytes. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that during cutaneous leishmaniasis, IL-22 can play a previously unappreciated role in controlling leishmania-induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Gimblet
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Loesche
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Lucas Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia—Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia—Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A. Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
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Gurung P, Kanneganti TD. Innate immunity against Leishmania infections. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1286-94. [PMID: 26249747 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major health problem that affects more than 300 million people throughout the world. The morbidity associated with the disease causes serious economic burden in Leishmania endemic regions. Despite the morbidity and economic burden associated with Leishmaniasis, this disease rarely gets noticed and is still categorized under neglected tropical diseases. The lack of research combined with the ability of Leishmania to evade immune recognition has rendered our efforts to design therapeutic treatments or vaccines challenging. Herein, we review the literature on Leishmania from innate immune perspective and discuss potential problems as well as solutions and future directions that could aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets to eliminate this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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Zamboni DS, Lima-Junior DS. Inflammasomes in host response to protozoan parasites. Immunol Rev 2015; 265:156-71. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario S. Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Djalma S. Lima-Junior
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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Abstract
Parasitic diseases are a serious global health concern. Many of the most common and most severe parasitic diseases, including Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis, are also classified as neglected tropical diseases and are comparatively less studied than infectious diseases prevalent in high income nations. The NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins) are cytosolic proteins known to be involved in pathogen detection and host response. The role of NLRs in the host response to parasitic infection is just beginning to be understood. The NLR proteins NOD1 and NOD2 have been shown to contribute to immune responses during Trypanosoma cruzi infection, Toxoplasma gondii infection, and murine cerebral malaria. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by T. cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis but also induces pathology during infection with schistosomes or malaria. Both the NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes respond to T. gondii infection. The NLRs may play crucial roles in human immune responses during parasitic infection, usually acting as innate immune sensors and driving the inflammatory response against invading parasites. However, this inflammatory response can either kill the invading parasite or be responsible for destructive pathology. Therefore, understanding the role of the NLR proteins will be critical to understanding the host defense against parasites as well as the fine balance between homeostasis and parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn M Clay
- The Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, 400 EMRB, 500 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Visceral leishmaniasis relapse in HIV patients--a role for myeloid-derived suppressor cells? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3132. [PMID: 25210932 PMCID: PMC4161322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Passos S, Carvalho LP, Costa RS, Campos TM, Novais FO, Magalhães A, Machado PRL, Beiting D, Mosser D, Carvalho EM, Scott P. Intermediate monocytes contribute to pathologic immune response in Leishmania braziliensis infections. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:274-82. [PMID: 25139016 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcer development in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is associated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We found that early after infection, before ulcer development, the frequency of CD16(+) (both intermediate [CD14(+)CD16(+)] and nonclassical [CD14(dim)CD16(+)]) monocytes was increased in the peripheral blood of patients with L. braziliensis, compared with uninfected controls. These results suggest that CD16(+) monocytes might promote disease. Also, we found that intermediate monocytes expressed CCR2 and that increased levels of CCL2 protein were present in lesions from patients, suggesting that intermediate monocytes are more likely than nonclassical monocytes to migrate to the lesion site. Finally, we found that the intermediate monocytes produced TNF. Our results show that intermediate monocytes are increased in frequency soon after infection; express CCR2, which would promote their migration into the lesions; and, owing to their production of TNF, can enhance the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Passos
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rúbia S Costa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos
| | - Taís M Campos
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos
| | - Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - David Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Keyel PA. How is inflammation initiated? Individual influences of IL-1, IL-18 and HMGB1. Cytokine 2014; 69:136-45. [PMID: 24746243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are crucial for fighting infection and establishing immunity. Recently, other proteins, such as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), have also been appreciated for their role in inflammation and immunity. Following the formation and activation of multiprotein complexes, termed inflammasomes, two cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, along with the DAMP High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), are released from cells. Although these proteins all lack classical secretion signals and are released by inflammasome activation, they each lead to different downstream consequences. This review examines how various inflammasomes promote the release of IL-1β, IL-18 and HMGB1 to combat pathogenic situations. Each of these effector molecules plays distinct roles during sterile inflammation, responding to viral, bacterial and parasite infection, and tailoring the innate immune response to specific threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Keyel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Biology Rm 108, Box 43131, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, United States.
