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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Zhang X, Han X, Chen B, Fu X, Gong Y, Yang W, Chen Q. Influence of nutritional supplements on antibody levels in pregnant women vaccinated with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289255. [PMID: 38452000 PMCID: PMC10919710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the significantly higher demand for nutrients during pregnancy, pregnant women are more likely to have nutrient deficiencies, which may adversely affect maternal and fetal health. The influence of nutritional supplements on the immune effects of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during pregnancy is not clear. METHODS In a multicenter cross-sectional study, we enrolled 873 pregnant women aged 18-45 y in Guangdong, China. The general demographic characteristics of pregnant women and their use of nutritional supplements were investigated, and the serum antibody levels induced by inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were measured. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between nutritional supplements and SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. RESULTS Of the 873 pregnant women enrolled, 825 (94.5%) took folic acid during pregnancy, 165 (18.9%) took iron supplements, and 197 (22.6%) took DHA. All pregnant women received at least one dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and the positive rates of serum SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were 44.7% and 46.4%, respectively. After adjustment for confounding factors, whether pregnant women took folic acid, iron supplements, or DHA did not influence NAb positivity or IgG positivity (P > 0.05). Compared with pregnant women who did not take folic acid, the odds ratios (ORs) for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 NAb and IgG antibody in pregnant women who took folic acid were 0.67 (P = 0.255; 95% CI, 0.34-1.32) and 1.24 (P = 0.547; 95% CI, 0.60-2.55), respectively. Compared with pregnant women who did not take iron supplements, the ORs for the presence of NAb and IgG antibody in pregnant women who took iron supplements were 1.16(P = 0.465; 95% CI, 0.77-1.76) and 0.98 (P = 0.931; 95% CI, 0.64-1.49), respectively. Similarly, the ORs for NAb and IgG antibody were 0.71 (P = 0.085; 95% CI, 0.49-1.04) and 0.95 (P = 0.801; 95% CI, 0.65-1.38) in pregnant women who took DHA compared with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS Nutritional supplementation with folic acid, iron, or DHA during pregnancy was not associated with antibody levels in pregnant women who received inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Baolan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yajie Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qingsong Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Bisgaard H, Chawes B, Stokholm J, Mikkelsen M, Schoos AMM, Bønnelykke K. 25 Years of translational research in the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:619-633. [PMID: 36642652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) mother-child cohorts have provided a foundation of 25 years of research on the origins, prevention, and natural history of childhood asthma and related disorders. COPSAC's approach is characterized by clinical translational research with longitudinal deep phenotyping and exposure assessments from pregnancy, in combination with multi-omic data layers and embedded randomized controlled trials. One trial showed that fish oil supplementation during pregnancy prevented childhood asthma and identified pregnant women with the highest benefits from supplementation, thereby creating the potential for personalized prevention. COPSAC revealed that airway colonization with pathogenic bacteria in early life is associated with an increased risk of asthma. Further, airway bacteria were shown to be a trigger of acute asthma-like symptoms, with benefit from antibiotic treatment. COPSAC identified an immature gut microbiome in early life as a risk factor for asthma and allergy and further demonstrated that asthma can be predicted by infant lung function. At a molecular level, COPSAC has identified novel susceptibility genes, early immune deviations, and metabolomic alterations associated with childhood asthma. Thus, the COPSAC research program has enhanced our understanding of the processes causing childhood asthma and has suggested means of personalized prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Chawes
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Marianne Mikkelsen
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann-Marie Malby Schoos
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Saros L, Vahlberg T, Koivuniemi E, Houttu N, Niinikoski H, Tertti K, Laitinen K. Fish Oil And/Or Probiotics Intervention in Overweight/Obese Pregnant Women and Overweight Risk in 24-Month-Old Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76:218-226. [PMID: 36705702 PMCID: PMC9848211 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether a fish oil and/or probiotics intervention in pregnant women with overweight or obesity would influence the tendency of their 24-month-old children to become overweight and alter their body fat percentage. METHODS Women (n = 439) were double-blindly randomized into 4 intervention groups: fish oil+placebo, probiotics+placebo, probiotics+fish oil, and placebo+placebo (fish oil: 1.9 g docosahexaenoic acid and 0.22 g eicosapentaenoic acid, probiotics: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420, 1010 colony-forming units each). The intervention