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Murphy SE, Guillermo C, Thomson NM, Carmella SG, Wittmann M, Aldrich MC, Cai Q, Sullivan SM, Stram DO, Le Marchand L, Hecht SS, Blot WJ, Park SL. Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure with Lung Cancer Risk in African American and White Cigarette Smokers in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:1073-1082. [PMID: 38780906 PMCID: PMC11299762 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After accounting for smoking history, lung cancer incidence is greater in African Americans than Whites. In the multiethnic cohort, total nicotine equivalents (TNE) are higher in African Americans than Whites at similar reported cigarettes per day. Greater toxicant uptake per cigarette may contribute to the greater lung cancer risk of African Americans. METHODS In a nested case-control lung cancer study within the Southern Community Cohort, smoking-related biomarkers were measured in 259 cases and 503 controls (40% White; 56% African American). TNE, the trans-3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-3-(pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), mercapturic acid metabolites of volatile organic compounds, phenanthrene metabolites, cadmium (Cd), and (Z)-7-(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]cyclopenyl]hept-5-enoic acid were quantified in urine. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each biomarker and lung cancer risk. RESULTS TNE, NNAL, and Cd were higher in cases than controls (adjusted for age, race, sex, body mass index, and cigarettes per day). Among cases, these levels were higher in African Americans compared with Whites. After accounting for age, sex, body mass index, and pack-years, a one-SD increase in log-TNE (OR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.10-1.54) and log-NNAL (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.03-1.58 with TNE adjustment) was associated with lung cancer risk. In this study, in which NNAL concentration is relatively high, the association for log-TNE was attenuated after adjustment for log-NNAL. CONCLUSIONS Smoking-related biomarkers provide additional information for lung cancer risk in smokers beyond smoking pack-years. IMPACT Urinary NNAL, TNE, and Cd concentrations in current smokers, particularly African American smokers, may be useful for predicting lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Cherie Guillermo
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Milo Wittmann
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA
| | - Melinda C. Aldrich
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine. Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA
| | - William J. Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S. Lani Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Pellón-Elexpuru I, Van Dijk R, Van der Valk I, Martínez-Pampliega A, Molleda A, Cormenzana S. Divorce and physical health: A three-level meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med 2024; 352:117005. [PMID: 38824838 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Divorce is often considered a major and stressful life transition. Given that divorcees are overrepresented in primary care and there is a association between individuals' physical health and psychological adjustment, potential post-divorce health problems are of concern. Yet, empirical evidence is lacking on the magnitude of the overall physical health risk after divorce, on possible differences across specific pathologies, and on factors that may increase or reduce this risk. The current meta-analysis addresses these issues. We identified 94 studies including u = 248 relevant effect sizes, based on N = 1,384,507 participants. Generally, compared to married individuals, divorcees showed significantly worse self-reported health (OR = 1.20, [1.08-1.33]), experienced more physical symptoms (OR = 1.34, [1.17-1.53]), and had a higher risk for diabetes (OR = 1.18 [1.05-1.33]), joint pathologies (OR = 1.24, [1.14-1.34]), cardiovascular (OR = 1.24, [1.09-1.41]) and cerebrovascular conditions (OR = 1.31, [1.14-1.51]), and sexually transmitted diseases (OR = 2.48, [1.32-4.64]). However, they had no increased risk of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer and cancer development, disabilities or limitations, or cognitive pathologies. Nor did divorcees significantly differ from married individuals when aggregating all pathologies to measure overall physical health problems (OR = 1.14, [0.85 to 1.54]). Yet, moderation analyses revealed that being female, unemployed, childless, or having a lower education constitutes a higher risk for overall physical health problems after divorce. The same applied to having a heavy alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, and being overweight. Our meta-analysis shows that divorcees are at heightened risk of certain pathologies, with sexually transmitted diseases as a particular post-divorce hazard. These findings call for more awareness among counsellors and physicians on divorcees' health conditions and the characteristics that make divorcees even more vulnerable to health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rianne Van Dijk
- Youth&Family Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Van der Valk
- Youth&Family Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Asier Molleda
- Deusto FamilyPsych, Deusto University, Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Potter AL, Xu NN, Senthil P, Srinivasan D, Lee H, Gazelle GS, Chelala L, Zheng W, Fintelmann FJ, Sequist LV, Donington J, Palmer JR, Yang CFJ. Pack-Year Smoking History: An Inadequate and Biased Measure to Determine Lung Cancer Screening Eligibility. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:2026-2037. [PMID: 38537159 PMCID: PMC11191064 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pack-year smoking history is an imperfect and biased measure of cumulative tobacco exposure. The use of pack-year smoking history to determine lung cancer screening eligibility in the current US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guideline may unintentionally exclude many high-risk individuals, especially those from racial and ethnic minority groups. It is unclear whether using a smoking duration cutoff instead of a smoking pack-year cutoff would improve the selection of individuals for screening. METHODS We analyzed 49,703 individuals with a smoking history from the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS) and 22,126 individuals with a smoking history from the Black Women's Health Study (BWHS) to assess eligibility for screening under the USPSTF guideline versus a proposed guideline that replaces the ≥20-pack-year criterion with a ≥20-year smoking duration criterion. RESULTS Under the USPSTF guideline, only 57.6% of Black patients with lung cancer in the SCCS would have qualified for screening, whereas a significantly higher percentage of White patients with lung cancer (74.0%) would have qualified (P < .001). Under the proposed guideline, the percentage of Black and White patients with lung cancer who would have qualified for screening increased to 85.3% and 82.0%, respectively, eradicating the disparity in screening eligibility between the groups. In the BWHS, using a 20-year smoking duration cutoff instead of a 20-pack-year cutoff increased the percentage of Black women with lung cancer who would have qualified for screening from 42.5% to 63.8%. CONCLUSION Use of a 20-year smoking duration cutoff instead of a 20-pack-year cutoff greatly increases the proportion of patients with lung cancer who would qualify for screening and eliminates the racial disparity in screening eligibility between Black versus White individuals; smoking duration has the added benefit of being easier to calculate and being a more precise assessment of smoking exposure compared with pack-year smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Potter
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nuo N. Xu
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Priyanka Senthil
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Deepti Srinivasan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hang Lee
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - G. Scott Gazelle
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lydia Chelala
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Lecia V. Sequist
- Mass General Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica Donington
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Chi-Fu Jeffrey Yang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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4
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Carroll DM, Bittencourt L, Tessier KM, Usman A, Stepanov I, Hatsukami DK. Menthol and filter ventilation in cigarettes: prevalence estimates and relationships with harm perception and smoking exposure. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058495. [PMID: 38658056 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menthol and filter ventilation (FV) contribute to cigarette appeal. This observational study examines the US prevalence of menthol versus non-menthol cigarette use by FV and how harm perceptions, cigarettes per day and biomarkers of exposure vary. METHODS Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2013-2014) was merged with FV levels of cigarettes and restricted to daily smoking adults who had a usual cigarette variety and did not regularly use other tobacco (N=1614). Weighted descriptive statistics identified the prevalence of menthol and non-menthol use by low (0.02%-10.04%), moderate (10.05%-23.40%), high (23.41%-28.12%) and very high FV (28.13%-61.10%). Weighted linear regression was used to examine differences in outcomes by menthol/FV adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS The prevalence of a usual brand that was non-menthol, low FV was the lowest at 2.91%. Using non-menthol cigarettes with high and very high FV (≥23.4%) vs low FV (≤10.04%) was associated with a greater likeliness of misperceiving one's cigarette variety to be less harmful than other varieties (p values<0.05). Total nicotine equivalent, biomarker for nicotine exposure, was elevated (p values<0.05) among three non-menthol groups (low, moderate and very high FV) compared with two menthol groups (moderate, very high FV). CONCLUSION The well-documented harm misperception linked to higher FV is more apparent in those using non-menthol than menthol cigarettes. Increased exposures were observed among some non-menthol cigarette users compared with some menthol cigarette users. These results should by no means delay a menthol ban but rather motivate concerted public health efforts to accompany the menthol ban to maximise smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mowls Carroll
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lorna Bittencourt
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katelyn M Tessier
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ayaantuu Usman
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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5
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Kratzer TB, Bandi P, Freedman ND, Smith RA, Travis WD, Jemal A, Siegel RL. Lung cancer statistics, 2023. Cancer 2024; 130:1330-1348. [PMID: 38279776 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite decades of declining mortality rates, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. This article examines lung cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, survival, and mortality using population-based data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Over the past 5 years, declines in lung cancer mortality became considerably greater than declines in incidence among men (5.0% vs. 2.6% annually) and women (4.3% vs. 1.1% annually), reflecting absolute gains in 2-year relative survival of 1.4% annually. Improved outcomes likely reflect advances in treatment, increased access to care through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and earlier stage diagnosis; for example, compared with a 4.6% annual decrease for distant-stage disease incidence during 2013-2019, the rate for localized-stage disease rose by 3.6% annually. Localized disease incidence increased more steeply in states with the highest lung cancer screening prevalence (by 3%-5% annually) than in those with the lowest (by 1%-2% annually). Despite progress, disparities remain. For example, Native Americans have the highest incidence and the slowest decline (less than 1% annually among men and stagnant rates among women) of any group. In addition, mortality rates in Mississippi and Kentucky are two to three times higher than in most western states, largely because of elevated historic smoking prevalence that remains. Racial and geographic inequalities highlight longstanding opportunities for more concerted tobacco-control efforts targeted at high-risk populations, including improved access to smoking-cessation treatments and lung cancer screening, as well as state-of-the-art treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Kratzer
- Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Priti Bandi
- Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Smith
- Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William D Travis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca L Siegel
- Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Li CC, Manella J, Kefi SE, Matthews AK. Does the revised LDCT lung cancer screening guideline bridge the racial disparities gap: Results from the health and retirement study. J Natl Med Assoc 2024; 116:180-188. [PMID: 38245469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined racial/ethnic disparities in lung cancer screening eligibility rates using 2013 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and the revised 2021 guidelines. METHODS The study utilized a retrospective and cross-sectional research design by analyzing data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). N = 2,823 respondents aged 50-80 who self-reported current smoking were included in the analyses. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the changed status of LDCT screening eligibility based on the revised 2021 guidelines by race/ethnicity after adjusting for respondent demographics. RESULTS Our study found substantial increases in screening eligibility rates across racial and ethnic groups when comparing the original and revised guidelines. The largest increase was observed among Black people (174%), Hispanics (152%), those in the other category (118%), and Whites who smoke (80.8%). When comparing original screening guidelines to revised guidelines, Whites who smoke had the highest percentage of changes from "not eligible" to "eligible" (28.3%), followed by individuals in the "other" category (28.1%), Black people (23.2%) and Hispanics who smoke (18.3%) (p < 0.001). Binary logistic regression results further showed that Black people who smoke (OR = 0.71, p = 0.001), as well as Hispanics who smoke (OR=0.54, p < 0.001), were less likely to change from not eligible to eligible for screening compared to Whites who smoke after adopting the revised screening guidelines. Based on the absolute differences in screening eligibility rates between Whites and other racial/ethnic groups, the disparities may have widened under the new guidelines, particularly with larger absolute differences observed between Whites, Black people, and Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights racial/ethnic disparities in LDCT screening eligibility among people who currently smoke. While the revised USPSTF guidelines increased screening eligibility for racial and ethnic minorities, they did not eliminate these disparities and may have widened under the new guidelines. Targeted interventions and policies are necessary to address barriers faced by underrepresented populations and promote equitable access to lung cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Li
- Rush University, Department of Health Systems Management, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Jason Manella
- Endeavor Health, Department of Orthopaedics, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | - Safa El Kefi
- Columbia University, School of Nursing, Department of Research and Scholarship, New York , NY, USA
| | - Alicia K Matthews
- Columbia University, School of Nursing, Department of Research and Scholarship, New York , NY, USA
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Kazemi A, Iraji A, Esmaealzadeh N, Salehi M, Hashempur MH. Peppermint and menthol: a review on their biochemistry, pharmacological activities, clinical applications, and safety considerations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-26. [PMID: 38168664 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2296991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we conducted a comprehensive review of the diverse effects of peppermint on human health and explored the potential underlying mechanisms. Peppermint contains three main groups of phytochemical constituents, including essential oils (mainly menthol), flavonoids (such as hesperidin, eriodictyol, naringenin, quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol), and nonflavonoid phenolcarboxylic acids. Peppermint exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-aging, and analgesic properties and may be effective in treating various disorders, including gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, constipation, functional gastrointestinal disorders, nausea/vomiting, and gallbladder stones). In addition, peppermint has therapeutic benefits for psychological and cognitive health, dental health, urinary retention, skin and wound healing, as well as anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects, and it may improve memory. However, peppermint has paradoxical effects on sleep quality and alertness, as it has been shown to improve sleep quality in patients with fatigue and anxiety, while also increasing alertness under conditions of monotonous work and relaxation. We also discuss its protective effects against toxic agents at recommended doses, as well as its safety and potential toxicity. Overall, this review provides the latest findings and insights into the properties and clinical effects of peppermint/menthol and highlights its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for various health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Niusha Esmaealzadeh
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Traditional Persian Medicine and Complementary Medicine (PerCoMed) Student Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salehi
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center (TCMRC), Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashem Hashempur
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Fu Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Liu Z, Xia H, Xu H. Gender disparities in lung cancer incidence in the United States during 2001-2019. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12581. [PMID: 37537259 PMCID: PMC10400573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer ranks as one of the top malignancies and the leading cause of cancer death in both males and females in the US. Using a cancer database covering the entire population, this study was to determine the gender disparities in lung cancer incidence during 2001-2019. Cancer patients were obtained from the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The SEER*Stat software was applied to calculate the age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR). Temporal changes in lung cancer incidence were analyzed by the Joinpoint software. A total of 4,086,432 patients (53.3% of males) were diagnosed with lung cancer. Among them, 52.1% were 70 years or older, 82.7% non-Hispanic white, 39.7% from the South, and 72.6% non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The AAIR of lung cancer continuously reduced from 91.0 per 100000 to 59.2 in males during the study period, while it increased from 55.0 in 2001 to 56.8 in 2006 in females, then decreased to 48.1 in 2019. The female to male incidence rate ratio of lung cancer continuously increased from 2001 to 2019. Gender disparities were observed among age groups, races, and histological types. In those aged 0-54 years, females had higher overall incidence rates of lung cancer than males in recent years, which was observed in all races (except non-Hispanic black), all regions, and adenocarcinoma and small cell (but not squamous cell). Non-Hispanic black females aged 0-54 years had a faster decline rate than males since 2013. API females demonstrated an increased trend during the study period. Lung cancer incidence continues to decrease with gender disparities among age groups, races, regions, and histological types. Continuous anti-smoking programs plus reduction of related risk factors are necessary to lower lung cancer incidence further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, 311202, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, China
| | - Hongbo Xia
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hanghzou, China
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Lee PN, Coombs KJ, Hamling JS. Evidence relating cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Meta-analysis of recent data from three regions. World J Meta-Anal 2023; 11:228-252. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v11.i5.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to have up-to-date information for various diseases on the risk related to the use of different smoked products and the use of other nicotine-containing products. Here, we contribute to the information pool by presenting up-to-date quantitative evidence for North America, Europe and Japan and for both lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the relative risk (RR) relating to current vs never product use for each of the three smoked tobacco products, cigarettes, cigars and pipes.
AIM To estimate lung cancer and COPD current smoking RRs for the three products using recent data for the three regions.
METHODS Publications in English from 2010 to 2020 were considered that, based on epidemiological studies in the three regions, estimated the current smoking RR of lung cancer and/or COPD for one or more of the three products. The studies should involve at least 100 cases of the disease considered, not be restricted to specific lung cancer types or populations with specific medical conditions, and should be of cohort or nested case-control study design or randomized controlled trials. Literature searches were conducted on MEDLINE separately for lung cancer and for COPD, examining titles and abstracts initially, and then full texts. Additional papers were sought from reference lists of selected papers, reviews and meta-analyses. For each study identified, the most recent available data on each product were entered on current smoking, as well as on characteristics of the study and the RR estimates. Combined RR estimates were derived using random-effects meta-analysis. For cigarette smoking, where far more data were available, heterogeneity was studied by a wide range of factors. For cigar and pipe smoking, a more limited heterogeneity analysis was carried out. Results were compared with those from previous meta-analyses published since 2000.
RESULTS Current cigarette smoking: For lung cancer, 44 studies (26 North American, 14 European, three Japanese, and one in multiple continents), gave an overall estimate of 12.14 [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.30-14.30]. The estimates were higher (heterogeneity P < 0.001) for North American (15.15, CI 12.77-17.96) and European studies (12.30, CI 9.77-15.49) than for Japanese studies (3.61, CI 2.87-4.55), consistent with previous evidence of lower RRs for Asia. RRs were higher (P < 0.05) for death (14.85, CI 11.99-18.38) than diagnosis (10.82, CI 8.61-13.60). There was some variation (P < 0.05) by study population, with higher RRs for international and regional studies than for national studies and studies of specific populations. RRs were higher in males, as previously reported, the within-study male/female ratio of RRs being 1.52 (CI 1.20-1.92). RRs did not vary significantly (P ≥ 0.05) by other factors. For COPD, RR estimates were provided by 18 studies (10 North American, seven European, and one Japanese). The overall estimate of 9.19 (CI 6.97-12.13), was based on heterogeneous data (P < 0.001), and higher than reported earlier. There was no (P > 0.1) variation by sex, region or exclusive use, but limited evidence (0.05 < P < 0.1) that RR estimates were greater where cases occurring shortly after baseline were ignored; where bronchiectasis was excluded from the COPD definition; and with greater confounder adjustment. Within-study comparisons showed adjusted RRs exceeded unadjusted RRs. Current cigar smoking: Three studies gave an overall lung cancer RR of 2.73 (CI 2.36-3.15), with no heterogeneity, lower than the 4.67 (CI 3.49-6.25) reported in an earlier review. Only one study gave COPD results, the RR (2.44, CI 0.98-6.05) being imprecise. Current pipe smoking: Four studies gave an overall lung cancer RR of 4.93 (CI 1.97-12.32), close to the 5.20 (CI 3.50-7.73) given earlier. However, the estimates were heterogeneous, with two above 10, and two below 3. Only one study gave COPD results, the RR (1.12, CI 0.29-4.40), being imprecise. For both diseases, the lower RR estimates for cigars and for pipes than for current smoking of cigarettes aligns with earlier published evidence.