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Keyhani A, Riazi-Rad F, Pakzad SR, Ajdary S. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce cytokines in response to Leishmania major promastigotes. APMIS 2014; 122:891-7. [PMID: 24698213 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) release cytokines that may influence the development of the subsequent adaptive immune response. Little is known about cytokines produced by human PMN in response to Leishmania (L.). In this study, mRNA expression of Interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-12p35, Interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-1, and IL-4 in PMN of volunteers stimulated with L. major promastigotes has been investigated by real-time PCR and the results were confirmed by flow cytometer. The results showed that L. major did not induce mRNA expression of IL12p40, IL12p35, IFN-γ, and TGF-β in PMN, while IL-1 and IL-4 mRNA were induced. Flow cytometry results confirmed no IFN-γ production by PMN with or without stimulation. IL-12p70 was present in untreated and L. major-treated PMN, and these cells release IL-12 following incubation with L. major. Significant amount of IL-1 even without treatment with promastigotes was detected in PMN. Moreover, the proportion of PMN, which produce IL-1 in response to L. major, was increased compared with the percent of unstimulated IL-1-producing PMN. The results showed the accumulation of small amounts of IL-4 in PMN after stimulation. In conclusion, our results indicate that IL-12 and IL-1 are pre-stored in human PMN, nor L. major induces IL-1 and IL-4, but not IL-12, IFN-γ, nor TGF-β expression in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Keyhani
- Islamic Azad University-Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
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Voronov E, Carmi Y, Apte RN. The role IL-1 in tumor-mediated angiogenesis. Front Physiol 2014; 5:114. [PMID: 24734023 PMCID: PMC3975103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of tumor progression and is essential for invasiveness and metastasis. Myeloid inflammatory cells, such as immature myeloid precursor cells, also termed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages, are recruited to the tumor microenvironment by factors released by the malignant cells that are subsequently “educated” in situ to acquire a pro-invasive, pro-angiogenic, and immunosuppressive phenotype. The proximity of myeloid cells to endothelial cells (ECs) lining blood vessels suggests that they play an important role in the angiogenic response, possibly by secreting a network of cytokines/chemokines and inflammatory mediators, as well as via activation of ECs for proliferation and secretion of pro-angiogenic factors. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an “alarm,” upstream, pro-inflammatory cytokine that is generated primarily by myeloid cells. IL-1 initiates and propagates inflammation, mainly by inducing a local cytokine network and enhancing inflammatory cell infiltration to affected sites and by augmenting adhesion molecule expression on ECs and leukocytes. Pro-inflammatory mediators were recently shown to play an important role in tumor-mediated angiogenesis and blocking their function may suppress tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the interactions between IL-1 and other pro-angiogenic factors during normal and pathological conditions. In addition, the feasibility of IL-1 neutralization approaches for anti-cancer therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Voronov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yaron Carmi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Sohrabi Y, Havelková H, Kobets T, Šíma M, Volkova V, Grekov I, Jarošíková T, Kurey I, Vojtíšková J, Svobodová M, Demant P, Lipoldová M. Mapping the genes for susceptibility and response to Leishmania tropica in mouse. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2282. [PMID: 23875032 PMCID: PMC3708836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L. tropica can cause both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Although the L. tropica-induced cutaneous disease has been long known, its potential to visceralize in humans was recognized only recently. As nothing is known about the genetics of host responses to this infection and their clinical impact, we developed an informative animal model. We described previously that the recombinant congenic strain CcS-16 carrying 12.5% genes from the resistant parental strain STS/A and 87.5% genes from the susceptible strain BALB/c is more susceptible to L. tropica than BALB/c. We used these strains to map and functionally characterize the gene-loci regulating the immune responses and pathology. Methods We analyzed genetics of response to L. tropica in infected F2 hybrids between BALB/c×CcS-16. CcS-16 strain carries STS-derived segments on nine chromosomes. We genotyped these segments in the F2 hybrid mice and tested their linkage with pathological changes and systemic immune responses. Principal Findings We mapped 8 Ltr (Leishmania tropica response) loci. Four loci (Ltr2, Ltr3, Ltr6 and Ltr8) exhibit independent responses to L. tropica, while Ltr1, Ltr4, Ltr5 and Ltr7 were detected only in gene-gene interactions with other Ltr loci. Ltr3 exhibits the recently discovered phenomenon of transgenerational parental effect on parasite numbers in spleen. The most precise mapping (4.07 Mb) was achieved for Ltr1 (chr.2), which controls parasite numbers in lymph nodes. Five Ltr loci co-localize with loci controlling susceptibility to L. major, three are likely L. tropica specific. Individual Ltr loci affect different subsets of responses, exhibit organ specific effects and a separate control of parasite load and organ pathology. Conclusion We present the first identification of genetic loci controlling susceptibility to L. tropica. The different combinations of alleles controlling various symptoms of the disease likely co-determine different manifestations of disease induced by the same pathogen in individual mice. Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania ssp. is among the most neglected infectious diseases. In humans, L. tropica causes cutaneous form of leishmaniasis, but can damage internal organs too. The reasons for this variability are not known, and its genetic basis was never investigated. Therefore, analysis of genes affecting host's responses to this infection can elucidate the characteristics of individual host-parasite interactions. Recombinant congenic strain CcS-16 carries 12.5% genes from the mouse strain STS/A on genetic background of the strain BALB/c, and it is more susceptible than BALB/c. In F2 hybrids between BALB/c and CcS-16 we detected and mapped eight gene-loci, Ltr1-8 (Leishmania tropica response 1-8) that control various manifestations of disease: skin lesions, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, parasite numbers in spleen, liver, and inguinal lymph nodes, and serum level of CCL3, CCL5, and CCL7 after L. tropica infection. These loci are functionally heterogeneous - each influences a different set of responses to the pathogen. Five loci co-localize with the previously described loci that control susceptibility to L. major, three are species-specific. Ltr2 co-localizes not only with Lmr14 (Leishmania major response 14), but also with Ir2 influencing susceptibility to L. donovani and might therefore carry a common gene controlling susceptibility to leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Havelková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tetyana Kobets
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matyáš Šíma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valeriya Volkova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Grekov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Jarošíková
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Iryna Kurey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Vojtíšková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Peter Demant
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Kyriazis JD, Aligiannis N, Polychronopoulos P, Skaltsounis AL, Dotsika E. Leishmanicidal activity assessment of olive tree extracts. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:275-81. [PMID: 23273752 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a protozoan parasitic disease that remains a major worldwide health problem with high endemicity in developing countries, is prevalent around the Mediterranean basin. High cost, systemic toxicity, and diminished efficacy due to development of parasite resistance are the serious drawbacks of current treatment options. Thus, identifying new, effective, and safer anti-leishmanial drug(s) is of paramount importance. Here we tested the anti-promastigote and anti-amastigote activity of five natural products, including oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, present in olive tree leaves and olive mill wastewater. These products are recognized as low-cost starting materials rich in bioactive compounds, particularly biophenols. Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol exhibited the best inhibitory effect among the natural products tested in both stationary and middle logarithmic phase promastigotes of L. infantum, L. donovani, and L. major. Similarly, oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol demonstrated the highest selectivity index ratio against L. donovani amastigotes that parasitize J774A.1 macrophages. Moreover, oleuropein was tested in vivo in an experimental visceral leishmaniasis model. L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice received intraperitoneal oleuropein a total of 14 times at intervals of every other day. Three days after treatment termination, the spleen parasitic burden was reduced >80%. Of interest, this effect of oleuropein persisted and was even enhanced 6 weeks after the termination of the treatment, as determined by parasite depletion of >95% in liver and spleen. These findings contribute to the potential development of natural products as effective drugs against parasites of the Leishmania genus, with low cost and diminished cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannis D Kyriazis