lasted from early pregnancy until 6 months postpartum. Children's (n = 330) growth data (height, weight, head circumference), a secondary outcome of the trial, were evaluated at birth, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of age and compared to Finnish growth charts. Body fat percentage was measured with air displacement plethysmography (24 months). Logistic regression and general linear models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Probiotics+placebo [weight-for-height% adj. Odds ratio (OR) = 0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.14-0.95] and probiotics+fish oil [weight-for-age standard deviation score (SD-score) adj. OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.07-0.71] associated with lower overweight odds in 24-month-old children compared to placebo+placebo. Results remained essentially the same, when probiotics' main effect (combined probiotics+placebo and probiotics+fish oil) was estimated; that is, lower overweight odds (weight-for-height% adj. OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.25-0.95 and weight-for-age SD-score adj. OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.20-0.88) compared to non-probiotics. No fish oil main effect (combined fish oil+placebo and probiotics+fish oil) was seen. The intervention did not influence body fat percentage. CONCLUSIONS The administration of probiotics solely and in combination with fish oil during pregnancy to women with overweight or obesity lowered the overweight odds of their 24-month-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Saros
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ella Koivuniemi
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Noora Houttu
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kristiina Tertti
- the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Xu YJ, Wang WJ, Zhang QY, Yang MN, Zhang L, He H, Dong Y, Ouyang F, Gao Y, Zhang J, Zheng T, Luo ZC. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in gestational diabetes mellitus and neonatal metabolic health biomarkers. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1089131. [PMID: 37020805 PMCID: PMC10069675 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1089131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) "programs" an elevated risk of metabolic dysfunctional disorders in the offspring, and has been associated with elevated leptin and decreased adiponectin levels in cord blood. We sought to assess whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in GDM affects neonatal metabolic health biomarkers especially leptin and adiponectin. Methods In a randomized controlled trial, singleton pregnant women with de novo diagnosis of GDM at 24-28 weeks of gestation were randomized to dietary supplementation of 500 mg DHA per day (intervention, n = 30) until delivery or standard care (control, n = 38). The primary outcomes were cord blood leptin and total adiponectin concentrations. Secondary outcomes included high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in cord blood, maternal glycemic control post-intervention and birth weight (z score). In parallel, 38 euglycemic pregnant women were recruited for comparisons of cord blood biomarkers. Results There were no significant differences in cord serum leptin, total and HMW adiponectin and IGF-1 concentrations between DHA supplementation and control groups (all p > 0.05). Maternal fasting and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels at 12-16 weeks post-intervention were similar between the two groups. The newborns in the DHA group had higher birth weight z scores (p = 0.02). Cord blood total and HMW adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in GDM vs. euglycemic pregnancies. Conclusion Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation at 500 mg/day in GDM women did not affect neonatal metabolic biomarkers including leptin, adiponectin and IGF-1. The results are reassuring in light of the absence of influence on neonatal adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), and potential benefits to fetal growth and development. Clinical Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03569501.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Skills Center, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qiu-Yi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Nan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Cheng Luo,
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Cheng Luo,
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Welch BM, McNell EE, Edin ML, Ferguson KK. Inflammation and oxidative stress as mediators of the impacts of environmental exposures on human pregnancy: Evidence from oxylipins. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108181. [PMID: 35367517 PMCID: PMC9525454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress play major roles in healthy and pathological pregnancy. Environmental exposure to chemical pollutants may adversely affect maternal and fetal health in pregnancy by dysregulating these critical underlying processes of inflammation and oxidative stress. Oxylipins are bioactive lipids that play a major role in regulating inflammation and increasing lines of evidence point towards an importance in pregnancy. The biosynthetic production of oxylipins requires oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can occur through several well-characterized enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. This review describes the state of the science of epidemiologic evidence on oxylipin production in pregnancy and its association with 1) key