CONCLUSION Current cigarette smoking substantially increases lung cancer and COPD risk, more so in North America and Europe than Japan. Limited evidence confirms lower risks for cigars and pipes than cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nicholas Lee
- Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, P.N.Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd., Sutton SM2 5DA, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine J Coombs
- Statistics, P.N.Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd, Sutton SM2 5DA, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jan S Hamling
- Statistics, RoeLee Statistics Ltd, Sutton SM2 5DA, United Kingdom
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10
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Zhao Y, Pan H, Liu W, Liu E, Pang Y, Gao H, He Q, Liao W, Yao Y, Zeng J, Guo J. Menthol: An underestimated anticancer agent. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1148790. [PMID: 37007039 PMCID: PMC10063798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1148790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Menthol, a widely used natural, active compound, has recently been shown to have anticancer activity. Moreover, it has been found to have a promising future in the treatment of various solid tumors. Therefore, using literature from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Ovid, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, the present study reviewed the anticancer activity of menthol and the underlying mechanism. Menthol has a good safety profile and exerts its anticancer activity via multiple pathways and targets. As a result, it has gained popularity for significantly inhibiting different types of cancer cells by various mechanisms such as induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, disruption of tubulin polymerization, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Owing to the excellent anticancer activity menthol has demonstrated, further research is warranted for developing it as a novel anticancer agent. However, there are limitations and gaps in the current research on menthol, and its antitumor mechanism has not been completely elucidated. It is expected that more basic experimental and clinical studies focusing on menthol and its derivatives will eventually help in its clinical application as a novel anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhao
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - E. Liu
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaobin Pang
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjin Gao
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingying He
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhao Liao
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yejing Yao
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhao Zeng, ; Jing Guo,
| | - Jing Guo
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhao Zeng, ; Jing Guo,
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11
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Zhou R, Tang Q, Xie Z, Li D. Public Perceptions of the Food and Drug Administration's Proposed Rules Prohibiting Menthol Cigarettes on Twitter: Observational Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e42706. [PMID: 36763414 PMCID: PMC9960014 DOI: 10.2196/42706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On April 28, 2022, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed rules that prohibited all menthol-flavored cigarettes and other flavored cigars to prevent the initiation of tobacco use in youth and reduce tobacco-related diseases and death. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate public perceptions of the FDA's proposed menthol cigarette rules on Twitter. METHODS Through the Twitter streaming application programming interface, tobacco-related tweets were collected between April 28, 2022, and May 27, 2022, using a set of keywords, such as smoking, cigarette, and nicotine. Furthermore, 1941 tweets related to the FDA's proposed menthol cigarette rules were extracted. Based on 300 randomly selected example tweets, the codebook for the attitudes toward the FDA's proposed rules and related topics was developed by 2 researchers and was used to label the rest of the tweets. RESULTS Among tweets related to the FDA's proposed menthol cigarette rules, 536 (27.61%) showed a positive attitude, 443 (22.82%) had a negative attitude, and 962 (49.56%) had a neutral attitude toward the proposed rules. Social justice (210/536, 39%) and health issues (117/536, 22%) were two major topics in tweets with a positive attitude. For tweets with a negative attitude, alternative tobacco or nicotine products (127/443, 29%) and racial discrimination (84/536, 16%) were two of the most popular topics. CONCLUSIONS In general, the public had a positive attitude toward the FDA's proposed menthol cigarette rules. Our study provides important information to the FDA on the public perceptions of the proposed menthol cigarette rules, which will be helpful for future FDA regulations on menthol cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runtao Zhou
- Goergen Institute for Data Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Qihang Tang
- Goergen Institute for Data Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zidian Xie
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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12
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James BA, Williams JL, Nemesure B. A systematic review of genetic ancestry as a risk factor for incidence of non-small cell lung cancer in the US. Front Genet 2023; 14:1141058. [PMID: 37082203 PMCID: PMC10110850 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1141058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, is the most diagnosed form of lung cancer. While lung cancer incidence has steadily declined over the last decade, disparities in incidence and mortality rates persist among African American (AA), Caucasian American (CA), and Hispanic American (HA) populations. Researchers continue to explore how genetic ancestry may influence differential outcomes in lung cancer risk and development. The purpose of this evaluation is to highlight experimental research that investigates the differential impact of genetic mutations and ancestry on NSCLC incidence. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. The following key search terms were used to select articles published between 2011 and 2022: "African/European/Latin American Ancestry NSCLC"; "Racial Disparities NSCLC"; "Genetic Mutations NSCLC"; "NSCLC Biomarkers"; "African Americans/Hispanic Americans/Caucasian Americans NSCLC incidence." Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and studies outside of the US were excluded. A total of 195 articles were initially identified and after excluding 156 which did not meet eligibility criteria, 38 were included in this investigation. Results: Studies included in this analysis focused on racial/ethnic disparities in the following common genetic mutations observed in NSCLC: KRAS, EGFR, TP53, PIK3CA, ALK Translocations, ROS-1 Rearrangements, STK11, MET, and BRAF. Results across studies varied with respect to absolute differential expression. No significant differences in frequencies of specific genetic mutational profiles were noted between racial/ethnic groups. However, for HAs, lower mutational frequencies in KRAS and STK11 genes were observed. In genetic ancestry level analyses, multiple studies suggest that African ancestry is associated with a higher frequency of EGFR mutations. Conversely, Latin ancestry is associated with TP53 mutations. At the genomic level, several novel predisposing variants associated with African ancestry and increased risk of NSCLC were discovered. Family history among all racial/ethnic groups was also considered a risk factor for NSCLC. Conclusion: Results from racially and ethnically diverse studies can elucidate driving factors that may increase susceptibility and subsequent lung cancer risk across different racial/ethnic groups. Identification of biomarkers that can be used as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools may help improve lung cancer survival among high-risk populations.
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13
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Zou Y, Hu Y, Jiang Z, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Jiang G, Tan Z, Hu F. Exhaled metabolic markers and relevant dysregulated pathways of lung cancer: a pilot study. Ann Med 2022; 54:790-802. [PMID: 35261323 PMCID: PMC8920387 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2048064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical application of lung cancer detection based on breath test is still challenging due to lack of predictive molecular markers in exhaled breath. This study explored potential lung cancer biomarkers and their related pathways using a typical process for metabolomics investigation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Breath samples from 60 lung cancer patients and 176 healthy people were analyzed by GC-MS. The original data were GC-MS peak intensity removing background signal. Differential metabolites were selected after univariate statistical analysis and multivariate statistical analysis based on OPLS-DA and Spearman rank correlation analysis. A multivariate PLS-DA model was established based on differential metabolites for pattern recognition. Subsequently, pathway enrichment analysis was performed on differential metabolites. RESULTS The discriminant capability was assessed by ROC curve of whom the average AUC and average accuracy in 100-fold cross validations were 0.871 and 0.787, respectively. Eight potential biomarkers were involved in a total of 18 metabolic pathways. Among them, 11 metabolic pathways have p-value smaller than .1. DISCUSSION Some pathways among them are related to risk factors or therapies of lung cancer. However, more of them are dysregulated pathways of lung cancer reported in studies based on genome or transcriptome data. CONCLUSION We believe that it opens the possibility of using metabolomics methods to analyze data of exhaled breath and promotes involvement of knowledge dataset to cover more volatile metabolites. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although a series of related research reported diagnostic models with highly sensitive and specific prediction, the clinical application of lung cancer detection based on breath test is still challenging due to disease heterogeneity and lack of predictive molecular markers in exhaled breath. This study may promote the clinical application of this technique which is suitable for large-scale screening thanks to its low-cost and non-invasiveness. As a result, the mortality of lung cancer may be decreased in future.Key messagesIn the present study, 11 pathways involving 8 potential biomarkers were discovered to be dysregulated pathways of lung cancer.We found that it is possible to apply metabolomics methods in analysis of data from breath test, which is meaningful to discover convinced volatile markers with definite pathological and histological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchang Zou
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic Health Detection, Changsha, China
| | - Yanjie Hu
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zaile Jiang
- Tianhe Culture Chain Technologies Co Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic Health Detection, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Zhijiang Lab, Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guobao Jiang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Tan
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangrong Hu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic Health Detection, Changsha, China
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14
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Kim MM, Curtin GM. Assessing the Evidence on the Differential Impact of Menthol versus Non-menthol Cigarette Use on Smoking Dependence in the US Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Health Behav 2022; 46:376-422. [PMID: 36109861 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.46.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Menthol's effect on cigarette smoking behaviors is an intensely scrutinized US public health issue. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the question: Does menthol cigarette use have a differential impact on smoking dependence compared with non-menthol cigarette use? Methods: We consulted 6 databases from inception to October 15, 2021. We included articles comparing menthol versus non-menthol cigarette smokers against predefined smoking dependence outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the AHRQ Evidence-Based Practice Center approach. We applied a random-effects model to pool adjusted odds ratios. Results: We synthesized 37 demographically adjusted studies. Meta-analytic results suggested non-menthol smokers were equally/more likely to report daily versus non-daily smoking; menthol use was associated with needing a cigarette within one hour; cigarettes per day was not associated with menthol use; menthol use was associated with a low (vs high) Heaviness of Smoking Index score; and results were either non-significant or associated menthol use with lower TTFC. Conclusions: Despite consistently good or fair quality adjusted studies across several measures, results were discordant depending on measures used and means of measurement. Overall, the evidence is insufficient to draw clear conclusions on a differential association between menthol (vs non-menthol) cigarette use and smoking dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi M Kim
- Mimi M. Kim, Senior Director, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem NC, United States;,
| | - Geoffrey M Curtin
- Geoffrey M. Curtin, retired employee, RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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15
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Lin W, Zhu J, Hayes JE, Richie JP, Muscat JE. Comparison of Carcinogen Biomarkers in Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarettes: The 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Special Sample. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1539-1545. [PMID: 35654409 PMCID: PMC9357114 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US FDA announced its commitment to prohibiting menthol as a characterizing flavor in tobacco. The relationship between cigarette menthol and exposure to toxic substances in mainstream tobacco smoke is not well characterized. METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015 to 2016 special sample were used to study markers of 26 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC) in tobacco smoke. These include urine metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and heavy metals in exclusive menthol (n = 162) and nonmenthol (n = 189) cigarette smokers. Urine metabolites of 7 PAHs, 15 VOCs, and 4 heavy metal biomarkers were compared by menthol status. Multivariable analyses were conducted on creatinine-adjusted concentrations. RESULTS There were no significant differences in cotinine levels or in 22 of 26 HPHCs. Among the urine metabolites of PAHs, the levels of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene were about 16% lower in menthol smokers. Among the urine metabolites of VOCs, menthol cigarette smokers presented significantly lower concentrations of acrylamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acrylonitrile. Menthol and nonmenthol smokers presented similar levels of heavy metals. Menthol did not affect the levels of cotinine and the nicotine metabolite ratio in urine. CONCLUSIONS Menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes deliver similar levels of most HPHCs. IMPACT Findings on toxicity are similar for menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Lin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John E Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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16
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Munro HM, Shrubsole MJ, Zheng W, Wen W, Blot WJ. Smoking Quit Rates Among Menthol vs Non-Menthol Smokers: Implications Regarding a US Ban on the Sale of Menthol Cigarettes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2022; 114:953-958. [PMID: 35445262 PMCID: PMC9275766 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A ban on the sale of menthol cigarettes in the United States is currently under consideration. A justification is that menthol cigarettes are harder to quit, particularly for African American smokers who use menthols much more frequently than White smokers, but epidemiologic data are limited. METHODS In a cohort of 16,425 mostly low income African American and White current cigarette smokers enrolled during 2002-2009, we computed smoking quit and re-uptake rates at three follow ups conducted means of 4.6, 7.7 and 11 years after entry. Generalized estimation equations were used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for quitting and resuming smoking for menthol vs non-menthol smokers adjusted for race, age, education, income, and smoking pack years. RESULTS Crude annual quit rates among current smokers were 4.3% for menthol and 4.5% for non-menthol smokers, with adjusted ORs of quitting for menthol vs non-menthol smokers of 1.01 (95% CI = 0.91-1.11) overall, 0.99 (95% CI = 0.87-1.12) among African American and 1.02 (95% CI = 0.88-1.20) among White smokers. Crude annual smoking re-uptake rates were somewhat higher among menthol (8.4%) than non-menthol smokers (7.1%), with an adjusted OR of 1.19 (95% CI = 0.97-1.47), but net quit rates remained similar (OR = 1.01 [95% CI = 0.90-1.13] overall; OR = 1.00 [95% CI = 0.86-1.15] among African American participants; and OR = 1.04 [95% CI = 0.87-1.24] among White participants). CONCLUSIONS This large-scale prospective survey revealed similar quit rates among menthol and non-menthol smokers. Results contribute to policy discussions, especially if, as a meta analysis suggests, lung cancer risk is higher for non-menthol smokers and a ban leads menthol smokers to switch to non-menthol cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Munro
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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17
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Arauz RF, Mayer M, Reyes-Guzman C, Ryan BM. Racial Disparities in Cigarette Smoking Behaviors and Differences Stratified by Metropolitan Area of Residence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052910. [PMID: 35270603 PMCID: PMC8910057 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Black cigarette smokers experience a disproportionate burden of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared to other racial and ethnic groups, despite starting to smoke later in life, smoking less frequently, and smoking fewer cigarettes per day compared with White smokers. Research has shown that these disparities in NSCLC are wider in rural areas. Objective: To examine differences in smoking behaviors between Black and White individuals living in non-metropolitan areas and metropolitan areas. Methods: Using harmonized data from the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) years 2010–2011, 2014–2015, and 2018–2019, we compared smoking behaviors between Black and White current and former smokers by metropolitan status (i.e., whether an individual lives in a densely populated area or not) and by both metropolitan status and sex. Results: Smoking prevalence was higher among White participants living in non-metropolitan versus Black participants. Further, in non-metropolitan areas, Black individuals reported smoking fewer cigarettes per day, fewer years of smoking, and a later age of initiation compared to White individuals. Additionally, Black individuals, especially men, were more likely than White individuals to be current non-daily smokers. Conclusions: Our findings show that Black individuals living in non-metropolitan areas do not, in aggregate, have more cigarette smoking exposure relative to White individuals. Additional research is needed to further understand smoking-related exposures and other factors that may contribute to lung cancer disparities, especially in non-metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony F. Arauz
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Margaret Mayer
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.M.); (C.R.-G.)