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Fernández-Figueroa EA, Rangel-Escareño C, Espinosa-Mateos V, Carrillo-Sánchez K, Salaiza-Suazo N, Carrada-Figueroa G, March-Mifsut S, Becker I. Disease severity in patients infected with Leishmania mexicana relates to IL-1β. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1533. [PMID: 22629474 PMCID: PMC3358333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania mexicana can cause both localized (LCL) and diffuse (DCL) cutaneous leishmaniasis, yet little is known about factors regulating disease severity in these patients. We analyzed if the disease was associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-1β (−511), CXCL8 (−251) and/or the inhibitor IL-1RA (+2018) in 58 Mexican mestizo patients with LCL, 6 with DCL and 123 control cases. Additionally, we analyzed the in vitro production of IL-1β by monocytes, the expression of this cytokine in sera of these patients, as well as the tissue distribution of IL-1β and the number of parasites in lesions of LCL and DCL patients. Our results show a significant difference in the distribution of IL-1β (−511 C/T) genotypes between patients and controls (heterozygous OR), with respect to the reference group CC, which was estimated with a value of 3.23, 95% CI = (1.2, 8.7) and p-value = 0.0167), indicating that IL-1β (−511 C/T) represents a variable influencing the risk to develop the disease in patients infected with Leishmania mexicana. Additionally, an increased in vitro production of IL-1β by monocytes and an increased serum expression of the cytokine correlated with the severity of the disease, since it was significantly higher in DCL patients heavily infected with Leishmania mexicana. The distribution of IL-1β in lesions also varied according to the number of parasites harbored in the tissues: in heavily infected LCL patients and in all DCL patients, the cytokine was scattered diffusely throughout the lesion. In contrast, in LCL patients with lower numbers of parasites in the lesions, IL-1β was confined to the cells. These data suggest that IL-1β possibly is a key player determining the severity of the disease in DCL patients. The analysis of polymorphisms in CXCL8 and IL-1RA showed no differences between patients with different disease severities or between patients and controls. Leishmania mexicana is an intracellular parasite that causes two polarly opposed diseases: One is a self-limited disease, characterized by ulcerative lesions associated with a low infectious load, as found in patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL). And the other pole is characterized by a progressive disease where abundant parasites spread uncontrollably throughout the skin inside heavily infected phagocytic cells, as occurs in patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). The cause of this severe form of the disease is unknown, although the early encounter between the parasite and the inflammatory response of the host possibly plays a decisive role in the disease outcome. We here show that polymorphism in the gene encoding IL-1β (−511 C/T) represents a variable influencing the risk to develop the disease for patients infected with Leishmania mexicana. In vitro experiments showed that monocytes of DCL patients secreted significantly higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β as compared to LCL patients. DCL patients also had augmented levels of IL-1β in serum, and the cytokine was diffusely distributed throughout lesions, which was correlated with the numbers of parasites in the lesions. We propose that IL-1β possibly plays a key role in establishing the disease severity in patients infected with Leishmania mexicana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith A. Fernández-Figueroa
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
| | | | | | | | - Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Georgina Carrada-Figueroa
- Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Tabasco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Tabasco, México
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma, de Tabasco, Tabasco, México
| | | | - Ingeborg Becker
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
- * E-mail:
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IL-1β (-511T/C) gene polymorphism not IL-1β (+3953T/C) and LT-α (+252A/G) gene variants confers susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:6907-14. [PMID: 22311026 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin-α (LT-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) are proinflammatory cytokines playing important roles in immunity against Leishmania infection and the outcome of the disease. As cytokine productions are under the genetic control, this study tried to find any probable relationship between these cytokine gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in Iranian pediatric patients. Ninety-five pediatric patients involved with visceral leishmaniasis and 128 non-relative healthy people, from the same area as the patients, were genotyped for LT-α (+252A/G) and IL-1β (+3953T/C and -511T/C) gene polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). There was not found any significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of LT-α (+252A/G) and IL-1β (+3953) among the study groups. However, the frequency of IL-1β -511TT genotype was higher in the controls (P = 0.0004) while the frequency of IL-1β -511CC genotype and C allele were higher in the patients (P = 0.008 and P = 0.00006, respectively). Furthermore, IL-1β CC (-511/+3953) haplotype was more frequent in VL patients compared with the controls (P = 0.0002) and the distribution of TT haplotype was higher in the controls compared with the patients (P = 0.003). In conclusion, based on the results, IL-1β -511C allele, CC genotype and CC (-511/+3953) haplotype could be considered as the susceptibility factors for visceral leishmaniasis while IL-1β -511TT genotype, T allele and TT haplotype (-511/+3953) might be counted as the influential factors for resistance to the disease.