pregnancy outcomes and 2) environmental exposures. We searched PubMed for studies of pregnancy that measured one or more oxylipin analytes during pregnancy or delivery. We evaluated oxylipin associations with three categories of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction, along with several categories of environmental pollutants. The majority of studies evaluated one to two oxylipins, most of which focused on oxylipins produced from nonenzymatic processes of oxidative stress. However, an increasing number of recent studies have leveraged technological advancements to profile a large number of oxylipins produced from distinct biosynthetic pathways. Although the literature indicated robust evidence that oxylipins produced via nonenzymatic pathways are associated with pregnancy outcomes and environmental exposures, evidence for enzymatically produced oxylipins showed that associations may differ between biosynthetic pathways. Along with summarizing this evidence, we review promising therapeutic options to regulate oxylipin production and provide a set of recommendations for future epidemiologic studies in these research areas. Further evidence is needed to improve our understanding of how oxylipins may act as key biological mediators for the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett M Welch
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Erin E McNell
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Matthew L Edin
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Taylor VF, Karagas MR. Exposure to arsenolipids and inorganic arsenic from marine-sourced dietary supplements. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133930. [PMID: 35182530 PMCID: PMC9007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements sourced from marine environments, such as fish oils and seaweed-based supplements, are widely consumed to boost nutrient intakes, including by vulnerable populations such as pregnant women. Like other marine foods, these supplements are also a potential source of exposure to arsenic, including the known toxic species, inorganic arsenic, and the cytotoxic, lipid-soluble arsenic compounds, arsenic hydrocarbons. A study of 32 marine-sourced supplements found higher total arsenic concentrations (>1000 ng g-1) in supplements made from seaweed, krill and calanus oil, and in fish and fish liver products marketed as "unprocessed". Inorganic arsenic was only detectable in the seaweed samples, and was elevated (8900 ng g-1) in one product. Arsenic hydrocarbons were not detected in krill oil samples but were present at concentrations from 169 to 2048 ng g-1 in "unprocessed" fish and fish liver oil, and calanus oil. Survey data from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) found 13.5% of pregnant women (n = 1997) reported taking fish oil supplements; and of those, most did so daily (75.6%, 6 or more times per week). Only a small percentage (9%) of those who reported consuming fish oil used products associated with higher arsenic levels. Higher urinary arsenic concentrations were found among women who consumed fish oil compared with those who did not, and specifically higher arsenobetaine and dimethyl arsenic concentrations. Dietary supplements are becoming common components of modern diets, and some marine-sourced dietary supplements are a source of inorganic arsenic and arsenic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien F Taylor
- Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Sevelsted A, Chawes B, Stokholm J, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H. Time trends of chronic immune diseases by year of birth in Danish registries. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:1179-1185. [PMID: 34564794 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic immune diseases are often reported to be on the rise and are speculated to share early life risk factors. Here, we investigated year of birth as a common denominator for time trends using the consistent data source of the Danish National Patient Registry with 35 years nationwide coverage. Observational nationwide birth cohort registry study, where persons born in Denmark since 1953 were investigated for chronic immune diseases per person years at risk. Outcomes were defined by inpatient hospitalizations in pre-chosen age bins by year of birth in 5 year bins. A population of 3.8 million persons born in Denmark since 1953 was investigated for a total sum of 68 million person years in the ages 5-34 years. We found increasing trends by year of birth for juvenile arthritis age 10-14, adult asthma age 20-24, inflammatory bowel diseases age 20-24, and multiple sclerosis age 25-29, whereas type 1 diabetes age 15-19 was declining until birth year mid 1980s followed by a subsequent increase. Childhood asthma age 5-9 inpatient hospitalizations were relatively stable over time. Nationwide introduction of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine in 1987 did not alter the trends. Hospitalization for the chronic immune diseases adult asthma, juvenile arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases and multiple sclerosis showed a general increasing trend by birth year in recent 35 years while diabetes 1 and childhood asthma seemed stable in this period. These results were not affected by the introduction of vaccinations against the major childhood viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Sevelsted
