MicroRNAs in NF-kappaB signaling

The Effect of Szigetvár Medicinal Water on HaCaT Cells Exposed to Dithranol

(1) Introduction: Topical dithranol is still commonly used today as an effective treatment for psoriasis. Dithranol treatment is often supplemented with balneotherapy, which has been shown to increase effectiveness and reduce side effects. The inorganic salts (sulfhide, selenium, zinc) are usually thought to be responsible for the effect. The antioxidant effect of the waters is thought to be behind the therapeutic effect, for which inorganic substances (sulfides, selenium, zinc) are thought to be responsible. The organic matter content of medicinal waters is also particularly important, as humic acids, which are often found in medicinal waters, have antioxidant effects. (2) Methods: In this short-term experiment, we aimed to test the possible protective effect of Szigetvár medicinal water and its organic matter isolate on HaCaT cells exposed to dithranol. Malondialdehyde levels were measured, and RT-qPCR was used to investigate the gene expression of selected cytokines relevant in the oxidative stress response (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, GM-CSF) and the expression of microRNA-21. (3) Results: Szigetvár medicinal water and the organic isolate prevented the increase in malondialdehyde levels caused by dithranol treatment. The cytokine gene expressions elevated by dithranol exposure were reduced by the treatment. (4) Conclusions: Szigetvár medicinal water and organic substances alone may have a protective effect on patients' healthy skin surfaces against dithranol damage. We also demonstrated that the organic compounds are also responsible for the protective effect.

miRNAs as Epigenetic Biomarkers in the Study of the Bidirectional Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis: A Systematic Review

The objective of this study is to analyze the miRNA expression of oral fluids such as gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with periodontitis and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and how these epigenetic biomarkers can influence the bidirectional relationship of these two inflammatory diseases. This review was conducted following the PRISMA criteria. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for clinical studies conducted on humans investigating, through GCF miRNA expression, the relationship between periodontal diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, the etiopathogenic pathways of the studied miRNAs were analyzed using the DIANA MIR path tool. A total of 1436 references were identified in the initial literature search, and seven articles were finally included in this review. Most of the articles included in this review were case-control studies and examined the expression of miRNAs in patients with periodontitis with or without diabetes. Due to their characteristics, miRNAs appear to be the ideal biomarkers for improving the understanding and knowledge of the etiopathogenic pathways that link both diseases. Among all the studied miRNAs, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-200b, miR-223, and miR-203 showed strong involvement in inflammatory and metabolic pathways, making them potential good diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

Spatially exploring RNA biology in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues

The capability to spatially explore RNA biology in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues holds transformative potential for histopathology research. Here, we present pathology-compatible deterministic barcoding in tissue (Patho-DBiT) by combining in situ polyadenylation and computational innovation for spatial whole transcriptome sequencing, tailored to probe the diverse RNA species in clinically archived FFPE samples. It permits spatial co-profiling of gene expression and RNA processing, unveiling region-specific splicing isoforms, and high-sensitivity transcriptomic mapping of clinical tumor FFPE tissues stored for 5 years. Furthermore, genome-wide single-nucleotide RNA variants can be captured to distinguish malignant subclones from non-malignant cells in human lymphomas. Patho-DBiT also maps microRNA regulatory networks and RNA splicing dynamics, decoding their roles in spatial tumorigenesis. Single-cell level Patho-DBiT dissects the spatiotemporal cellular dynamics driving tumor clonal architecture and progression. Patho-DBiT stands poised as a valuable platform to unravel rich RNA biology in FFPE tissues to aid in clinical pathology evaluation.

Expression of miRNAs (146a and 155) in human peri-implant tissue affected by peri-implantitis: a case control study

BACKGROUND

In literature, the levels of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 are increased in periodontitis. Limited data are available regarding the expression of miRNA-146a and miR-NA-155 in diseased human peri-implant tissue. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 in human gingival peri-implant tissue affected by peri-implantitis.

METHODS

After recording the clinical parameters, human peri-implant pocket tissues were harvested from sites diagnosed with peri-implantitis (n = 15 cases) in addition to healthy peri-implant sulcus tissues (n = 15 controls). The levels of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 were assessed using real-time qPCR.

RESULTS

Cases exhibited a significantly higher mean expression of miRNA-155 (5.2-fold increase) and miRNA-146a (2.8-fold increase) than controls. MiRNA-155 and miRNA-146a demonstrated an appropriate sensitivity (87.5% and 87.5%, respectively) and specificity (73.3% and 66.7%, respectively) in discriminating cases from controls. A moderate correlation (r = 0.544, p = 0.029) was found between miRNA-155 and miRNA-146a levels in the case group.

CONCLUSIONS

The expressions of miRNA-146a and miR-NA-155 are different between healthy and peri-implantitis affected tissues. Both miRNAs might potentially able to discriminate healthy from peri-implantitis affected tissues.

Octadecaneuropeptide, ODN, Promotes Cell Survival against 6-OHDA-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Modulating the Expression of miR-34b, miR-29a, and miR-21in Cultured Astrocytes

Astrocytes specifically synthesize and release endozepines, a family of regulatory peptides including octadecaneuropeptide (ODN). We have previously reported that ODN rescues neurons and astrocytes from 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress and cell death. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential implication of miR-34b, miR-29a, and miR-21 in the protective activity of ODN on 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress and cell death in cultured rat astrocytes. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 6-OHDA increased the number of early apoptotic and apoptotic dead cells while treatment with the subnanomolar dose of ODN significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells induced by 6-OHDA. 6-OHDA-treated astrocytes exhibited the over-expression of miR-21 (+118%) associated with a knockdown of miR-34b (-61%) and miR-29a (-49%). Co-treatment of astrocytes with ODN blocked the 6-OHDA-stimulated production of ROS and NO and stimulation of Bax and caspase-3 gene transcription. Concomitantly, ODN down-regulated the expression of miR-34b and miR-29a and rescued the 6-OHDA-associated reduced expression of miR21, indicating that ODN regulates their expression during cell death. Transfection with miR-21-3p inhibitor prevented the effect of 6-OHDA against cell death. In conclusion, our study indicated that (i) the expression of miRNAs miR-34b, miR-29a, and miR-21 is modified in astrocytes under 6-OHDA injury and (ii) that ODN prevents this deregulation to induce its neuroprotective action. The present study identified miR-21 as an emerging candidate and as a promising pharmacological target that opens new neuroprotective therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in Parkinson's disease.

