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Gurdon B, Yates SC, Csucs G, Groeneboom NE, Hadad N, Telpoukhovskaia M, Ouellette A, Ouellette T, O'Connell KMS, Singh S, Murdy TJ, Merchant E, Bjerke I, Kleven H, Schlegel U, Leergaard TB, Puchades MA, Bjaalie JG, Kaczorowski CC. Detecting the effect of genetic diversity on brain composition in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Commun Biol 2024; 7:605. [PMID: 38769398 PMCID: PMC11106287 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is broadly characterized by neurodegeneration, pathology accumulation, and cognitive decline. There is considerable variation in the progression of clinical symptoms and pathology in humans, highlighting the importance of genetic diversity in the study of AD. To address this, we analyze cell composition and amyloid-beta deposition of 6- and 14-month-old AD-BXD mouse brains. We utilize the analytical QUINT workflow- a suite of software designed to support atlas-based quantification, which we expand to deliver a highly effective method for registering and quantifying cell and pathology changes in diverse disease models. In applying the expanded QUINT workflow, we quantify near-global age-related increases in microglia, astrocytes, and amyloid-beta, and we identify strain-specific regional variation in neuron load. To understand how individual differences in cell composition affect the interpretation of bulk gene expression in AD, we combine hippocampal immunohistochemistry analyses with bulk RNA-sequencing data. This approach allows us to categorize genes whose expression changes in response to AD in a cell and/or pathology load-dependent manner. Ultimately, our study demonstrates the use of the QUINT workflow to standardize the quantification of immunohistochemistry data in diverse mice, - providing valuable insights into regional variation in cellular load and amyloid deposition in the AD-BXD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Gurdon
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- The University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Sharon C Yates
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gergely Csucs
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicolaas E Groeneboom
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niran Hadad
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Andrew Ouellette
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- The University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Tionna Ouellette
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M S O'Connell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- The University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Surjeet Singh
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Ingvild Bjerke
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kleven
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrike Schlegel
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve B Leergaard
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja A Puchades
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Catherine C Kaczorowski
- The University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA.
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Medford, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Gurdon B, Yates SC, Csucs G, Groeneboom NE, Hadad N, Telpoukhovskaia M, Ouellette A, Ouellette T, O'Connell K, Singh S, Murdy T, Merchant E, Bjerke I, Kleven H, Schlegel U, Leergaard TB, Puchades MA, Bjaalie JG, Kaczorowski CC. Detecting the effect of genetic diversity on brain composition in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.530226. [PMID: 36909528 PMCID: PMC10002670 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurodegeneration, pathology accumulation, and progressive cognitive decline. There is significant variation in age at onset and severity of symptoms highlighting the importance of genetic diversity in the study of AD. To address this, we analyzed cell and pathology composition of 6- and 14-month-old AD-BXD mouse brains using the semi-automated workflow (QUINT); which we expanded to allow for nonlinear refinement of brain atlas-registration, and quality control assessment of atlas-registration and brain section integrity. Near global age-related increases in microglia, astrocyte, and amyloid-beta accumulation were measured, while regional variation in neuron load existed among strains. Furthermore, hippocampal immunohistochemistry analyses were combined with bulk RNA-sequencing results to demonstrate the relationship between cell composition and gene expression. Overall, the additional functionality of the QUINT workflow delivers a highly effective method for registering and quantifying cell and pathology changes in diverse disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Gurdon
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- The University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Orono, ME
| | - Sharon C Yates
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gergely Csucs
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicolaas E Groeneboom
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Andrew Ouellette
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- The University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Orono, ME
| | - Tionna Ouellette
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Medford, MA
| | - Kristen O'Connell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- The University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Orono, ME
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Medford, MA
| | | | - Tom Murdy
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | | | - Ingvild Bjerke
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kleven
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrike Schlegel
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve B Leergaard
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja A Puchades
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine C Kaczorowski