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Irwinda R, Hiksas R, Siregar AA, Saroyo YB, Wibowo N. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) status in severe preeclampsia and preterm birth: a cross sectional study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14701. [PMID: 34282168 PMCID: PMC8289913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (LCPUFA) is essential throughout pregnancy, since deficiency of LPUFA may linked to obstetrical complications. This study aimed to investigate LCPUFA status in severe preeclampsia and preterm birth. A cross sectional study was conducted in 104 pregnant women, which divided into normal pregnancy, severe preeclampsia and preterm birth groups. Serum percentage and concentration of total LCPUFA, omega-3, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), omega-6, linoleic acid (LA), and arachidonic acid (AA) were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC), bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed. Severe preeclampsia showed the highest concentration of total PUFA and the lowest DHA percentage, with significantly higher Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio (p = 0.004) and lower omega-3 index (p < 0.002) compared to control. Preterm birth showed the least omega-3 concentrations, with significantly low omega-6 derivates (LA (p = 0.014) and AA (p = 0.025)) compared to control. LCPUFA parameters have shown to increase the risk in both conditions, particularly ALA ≤ 53 µmol/L in preeclampsia with OR 5.44, 95%CI 1.16-25.42 and preterm birth with OR 4.68, 95%CI 1.52-14.38. These findings suggest that severe preeclampsia and preterm birth have an imbalance in LCPUFA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Irwinda
- Maternal Fetal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto-Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Rabbania Hiksas
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto-Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Yudianto Budi Saroyo
- Maternal Fetal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto-Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Noroyono Wibowo
- Maternal Fetal Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/Cipto-Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Ren X, Vilhjálmsdóttir BL, Rohde JF, Walker KC, Runstedt SE, Lauritzen L, Heitmann BL, Specht IO. Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Polyunsaturated and Trans Fatty Acids During Pregnancy and Offspring Weight Development. Front Nutr 2021; 8:625596. [PMID: 33842522 PMCID: PMC8027310 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.625596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and trans fatty acids (TFAs) may have an impact on offspring weight development. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines to evaluate whether levels of these fatty acids during pregnancy influenced offspring weight development. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with DHA and/or EPA supplementation or cohort studies, which examined levels of DHA, EPA, or TFAs in maternal or neonatal blood samples and recorded offspring weight, were included. Overall, 27 RCTs and 14 observational studies were identified. The results showed that DHA and/or EPA supplementation doses >650 mg/day resulted in slightly higher birth weight (MD 87.5 g, 95% CI 52.3-122.6, n = 3,831) and combined BMI and BMI z score at 5-10 years (SMD 0.11, 95% CI 0.04-0.18, n = 3,220). These results were rated as moderate quality. Results from the observational studies were generally inconsistent. High TFA levels during pregnancy seemed to be associated with lower birth weight. Finally, this review and meta-analysis supports a relationship between high maternal or neonatal DHA and/or EPA levels and higher offspring birth weight and weight in childhood. More high-quality long-term studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ren
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitta Lind Vilhjálmsdóttir
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanett Friis Rohde
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Christina Walker
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Elizabeth Runstedt
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Paediatric and International Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilienthal Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Sydney Medical School, The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Section for General Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ina Olmer Specht
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Monthé-Drèze C, Sen S, Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Catalano PM. Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Obesity on Newborn Body Composition, Growth and Length of Gestation: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020578. [PMID: 33572368 PMCID: PMC7916127 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity, a state of chronic low-grade metabolic inflammation, is a growing health burden associated with offspring adiposity, abnormal fetal growth and prematurity, which are all linked to adverse offspring cardiometabolic health. Higher intake of anti-inflammatory omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in pregnancy has been associated with lower adiposity, higher birthweight and longer gestation. However, the effects of n-3 supplementation specifically in pregnant women with overweight and obesity (OWOB) have not been explored. We conducted a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial of 72 pregnant women with first trimester body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 to explore preliminary efficacy of n-3 supplementation. Participants were randomized to daily DHA plus EPA (2 g/d) or placebo (wheat germ oil) from 10-16 weeks gestation to delivery. Neonatal body composition, fetal growth and length of gestation were assessed. For the 48 dyads with outcome data, median (IQR) maternal BMI was 30.2 (28.2, 35.4) kg/m2. In sex-adjusted analyses, n-3 supplementation was associated with higher neonatal fat-free mass (β: 218 g; 95% CI 49, 387) but not with % body fat or fat mass. Birthweight for gestational age z-score (-0.17 ± 0.67 vs. -0.61 ± 0.61 SD unit, p = 0.02) was higher, and gestation longer (40 (38.5, 40.1) vs. 39 (38, 39.4) weeks, p = 0.02), in the treatment vs. placebo group. Supplementation with n-3 PUFA in women with OWOB led to higher lean mass accrual at birth as well as improved fetal growth and longer gestation. Larger well-powered trials of n-3 PUFA supplementation specifically in pregnant women with OWOB should be conducted to confirm these findings and explore the long-term impact on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Monthé-Drèze
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-525-4139
| | - Sarbattama Sen
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Patrick M. Catalano
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
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12
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Matsumoto A, Kawabata T, Kagawa Y, Shoji K, Kimura F, Miyazawa T, Tatsuta N, Arima T, Yaegashi N, Nakai K. Associations of umbilical cord fatty acid profiles and desaturase enzyme indices with birth weight for gestational age in Japanese infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 165:102233. [PMID: 33387849 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) required for infant development are produced by Δ6 desaturase (D6D) and Δ5 desaturase (D5D). The D6D index and D5D index are calculated based on their respective precursor/product ratios. The D5D and D6D indices are related to obesity and lifestyle-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of umbilical cord fatty acid profiles, D6D index, and D5D index in appropriate for gestational age (AGA), small for gestational age (SGA), and large for gestational age (LGA) infants. This was a nested case-control study, and the relationship between case and control maternal blood and umbilical cord blood fatty acid compositions was examined. Cases were small for gestational age (SGA; n = 55) and large for gestational age (LGA; n = 149) infants, whereas controls were appropriate for gestational age (AGA; n = 204) infants. Fatty acid profiles in maternal blood and umbilical cord plasma were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The D6D index was calculated as dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA 20: 3 n-6) / linoleic acid (18: 2 n - 6), and the D5D index was calculated as arachidonic acid (20: 4 n - 6) / DGLA (20: 3 n - 6). Statistical analysis of umbilical cord blood fatty acids was performed with multiple comparisons. SGA infants showed high umbilical cord values for α-linolenic acid and DHA and lower values for DGLA compared to AGA infants. SGA infants showed a higher D5D index but a lower D6D index than AGA infants. LGA infants showed high values for α-linolenic acid and DGLA and lower values for arachidonic acid than AGA infants. LGA infants showed a high D6D index and a low D5D index relative to AGA infants. No significant differences in maternal blood fatty acid profiles, the D6D index, and D5D index desaturase activities were found among the three groups. There were differences in umbilical cord fatty acid profiles and D6D and D5D indices among AGA, SGA, and LGA infants, but further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Matsumoto
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan.
| | - Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kagawa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Kumiko Shoji
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kimura
- Faculty of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Shokei Gakuin University, 4-10-1 Yurigaoka, Natori, Miyagi 981-1295, Japan; Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tatsuta
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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13
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Sass L, Bjarnadóttir E, Stokholm J, Chawes B, Vinding RK, Mora-Jensen ARC, Thorsen J, Noergaard S, Ebdrup BH, Jepsen JRM, Fagerlund B, Bønnelykke K, Lauritzen L, Bisgaard H. Fish Oil Supplementation in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopment in Childhood-A Randomized Clinical Trial. Child Dev 2021; 92:1624-1635. [PMID: 33506965 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A double-blind randomized controlled trial of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation or matching placebo during third trimester of pregnancy was conducted within the COPSAC2010 mother-child cohort consisting of 736 women and their children. The objective was to determine if maternal n-3 LCPUFA pregnancy supplementation affects offspring neurodevelopment until 6 years. Neurodevelopment was evaluated in 654 children assessing age of motor milestone achievement, language development, cognitive development, general neurodevelopment, and emotional and behavioral problems. Maternal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy improved early language development and reduced the impact of emotional and behavioral problems. The n-3 LCPUFA supplementation was in boys associated with the earlier achievement of gross motor milestones, improved cognitive development, and a reduced impact of emotional and behavioral problems.