A prismatic view of the epigenetic-metabolic regulatory axis in breast cancer therapy resistance

Epigenetic regulation established during development to maintain patterns of transcriptional expression and silencing for metabolism and other fundamental cell processes can be reprogrammed in cancer, providing a molecular mechanism for persistent alterations in phenotype. Metabolic deregulation and reprogramming are thus an emerging hallmark of cancer with opportunities for molecular classification as a critical preliminary step for precision therapeutic intervention. Yet, acquisition of therapy resistance against most conventional treatment regimens coupled with tumor relapse, continue to pose unsolved problems for precision healthcare, as exemplified in breast cancer where existing data informs both cancer genotype and phenotype. Furthermore, epigenetic reprograming of the metabolic milieu of cancer cells is among the most crucial determinants of therapeutic resistance and cancer relapse. Importantly, subtype-specific epigenetic-metabolic interplay profoundly affects malignant transformation, resistance to chemotherapy, and response to targeted therapies. In this review, we therefore prismatically dissect interconnected epigenetic and metabolic regulatory pathways and then integrate them into an observable cancer metabolism-therapy-resistance axis that may inform clinical intervention. Optimally coupling genome-wide analysis with an understanding of metabolic elements, epigenetic reprogramming, and their integration by metabolic profiling may decode missing molecular mechanisms at the level of individual tumors. The proposed approach of linking metabolic biochemistry back to genotype, epigenetics, and phenotype for specific tumors and their microenvironment may thus enable successful mechanistic targeting of epigenetic modifiers and oncometabolites despite tumor metabolic heterogeneity.

The Multifaceted Role of miR-21 in Pancreatic Cancers

With the lack of specific signs and symptoms, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is often diagnosed at late metastatic stages, resulting in poor survival outcomes. Among various biomarkers, microRNA-21 (miR-21), a small non-coding RNA, is highly expressed in PDAC. By inhibiting regulatory proteins at the 3' untranslated regions (UTR), miR-21 holds significant roles in PDAC cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, as well as cancer invasion, metastasis, and resistance therapy. We conducted a systematic search across major databases for articles on miR-21 and pancreatic cancer mainly published within the last decade, focusing on their diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and biological roles. This rigorous approach ensured a comprehensive review of miR-21's multifaceted role in pancreatic cancers. In this review, we explore the current understandings and future directions regarding the regulation, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of targeting miR-21 in PDAC. This exhaustive review discusses the involvement of miR-21 in proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis modulation, angiogenesis, and its role in therapy resistance. Also discussed in the review is the interplay between various molecular pathways that contribute to tumor progression, with specific reference to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Deficiency of histone deacetylases 3 in macrophage alleviates monosodium urate crystals-induced gouty inflammation in mice

BACKGROUND

Gout is caused by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals deposition to trigger immune response. A recent study suggested that inhibition of Class I Histone deacetylases (HDACs) can significantly reduce MSU crystals-induced inflammation. However, which one of HDACs members in response to MSU crystals was still unknown. Here, we investigated the roles of HDAC3 in MSU crystals-induced gouty inflammation.

METHODS

Macrophage specific HDAC3 knockout (KO) mice were used to investigate inflammatory profiles of gout in mouse models in vivo, including ankle arthritis, foot pad arthritis and subcutaneous air pouch model. In the in vitro experiments, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice were treated with MSU crystals to assess cytokines, potential target gene and protein.

RESULTS

Deficiency of HDAC3 in macrophage not only reduced MSU-induced foot pad and ankle joint swelling but also decreased neutrophils trafficking and IL-1β release in air pouch models. In addition, the levels of inflammatory genes related to TLR2/4/NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway were significantly decreased in BMDMs from HDAC3 KO mice after MSU treatment. Moreover, RGFP966, selective inhibitor of HDAC3, inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α production in BMDMs treated with MSU crystals. Besides, HDAC3 deficiency shifted gene expression from pro-inflammatory macrophage (M1) to anti-inflammatory macrophage (M2) in BMDMs after MSU challenge.

CONCLUSIONS

Deficiency of HDAC3 in macrophage alleviates MSU crystals-induced gouty inflammation through inhibition of TLR2/4 driven IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting that HDAC3 could contribute to a potential therapeutic target of gout.

miRNAs in epilepsy: A review from molecular signatures to therapeutic intervention

Epilepsy is a medical disorder marked by sporadic seizures accompanied by alterations in consciousness. The molecular mechanisms responsible for epilepsy and the factors contributing to alterations in neuronal structure compromised apoptotic responses in neurons, and disturbances in regeneration pathways in glial cells remain unidentified. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA that consist of a single strand. They typically contain 21 to 23 nucleotides. miRNAs participate in the process of RNA silencing and the regulation of gene expression after transcription by selectively binding to mRNA molecules that possess complementary sequences. The disruption of miRNA regulation has been associated with the development of epilepsy, and manipulating a single miRNA can impact various cellular processes, hence serving as a potent intervention approach. Despite existing obstacles in the delivery and safety of miRNA-based treatments, researchers are actively investigating the potential of miRNAs to operate as regulators of brain activity and as targets for treating and preventing epilepsy. Hence, the utilization of miRNA-based therapeutic intervention shows potential for future epilepsy management. The objective of our present investigation was to ascertain the involvement of miRNAs in the causation and advancement of epilepsy. Moreover, they have undergone scrutiny for their potential utilization in therapeutic intervention.

Role of microRNAs in cognitive decline related to COVID‑19 (Review)

The likelihood and severity of cognitive decline related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been shown to be reflected by the severity of the infection and concomitant alterations in specific biomarkers. The present review discusses the role of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) as biomarkers in COVID-19 and the potential molecular mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction related to COVID-19. A systematic search of published articles was carried out from January 31, 2000 to December 31, 2022 using the PubMed, ProQuest, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases, combining the following terms: 'COVID-19' OR 'SARS-CoV-2' OR 'post-COVID-19 effects' OR 'cognitive decline' OR 'neurodegeneration' OR 'microRNAs'. The quality of the evidence was evaluated as high, moderate, low, or very low based on the GRADE rating. A total of 36 studies were identified which demonstrated reduced blood levels of miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR 31 and miR-21 in patients with COVID-19 in comparison with a healthy group. The overexpression of the Let-7b may result in the downregulation of BCL-2 during COVID-9 by adjusting the immune responses between chronic inflammatory disease, type 2 diabetes, COVID-19 and cognitive impairment. The reduced expression of miR-31 is associated with cognitive dysfunction and increased microcoagulability in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). miR-155 mediates synaptic dysfunction and the dysregulation of neurotransmitters due to acute inflammation, leading to brain atrophy and a subcortical cognitive profile. The downregulation of miR-21 in patients with COVID-19 aggravates systemic inflammation, mediating an uncontrollable immune response and the failure of T-cell function, provoking cognitive impairment in patients with SARS-CoV-2. On the whole, the present review indicates that dysregulated levels of miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR-31, and miR-21 in the blood of individuals with COVID-19 are associated with cognitive decline, the chronic activation of immune mechanisms, the cytokine storm, and the vicious cycle of damage and systemic inflammation.

MicroRNAs: Key modulators of inflammation-associated diseases

Inflammation is a multifaceted biological and pathophysiological response to injuries, infections, toxins, and inflammatory mechanisms that plays a central role in the progression of various diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny, 19-25 nucleotides long, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression via post-transcriptional repression. In this review, we highlight the recent findings related to the significant roles of miRNAs in regulating various inflammatory cascades and immunological processes in the context of many lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. We also converse on how miRNAs can have a dual impact on inflammatory responses, suggesting that regulation of their functions for therapeutic purposes may be disease-specific.