| | - Carolyn Reyes-Guzman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.M.); (C.R.-G.)
| | - Bríd M. Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-496-5886
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18
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Cook S, Hirschtick JL, Patel A, Brouwer A, Jeon J, Levy DT, Meza R, Fleischer NL. A longitudinal study of menthol cigarette use and smoking cessation among adult smokers in the US: Assessing the roles of racial disparities and E-cigarette use. Prev Med 2022; 154:106882. [PMID: 34793851 PMCID: PMC9127774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Using nationally representative longitudinal data from Wave 1 to Wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study in the United States, we examined whether the association between menthol cigarette use and smoking cessation was modified by race/ethnicity and e-cigarette use. Multivariable discrete-time survival models were fit to an unbalanced person-period data set (person n = 7423, risk period n = 18,897) for adult respondents (ages 25+) who were current established cigarette smokers at baseline. We found that adults who smoke menthol cigarettes had lower odds of smoking cessation, but the effect was modified by race/ethnicity as non-Hispanic (NH) Black menthol smokers had lower odds of quitting smoking than NH White or Hispanic menthol smokers. We also found that e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of smoking cessation among both menthol and non-menthol smokers, but the association was stronger among menthol smokers. Our results suggest that a menthol smoking ban may have a favorable impact on smoking cessation for NH Black adults. In addition, our results also suggest that a menthol smoking ban may be more effective if menthol smokers have access to e-cigarettes as a way to quit cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
| | | | - Akash Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Andrew Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Jihyoun Jeon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - David T Levy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, USA
| | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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19
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Pasha A, Silbert R. Fresh Take: Pitfalls of the FDA's Proposed Menthol Ban. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2022; 50:60-66. [PMID: 35244006 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2022.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In April 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced its intention to ban menthol flavoring in cigarettes and cigars. The Agency's decision was based in part on the disproportionate impact of menthol flavoring in Black communities.
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20
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Mantey DS, Harrell MB, Chen B, Kelder SH, Perry CL, Loukas A. A Longitudinal Examination of Behavioral Transitions among Young Adult Menthol and Non-Menthol Cigarette Smokers Using a Three-State Markov Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1047-1054. [PMID: 33245357 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adult cigarette smoking behaviors are complex and dynamic. Emerging research suggests a growing rate of switching from non-menthol to menthol cigarettes. Transitions across cigarette smoking states are not well understood. This research longitudinally explores transitions in cigarette smoking behaviors among 18-29 year olds. METHODS We applied a Markov model to data collected biannually for 1542 initially 18-29 year old young adults (mean age: 20.9 years; SD = 2.6) in Texas, who provided 7021 total observations from Fall 2014 to Spring 2017. All participants were past 30 day menthol or non-menthol cigarette smokers at first observation. We examined transitions across three states of cigarette smoking (menthol, non-menthol, and nonsmoking) and compared predictors of each transition, during young adulthood. RESULTS Descriptively, 22.2% of menthol and 14.3% of non-menthol smokers switched products while 25.6% of menthol and 26.0% of non-menthol smokers quit smoking. Among quitters, 20.0% relapsed via menthol and 28.2% relapsed via non-menthol cigarettes. Results from Markov model indicated that Hispanic/Latinos (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 3.69) and Asians (HR: 2.85) were significantly more likely to switch from non-menthol to menthol cigarettes, relative to non-Hispanic whites. Among recent quitters, the use of non-cigarette products was associated with increased risk of relapse via menthol (HR: 1.54) and non-menthol (HR: 1.85) cigarettes. CONCLUSION A substantial proportion of young adult cigarette smokers transitioned across cigarette smoking states over the course of 2.5 years. Other tobacco use and nicotine dependence were impediments to becoming and remaining a non-smoker. Hispanic/Latinos and Asians, relative to non-Hispanic whites, had greater odds of transitioning from non-menthol smoking to both non-smoking and to menthol smoking. Findings suggest racial/ethnic differences in cigarette smoking transitions during young adulthood. IMPLICATIONS This paper examined multidirectional transitions across cigarette smoking, including switching between menthol and non-menthol cigarettes, among young adults. Results indicate that Hispanic/Latino and Asian young adults are at increased risk of transition to menthol cigarette smoking compared with non-Hispanic white young adults. Findings highlight need for further study of Hispanic/Latino and Asian young adult smoking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Mantey
- UT Health Science Center at Houston, UT Health, School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Melissa B Harrell
- UT Health Science Center at Houston, UT Health, School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Baojiang Chen
- UT Health Science Center at Houston, UT Health, School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Steven H Kelder
- UT Health Science Center at Houston, UT Health, School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Cheryl L Perry
- UT Health Science Center at Houston, UT Health, School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Alexandra Loukas
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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Abstract
The world is witnessing a global epidemic of lung cancer in women. Cigarette smoking remains the dominant risk factor in both sexes, but multiple observations suggest that important sex-related distinctions in lung cancer exist. These include differences in histologic distribution, prevalence in never-smokers, frequency of activating EGFR mutations, likelihood of DNA adduct accumulation, and survival outcomes. Important questions such as whether women are more susceptible to carcinogenic effects of smoking or derive more benefit from lung cancer screening merit more study. A deeper understanding of sex-related differences in lung cancer may lead to improved outcomes for both women and men.
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Kim MM, Curtin GM. Assessing the evidence on the differential impact of menthol versus non-menthol cigarette use on smoking cessation in the U.S. population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2021; 16:61. [PMID: 34380503 PMCID: PMC8359586 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-021-00397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The potential impact of menthol versus non-menthol cigarette use on smoking behaviors is an intensely scrutinized topic in the public health arena. To date, several general literature reviews have been conducted, but findings and conclusions have been discordant. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines to examine the Key Question, “Does menthol cigarette use have a differential impact on smoking cessation compared with non-menthol cigarette use?” Methods Six databases—Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, MEDLINE, Embase and PsycInfo—were queried from inception to June 12, 2020. Articles comparing menthol versus non-menthol cigarette smokers in terms of at least one predefined smoking cessation outcome were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-Based Practice Center approach. A random-effects model utilizing the DerSimonian and Laird method to pool adjusted odds ratio was applied. Variations among pooled studies were assessed using Cochran’s Q statistic, and heterogeneity was quantified using the inconsistency index (I2). Results Forty-three demographically adjusted studies (22 rated “good”, 20 rated “fair”, and one study rated “poor” individual study quality) comparing menthol and non-menthol smokers were qualitatively synthesized across the following measures (study count; strength of evidence): duration of abstinence (2; low); quit attempts (15; insufficient); rate of abstinence/quitting (29; moderate); change in smoking quantity/frequency (5; insufficient); and, return to smoking/relapse (2; insufficient). Overall, the qualitative synthesis failed to show a consistent trend for an association between menthol cigarette use and smoking cessation across outcomes. Meta-analyses found no difference between menthol and non-menthol cigarette use and either quit attempts or abstinence. Conclusions Given the lack of consistency or statistical significance in the findings—combined with a “low” overall strength of evidence grade, based on deficiencies of indirectness and inconsistency—no consistent or significant associations between menthol cigarette use and smoking cessation were identified. Recommendations for future studies include increased focus on providing longitudinal, adjusted data collected from standardized outcome measures of cessation to better inform long-term smoking cessation and menthol cigarette use. Such improvements should also be further considered in more methodologically rigorous systematic reviews characterized by objectivity, comprehensiveness, and transparency with the ultimate objective of better informing public health and policy decision making. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13011-021-00397-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi M Kim
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Geoffrey M Curtin
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Certain groups are at increased risk of developing lung cancer and experience greater morbidity and mortality than the general population. Lung cancer screening provides an opportunity to detect lung cancer at an early stage when surgical intervention can be curative; however, current screening guidelines may overlook vulnerable populations with disproportionate lung cancer burden. This review aims to characterize disparities in lung cancer screening eligibility, as well as access to lung cancer screening, focusing on underrepresented racial/ethnic minorities and high-risk populations, such as individuals with human immunodeficiency virus. We also explore potential system- and patient-level barriers that may influence smoking patterns and healthcare access. Improving access to high-quality health care with a focus on smoking cessation is essential to reduce the burden of lung cancer experienced by vulnerable populations.