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14
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Tan ML, Abrams SA, Osborn DA. Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 12:CD013046. [PMID: 33305822 PMCID: PMC8812278 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013046.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide, contributing to nutritional rickets and osteomalacia which have a major impact on health, growth, and development of infants, children and adolescents. Vitamin D levels are low in breast milk and exclusively breastfed infants are at risk of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation given to infants, or lactating mothers, on vitamin D deficiency, bone density and growth in healthy term breastfed infants. SEARCH METHODS We used the standard search strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to 29 May 2020 supplemented by searches of clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and citations. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs in breastfeeding mother-infant pairs comparing vitamin D supplementation given to infants or lactating mothers compared to placebo or no intervention, or sunlight, or that compare vitamin D supplementation of infants to supplementation of mothers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias and independently extracted data. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 19 studies with 2837 mother-infant pairs assessing vitamin D given to infants (nine studies), to lactating mothers (eight studies), and to infants versus lactating mothers (six studies). No studies compared vitamin D given to infants versus periods of infant sun exposure. Vitamin D supplementation given to infants: vitamin D at 400 IU/day may increase 25-OH vitamin D levels (MD 22.63 nmol/L, 95% CI 17.05 to 28.21; participants = 334; studies = 6; low-certainty) and may reduce the incidence of vitamin D insufficiency (25-OH vitamin D < 50 nmol/L) (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.80; participants = 274; studies = 4; low-certainty). However, there was insufficient evidence to determine if vitamin D given to the infant reduces the risk of vitamin D deficiency (25-OH vitamin D < 30 nmol/L) up till six months of age (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.05; participants = 122; studies = 2), affects bone mineral content (BMC), or the incidence of biochemical or radiological rickets (all very-low certainty). We are uncertain about adverse effects including hypercalcaemia. There were no studies of higher doses of infant vitamin D (> 400 IU/day) compared to placebo. Vitamin D supplementation given to lactating mothers: vitamin D supplementation given to lactating mothers may increase infant 25-OH vitamin D levels (MD 24.60 nmol/L, 95% CI 21.59 to 27.60; participants = 597; studies = 7; low-certainty), may reduce the incidences of vitamin D insufficiency (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.57; participants = 512; studies = 5; low-certainty), vitamin D deficiency (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.24; participants = 512; studies = 5; low-certainty) and biochemical rickets (RR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.44; participants = 229; studies = 2; low-certainty). The two studies that reported biochemical rickets used maternal dosages of oral D3 60,000 IU/day for 10 days and oral D3 60,000 IU postpartum and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks. However, infant BMC was not reported and there was insufficient evidence to determine if maternal supplementation has an effect on radiological rickets (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.18 to 3.31; participants = 536; studies = 3; very low-certainty). All studies of maternal supplementation enrolled populations at high risk of vitamin D deficiency. We are uncertain of the effects of maternal supplementation on infant growth and adverse effects including hypercalcaemia. Vitamin D supplementation given to infants compared with supplementation given to lactating mothers: infant vitamin D supplementation compared to lactating mother supplementation may increase infant 25-OH vitamin D levels (MD 14.35 nmol/L, 95% CI 9.64 to 19.06; participants = 269; studies = 4; low-certainty). Infant vitamin D supplementation may reduce the incidence of vitamin D insufficiency (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.94; participants = 334; studies = 4) and may reduce vitamin D deficiency (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.72; participants = 334; studies = 4) but the evidence is very uncertain. Infant BMC and radiological rickets were not reported and there was insufficient evidence to determine if maternal supplementation has an effect on infant biochemical rickets. All studies enrolled patient populations at high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Studies compared an infant dose of vitamin D 400 IU/day with varying maternal vitamin D doses from 400 IU/day to > 4000 IU/day. We are uncertain about adverse effects including hypercalcaemia. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For breastfed infants, vitamin D supplementation 400 IU/day for up to six months increases 25-OH vitamin D levels and reduces vitamin D insufficiency, but there was insufficient evidence to assess its effect on vitamin D deficiency and bone health. For higher-risk infants who are breastfeeding, maternal vitamin D supplementation reduces vitamin D insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency, but there was insufficient evidence to determine an effect on bone health. In populations at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation of infants led to greater increases in infant 25-OH vitamin D levels, reductions in vitamin D insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency compared to supplementation of lactating mothers. However, the evidence is very uncertain for markers of bone health. Maternal higher dose supplementation (≥ 4000 IU/day) produced similar infant 25-OH vitamin D levels as infant supplementation of 400 IU/day. The certainty of evidence was graded as low to very low for all outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Loong Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus (formerly Penang Medical College), George Town, Malaysia
| | - Steven A Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - David A Osborn