Spatially Exploring RNA Biology in Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues

Spatial transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful tool for dissecting spatial cellular heterogeneity but as of today is largely limited to gene expression analysis. Yet, the life of RNA molecules is multifaceted and dynamic, requiring spatial profiling of different RNA species throughout the life cycle to delve into the intricate RNA biology in complex tissues. Human disease-relevant tissues are commonly preserved as formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks, representing an important resource for human tissue specimens. The capability to spatially explore RNA biology in FFPE tissues holds transformative potential for human biology research and clinical histopathology. Here, we present Patho-DBiT combining in situ polyadenylation and deterministic barcoding for spatial full coverage transcriptome sequencing, tailored for probing the diverse landscape of RNA species even in clinically archived FFPE samples. It permits spatial co-profiling of gene expression and RNA processing, unveiling region-specific splicing isoforms, and high-sensitivity transcriptomic mapping of clinical tumor FFPE tissues stored for five years. Furthermore, genome-wide single nucleotide RNA variants can be captured to distinguish different malignant clones from non-malignant cells in human lymphomas. Patho-DBiT also maps microRNA-mRNA regulatory networks and RNA splicing dynamics, decoding their roles in spatial tumorigenesis trajectory. High resolution Patho-DBiT at the cellular level reveals a spatial neighborhood and traces the spatiotemporal kinetics driving tumor progression. Patho-DBiT stands poised as a valuable platform to unravel rich RNA biology in FFPE tissues to study human tissue biology and aid in clinical pathology evaluation.

Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine

Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.

Role of microRNA-146a in cancer development by regulating apoptosis

Despite great advances in diagnostic and treatment options for cancer, like chemotherapy surgery, and radiation therapy it continues to remain a major global health concern. Further research is necessary to find new biomarkers and possible treatment methods for cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), tiny non-coding RNAs found naturally in the body, can influence the activity of several target genes. These genes are often disturbed in diseases like cancer, which perturbs functions like differentiation, cell division, cell cycle, apoptosis and proliferation. MiR-146a is a commonly and widely used miRNA that is often overexpressed in malignant tumors. The expression of miR-146a has been correlated with many pathological and physiological changes in cancer cells, such as the regulation of various cell death paths. It's been established that the control of cell death pathways has a huge influence on cancer progression. To improve our understanding of the interrelationship between miRNAs and cancer cell apoptosis, it's necessary to explore the impact of miRNAs through the alteration in their expression levels. Research has demonstrated that the appearance and spread of cancer can be mitigated by moderating the expression of certain miRNA - a commencement of treatment that presents a hopeful approach in managing cancer. Consequently, it is essential to explore the implications of miR-146a with respect to inducing different forms of tumor cell death, and evaluate its potential to serve as a target for improved chemotherapy outcomes. Through this review, we provide an outline of miR-146a's biogenesis and function, as well as its significant involvement in apoptosis. As well, we investigate the effects of exosomal miR-146a on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells and look into how it could possibly help combat chemotherapeutic resistance.

MicroRNA-146a-loaded magnesium silicate nanospheres promote bone regeneration in an inflammatory microenvironment

Reconstruction of irregular oral-maxillofacial bone defects with an inflammatory microenvironment remains a challenge, as chronic local inflammation can largely impair bone healing. Here, we used magnesium silicate nanospheres (MSNs) to load microRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a) to fabricate a nanobiomaterial, MSN+miR-146a, which showed synergistic promoting effects on the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). In addition, miR-146a exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect on mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway via targeting tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and MSNs could simultaneously promote M2 polarization of BMMs. MiR-146a was also found to inhibit osteoclast formation. Finally, the dual osteogenic-promoting and immunoregulatory effects of MSN+miR-146a were further validated in a stimulated infected mouse mandibular bone defect model via delivery by a photocuring hydrogel. Collectively, the MSN+miR-146a complex revealed good potential in treating inflammatory irregular oral-maxillofacial bone defects.

Coilin mediates m6A RNA methylation through phosphorylation of METTL3

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. An important step in miRNA biogenesis occurs when primary miRNAs are bound and cleaved by the microprocessor to generate precursor miRNAs. Regulation at this step is essential and one such regulator includes m6A RNA methylation, an RNA modification found on primary miRNAs that is installed by METTL3 and bound by hnRNPA2B1. Our lab has recently discovered that the Cajal body marker protein coilin also participates in miRNA biogenesis and hypothesized that coilin may be influencing miRNA biogenesis through m6A RNA methylation. Here we report that coilin suppression reduces m6A on primary Let7a and miR-21. We also found that coilin suppression reduced the protein expression of hnRNPA2B1 and METTL3. We observed an interaction between coilin and ectopically expressed METTL3 and found that coilin suppression reduced the nucleoplasmic portion of METTL3 and blunted ectopic METTL3 phosphorylation. Finally, coilin suppression disrupted the greater METTL3 complex with cofactors METTL14 and WTAP. Collectively, our work has uncovered a role for coilin in mediating m6A RNA methylation and provides an avenue by which coilin participates in miRNA biogenesis.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell‑derived exosomes: A novel therapeutic agent for tendon‑bone healing (Review)

In sports medicine, injuries related to the insertion of tendons into bones, including rotator cuff injuries, anterior cruciate ligament injuries and Achilles tendon ruptures, are commonly observed. However, traditional therapies have proven to be insufficient in achieving satisfactory outcomes due to the intricate anatomical structure associated with these injuries. Adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells possess self‑renewal and multi‑directional differentiation potential and can generate various mesenchymal tissues to aid in the recovery of bone, cartilage, adipose tissue and bone marrow hematopoietic tissue. In addition, extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells known as exosomes, contain lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that govern the tissue microenvironment, facilitate tissue repair and perform various biological functions. Studies have demonstrated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell‑derived exosomes can function as natural nanocapsules for drug delivery and can enhance tendon‑bone healing strength. The present review discusses the latest research results on the role of exosomes released by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in tendon‑bone healing and provides valuable information for implementing these techniques in regenerative medicine and sports health.

Exploring the theranostic potentials of miRNA and epigenetic networks in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Autoimmune diseases (AD) are severe pathophysiological ailments that are stimulated by an exaggerated immunogenic response towards self-antigens, which can cause systemic or site-specific organ damage. An array of complex genetic and epigenetic facets majorly contributes to the progression of AD, thus providing significant insight into the regulatory mechanism of microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that have been identified as essential contributors to the post-transcriptional regulation of host genome expression and as crucial regulators of a myriad of biological processes such as immune homeostasis, T helper cell differentiation, central and peripheral tolerance, and immune cell development.

AIMS

This article tends to deliberate and conceptualize the brief pathogenesis and pertinent epigenetic regulatory mechanism as well as miRNA networks majorly affecting five different ADs namely rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD) thereby providing novel miRNA-based theranostic interventions.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Pertaining to the differential expression of miRNA attributed in target tissues and cellular bodies of innate and adaptive immunity, a paradigm of scientific expeditions suggests an optimistic correlation between immunogenic dysfunction and miRNA alterations.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, it is not astonishing that dysregulations in miRNA expression patterns are now recognized in a wide spectrum of disorders, establishing themselves as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Owing to its theranostic potencies, miRNA targets have been widely utilized in the development of biosensors and other therapeutic molecules originating from the same.