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- The University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Orono, ME
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Medford, MA
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3
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Masuda M, Horinaka M, Yasuda S, Morita M, Nishimoto E, Ishikawa H, Mutoh M, Sakai T. Discovery of cancer-preventive juices reactivating RB functions. Environ Health Prev Med 2023; 28:54. [PMID: 37743524 PMCID: PMC10519803 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.23-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances have been achieved in the genetic diagnosis and therapies against malignancies due to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Since active preventive methods are currently insufficient, the further development of appropriate preventive strategies is desired. METHODS We searched for drinks that reactivate the functions of tumor-suppressor retinoblastoma gene (RB) products and exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. We also examined whether lactic acid bacteria increased the production of the cancer-specific anti-tumor cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), in human, and examined whether the RB-reactivating drinks with lactic acid bacteria decreased azoxymethane-induced rat colon aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypts (ACs) in vivo. RESULTS Kakadu plum juice and pomegranate juice reactivated RB functions, which inhibited the growth of human colon cancer LIM1215 cells by G1 phase arrest. These juices also exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Lactiplantibacillus (L.) pentosus S-PT84 was administered to human volunteers and increased the production of TRAIL. In an in vivo study, Kakadu plum juice with or without pomegranate juice and S-PT84 significantly decreased azoxymethane-induced rat colon ACF and ACs. CONCLUSIONS RB is one of the most important molecules suppressing carcinogenesis, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that natural drinks reactivated the functions of RB. As expected, Kakadu plum juice and pomegranate juice suppressed the growth of LIM1215 cells by reactivating the functions of RB, and Kakadu plum juice with or without pomegranate juice and S-PT84 inhibited rat colon ACF and ACs. Therefore, this mixed juice has potential as a novel candidate for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Masuda
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Shusuke Yasuda
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Mie Morita
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Emi Nishimoto
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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Shukla M, Vincent B. Melatonin as a Harmonizing Factor of Circadian Rhythms, Neuronal Cell Cycle and Neurogenesis: Additional Arguments for Its Therapeutic Use in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1273-1298. [PMID: 36918783 PMCID: PMC10286584 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230314142505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and release of melatonin in the brain harmonize various physiological functions. The apparent decline in melatonin levels with advanced aging is an aperture to the neurodegenerative processes. It has been indicated that down regulation of melatonin leads to alterations of circadian rhythm components, which further causes a desynchronization of several genes and results in an increased susceptibility to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, as circadian rhythms and memory are intertwined, such rhythmic disturbances influence memory formation and recall. Besides, cell cycle events exhibit a remarkable oscillatory system, which is downstream of the circadian phenomena. The linkage between the molecular machinery of the cell cycle and complex fundamental regulatory proteins emphasizes the conjectural regulatory role of cell cycle components in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Among the mechanisms intervening long before the signs of the disease appear, the disturbances of the circadian cycle, as well as the alteration of the machinery of the cell cycle and impaired neurogenesis, must hold our interest. Therefore, in the present review, we propose to discuss the underlying mechanisms of action of melatonin in regulating the circadian rhythm, cell cycle components and adult neurogenesis in the context of AD pathogenesis with the view that it might further assist to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Shukla
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Present Address: Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 10210, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France
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5
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Ramón-Landreau M, Sánchez-Puelles C, López-Sánchez N, Lozano-Ureña A, Llabrés-Mas AM, Frade JM. E2F4DN Transgenic Mice: A Tool for the Evaluation of E2F4 as a Therapeutic Target in Neuropathology and Brain Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012093. [PMID: 36292945 PMCID: PMC9603043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F4 was initially described as a transcription factor with a key function in the regulation of cell quiescence. Nevertheless, a number of recent studies have established that E2F4 can also play a relevant role in cell and tissue homeostasis, as well as tissue regeneration. For these non-canonical functions, E2F4 can also act in the cytoplasm, where it is able to interact with many homeostatic and synaptic regulators. Since E2F4 is expressed in the nervous system, it may fulfill a crucial role in brain function and homeostasis, being a promising multifactorial target for neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging. The regulation of E2F4 is complex, as it can be chemically modified through acetylation, from which we present evidence in the brain, as well as methylation, and phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of E2F4 within a conserved threonine motif induces cell cycle re-entry in neurons, while a dominant negative form of E2F4 (E2F4DN), in which the conserved threonines have been substituted by alanines, has been shown to act as a multifactorial therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We generated transgenic mice neuronally expressing E2F4DN. We have recently shown using this mouse strain that expression of E2F4DN in 5xFAD mice, a known murine model of AD, improved cognitive function, reduced neuronal tetraploidization, and induced a transcriptional program consistent with modulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide proteostasis and brain homeostasis recovery. 