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Watson KS, Siegel LD, Henderson VA, Murray M, Chukwudozie IB, Odell D, Stinson J, Ituah O, Ben Levi J, Fitzgibbon ML, Kim S, Matthews P. The SHARED Project: A Novel Approach to Engaging African American Men to Address Lung Cancer Disparities. Am J Mens Health 2020; 14:1557988320958934. [PMID: 32938277 PMCID: PMC7503018 DOI: 10.1177/1557988320958934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Black men are disproportionately impacted by lung cancer morbidity and mortality. Low-dose helical computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening has demonstrated benefits for reducing lung cancer deaths by identifying cancers at earlier, more treatable stages. Despite the known benefits, LDCT screening is underutilized in black men. Studies in racially heterogeneous populations have found correlations between screening behaviors and factors such as physician trust, physician referral, and a desire to reduce the uncertainty of not knowing if they had lung cancer; yet little is known about the factors that specifically contribute to screening behaviors in black men. Community engagement strategies are beneficial for understanding barriers to health-care engagement. One community engagement approach is the citizen scientist model. Citizen scientists are lay people who are trained in research methods; they have proven valuable in increasing communities' knowledge of the importance of healthy behaviors such as screening, awareness of research, building trust in research, and improving study design and ethics. This paper proposes an intervention, grounded in community-based participatory research approaches and social network theory, to engage black men as citizen scientists in an effort to increase lung cancer screening in black men. This mixed-methods intervention will examine the attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs of black men related to uptake of evidence-based lung cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karriem S. Watson
- UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- Mile Square Health Center, UI Health, Chicago, IL, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leilah D. Siegel
- UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vida A. Henderson
- UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - David Odell
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James Stinson
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Urology, John H Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ose Ituah
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Josef Ben Levi
- College of Education, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marian L. Fitzgibbon
- UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sage Kim
- UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Phoenix Matthews
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Frost-Pineda K, Heck JD, Curtin GM. Measures of dependence in menthol and nonmenthol smokers - A comprehensive narrative review. J Addict Dis 2020; 38:122-142. [PMID: 32286199 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1727286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. More than a decade ago, concerns were raised that menthol in cigarettes might enhance addiction to smoking. This article provides a comprehensive review of published studies examining cigarette dependence among menthol and nonmenthol smokers. The purpose of the review is to evaluate the scientific evidence to determine if menthol increases cigarette dependence. Materials and Methods. The published literature was searched in 2019 for studies that provide evidence on cigarette dependence among menthol compared to nonmenthol smokers. Included in this review are published studies that compare menthol and nonmenthol smokers based on widely accepted and validated measures of dependence, or other established predictors of dependence (age of smoking initiation [first cigarette]/age of progression [regular/daily smoking]) and indicators of dependence (smoking frequency, cigarettes smoked per day, time to first cigarette after waking, night waking to smoke, smoking duration). Results and Conclusion. Based on a review of the available studies, including those with adjusted results and large representative samples, reliable and consistent empirical evidence supports a conclusion that menthol smokers are not more dependent than nonmenthol smokers and thus menthol in cigarettes does not increase dependence.
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Smith PH, Assefa B, Kainth S, Salas-Ramirez KY, McKee SA, Giovino GA. Use of Mentholated Cigarettes and Likelihood of Smoking Cessation in the United States: A Meta-Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:307-316. [PMID: 31204787 PMCID: PMC7161928 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous qualitative reviews have summarized evidence of an association between menthol cigarette use and likelihood of smoking cessation. The objective of this meta-analysis was to provide a quantitative summary of effect sizes, their variability, and factors related to the variability in effect size for the association between menthol use and likelihood of smoking cessation. METHODS We systematically searched Medline, PsycINFO, and Embase for prospective and cross-sectional studies of the association between menthol use and smoking cessation. We analyzed data with random effects meta-analyses and meta-regression. RESULTS Our review identified 22 reports from 19 studies of the association between menthol use and cessation. All identified study samples included only US smokers, with one exception that included both Canadian and US smokers. Our overall model did not demonstrate a significant association between menthol use and cessation; however, menthol users were significantly less likely to quit among blacks/African American smokers (odds ratio = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS Among blacks/African Americans predominantly in the US menthol users have approximately 12% lower odds of smoking cessation compared to non-menthol users. This difference is likely the result of the tobacco industry's ongoing marketing influence on the black/African American Community, suggesting that a menthol ban may have a unique public health benefit for black/African American smokers by encouraging quitting behavior. IMPLICATIONS This study adds a quantitative summary of the association between menthol cigarette use and smoking cessation in the United States. Findings of an association with lower likelihood of cessation among black/African American smokers, likely resulting from the tobacco industry's marketing influence, support the ban of menthol flavoring as part of a comprehensive tobacco control effort to increase cessation among black/African American smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Smith
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH
- City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Biruktawit Assefa
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Sherry A McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gary A Giovino
- Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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Mitchell KA, Shah E, Bowman ED, Zingone A, Nichols N, Pine SR, Kittles RA, Ryan BM. Relationship between West African ancestry with lung cancer risk and survival in African Americans. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:1259-1268. [PMID: 31468279 PMCID: PMC8274945 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE African Americans, especially men, have a higher incidence of lung cancer compared with all other racial and ethnic groups in the US. Self-reported race is frequently used in genomic research studies to capture an individual's race or ethnicity. However, it is clear from studies of genetic admixture that human genetic variation does not segregate into the same biologically discrete categories as socially defined categories of race. Previous studies have suggested that the degree of West African ancestry among African Americans can contribute to cancer risk in this population, though few studies have addressed this question in lung cancer. METHODS Using a genetic ancestry panel of 100 SNPs, we estimated West African, European, and Native American ancestry in 1,407 self-described African Americans and 2,413 European Americans. RESULTS We found that increasing West African ancestry was associated with increased risk of lung cancer among African American men (ORQ5 vs Q1 = 2.55 (1.45-4.48), p = 0.001), while no association was observed in African American women (ORQ5 vs Q1 = 0.90 (0.51-1.59), p = 0.56). This relationship diminished following adjustment for income and education. CONCLUSIONS Genetic ancestry is not a major contributor to lung cancer risk or survival disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah A Mitchell
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ebony Shah
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Elise D Bowman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Noah Nichols
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sharon R Pine
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Populations Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Building 37, Room 3060C, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Kozlovich S, Chen G, Watson CJW, Blot WJ, Lazarus P. Role of l- and d-Menthol in the Glucuronidation and Detoxification of the Major Lung Carcinogen, NNAL. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1388-1396. [PMID: 31578206 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Menthol, which creates mint flavor and scent, is often added to tobacco in both menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes. A potent tobacco carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is extensively metabolized to its equally carcinogenic metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) as (R)- or (S)-NNAL enantiomers. NNAL is detoxified by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, with glucuronidation occurring on either NNAL's pyridine ring nitrogen (NNAL-N-Gluc) or the chiral alcohol [(R)- or (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc]. To characterize a potential effect by menthol on NNAL glucuronidation, in vitro menthol glucuronidation assays and menthol inhibition of NNAL-Gluc formation assays were performed. Additionally, NNAL and menthol glucuronides (MG) were measured in the urine of smokers (n = 100) from the Southern Community Cohort Study. UGTs 1A9, 1A10, 2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B4, 2B7, and 2B17 all exhibited glucuronidating activity against both l- and d-menthol. In human liver microsomes, both l- and d-menthol inhibited the formation of each NNAL-Gluc, with a stereospecific difference observed between the formation of (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc and (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc in the presence of d-menthol but not l-menthol. With the exception of three nonmenthol cigarette smokers, urinary MG was detected in all menthol and nonmenthol smokers, with l-MG comprising >98% of total urinary MG. Levels of urinary NNAL-N-Gluc were significantly (P < 0.05) lower among subjects with high levels of total urinary MG; no significant changes in free NNAL were observed. These data suggest that the presence of menthol could lead to increases in alternative, activating metabolic pathways of NNAL in tobacco target tissues, increasing the opportunity for NNAL to damage DNA and lead to the development of tobacco-related cancers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: High levels of the major menthol metabolite, menthol-glucuronide, was observed in the urine of smokers of either menthol or nonmenthol cigarettes. The fact that a significant inverse correlation was observed between the levels of urinary menthol-glucuronide and NNAL-N-glucuronide, a major detoxification metabolite of the tobacco carcinogen, NNK, suggests that menthol may inhibit clearance of this important tobacco carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Kozlovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (S.K., G.C., C.J.W.W., P.L.); and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (W.J.B.)
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (S.K., G.C., C.J.W.W., P.L.); and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (W.J.B.)
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (S.K., G.C., C.J.W.W., P.L.); and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (W.J.B.)
| | - William J Blot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (S.K., G.C., C.J.W.W., P.L.); and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (W.J.B.)
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (S.K., G.C., C.J.W.W., P.L.); and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (W.J.B.)