Extracellular vesicles of human glial cells exert neuroprotective effects via brain miRNA modulation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders are widely studied. Paracrine factors secreted by stem cells in vitro and delivered intranasally might allow bypassing the disadvantages associated with a surgical cell delivery procedure with likely immune rejection of a transplant. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of the extracellular vesicles secreted by glial progenitor cells (GPC-EV) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cell in a traumatic brain injury model. Intranasal administration of GPC-EV to Wistar rats for 6 days improved sensorimotor functions assessed over a 14-day observation period. Beside, deep sequencing of microRNA transcriptome of GPC-EV was estimate, and was revealed 203 microRNA species that might be implicated in prevention of various brain pathologies. Modulation of microRNA pools might contribute to the observed decrease in the number of astrocytes that inhibit neurorecovery processes while enhancing neuroplasticity by decreasing phosphorylated Tau forms, preventing inflammation and apoptosis associated with secondary damage to brain tissue. The course of GPC-EV administration was promoted the increasing protein levels of NF-κB in studied areas of the rat brain, indicating NF-κB dependent mechanisms as a plausible route of neuroprotection within the damaged area. This investigation showed that GPC-EV may be representing a therapeutic approach in traumatic brain injury, though its translation into the clinic would require an additional research and development.

Research progress of glucocorticoid resistance in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: A review

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is one of the common chronic inflammatory diseases in otolaryngology. Glucocorticoid (GC) acts as the first-line drug for the treatment of CRSwNP in clinical practice, and they play an irreplaceable role in reducing nasal mucosal inflammation and restoring the normal physiological function of the nasal mucosa. However, many patients are still insensitive to GC treatment, known as GC resistance, which leads to poor control of the disease, and the underlying mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the research progress of GC resistance of patients with CRSwNP in recent years.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells expression of miR-200c, miR-125b, miR-27b, miR-203, and miR-155 in patients with significant or insignificant coronary artery stenosis

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the principal causes of death worldwide. Among several predisposing factors, inflammation and inflammatory genes play a significant role in disease pathogenesis. Inflammatory microRNAs, small noncoding RNAs involved in regulating inflammation, are promising candidates for understanding pathogenesis of CAD and developing diagnostic biomarkers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the alteration of miR-200c, miR-125b, miR-27b, miR-203 and, miR-155 in patients suffering from coronary artery stenosis and insignificant coronary artery stenosis compared to healthy subjects. In this study we compared expressions of five inflammatory miRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 72 patients suffering significant coronary artery stenosis (CAD), 74 individuals without coronary artery disease and 30 individuals with insignificant coronary artery stenosis (ICAD). After blood collection, PBMCs were isolated and RNA was extracted. Gene expression levels were assessed by SYBR green based real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using R program. Expression levels of miR-200c, miR-203, and miR-155 were lower in subjects with ICAD than that in CAD patients and subjects of the control group. MiR-125b was downregulated in CAD and ICAD groups compared to the control group. PBMC miR-27b was upregulated in the CAD group as compared to the ICAD and control groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis verified potential of three miRNAs in separating subjects with ICAD from CAD patients and healthy individuals. In conclusion, this original investigation suggested that altered expression of these five miRNAs may serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker discriminating clinical presentations of coronary artery diseases.

Empagliflozin Reverses Oxidized LDL-Induced RECK Suppression, Cardiotrophin-1 Expression, MMP Activation, and Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration

Persistent oxidative stress and inflammation contribute causally to smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration, the characteristic features of vascular proliferative diseases. Oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL) elevate oxidative stress levels, inflammatory responses, and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) activation, resulting ultimately in SMC migration, proliferation, and phenotype change. Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) is a membrane-anchored MMP inhibitor. Empagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor and exerts pleiotropic cardiovascular protective effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigated (i) whether OxLDL regulates RECK expression, (ii) whether ectopic expression of RECK reverses OxLDL-induced SMC migration and proliferation, and (iii) whether pretreatment with empagliflozin reverses OxLDL-induced RECK suppression, MMP activation, and SMC migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Indeed, results show that OxLDL at pathophysiological concentration promotes SMC migration and proliferation via NF-κB/miR-30b-dependent RECK suppression. Moreover, OxLDL changed the SMC phenotype to a more pro-inflammatory type, and this effect is blunted by RECK overexpression. Further, treatment with empagliflozin reversed OxLDL-induced miR-30b induction, RECK suppression, MMP activation, SMC migration, proliferation, and proinflammatory phenotype changes. OxLDL-induced cardiotrophin (CT)-1 expression and CT-1 stimulated SMC proliferation and migration in part via leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) and glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Ectopic expression of RECK inhibited these effects by physically associating with LIFR and gp130, as evidenced by immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting and double immunofluorescence. Importantly, empagliflozin inhibited CT-1-induced mitogenic and migratory effects. Together, these results suggest the therapeutic potential of sustaining RECK expression or empagliflozin in vascular diseases characterized by SMC proliferation and migration.

Integrated co-expression analysis of regulatory elements (miRNA, lncRNA, and TFs) in bovine monocytes induced by Str. uberis

Non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), together with transcription factors, are critical pre-, co-, and post-transcriptional regulators. In addition to their criteria as ideal biomarkers, they have great potential in disease prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of complex diseases. Investigation of regulatory mechanisms in the context of bovine mastitis, as most common and economic disease in the dairy industry, to identify elements influencing the expression of candidate genes as key regulators of the mammary immune response is not yet fully understood. Transcriptome profiles (50 RNA-Seq and 50 miRNA-Seq samples) of bovine monocytes induced by Str. uberis were used for co-expression module detection and preservation analysis using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) approach. Assigned mi-, lnc-, and m-modules used to construct the integrated regulatory networks and miRNA-lncRNA-mRNA regulatory sub-networks. Remarkably, we have identified 18 miRNAs, five lncRNAs, and seven TFs as key regulators of str. uberis-induced mastitis. Most of the genes introduced here, mainly involved in immune response, inflammation, and apoptosis, were new to mastitis. These findings may help to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of bovine mastitis, and the discovered genes may serve as signatures for early diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Connecting the dots in the associations between diet, obesity, cancer, and microRNAs

The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic levels worldwide, leading to a lower quality of life and higher health costs. Obesity is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases, including cancer, although obesity is one of the major preventable causes of cancer. Lifestyle factors, such as dietary quality and patterns, are also closely related to the onset and development of obesity and cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the complex association between diet, obesity, and cancer remain unclear. In the past few decades, microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, have been demonstrated to play critical roles in biological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism, highlighting their importance in disease development and suppression and as therapeutic targets. miRNA expression levels can be modulated by diet and are involved in cancer and obesity-related diseases. Circulating miRNAs can also mediate cell-to-cell communications. These multiple aspects of miRNAs present challenges in understanding and integrating their mechanism of action. Here, we introduce a general consideration of the associations between diet, obesity, and cancer and review the current knowledge of the molecular functions of miRNA in each context. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between diet, obesity, and cancer could be valuable for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies in future.