5xFAD/E2F4DN mice also showed reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at 3-6 months of age. Here, we analyzed the immune response in 1 year-old 5xFAD/E2F4DN mice, concluding that reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis is maintained at this late stage. In addition, the expression of E2F4DN also reduced age-associated microgliosis in wild-type mice, thus stressing its role as a brain homeostatic agent. We conclude that E2F4DN transgenic mice represent a promising tool for the evaluation of E2F4 as a therapeutic target in neuropathology and brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ramón-Landreau
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Puelles
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia López-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Lozano-Ureña
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina M. Llabrés-Mas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Frade
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Cajal International Neuroscience Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, UAH Science and Technology Campus, Avenida León 1, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-585-4740
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6
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Gupta R, Jha A, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Regulatory mechanism of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in post-mitotic neuronal cell division. Life Sci 2021; 285:120006. [PMID: 34606852 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are the most common life-threatening disease of the central nervous system and it cause the progressive loss of neuronal cells. The exact mechanism of the disease's progression is not clear and thus line of treatment for NDDs is a baffling issue. During the progression of NDDs, oxidative stress and DNA damage play an important regulatory function, and ultimately induces neurodegeneration. Recently, aberrant cell cycle events have been demonstrated in the progression of different NDDs. However, the pertinent role of signaling mechanism, for instance, post-translational modifications, oxidative stress, DNA damage response pathway, JNK/p38 MAPK, MEK/ERK cascade, actively participated in the aberrant cell cycle reentry induced neuronal cell death. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that aberrant cell cycle re-entry is a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of NDDs rather than a secondary phenomenon. In the brain of AD patients with mild cognitive impairment, post miotic cell division can be seen in the early stage of the disease. However, in the brain of PD patients, response to various neurotoxic signals, the cell cycle re-entry has been observed that causes neuronal apoptosis. On contrary, the contributing factors that leads to the induction of cell cycle events in mature neurons in HD and ALS brain pathology is remain unclear. Various pharmacological drugs have been developed to reduce the pathogenesis of NDDs, but they are still not helpful in eliminating the cause of these NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India
| | - Ankita Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India.
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7
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Viejo L, Noori A, Merrill E, Das S, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A. Systematic review of human post-mortem immunohistochemical studies and bioinformatics analyses unveil the complexity of astrocyte reaction in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 48:e12753. [PMID: 34297416 PMCID: PMC8766893 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Reactive astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have traditionally been demonstrated by increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity; however, astrocyte reaction is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon involving multiple astrocyte functions beyond cytoskeletal remodelling. To better understand astrocyte reaction in AD, we conducted a systematic review of astrocyte immunohistochemical studies in post-mortem AD brains followed by bioinformatics analyses on the extracted reactive astrocyte markers. METHODS NCBI PubMed, APA PsycInfo and WoS-SCIE databases were interrogated for original English research articles with the search terms 'Alzheimer's disease' AND 'astrocytes.' Bioinformatics analyses included protein-protein interaction network analysis, pathway enrichment, and transcription factor enrichment, as well as comparison with public human -omics datasets. RESULTS A total of 306 articles meeting eligibility criteria rendered 196 proteins, most of which were reported to be upregulated in AD vs control brains. Besides cytoskeletal remodelling (e.g., GFAP), bioinformatics analyses revealed a wide range of functional alterations including neuroinflammation (e.g., IL6, MAPK1/3/8 and TNF), oxidative stress and antioxidant defence (e.g., MT1A/2A, NFE2L2, NOS1/2/3, PRDX6 and SOD1/2), lipid metabolism (e.g., APOE, CLU and LRP1), proteostasis (e.g., cathepsins, CRYAB and HSPB1/2/6/8), extracellular matrix organisation (e.g., CD44, MMP1/3 and SERPINA3), and neurotransmission (e.g., CHRNA7, GABA, GLUL, GRM5, MAOB and SLC1A2), among others. CTCF and ESR1 emerged as potential transcription factors driving these changes. Comparison with published -omics datasets validated our results, demonstrating a significant overlap with reported transcriptomic and proteomic changes in AD brains and/or CSF. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review of the neuropathological literature reveals the complexity of AD reactive astrogliosis. We have shared these findings as an online resource available at www.astrocyteatlas.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Viejo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ayush Noori