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Meaney CL, Mitchell KA, Zingone A, Brown D, Bowman E, Yu Y, Wenzlaff AS, Neslund-Dudas C, Pine SR, Cao L, Schwartz AG, Ryan BM. Circulating Inflammation Proteins Associated With Lung Cancer in African Americans. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:1192-1203. [PMID: 30953795 PMCID: PMC6592767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer incidence is higher among African Americans (AAs) compared with European Americans (EAs) in the United States. We and others have previously shown a relationship between immune and inflammation proteins with lung cancer in EAs. Our aim was to investigate the etiologic relationship between inflammation and lung cancer in AAs. METHODS We adopted a two-stage, independent study design (discovery cases, n = 316; control cases, n = 509) (validation cases, n = 399; control cases, n = 400 controls) and measured 30 inflammation proteins in blood using Meso Scale Discovery V- PLEX multiplex assays. RESULTS We identified and validated 10 proteins associated with lung cancer in AAS, some that were common between EAs and AAs (C-reactive proteins [OR: 2.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.99-4.22], interferon γ [OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.10-2.19], interleukin 6 [OR: 6.28; 95% CI: 4.10-9.63], interleukin 8 [OR: 2.76; 95% CI: 1.92-3.98]) and some that are only observed among AAs (interleukin 10 [OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.20-2.38], interleukin 15 [OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.96-4.07], interferon gamma-induced protein 10 [OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.09-2.18], monocyte chemotactic protein-4 [OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.38-0.76], macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha [OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.12-2.21], and tumor necrosis factor β [OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.37-0.74]). We did not find evidence that either menthol cigarette smoking or global genetic ancestry drove these population differences. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight a distinct inflammation profile associated with lung cancer in AAs compared with EAs. These data provide new insight into the etiology of lung cancer in AAs. Further work is needed to understand what drives this relationship with lung cancer and whether these proteins have utility in the setting of early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Meaney
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Khadijah A Mitchell
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Derek Brown
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise Bowman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yunkai Yu
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela S Wenzlaff
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Sharon R Pine
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Liang Cao
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Kosiba JD, Hughes MT, LaRowe LR, Zvolensky MJ, Norton PJ, Smits JAJ, Buckner JD, Ditre JW. Menthol cigarette use and pain reporting among African American adults seeking treatment for smoking cessation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:276-282. [PMID: 30688504 PMCID: PMC6733399 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine has acute pain-relieving properties, and tobacco smokers often report using cigarettes to cope with pain. The proportion of smokers using menthol cigarettes has increased in recent years, and there is reason to suspect that menthol may enhance the analgesic effects of nicotine. Up to 90% of African American smokers report using menthol cigarettes, and African Americans tend to report more severe pain and greater difficulty quitting. Yet no known research has examined the relationship between menthol cigarette use and pain reporting. Thus, the goal of the current study was to test associations between menthol (vs. nonmenthol) cigarette use and pain among a sample of African American smokers. Current daily cigarette smokers (N = 115; 70% male; Mage = 47.05; MCPD = 15.2) were recruited to participate in a smoking cessation study. These data were collected at the baseline session. Daily menthol (vs. nonmenthol) cigarette use was associated with lower current pain intensity, lower average and worst pain over the past 3 months, and less pain-related physical impairment over the past 3 months. This study demonstrates that menthol (vs. nonmenthol) cigarette use is associated with less pain and pain-related functional interference among African American smokers seeking tobacco cessation treatment. Future research is needed to examine the potential acute analgesic effects of menthol versus nonmenthol cigarette use, examine temporal covariation between menthol cigarette use and pain reporting, and test whether pain-relevant processes contribute to the maintenance of menthol cigarette smoking among those with and without chronic pain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Takata Y, Shu XO, Buchowski MS, Munro HM, Wen W, Steinwandel MD, Hargreaves MK, Blot WJ, Cai Q. Food intake of folate, folic acid and other B vitamins with lung cancer risk in a low-income population in the Southeastern United States. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:671-683. [PMID: 30838435 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We prospectively examined associations of lung cancer risk with food intake of B vitamins involved in one-carbon metabolism and the use of folic acid-containing supplements among a low-income population of black and white adults in the Southeastern US. METHODS Within the Southern Community Cohort Study, we included 1064 incident lung cancer cases among 68,236 participants aged 40-79 years at study enrollment. Food intake and the use of folic acid-containing supplements were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire at study enrollment. Multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Folate and/or folic acid intake from food were not associated with lung cancer risk; HRs (95% CI) for highest compared with lowest quartile were 1.08 (0.91-1.29) for total dietary folate, 1.00 (0.84-1.19) for food folate, and 1.09 (0.91-1.30) for food folic acid, respectively. Similarly, no associations were observed after stratifying by sex, race and smoking status, except for a positive association with total dietary folate intake among black women (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.04-2.05 for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile, P trend = 0.02). Neither the use of folic acid-containing supplements nor food intake of vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and riboflavin were associated with lung cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support a protective effect of folate or folic acid for lung cancer prevention in a low-income population of black and white adults in the Southeastern US. Our finding of a positive association with total dietary folate intake among black women needs to be interpreted with caution and replicated in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Takata
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Maciej S Buchowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather M Munro
- International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mark D Steinwandel
- International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Ryan BM. Lung cancer health disparities. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:741-751. [PMID: 29547922 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with all other racial and ethnic groups in the United States, African Americans are disproportionally affected by lung cancer, both in terms of incidence and survival. It is likely that smoking, as the main etiological factor associated with lung cancer, contributes to these disparities, but the precise mechanism is still unclear. This paper seeks to explore the history of lung cancer disparities and review to the literature regarding the various factors that contribute to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Campbell B, Yip D, Le T, Gubner N, Guydish J. Relationship between Tobacco Use and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among Clients in Substance Use Disorders Treatment. J Psychoactive Drugs 2018; 51:48-57. [PMID: 30570409 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2018.1555651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined relationships of smoking status and tobacco-related variables with health-related quality of life (HRQoL), a metric of disease burden, among clients in substance use disorders (SUDs) treatment. Participants (N = 2,068; 46.6% female) completed surveys reporting demographics, smoking status, and past-month days they experienced physical and/or mental health distress. Smokers (n = 1,596; 77.2% of sample) answered questions on tobacco-related variables. Multinomial regression models assessed relationships between tobacco-related variables (smoking status, nicotine dependence, menthol smoking, electronic-cigarette use, health concerns, and cost as reasons affecting reducing/quitting smoking, past and future quit attempts) with HRQol in four categories (good health, physical health distress, mental health distress, or both physical and mental health distress). Current smokers were more likely than former smokers to report frequent physical and mental health distress than good health (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.16, 3.34), as were smokers with higher nicotine dependence (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.35). Smokers reporting both frequent physical and mental health distress were more sensitive to cigarettes' cost (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.29), and less likely to use e-cigarettes (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.38, 0.94). Findings of poor HRQoL among nicotine-dependent smokers with additional SUDs strengthen the imperative to provide smoking cessation interventions in addictions treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Campbell
- a Division of Health Services Research , Oregon Health & Science University/Portland State University School of Public Health , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Deborah Yip
- b Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Thao Le
- b Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Noah Gubner
- b Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Joseph Guydish
- c Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
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Takata Y, Xiang YB, Burk RF, Li H, Hill KE, Cai H, Gao J, Zheng W, Shu XO, Cai Q. Plasma selenoprotein P concentration and lung cancer risk: results from a case-control study nested within the Shanghai Men's Health Study. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:1352-1358. [PMID: 30084959 PMCID: PMC6292411 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoprotein P (SELENOP) is a major selenoenzyme in plasma and linked to antioxidant properties and possibly to lung cancer; however, supporting evidence is limited. We investigated the association between pre-diagnostic plasma SELENOP concentration and lung cancer risk in a case-control study of 403 cases and 403 individually matched controls nested within the Shanghai Men's Health Study. SELENOP concentration in pre-diagnostic plasma samples was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cases were diagnosed with lung cancer between 2003 and 2010. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for studying the association between plasma SELENOP concentration and lung cancer risk. Cases had slightly lower plasma SELENOP concentration than controls (4.3 ± 1.2 versus 4.4 ± 1.1 mg/l, P difference = 0.09). However, the multivariate analysis showed no association between plasma SELENOP concentration and lung cancer risk among all participants (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.54-2.14 for quartile 4 versus quartile 1), or by smoking status or tumor aggressiveness. In contrast, although the number of cases was limited, plasma SELENOP concentration was positively associated with lung adenocarcinoma risk (OR = 5.38, 95% CI = 1.89-15.35 for tertile 3 versus tertile 1), but not with squamous cell lung carcinoma (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.43-6.70). Our study of adult men living in selenium non-deficient areas in China provides little support for the inverse association between pre-diagnostic plasma SELENOP concentration and lung cancer risk. Our finding of a positive association with risk of lung adenocarcinoma needs to be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Takata
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Raymond F Burk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Honglan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Kristina E Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Sanderson M, Aldrich MC, Levine RS, Kilbourne B, Cai Q, Blot WJ. Neighbourhood deprivation and lung cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the USA. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021059. [PMID: 30206077 PMCID: PMC6144393 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between neighbourhood deprivation and lung cancer risk. DESIGN Nested case-control study. SETTING Southern Community Cohort Study of persons residing in 12 states in the southeastern USA. PARTICIPANTS 1334 cases of lung cancer and 5315 controls. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Risk of lung cancer. RESULTS After adjustment for smoking status and other confounders, and additional adjustment for individual-level measures of socioeconomic status (SES), there was no monotonic increase in risk with worsening deprivation score overall or within sex and race groups. There was an increase among current and shorter term former smokers (p=0.04) but not among never and longer term former smokers. There was evidence of statistically significant interaction by sex among whites, but not blacks, in which the effect of worsening deprivation on lung cancer existed in males but not in females. CONCLUSIONS Area-level measures of SES were associated with lung cancer risk in current and shorter term former smokers only in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Sanderson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert S Levine
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara Kilbourne
- Department of Sociology, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Murphy SE, Park SL, Balbo S, Haiman CA, Hatsukami DK, Patel Y, Peterson LA, Stepanov I, Stram DO, Tretyakova N, Hecht SS, Le Marchand L. Tobacco biomarkers and genetic/epigenetic analysis to investigate ethnic/racial differences in lung cancer risk among smokers. NPJ Precis Oncol 2018; 2:17. [PMID: 30155522 PMCID: PMC6105591 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-018-0057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Multiethnic Cohort Study has demonstrated that African Americans and Native Hawaiians have a higher risk for lung cancer due to cigarette smoking than Whites while Latinos and Japanese Americans have a lower risk. These findings are consistent with other epidemiologic studies in the literature. In this review, we summarize tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarker studies and genetic analyses which partially explain these differences. As determined by measurement of total nicotine equivalents in urine, which account for about 85% of the nicotine dose, African Americans take up greater amounts of nicotine than Whites per cigarette while Japanese Americans take up less. There are corresponding differences in the uptake of tobacco smoke carcinogens such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1,3-butadiene, and other toxic volatiles. The lower nicotine uptake of Japanese Americans is clearly linked to the preponderance of low activity forms of the primary nicotine metabolizing enzyme CYP2A6 in this ethnic group, leading to more unchanged nicotine in the body and thus lower smoking intensity. But the relatively high risk of Native Hawaiians and the low risk of Latino smokers for lung cancer are not explained by these factors. The possible role of epigenetics in modifying lung cancer risk among smokers is also discussed here. The results of these published studies may lead to a better understanding of susceptibility factors for lung cancer in cigarette smokers thus potentially identifying biomarkers that can detect those individuals at highest risk so that preventive approaches can be initiated at an early stage of the lung cancer development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Sungshim Lani Park