- Central Clinical School, School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Godhamgaonkar AA, Wadhwani NS, Joshi SR. Exploring the role of LC-PUFA metabolism in pregnancy complications. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 163:102203. [PMID: 33227645 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy plays a significant role in growth and development of the placenta and influencing pregnancy outcome. Suboptimal nutritional status during early gestational period compromises the normal course of pregnancy leading to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Omega-3 and omega-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are important for the growth and development of the placenta. Maternal fatty acids and their metabolites influence the normal course of pregnancy by regulating cell growth and development, cell signaling, regulate angiogenesis, modulate inflammatory responses and influence various structural and functional processes. Alterations in LC-PUFA and their metabolites may result in inadequate spiral artery remodeling or placental angiogenesis leading to structural and functional deficiency of the placenta which contributes to several pregnancy complications like preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, intrauterine growth restriction, and results in adverse birth outcomes. In this review, we summarize studies examining the role of fatty acids and their metabolites in pregnancy. We also discuss the possible molecular mechanisms through which LC-PUFA influences placental growth and development. Studies have demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation lowers the incidence of preterm births, but its effect on reducing pregnancy complications are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi A Godhamgaonkar
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, India
| | - Nisha S Wadhwani
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, India
| | - Sadhana R Joshi
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
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16
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Easton ZJW, Regnault TRH. The Impact of Maternal Body Composition and Dietary Fat Consumption upon Placental Lipid Processing and Offspring Metabolic Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103031. [PMID: 33022934 PMCID: PMC7601624 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proportion of women of reproductive age who are overweight or obese is increasing globally. Gestational obesity is strongly associated in both human studies and animal models with early-onset development of adult-associated metabolic diseases including metabolic syndrome in the exposed offspring. However, animal model studies have suggested that gestational diet in obese pregnancies is an independent but underappreciated mediator of offspring risk for later life metabolic disease, and human diet consumption data have highlighted that many women do not follow nutritional guidelines prior to and during pregnancy. Thus, this review will highlight how maternal diet independent from maternal body composition impacts the risk for later-life metabolic disease in obesity-exposed offspring. A poor maternal diet, in combination with the obese metabolic state, are understood to facilitate pathological in utero programming, specifically through changes in lipid handling processes in the villous trophoblast layer of the placenta that promote an environment associated with the development of metabolic disease in the offspring. This review will additionally highlight how maternal obesity modulates villous trophoblast lipid processing functions including fatty acid transport, esterification and beta-oxidation. Further, this review will discuss how altering maternal gestational diet may ameliorate these functional changes in lipid metabolic processes in the obese placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. W. Easton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, Medical Sciences Building Room 216, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(519)-661-2111 (ext. 82869)
| | - Timothy R. H. Regnault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, Medical Sciences Building Room 216, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, London Health Science Centre-Victoria Hospital, B2-401, London, ON N6H 5W9, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, 750 Base Line Rd E, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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17
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Sun L, Li Y, Xie W, Xue X. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and lower risk of preterm delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:2294-2303. [PMID: 32942938 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1785423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is associated with lower risk of preterm delivery. METHODS Searching the RCTs which were compared preterm birth between women with omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and without before December 2019 on Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane's Library, then performing a meta-analysis. RESULTS 26 trials were identified, included 20124 women. There was almost no association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and lower risk of preterm delivery (risk ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.01, I2 = 9%), gestational duration (0.30, -0.05 to 0.64, I2 = 48%). In subgroup analyses, preterm delivery lower rate occurred in groups with mixed DHA and EPA supplementation not only DHA supplementation groups (P for interaction = 0.02); The dose of equivalent greater than 1 g made a higher reduction in preterm birth significantly. CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was not associated with reduced risk of preterm delivery compared with placebo or no treatment during pregnancy. Relationship between Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and other pregnant outcomes need more evidence and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China and China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China and China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China and China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoou Xue
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China and China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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Zhao R, Gao Q, Wang S, Yang X, Hao L. The effect of maternal seafood consumption on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3504-3517. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1802573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety and the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Gao
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety and the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety and the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liping Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety and the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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19