Role of miR-15a-5p and miR-199a-3p in the inflammatory pathway regulated by NF-κB in experimental and human atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) prevalence has significantly increased in the last decade and atherosclerosis development is the main trigger. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression of their target and their levels are frequently altered in CVDs.

METHODS

By RT-qPCR, we analysed miR-9-5p, miR-15a-5p, miR-16-5p and miR-199a-3p levels in aorta from apolipoprotein knockout (ApoE-/- ) mice, an experimental model of hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis, and in human aortic and carotid atherosclerotic samples. By in silico studies, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence studies, we detected the targets of the altered miRNAs.

RESULTS

Our results show that miR-15a-5p and miR-199a-3p are significantly decreased in carotid and aortic samples from patients and mice with atherosclerosis. In addition, we found an increased expression in targets of both miRNAs that participate in the inflammatory pathway of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), such as IKKα, IKKβ and p65. In human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the overexpression of miR-15a-5p or miR-199a-3p decreased IKKα, IKKβ and p65 protein levels as well as NF-κB activation. On the other hand, miR-15a-5p and miR-199a-3p overexpression reduced ox-LDL uptake and the inflammation regulated by NF-κB in VSMCs. Moreover, although miR-15a-5p and miR-199a-3p were significantly increased in exosomes from patients with advanced carotid atherosclerosis, only in the ROC analyses for miR-15a-5p, the area under the curve was 0.8951 with a p value of .0028.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that the decrease of miR-199a-3p and miR-15a-5p in vascular samples from human and experimental atherosclerosis could be involved in the NF-κB activation pathway, as well as in ox-LDL uptake by VSMCs, contributing to inflammation and progression atherosclerosis. Finally, miR-15a-5p could be used as a novel diagnostic biomarker for advanced atherosclerosis.

microRNA Expression of Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in an Inflammatory Microenvironment In Vitro

Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTCs) are central players during renal inflammation. In response to inflammatory signals, PTCs not only self-express altered mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, and lipids, but also release altered extracellular vesicles (EVs). These EVs also carry inflammation-specific cargo molecules and are key players in cell-cell-communication. Understanding the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to inflammation in the kidney is the most important way to identify early targets for the prevention or treatment of acute kidney injury. Therefore, highly purified human PTCs were used as an in vitro model to study the cellular response to an inflammatory microenvironment. A cytokine-induced inflammatory system was established to analyze different miRNA expression in cells and their EVs. In detail, we characterized the altered miR expression of PTCs and their released EVs during induced inflammation and showed that 12 miRNAs were significantly regulated in PTCs (6 upregulated and 6 downregulated) and 9 miRNAs in EVs (8 upregulated and 1 downregulated). We also showed that only three of the miRNAs were found to overlap between cells and EVs. As shown by the KEGG pathway analysis, these three miRNAs (miR-146a-5p, miR-147b, and miR-155-5p) are functionally involved in the regulation of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and significantly correlated with the inflammatory mediators IL6 and ICAM1 released by stimulated PTCs. Especially with regard to a possible clinical use of miRs as new biomarkers, an accurate characterization of the miR expression altered during inflammatory processes is of enormous importance.

Research advances in endometriosis-related signaling pathways: A review

Endometriosis (EM) is characterized by the existence of endometrial mucosa outside the uterine cavity, which causesinfertility, persistent aches, and a decline in women's quality of life. Both hormone therapies and nonhormone therapies, such as NSAIDs, are ineffective, generic categories of EM drugs. Endometriosis is a benign gynecological condition, yet it shares a number of features with cancer cells, including immune evasion, survival, adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis. Several endometriosis-related signaling pathways are comprehensively reviewed in this article, including E2, NF-κB, MAPK, ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, YAP, Wnt/β-catenin, Rho/ROCK, TGF-β, VEGF, NO, iron, cytokines and chemokines. To find and develop novel medications for the treatment of EM, it is essential to implicitly determine the molecular pathways that are disordered during EM development. Additionally, research on the shared pathways between EM and tumors can provide hypotheses or suggestions for endometriosis therapeutic targets.

Extracellular vesicles modulate inflammatory signaling in chronically ischemic myocardium of swine with metabolic syndrome

OBJECTIVE

Extracellular vesicle (EV) therapy has been shown to mitigate inflammation in animal models of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. This study evaluates the effect of EV therapy on inflammatory signaling in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia and metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

Yorkshire swine were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks to induce metabolic syndrome, then underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex artery to induce chronic myocardial ischemia. Two weeks later, pigs received intramyocardial injection of either saline (control) (n = 6) or EVs (n = 8). Five weeks later, pigs were put to death and left ventricular myocardial tissue in ischemic and nonischemic territories were harvested. Protein expression was measured with immunoblotting, and macrophage count was determined by immunofluorescent staining of cluster of differentiation 68. Data were statistically analyzed via Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

RESULTS

EV treatment was associated with decreased expression of proinflammatory markers nuclear factor kappa B (P = .002), pro-interleukin (IL) 1ß (P = .020), and cluster of differentiation 11c (P = .001) in ischemic myocardium, and decreased expression of nuclear factor kappa B in nonischemic myocardium (P = .03) compared with control. EV treatment was associated with increased expression of anti-inflammatory markers IL-10 (P = .020) and cluster of differentiation 163 (P = .043) in ischemic myocardium compared with control. There were no significant differences in expression of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, arginase, HLA class II histocompatibility antigen DR alpha chain, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha, or phosphorylated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha in ischemic myocardium or pro-IL1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-10, or nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha in nonischemic myocardium of EV-treated pigs compared with control. There were no differences in macrophage count in ischemic myocardium between EV-treated pigs and control.

CONCLUSIONS

In the setting of metabolic syndrome and chronic myocardial ischemia, intramyocardial EV therapy attenuates proinflammatory signaling.

KLF14/miR-1283/TFAP2C axis inhibits HER2-positive breast cancer progression via declining tumor cell proliferation

MiR-1283 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in some malignancies. Whereas, the role of miR-1283 in HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer, particularly its role in regulating cell proliferation, one of the most significant features of tumor progression, is unclear. The related microRNA screened by the breast cancer sample GSE131599 dataset were detected in HER2+ breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Then, the obtained miR-1283 was overexpressed in SKBR3 and BT-474 cells followed by relevant functional assays concerning cell proliferation and apoptosis. The xenograft mouse model was induced and the effect of miR-1283 on tumor growth and cell proliferation was examined. The target of miR-1283 and the transcription factor regulating miR-1283 were predicted and identified. Finally, the influence of transcription factor KLF14 on cell proliferation and apoptosis was investigated. An integrated analysis confirmed that miR-1283 expression was significantly decreased in HER2+ breast cancer tissues. Also, by q-RT-PCR detection, miR-1283 expression was markedly reduced in HER2+ breast cancer tissues and cell lines. The miR-1283 overexpression prevented the proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of HER2+ breast cancer cells, as well as inhibited tumor growth. Mechanistically, miR-1283 inhibited TFAP2C expression by targeting the 3'-untranslated regions of TFAP2C messenger RNA, and the KLF14 enhanced miR-1283 level via binding to its promoter. The result subsequently confirmed the KLF14/miR-1283 signaling suppressed cell proliferation in HER2+ breast cancer. Our results suggested that the KLF14/miR-1283/TFAP2C axis inhibited HER2+ breast cancer progression, which might provide novel insight into mechanical exploration for this disease.

microRNA 146a ameliorates retinal damage in experimental autoimmune uveitis

Introduction

Uveitis and related intraocular inflammations are a major cause of blindness due to retinal damage caused by degeneration and loss of the photoreceptor cells. In mouse experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) previously we have shown mitochondrial oxidative stress with marked upregulation of αA crystallin in the inner segments of the photoreceptors. Furthermore, αA crystallin treatment prevented photoreceptor mitochondrial oxidative stress by suppressing innate and adaptive immunity in EAU.