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Fakiola M, Mishra A, Rai M, Singh SP, O'Leary RA, Ball S, Francis RW, Firth MJ, Radford BT, Miller EN, Sundar S, Blackwell JM. Classification and regression tree and spatial analyses reveal geographic heterogeneity in genome wide linkage study of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15807. [PMID: 21209823 PMCID: PMC3013125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome wide linkage studies (GWLS) have provided evidence for loci controlling visceral leishmaniasis on Chromosomes 1p22, 6q27, 22q12 in Sudan and 6q27, 9p21, 17q11-q21 in Brazil. Genome wide studies from the major focus of disease in India have not previously been reported. Methods and Findings We undertook a GWLS in India in which a primary ∼10 cM (515 microsatellites) scan was carried out in 58 multicase pedigrees (74 nuclear families; 176 affected, 353 total individuals) and replication sought in 79 pedigrees (102 nuclear families; 218 affected, 473 total individuals). The primary scan provided evidence (≥2 adjacent markers allele-sharing LOD≥0.59; nominal P≤0.05) for linkage on Chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 20 and X, with peaks at 6p25.3-p24.3 and 8p23.1-p21.3 contributed to largely by 31 Hindu families and at Xq21.1-q26.1 by 27 Muslim families. Refined mapping confirmed linkage across all primary scan families at 2q12.2-q14.1 and 11q13.2-q23.3, but only 11q13.2-q23.3 replicated (combined LOD = 1.59; P = 0.0034). Linkage at 6p25.3-p24.3 and 8p23.1-p21.3, and at Xq21.1-q26.1, was confirmed by refined mapping for primary Hindu and Muslim families, respectively, but only Xq21.1-q26.1 replicated across all Muslim families (combined LOD 1.49; P = 0.0045). STRUCTURE and SMARTPCA did not identify population genetic substructure related to religious group. Classification and regression tree, and spatial interpolation, analyses confirm geographical heterogeneity for linkages at 6p25.3-p24.3, 8p23.1-p21.3 and Xq21.1-q26.1, with specific clusters of families contributing LOD scores of 2.13 (P = 0.0009), 1.75 (P = 0.002) and 1.84 (P = 0.001), respectively. Conclusions GWLS has identified novel loci that show geographical heterogeneity in their influence on susceptibility to VL in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Fakiola
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhukar Rai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shri Prakash Singh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rebecca A. O'Leary
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Stephen Ball
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Richard W. Francis
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Martin J. Firth
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Ben T. Radford
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - E. Nancy Miller
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jenefer M. Blackwell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Blocking IL-1α but not IL-1β increases susceptibility to chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Vaccine 2010; 29:1339-46. [PMID: 21093494 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IL-1α and IL-1β are potent inflammatory cytokines and important mediators of immune responses to intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Here, we investigated the role of IL-1α and IL-1β during chronic Mtb infection and spontaneous reactivation in mice. For long-term neutralization of IL-1α, IL-1β or both, mice were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying either of the cytokines, inducing strong and long-lasting neutralizing IgG responses. Blocking of IL-1α but not of IL-1β resulted in increased susceptibility to chronic infection with Mtb. Neutralizing either IL-1α or IL-1β alone did not lead to increased reactivation of latent tuberculosis. The generation of antibodies neutralizing both IL-1α and IL-1β simultaneously, did not influence weight gain during Mtb reactivation and the slight increase in pulmonary bacillary counts were not significant when compared to control-immunized group. Thus, the results suggest that IL-1α is the major mediator of the IL-1RI-dependent and protective innate immune responses to Mtb in mice.
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Van Ginderachter JA, Beschin A, De Baetselier P, Raes G. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in parasitic infections. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2976-85. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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