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | | | - Yesha Patel
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Lisa A. Peterson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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Mitchell KA, Zingone A, Toulabi L, Boeckelman J, Ryan BM. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Coding and Noncoding RNA Differences in NSCLC from African Americans and European Americans. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:7412-7425. [PMID: 29196495 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether racial differences in gene and miRNA expression translates to differences in lung tumor biology with clinical relevance in African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs).Experimental Design: The NCI-Maryland Case Control Study includes seven Baltimore City hospitals and is overrepresented with AA patients (∼40%). Patients that underwent curative NSCLC surgery between 1998 and 2014 were enrolled. Comparative molecular profiling used mRNA (n = 22 AAs and 19 EAs) and miRNA (n = 42 AAs and 55 EAs) expression arrays to track differences in paired fresh frozen normal tissues and lung tumor specimens from AAs and EAs. Pathway enrichment, predicted drug response, tumor microenvironment infiltration, cancer immunotherapy antigen profiling, and miRNA target enrichment were assessed.Results: AA-enriched differential gene expression was characterized by stem cell and invasion pathways. Differential gene expression in lung tumors from EAs was primarily characterized by cell proliferation pathways. Population-specific gene expression was partly driven by population-specific miRNA expression profiles. Drug susceptibility predictions revealed a strong inverse correlation between AA resistance and EA sensitivity to the same panel of drugs. Statistically significant differences in M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration were observed in AAs (P < 0.05); however, PD-L1, PD-L2 expression was similar between both.Conclusions: Comparative transcriptomic profiling revealed clear differences in lung tumor biology between AAs and EAs. Increased participation by AAs in lung cancer clinical trials are needed to integrate, and leverage, transcriptomic differences with other clinical information to maximize therapeutic benefit in both AAs and EAs. Clin Cancer Res; 23(23); 7412-25. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah A Mitchell
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leila Toulabi
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jacob Boeckelman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Jemal A, Miller KD, Ma J, Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Islami F, Devesa SS, Thun MJ. Higher Lung Cancer Incidence in Young Women Than Young Men in the United States. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1999-2009. [PMID: 29791813 PMCID: PMC7717174 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1715907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed a higher incidence of lung cancer among young women than among young men in the United States. Whether this pattern has continued in contemporary birth cohorts and, if so, whether it can be fully explained by sex differences in smoking behaviors are unknown. METHODS We examined the nationwide population-based incidence of lung cancer according to sex, race or ethnic group, age group (30 to 34, 35 to 39, 40 to 44, 45 to 49, and 50 to 54 years), year of birth (1945 to 1980), and calendar period of diagnosis (1995-1999, 2000-2004, 2005-2009, and 2010-2014), and we calculated female-to-male incidence rate ratios. We also examined the prevalence of cigarette smoking, using data from the National Health Interview Survey from 1970 to 2016. RESULTS Over the past two decades, the age-specific incidence of lung cancer has generally decreased among both men and women 30 to 54 years of age in all races and ethnic groups, but the declines among men have been steeper. Consequently, among non-Hispanic whites, the female-to-male incidence rate ratios increased, exceeding 1.0 in the age groups of 30 to 34, 35 to 39, 40 to 44, and 45 to 49 years. For example, the female-to-male incidence rate ratio among whites 40 to 44 years of age increased from 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 0.92) during the 1995-1999 period to 1.17 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.23) during the 2010-2014 period. The crossover in sex-specific rates occurred among non-Hispanic whites born since 1965. Sex-specific incidence rates converged among non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Asians and Pacific Islanders but crossed over from a higher incidence among men to a higher incidence among women only among Hispanics. The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women born since 1965 has approached, but generally not exceeded, the prevalence among men. CONCLUSIONS The patterns of historically higher incidence rates of lung cancer among men than among women have reversed among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics born since the mid-1960s, and they are not fully explained by sex differences in smoking behaviors. Future studies are needed to identify reasons for the higher incidence of lung cancer among young women. (Funded by the American Cancer Society.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmedin Jemal
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Kimberly D Miller
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Jiemin Ma
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Rebecca L Siegel
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Stacey A Fedewa
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Farhad Islami
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Susan S Devesa
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
| | - Michael J Thun
- From Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (A.J., K.D.M., J.M., R.L.S., S.A.F., F.I., M.J.T.); and the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (S.S.D.)
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Voltzke KJ, Lee YCA, Zhang ZF, Zevallos JP, Yu GP, Winn DM, Vaughan TL, Sturgis EM, Smith E, Schwartz SM, Schantz S, Muscat J, Morgenstern H, McClean M, Li G, Lazarus P, Kelsey K, Gillison M, Chen C, Boffetta P, Hashibe M, Olshan AF. Racial differences in the relationship between tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis of US studies in the INHANCE Consortium. Cancer Causes Control 2018; 29:619-630. [PMID: 29761303 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-018-1026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There have been few published studies on differences between Blacks and Whites in the estimated effects of alcohol and tobacco use on the incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) in the United States. Previous studies have been limited by small numbers of Blacks. Using pooled data from 13 US case-control studies of oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium, this study comprised a large number of Black HNC cases (n = 975). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for several tobacco and alcohol consumption characteristics. Blacks were found to have consistently stronger associations than Whites for the majority of tobacco consumption variables. For example, compared to never smokers, Blacks who smoked cigarettes for > 30 years had an OR 4.53 (95% CI 3.22-6.39), which was larger than that observed in Whites (OR 3.01, 95% CI 2.73-3.33; pinteraction < 0.0001). The ORs for alcohol use were also larger among Blacks compared to Whites. Exclusion of oropharyngeal cases attenuated the racial differences in tobacco use associations but not alcohol use associations. These findings suggest modest racial differences exist in the association of HNC risk with tobacco and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Voltzke
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Yuan-Chin Amy Lee
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Jose P Zevallos
- Division of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology in the Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guo-Pei Yu
- Medical Informatics Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Elaine Smith
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hal Morgenstern
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Guojun Li
- UT-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Chu Chen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mia Hashibe
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Houston KA, Mitchell KA, King J, White A, Ryan BM. Histologic Lung Cancer Incidence Rates and Trends Vary by Race/Ethnicity and Residential County. J Thorac Oncol 2018; 13:497-509. [PMID: 29360512 PMCID: PMC5884169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer incidence is higher among non-Hispanic (NH) blacks than among the NH white and Hispanic populations in the United States. However, national cancer estimates may not always reflect the cancer burden in terms of disparities and incidence in small geographic areas, especially urban-rural disparities. Moreover, there is a gap in the literature regarding rural-urban disparities in terms of cancer histologic type. METHODS Using population-based cancer registry data-Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results and National Program of Cancer Registries data-we present age-adjusted histologic rates and trends by race/ethnicity and residential county location at the time of first cancer diagnosis. Rate ratios were calculated to examine racial/ethnic differences in rates. Annual percent change was calculated to measure changes in rates over time. RESULTS We found that declines in squamous cell carcinoma are occurring fastest in metropolitan counties, whereas rates of adenocarcinoma increased fastest in counties nonadjacent to metropolitan areas. Further, although NH black men have increased lung cancer incidence compared with NH white and Hispanic men in all geographic locations, we found that the degree of the disparity increases with increasing rurality of residence. Finally, we discovered that among women whose lung cancer was diagnosed when they were younger than 55 years, the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma was higher for NH blacks than for NH whites. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight disparities among NH blacks in nonadjacent rural areas. These findings may have significant impact for the implementation of smoking cessation and lung cancer screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisha A. Houston
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control
| | - Khadijah A. Mitchell
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Jessica King
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control
| | - Arica White
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control
| | - Bríd M. Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892
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Villanti AC, Collins LK, Niaura RS, Gagosian SY, Abrams DB. Menthol cigarettes and the public health standard: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:983. [PMID: 29284458 PMCID: PMC5747135 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although menthol was not banned under the Tobacco Control Act, the law made it clear that this did not prevent the Food and Drug Administration from issuing a product standard to ban menthol to protect public health. The purpose of this review was to update the evidence synthesis regarding the role of menthol in initiation, dependence and cessation. Methods A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on menthol cigarettes via a PubMed search through May 9, 2017. The National Cancer Institute’s Bibliography of Literature on Menthol and Tobacco and the FDA’s 2011 report and 2013 addendum were reviewed for additional publications. Included articles addressing initiation, dependence, and cessation were synthesized based on study design and quality, consistency of evidence across populations and over time, coherence of findings across studies, and plausibility of the findings. Results Eighty-two studies on menthol cigarette initiation (n = 46), dependence (n = 14), and cessation (n = 34) were included. Large, representative studies show an association between menthol and youth smoking that is consistent in magnitude and direction. One longitudinal and eight cross-sectional studies demonstrate that menthol smokers report increased nicotine dependence compared to non-menthol smokers. Ten studies support the temporal relationship between menthol and reduced smoking cessation, as they measure cessation success at follow-up. Conclusions The strength and consistency of the associations in these studies support that the removal of menthol from cigarettes is likely to reduce youth smoking initiation, improve smoking cessation outcomes in adult smokers, and in turn, benefit public health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-017-4987-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA. .,Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. .,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lauren K Collins
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Gender and Menthol Cigarette Use in the United States: A Systematic Review of the Recent Literature (2011 - May 2017). CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017; 4:431-438. [PMID: 29497593 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review To summarize current research on gender differences in mentholated cigarette use and related outcomes. Secondarily, to summarize literature on gender differences in mentholated cigarette use and related outcomes among Black smokers. Recent findings Women smokers are more likely to use menthol cigarettes than men. Other than prevalence, there is a paucity of research on gender differences in menthol related outcomes (e.g., cessation, disease). Among both women and men, menthol preference is stable during adolescence and young adulthood. A substantial portion of both women and men who smoke menthol report an expectation of quitting should menthol be banned. We did not identify any studies of gender differences in mentholated cigarette use among Black smokers. Summary Despite public health relevance, there is little current research on gender differences in mentholated cigarette use, other than studies of prevalence, and very little research on gender differences among Black smokers, including prevalence.
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Jacobs EJ, Briggs PJ, Deka A, Newton CC, Ward KC, Kohler BA, Gapstur SM, Patel AV. Follow-up of a Large Prospective Cohort in the United States Using Linkage With Multiple State Cancer Registries. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:876-884. [PMID: 28520845 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All states in the United States now have a well-established cancer registry. Linkage with these registries may be a cost-effective method of follow-up for cancer incidence in multistate cohort studies. However, the sensitivity of linkage with the current network of state registries for detecting incident cancer diagnoses within cohort studies is not well-documented. We examined the sensitivity of registry linkage among 39,368 men and women from 23 states who enrolled in the Cancer Prevention Study-3 cohort during 2006-2009 and had the opportunity to self-report cancer diagnoses on a questionnaire in 2011. All participants provided name and birthdate, and 94% provided a complete social security number. Of 378 cancer diagnoses between enrollment and 2010 identified through self-report and verified with medical records, 338 were also detected by linkage with the 23 state cancer registries (sensitivity of 89%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 86, 92). Sensitivity was lower for hematologic cancers (69%, 95% CI: 41, 89) and melanoma (70%, 95% CI: 57, 81). After excluding hematologic cancers and melanoma, sensitivity was 94% (95% CI: 91, 97). Our results indicate that linkage with multiple cancer registries can be a sensitive method for ascertaining incident cancers, other than hematologic cancers and melanoma, in multistate cohort studies.