Methods

Since these immune processes are modulated by microRNAs, in this study we investigated (a) modulation of microRNAs during development of EAU by αA crystallin administration and (b) microRNA therapeutic intervention.

Results

Few microRNAs were significantly upregulated in EAU mice with intravenous injection of αA crystallin and among these, computational bioinformatic analysis revealed that the upregulated microRNA 146a targets the innate and adaptive immune responses. In EAU, intravenous as well as intravitreal administration of this microRNA prevented inflammatory cell infiltration in uvea and retina and preserved photoreceptor cells.

Discussion

This protective function suggests that microRNA146a can be a novel therapeutic agent in preventing retinal damage in uveitis.

MicroRNA: Crucial modulator in purinergic signalling involved diseases

Both microRNAs (miRNAs) and purinergic signalling are widely and respectively expressed in various tissues of different organisms and play vital roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Here, we reviewed the current publications contributed to the relationship of miRNAs and purinergic signalling in cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, neurological diseases, and ophthalmic diseases. We tried to decode the miRNAs-purinergic signalling network of purinergic signalling involved diseases. The evidence indicated that more than 30 miRNAs (miR-22, miR-30, miR-146, miR-150, miR-155, miR-187, etc.) directly or indirectly modulate P1 receptors (A₁, A_2A, A_2B, A₃), P2 receptors (P2X1, P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12), and ecto-enzymes (CD39, CD73, ADA2); P2X7 and CD73 could be modulated by multiple miRNAs (P2X7: miR-21, miR-22, miR-30, miR-135a, miR-150, miR-186, miR-187, miR-216b; CD73: miR-141, miR-101, miR-193b, miR-340, miR-187, miR-30, miR-422a); miR-187 would be the common miRNA to modulate P2X7 and CD73.

Cellular senescence with SASP in periodontal ligament cells triggers inflammation in aging periodontal tissue

The direct cause of periodontitis is periodontopathic bacteria, while various environmental factors affect the severity of periodontitis. Previous epidemiological studies have shown positive correlations between aging and periodontitis. However, whether and how aging is linked to periodontal health and disease in biological processes is poorly understood. Aging induces pathological alterations in organs, which promotes systemic senescence associated with age-related disease. Recently, it has become evident that senescence at the cellular level, cellular senescence, is a cause of chronic diseases through production of various secretory factors including proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which is referred to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In this study, we examined the pathological roles of cellular senescence in periodontitis. We found localization of senescent cells in periodontal tissue, particularly the periodontal ligament (PDL), in aged mice. Senescent human PDL (HPDL) cells showed irreversible cell cycle arrest and SASP-like phenotypes in vitro. Additionally, we observed age-dependent upregulation of microRNA (miR)-34a in HPDL cells. These results suggest that chronic periodontitis is mediated by senescent PDL cells that exacerbate inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues through production of SASP proteins. Thus, miR-34a and senescent PDL cells might be promising therapeutic targets for periodontitis in elderly people.

Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells: Heralding a new treatment for periodontitis?

Periodontitis, as a complex inflammatory disorder, is characterized by continuous destruction of the teeth-supporting components, like alveolar bone and periodontal ligament, and affects a great percentage of individuals over the world. Also, this oral disease is linked with multiple serious illnesses, e.g., cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and oral cancer; thus, exerting efficient therapy for periodontitis is necessary. Unfortunately, the current therapies for the disease (e.g., surgical and nonsurgical methods) have not reflected enough effectiveness against periodontitis. At present, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based remedy has created new hope for curating different diseases; however, MSCs have no capability to engraft into the chosen tissue, and the tumorigenic influences of MSCs are still the main concern. Interestingly, documents have revealed that MSC-derived mediators, like exosomes, which their exploitation is more feasible than intact MSCs, can be an effective therapeutic candidate for periodontitis. Therefore, in this study, we will review evidence in conjunction with their possible curative impacts on periodontitis cases.

Crosstalk of Transcriptional Regulators of Adaptive Immune System and microRNAs: An Insight into Differentiation and Development

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as small regulatory RNA molecules, are involved in gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Hence, miRNAs contribute to gene regulation of various steps of different cell subsets' differentiation, maturation, and activation. The adaptive immune system arm, which exhibits the most specific immune responses, is also modulated by miRNAs. The generation and maturation of various T-cell subsets concomitant with B-cells is under precise regulation of miRNAs which function directly on the hallmark genes of each cell subset or indirectly through regulation of signaling pathway mediators and/or transcription factors involved in this maturation journey. In this review, we first discussed the origination process of common lymphocyte progenitors from hematopoietic stem cells, which further differentiate into various T-cell subsets under strict regulation of miRNAs and transcription factors. Subsequently, the differentiation of B-cells from common lymphocyte progenitors in bone marrow and periphery were discussed in association with a network of miRNAs and transcription factors.

miR-582-5p targets Skp1 and regulates NF-κB signaling-mediated inflammation

A well-tuned inflammatory response is crucial for an effective immune process. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a key mediator of inflammatory and innate immunity responses, and its dysregulation is closely associated with immune-related diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important inflammation modulators. However, miRNA-regulated mechanisms that implicate NF-κB activity are not fully understood. This study aimed to identify a potential miRNA that could modulate the dysregulated NF-κB signaling during inflammation. We identified miR-582-5p that was significantly downregulated in inflamed murine adipose tissues and RAW264.7 cells. S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1), a core component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the NF-κB pathway, was proposed as a biological target of miR-582-5p by using TargetScan. The binding of miR-582-5p to a 3'-untranslated region site on Skp1 was confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay; in addition, transfection with a miR-582-5p mimic suppressed SKP1 expression in RAW264.7 cells. Importantly, exogenous miR-582-5p attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 through suppressing the degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor alpha, followed by the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Therefore, exogenously applied miR-582-5p can attenuate the NF-κB signaling pathway via targeting Skp1; this provides a prospective therapeutic strategy for treating inflammatory and immune diseases.

Expression levels and network analysis of inflammamiRs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to DDE "in vitro"

Recent studies have demonstrated that dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) induced a pro-inflammatory condition in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). However, the molecular mechanisms implicated in this condition are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate miR-155, miR-126, and miR-21 expression levels in PBMC exposed "in vitro" to DDE. PBMC were dosed with increasing concentrations of DDE (10-80 µg mL^-1) at different treatment times (0-24 h). The results showed an up-regulation in the expression levels of assessed miRNAs (miR-155, miR-146, and miR-21) after PBMCs were exposed to DDE. Besides, bioinformatic analysis was performed to understand the biological roles of assessed miRNAs. The bioinformatic analysis shows that assessed miRNAs are associated with regulating signaling pathways involved in cancer, apoptosis, cell cycle, inflammation, metabolism, etc. These findings offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms related to the inflammatory processes and their regulation induced by DDE in PBMC exposed "in vitro".