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Brustad N, Garland J, Thorsen J, Sevelsted A, Krakauer M, Vinding RK, Stokholm J, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H, Chawes BL. Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy on Bone Mineralization in Offspring Until Age 6 Years: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of a Double-Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:419-427. [PMID: 32091548 PMCID: PMC7042912 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.6083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Studies suggest an association between maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring anthropometry and bone mineralization, but investigations are few and with mixed results. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of a high dose vs standard dose of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy on anthropometric and bone outcomes until age 6 years in the offspring. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prespecified analysis of a double-blinded, randomized clinical trial in the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 mother-child cohort that included 623 pregnant mothers and their 584 children. Data were analyzed between January 2019 and September 2019. INTERVENTIONS Vitamin D supplementation of 2800 IU/d (high-dose) vs 400 IU/d (standard-dose) from pregnancy week 24 until 1 week after birth. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Longitudinal anthropometry assessments including length/height, weight, and body mass index until age 6 years and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) at age 3 years and 6 years from dual-energy radiography absorptiometry scans. RESULTS At age 6 years, 517 children (89%) completed the clinical follow-up. All participants were Danish and white; 261 were boys and 256 were girls. A mixed-effects model analysis of dual-energy radiography absorptiometry scan outcomes from ages 3 years and 6 years showed that children in the vitamin D vs placebo group had higher whole-body BMC: mean difference adjusted (aMD) for age, sex, height, and weight was 11.5 g (95% CI, 2.3-20.7; P = .01); higher whole-body-less-head BMC aMD was 7.5 g (95% CI, 1.5-13.5; P = .01); and higher head BMD aMD was 0.023 g/cm2 (95% CI, 0.003-0.004; P = .03). The largest effect was in children from vitamin D-insufficient mothers (<30 ng/mL; to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 2.496) and among winter births. In a post hoc analysis, we found borderline lower incidence of fractures in the vitamin D group (n = 23 vs n = 36; incidence rate ratio, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.37-1.05]; P = .08), but no differences in any anthropometric outcomes. Adjustment for a concomitant ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intervention did not change the results. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE High-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy improved offspring bone mineralization through age 6 years compared with the standard dose, suggesting an increased recommended gestational intake, which may influence peak bone mass, fracture risk, and risk of osteoporosis later in life. We found no supplementation effect on anthropometric outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00856947.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Brustad
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juri Garland
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Thorsen
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sevelsted
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Krakauer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca K. Vinding
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo L. Chawes
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Maternal dietary selenium intake is associated with increased gestational length and decreased risk of preterm delivery. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:209-219. [PMID: 31865927 PMCID: PMC7015879 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The first positive genome-wide association study on gestational length and preterm delivery showed the involvement of an Se metabolism gene. In the present study, we examine the association between maternal intake of Se and Se status with gestational length and preterm delivery in 72 025 women with singleton live births from the population-based, prospective Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). A self-reported, semi-quantitative FFQ answered in pregnancy week 22 was used to estimate Se intake during the first half of pregnancy. Associations were analysed with adjusted linear and Cox regressions. Se status was assessed in whole blood collected in gestational week 17 (n 2637). Median dietary Se intake was 53 (interquartile range (IQR) 44–62) µg/d, supplements provided additionally 50 (IQR 30–75) µg/d for supplement users (n 23 409). Maternal dietary Se intake was significantly associated with prolonged gestational length (β per sd = 0·25, 95 % CI, 0·07, 0·43) and decreased risk of preterm delivery (n 3618, hazard ratio per sd = 0·92, 95 % CI, 0·87, 0·98). Neither Se intake from supplements nor maternal blood Se status was associated with gestational length or preterm delivery. Hence, the present study showed that maternal dietary Se intake but not intake of Se-containing supplements, during the first half of pregnancy was significantly associated with decreased risk of preterm delivery. Further investigations, preferably in the form of a large randomised controlled trial, are needed to elucidate the impact of Se on pregnancy duration.
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Effect of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet during Pregnancy on Children's Health: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11050997. [PMID: 31052443 PMCID: PMC6566280 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Mediterranean diet has been shown to be a healthy eating pattern that protects against the development of many diseases in adults and children. Pregnancy is a critical period of plasticity during which foetal development may be significantly influenced by different environmental factors, including maternal nutrition. In this context, several studies have examined the potential benefits of adherence to a Mediterranean diet during pregnancy on birth outcomes, considering the Mediterranean diet as a whole rather than focusing on the effect of its individual components. In this review, we systematically summarized and discussed results of studies investigating the protective role of Mediterranean diet against foetal growth, prematurity, neural tube defects and other congenital pathologies, asthma and allergy, body weight and metabolic markers. Although current data are insufficient and randomized control trials are needed, growing evidence suggests the beneficial effect of the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy on children's health. In this sense, strategies aiming to promote adherence to this dietary pattern might be of considerable importance to public health.
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