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Huang W, Blount BC, Watson CH, Watson C, Chambers DM. Quantitative analysis of menthol in human urine using solid phase microextraction and stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1044-1045:200-205. [PMID: 28153673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To accurately measure menthol levels in human urine, we developed a method using gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry with menthol-d4 stable isotope internal standardization. We used solid phase microextraction (SPME) headspace sampling for collection, preconcentration and automation. Conjugated forms of menthol were released using β-glucuronidase/sulfatase to allow for measuring total menthol. Additionally, we processed the specimens without using β-glucuronidase/sulfatase to quantify the levels of unconjugated (free) menthol in urine. This method was developed to verify mentholated cigarette smoking status to study the influence of menthol on smoking behaviour and exposure. This objective was accomplished with this method, which has no carryover or memory from the SPME fiber assembly, a method detection limit of 0.0017μg/mL, a broad linear range of 0.002-0.5μg/mL for free menthol and 0.01-10μg/mL for total menthol, a 7.6% precision and 88.5% accuracy, and an analysis runtime of 17min. We applied this method in analysis of urine specimens collected from cigarette smokers who smoke either mentholated or non-mentholated cigarettes. Among these smokers, the average total urinary menthol levels was three-fold higher (p<0.001) among mentholated cigarette smokers compared with non-mentholated cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Huang
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Christina Watson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - David M Chambers
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Litt MD, Duffy V, Oncken C. Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette vaping patterns as a function of e-cigarette flavourings. Tob Control 2016. [PMID: 27633766 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol‐2016‐053223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study examined the influence of flavouring on the smoking and vaping behaviour of cigarette smokers asked to adopt e-cigarettes for a period of 6 weeks. METHODS Participants were 88 current male and female smokers with no intention to stop smoking, but who agreed to substitute e-cigarettes for their current cigarettes. On intake, participants were administered tests of taste and smell for e-cigarettes flavoured with tobacco, menthol, cherry and chocolate, and were given a refillable e-cigarette of their preferred flavour or a control flavour. Participants completed daily logs of cigarette and e-cigarette use and were followed each week. RESULTS Analyses over days indicated that, during the 6-week e-cigarette period, cigarette smoking rates dropped from an average of about 16 to about 7 cigarettes/day. e-Cigarette flavour had a significant effect such that the largest drop in cigarette smoking occurred among those assigned menthol e-cigarettes, and the smallest drop in smoking occurred among those assigned chocolate and cherry flavours. e-Cigarette vaping rates also differed significantly by flavour assigned, with the highest vaping rates for tobacco- and cherry-flavoured e-cigarettes, and the lowest rates for those assigned to chocolate. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that adoption of e-cigarettes in smokers may influence smoking rates and that e-cigarette flavourings can moderate this effect. e-Cigarette vaping rates are also influenced by flavourings. These findings may have implications for the utility of e-cigarettes as a nicotine replacement device and for the regulation of flavourings in e-cigarettes for harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Litt
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Oncken
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Litt MD, Duffy V, Oncken C. Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette vaping patterns as a function of e-cigarette flavourings. Tob Control 2016; 25:ii67-ii72. [PMID: 27633766 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study examined the influence of flavouring on the smoking and vaping behaviour of cigarette smokers asked to adopt e-cigarettes for a period of 6 weeks. METHODS Participants were 88 current male and female smokers with no intention to stop smoking, but who agreed to substitute e-cigarettes for their current cigarettes. On intake, participants were administered tests of taste and smell for e-cigarettes flavoured with tobacco, menthol, cherry and chocolate, and were given a refillable e-cigarette of their preferred flavour or a control flavour. Participants completed daily logs of cigarette and e-cigarette use and were followed each week. RESULTS Analyses over days indicated that, during the 6-week e-cigarette period, cigarette smoking rates dropped from an average of about 16 to about 7 cigarettes/day. e-Cigarette flavour had a significant effect such that the largest drop in cigarette smoking occurred among those assigned menthol e-cigarettes, and the smallest drop in smoking occurred among those assigned chocolate and cherry flavours. e-Cigarette vaping rates also differed significantly by flavour assigned, with the highest vaping rates for tobacco- and cherry-flavoured e-cigarettes, and the lowest rates for those assigned to chocolate. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that adoption of e-cigarettes in smokers may influence smoking rates and that e-cigarette flavourings can moderate this effect. e-Cigarette vaping rates are also influenced by flavourings. These findings may have implications for the utility of e-cigarettes as a nicotine replacement device and for the regulation of flavourings in e-cigarettes for harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Litt
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Oncken
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Jeppesen SS, Hansen NCG, Schytte T, Nielsen M, Hansen O. Comparison of survival of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with or without a localized non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2016; 100:90-95. [PMID: 27597286 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are often co-existing diseases with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to compare survival in COPD patients with localized NSCLC treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (NSCLC group) with COPD patients without a malignant diagnosis (non-malignant group). MATERIALS AND METHODS The NSCLC group was prospectively recorded at the Department of Oncology from 2007 to 2013. The non-malignant group was selected among patients referred to the Department of Respiratory Medicine from 2005 until 2011 suspected of thoracic malignancy but without the malignant diagnosis maintained. RESULTS In a propensity score matched comparison the median overall survival was 53 vs. 71 months in the NSCLC and non-malignant groups, respectively (p<0.001). Subgroup analyses showed survival for patients with mild/moderate COPD was affected statistically significant with a higher mortality rate by a diagnosis of localized NSCLC with hazard ratio=2.62 (95% CI: 1.47-4.68) while an insignificant higher mortality rate with hazard ratio=1.22 (95% CI: 0.71-2.08) was found in patient with severe/very severe COPD. CONCLUSION Despite the serious prognosis of COPD, a localized NSCLC diagnosis negatively affects survival in COPD patients. However, stereotactic body radiotherapy should still be considered for COPD patients diagnosed with localized NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan S Jeppesen
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Niels-Chr G Hansen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Tine Schytte
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Laboratory of Radiation Physics, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Olfred Hansen
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Munafò M. Understanding the Role of Additives in Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1545. [PMID: 27235702 PMCID: PMC4902892 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Munafò
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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Munro HM, Tarone RE, Wang TJ, Blot WJ. Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Smoking: All-Cause Deaths, Cardiovascular Disease Deaths, and Other Causes of Death Among Blacks and Whites. Circulation 2016; 133:1861-6. [PMID: 27022064 PMCID: PMC4886344 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to whites, black smokers prefer menthol cigarettes over nonmenthol cigarettes by a large margin and tend to have higher mortality from several smoking-related diseases than whites, raising the possibility that menthol cigarettes contribute to racial disparities in risk. Evidence for differential associations between menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes indicates lower cancer risk for menthol smokers, but for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, evidence has been inconsistent. METHODS AND RESULTS Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios and accompanying 95% confidence intervals for all-cause and CVD mortality for menthol compared with nonmenthol cigarette smokers among 65 600 participants in the Southern Community Cohort Study, an ongoing community-based cohort with the largest number of menthol smokers being traced. Among the 27 619 current cigarette smokers, 4224 died during follow-up, with 1130 deaths attributed to CVD. Both all-cause (hazard ratio=0.93; 95% confidence interval=0.86-1.01; P=0.10) and CVD (hazard ratio=0.88; 95% confidence interval=0.76-1.03; P=0.10) mortality risks were similar in menthol compared with nonmenthol cigarette smokers. CONCLUSIONS Smoking regardless of cigarette type is hazardous to health, but these results do not indicate that menthol cigarettes are associated with greater CVD risks than nonmenthol cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Munro
- From International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD (H.M.M., R.E.T., W.J.B.); and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (T.J.W., W.J.B.)
| | - Robert E Tarone
- From International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD (H.M.M., R.E.T., W.J.B.); and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (T.J.W., W.J.B.)
| | - Thomas J Wang
- From International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD (H.M.M., R.E.T., W.J.B.); and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (T.J.W., W.J.B.)
| | - William J Blot
- From International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD (H.M.M., R.E.T., W.J.B.); and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (T.J.W., W.J.B.).
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Alexander LA, Trinidad DR, Sakuma KLK, Pokhrel P, Herzog TA, Clanton MS, Moolchan ET, Fagan P. Why We Must Continue to Investigate Menthol's Role in the African American Smoking Paradox. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:S91-101. [PMID: 26980870 PMCID: PMC6367903 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disproportionate burden of tobacco use among African Americans is largely unexplained. The unexplained disparities, referred to as the African American smoking paradox, includes several phenomena. Despite their social disadvantage, African American youth have lower smoking prevalence rates, initiate smoking at older ages, and during adulthood, smoking rates are comparable to whites. Smoking frequency and intensity among African American youth and adults are lower compared to whites and American Indian and Alaska Natives, but tobacco-caused morbidity and mortality rates are disproportionately higher. Disease prediction models have not explained disease causal pathways in African Americans. It has been hypothesized that menthol cigarette smoking, which is disproportionately high among African Americans, may help to explain several components of the African American smoking paradox. PURPOSE This article provides an overview of the potential role that menthol plays in the African American smoking paradox. We also discuss the research needed to better understand this unresolved puzzle. METHODS We examined prior synthesis reports and reviewed the literature in PubMed on the menthol compound and menthol cigarette smoking in African Americans. RESULTS The pharmacological and physiological effects of menthol and their interaction with biological and genetic factors may indirectly contribute to the disproportionate burden of cigarette use and diseases among African Americans. CONCLUSIONS Future studies that examine taste sensitivity, the menthol compound, and their effects on smoking and chronic disease would provide valuable information on how to reduce the tobacco burden among African Americans. IMPLICATIONS Our study highlights four counterintuitive observations related to the smoking risk profiles and chronic disease outcomes among African Americans. The extant literature provides strong evidence of their existence and shows that long-standing paradoxes have been largely unaffected by changes in the social environment. African Americans smoke menthols disproportionately, and menthol's role in the African American smoking paradox has not been thoroughly explored. We propose discrete hypotheses that will help to explain the phenomena and encourage researchers to empirically test menthol's role in smoking initiation, transitions to regular smoking and chronic disease outcomes in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Alexander
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY
| | - Dennis R Trinidad
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kari-Lyn K Sakuma
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Pallav Pokhrel
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Thaddeus A Herzog
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | | | | | - Pebbles Fagan
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI;
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