Circulating microRNAs associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: useful biomarkers?

Different types of small non-coding RNAs, especially miRNAs, may be found in the circulation, either protein-bound or enclosed in extracellular vesicles. During gestation, and particularly during gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the levels of several miRNAs are altered. Worldwide the incidence of GDM is increasing, in part driven by the current obesity epidemic. This is a point of public health concern because offspring of women with GDM frequently suffer from short- and long-term complications of maternal GDM. This has prompted the investigation of whether levels of specific miRNA species, detected early in gestation, may be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers for the development of GDM. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of RNA secretion and review circulating miRNAs associated with GDM. Several miRNAs are associated with GDM: miR-29a-3p and miR-29b-3p are generally upregulated in GDM pregnancies, also when measured prior to the development of GDM, while miR-16-5p is consistently upregulated in GDM pregnancies, especially in late gestation. miR-330-3p in circulation is increased in late gestation GDM women, especially in those with poor insulin secretion. miR-17-5p, miR-19a/b-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-155-5p, miR-125-a/b-5p, miR-210-3p and miR-132 are also associated with GDM, but less so and with more contradictory results reported. There could be a publication bias as miRNAs identified early are investigated the most, suggesting that it is likely that additional, more recently detected miRNAs could also be associated with GDM. Thus, circulating miRNAs show potential as biomarkers of GDM diagnosis or prognosis, especially multiple miRNAs containing prediction algorithms show promise, but further studies are needed.

Cytokine-primed umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhanced therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles on osteoarthritic chondrocytes

In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a potential cell-free therapy against osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, we investigated the therapeutic effects of EVs released by cytokine-primed umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs) on osteoarthritic chondrocyte physiology. Priming UCMSCs individually with transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), interferon alpha (IFNα), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) significantly reduced the sorting of miR-181b-3p but not miR-320a-3p; two negative regulators of chondrocyte regeneration, into EVs. However, the EV treatment did not show any significant effect on chondrocyte proliferation. Meanwhile, EVs from both non-priming and cytokine-primed UCMSCs induced migration at later time points of measurement. Moreover, TGFβ-primed UCMSCs secreted EVs that could upregulate the expression of chondrogenesis markers (COL2 and ACAN) and downregulate fibrotic markers (COL1 and RUNX2) in chondrocytes. Hence, priming UCMSCs with cytokines can deliver selective therapeutic effects of EV treatment in OA and chondrocyte-related disorders.

Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: Prognostic role of circulating biomarkers and microRNAs

COVID-19 is renowned as a multi-organ disease having subacute and long-term effects with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The evolving scientific and clinical evidence demonstrates that the frequency of cognitive impairment after COVID-19 is high and it is crucial to explore more clinical research and implement proper diagnostic and treatment strategies. Several central nervous system complications have been reported as comorbidities of COVID-19. The changes in cognitive function associated with neurodegenerative diseases develop slowly over time and are only diagnosed at an already advanced stage of molecular pathology. Hence, understanding the common links between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases will broaden our knowledge and help in strategizing prognostic and therapeutic approaches. The present review focuses on the diverse neurodegenerative changes associated with COVID-19 and will highlight the importance of major circulating biomarkers and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the disease progression and severity. The literature analysis showed that major proteins associated with central nervous system function, such as Glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, p-tau 181, Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, S100 calcium-binding protein B, Neuron-specific enolase and various inflammatory cytokines, were significantly altered in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, among various miRNAs that are having pivotal roles in various neurodegenerative diseases, miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR-31, miR-16 and miR-21 have shown significant dysregulation in COVID-19 patients. Thus the review consolidates the important findings from the numerous studies to unravel the underlying mechanism of neurological sequelae in COVID-19 and the possible association of circulatory biomarkers, which may serve as prognostic predictors and therapeutic targets in future research.

Extracellular vesicle miRNAs promote the intestinal microenvironment by interacting with microbes in colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global disease with no cure. Disruption of the microbial ecosystem is considered to be an important cause of IBD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vital participants in cell-cell and cell-organism communication. Both host-derived EVs and bacteria-derived membrane vesicles (OMVs) contribute to homeostasis in the intestine. However, the roles of EVs-miRNAs and MVs in host-microbe interactions in colitis remain unclear. In the present study, the animal model of colitis was established by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to investigate the changes of miRNAs in colonic EVs from colitis. Several miRNAs were significantly altered in colitis EVs. miR-181b-5p transplantation inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and promoted M2 polarization to reduce the levels of inflammation both in acute and remission of chronic colitis. miR-200b-3p could interact with bacteria and regulate the composition of the microbiota, which contributed to intestinal barrier integrity and homeostasis. Notably, MVs from normal feces could effectively reverse the composition of the intestinal microbiota, restore the intestinal barrier and rescue colitis, and BMVs from colitis would also have similar effects after miR-200b-3p treatment. Our results preliminarily identify a vesicle-based host-microbe interaction cycle in colitis and provide new ideas for colitis treatment.

Expression of the miR-9-5p, miR-125b-5p and its target gene NFKB1 and TRAF6 in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE)

Childhood- onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is a multisystem inflammatory disease that can lead to severe clinical conditions resulting in early comorbidities. Several genetic, environmental, and immunological factors are known to influence the onset of the disease. MiRNAs have been already considered as potential actors involved in the development and activity of the SLE. Thus, understanding the behavior of these regulators can contribute to clarify the inflammatory process affecting SLE patients. Among miRNAs, miR-125b-5p and miR-9-5p targeting NFKB1 and TRAF6 genes can be involved in the etio-pathogenesis of the disease by modulating inflammation. In this study we evaluated miR-9-5p and miR-125b-5p expression and its target genes NFKB1 and TRAF6 in peripheral blood samples (PBMC) from the 35 cSLE patients and 35 healthy controls. MiRNAs and gene target expression have been evaluated by using RT-PCR with specific TaqMan® probes. Both miR-9-5p [Fold Change (FC) = -2.21; p = 0.002] and miR-125b-5p (FC= -3.30; p < 0.0001) and NFKB1 (FC = -1.84; p < 0.001) were downregulated in cSLE patients, while TRAF6 was upregulated (FC = 1.80; p = 0.006) in cSLE patients when compared to controls. A significant correlation was found between miR-125b-5p and its target gene NFKB1 [Spearman (r) = 0.47; p = 0.023]. Our results showed miR-125b-5p and miR-9-5p differential expression in cSLE patients, possibly contributing to better understanding the role of these regulators in cSLE development and disease pathogenesis.

Implication of miR-155-5p and miR-143-3p in the Vascular Insulin Resistance and Instability of Human and Experimental Atherosclerotic Plaque

(1) Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death in developed countries, being atherosclerosis, a recurring process underlying their apparition. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate the expression of their targets and have emerged as key players in CVDs; (2) Methods: 18 miRNAs were selected (Pubmed and GEO database) for their possible role in promoting atherosclerosis and were analysed by RT-qPCR in the aorta from apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^−/−) mice. Afterwards, the altered miRNAs in the aorta from 18 weeks-ApoE^−/− mice were studied in human aortic and carotid samples; (3) Results: miR-155-5p was overexpressed and miR-143-3p was downregulated in mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, a significant decrease in protein kinase B (AKT), target of miR-155-5p, and an increase in insulin-like growth factor type II receptor (IGF-IIR), target of miR-143-3p, were noted in aortic roots from ApoE^−/− mice and in carotid plaques from patients with advanced carotid atherosclerosis (ACA). Finally, the overexpression of miR-155-5p reduced AKT levels and its phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle cells, while miR-143-3p overexpression decreased IGF-IIR reducing apoptosis in vascular cells; (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that miR-155-5p and miR-143-3p may be implicated in insulin resistance and plaque instability by the modulation of their targets AKT and IGF-IIR, contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis.

Research progress on the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Based on immunity, noncoding RNA and exosomes

Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, is a common potentially vision-threatening organ-specific autoimmune disease and the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease. It can happen to those who have hyperthyroidism or euthyroidism. At present, the pathogenesis of GO has not been fully elucidated, and the majority of clinical treatments are symptomatic. Therefore, we are eager to discover any new therapeutic strategies that target the etiology of GO. To provide fresh ideas for the creation of new therapeutic techniques, this study primarily discusses the research state and progress of GO-related pathogenesis from the perspectives of GO’s cellular immunity, autoantigens, non-coding RNAs, and exosomes.

MicroRNA-155 acts as an anti-inflammatory factor in orbital fibroblasts from Graves’ orbitopathy by repressing interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase

To investigate the role of microRNA (miR)-155 in inflammation in an in-vitro model of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). The expression levels of miR-155 were compared between GO and non-GO orbital tissues. The effects of inflammatory stimulation of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) on miR-155 expression on GO and non-GO orbital fibroblasts (OFs) were investigated. The effects of miR-155 mimics and inhibitors of inflammatory proteins and IL-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) expression were examined, along with those related to the knockdown of ITK with siITK transfection on inflammatory proteins. We also examined how ITK inhibitors affect miR-155 expression in GO and non-GO OFs. The expression levels of miR-155 were higher in GO orbital tissues than in non-GO tissue. The overexpression of miR-155 was induced by IL-1β and TNF-α in OFs from GO and non-GO patients. IL-1β-induced IL-6 (ICAM1) protein production was significantly reduced (increased) by miR-155 mimics and inhibitors. The mRNA and protein levels of ITK were downregulated by overexpressed miR-155 via miR-155 mimics. Knockdown of ITK via siITK transfection induced a decrease in the expression levels of ITK, IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α protein. The expression of miR-155 was significantly downregulated by treatment with ITK inhibitors and Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK)/ITK dual inhibitors in a time-dependent manner. Our results indicated a potential relationship between miR-155 and ITK in the context of GO OFs. The overexpression of miR-155 repressed ITK expression and relieved inflammation. Thus, miR-155 appears to have anti-inflammatory effects in GO OFs. This discovery provides a new concept for developing GO treatment therapeutics.

Protective effects of glaucocalyxin A on the airway of asthmatic mice

The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of glaucocalyxin A (GLA) on airways in mouse models of asthma, concerning the inflammatory mediators, Th1/Th2 subgroup imbalance, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling pathway. Hematoxylin and eosin/periodic acid-Schiff staining was used to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. Inflammatory cytokine contents in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein expression levels were detected with Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. In vivo studies showed that, in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mouse models, the GLA treatments reduced the airway hyperresponsiveness and the secretion of inflammatory cells, declined the proliferation of goblet cells, decreased the levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and increased the contents of interferon-γ and IL-12. Moreover, GLA inhibited the protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, and NF-κB in OVA-induced asthmatic mouse models. Further in vitro studies showed that GLA inhibited the expression of NF-κB, p-IκBα, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and blocked the nuclear transfer of NF-κB in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Conclusively, GLA can inhibit the inflammatory responses in OVA-induced asthmatic mice and inhibit the release of inflammatory factors in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, which may be related to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Green Tea Extract Containing Piper retrofractum Fruit Ameliorates DSS-Induced Colitis via Modulating MicroRNA-21 Expression and NF-κB Activity

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of green tea extract containing Piper retrofractum fruit (GTP) on dextran-sulfate-sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, the regulatory mechanisms of microRNA (miR)-21, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Different doses of GTP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered orally once daily for 14 days, followed by GTP with 3% DSS for 7 days. Compared with the DSS-treated control, GTP administration alleviated clinical symptoms, including the disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, and the degree of histological damage. Moreover, GTP suppressed miR-21 expression and NF-κB activity in colon tissue of DSS-induced colitis mice. The mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were downregulated by GTP. Colonic nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were also lowered by GTP. Taken together, our results revealed that GTP inhibits DSS-induced colonic inflammation by suppressing miR-21 expression and NF-κB activity, suggesting that it may be used as a potential functional material for improving colitis.

Pan-Cancer Analysis Predicts the Immunological and Prognostic Role of ZC3H12C in KIRC

ZC3H12C is an important member of the CCCH-zinc finger protein family and is mainly involved in host immune and inflammatory diseases. However, its abnormal expression and prognostic value in cancer have not yet been established. Through comparative analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we found that ZC3H12C is the most relevant to the prognosis, grade, and stage of renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) across 33 cancers. With the help of patient transcription and clinical data from the TCGA and GEO (GSE53757, GSE36895) databases, we determined that in the immune environment of patients with ccRCC, ZC3H12C was clearly negatively correlated with Tregs and was significantly positively correlated with monocytes. In addition, protein phosphorylation and DNA methylation analysis also showed that ZC3H12C negatively regulates the role of cancer in ccRCC. Our research may provide new insights into ccRCC immunotherapy and bring forth novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) update: From metabolic reprogramming to immunometabolism

The field of immunometabolism investigates and describes the effects of metabolic rewiring in immune cells throughout activation and the fates of these cells. Recently, it has been appreciated that immunometabolism plays an essential role in the progression of viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Regarding COVID‐19, the aberrant immune response underlying the progression of diseases establishes two major respiratory pathologies, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pneumonia‐induced acute lung injury (ALI). Both innate and adaptive immunity (T cell‐based) were impaired in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. Current findings have deciphered that macrophages (innate immune cells) are involved in the inflammatory response seen in COVID‐19. It has been demonstrated that immune system cells can change metabolic reprogramming in some conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infectious disease, including COVID‐19. The growing findings on metabolic reprogramming in COVID‐19 allow an exploration of metabolites with immunomodulatory properties as future therapies to combat this hyperinflammatory response. The elucidation of the exact role and mechanism underlying this metabolic reprograming in immune cells could help apply more precise approaches to initial diagnosis, prognosis, and in‐hospital therapy. This report discusses the latest findings from COVID‐19 on host metabolic reprogramming and immunometabolic responses.