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA.,MIND Data Science Lab, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Emily Merrill
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,MIND Data Science Lab, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,MIND Data Science Lab, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Gil L, Niño SA, Capdeville G, Jiménez-Capdeville ME. Aging and Alzheimer's disease connection: Nuclear Tau and lamin A. Neurosci Lett 2021; 749:135741. [PMID: 33610669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related pathologies like Alzheimer`s disease (AD) imply cellular responses directed towards repairing DNA damage. Postmitotic neurons show progressive accumulation of oxidized DNA during decades of brain aging, which is especially remarkable in AD brains. The characteristic cytoskeletal pathology of AD neurons is brought about by the progressive changes that neurons undergo throughout aging, and their irreversible nuclear transformation initiates the disease. This review focusses on critical molecular events leading to the loss of plasticity that underlies cognitive deficits in AD. During healthy neuronal aging, nuclear Tau participates in the regulation of the structure and function of the chromatin. The aberrant cell cycle reentry initiated for DNA repair triggers a cascade of events leading to the dysfunctional AD neuron, whereby Tau protein exits the nucleus leading to chromatin disorganization. Lamin A, which is not typically expressed in neurons, appears at the transformation from senile to AD neurons and contributes to halting the consequences of cell cycle reentry and nuclear Tau exit, allowing the survival of the neuron. Nevertheless, this irreversible nuclear transformation alters the nucleic acid and protein synthesis machinery as well as the nuclear lamina and cytoskeleton structures, leading to neurofibrillary tangles formation and final neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gil
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad "Alfonso X el Sabio", Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra A Niño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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9
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Barrett T, Stangis KA, Saito T, Saido T, Park KH. Neuronal Cell Cycle Re-Entry Enhances Neuropathological Features in AppNLF Knock-In Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1683-1702. [PMID: 34219712 PMCID: PMC8461670 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant cell cycle re-entry is a well-documented process occurring early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is an early feature of the disease and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of forced neuronal cell cycle re-entry in mice expressing humanized Aβ, we crossed our neuronal cell cycle re-entry mouse model with AppNLF knock-in (KI) mice. METHODS Our neuronal cell cycle re-entry (NCCR) mouse model is bitransgenic mice heterozygous for both Camk2a-tTA and TRE-SV40T. The NCCR mice were crossed with AppNLF KI mice to generate NCCR-AppNLF animals. Using this tet-off system, we triggered NCCR in our animals via neuronal expression of SV40T starting at 1 month of age. The animals were examined at the following time points: 9, 12, and 18 months of age. Various neuropathological features in our mice were evaluated by image analysis and stereology on brain sections stained using either immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We show that neuronal cell cycle re-entry in humanized Aβ plaque producing AppNLF KI mice results in the development of additional AD-related pathologies, namely, pathological tau, neuroinflammation, brain leukocyte infiltration, DNA damage response, and neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION Our findings show that neuronal cell cycle re-entry enhances AD-related neuropathological features in AppNLF mice and highlight our unique AD mouse model for studying the pathogenic role of aberrant cell cycle re-entry in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Barrett
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | | | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kevin H.J. Park
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Goodnight AV, Kremsky I, Khampang S, Jung YH, Billingsley JM, Bosinger SE, Corces VG, Chan AWS. Chromatin accessibility and transcription dynamics during in vitro astrocyte differentiation of Huntington's Disease Monkey pluripotent stem cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:67. [PMID: 31722751 PMCID: PMC6852955 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's Disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion, resulting in a mutant huntingtin protein. While it is now clear that astrocytes are affected by HD and significantly contribute to neuronal dysfunction and pathogenesis, the alterations in the transcriptional and epigenetic profiles in HD astrocytes have yet to be characterized. Here, we examine global transcription and chromatin accessibility dynamics during in vitro astrocyte differentiation in a transgenic non-human primate model of HD. RESULTS We found global changes in accessibility and transcription across different stages of HD pluripotent stem cell differentiation, with distinct trends first observed in neural progenitor cells (NPCs), once cells have committed to a neural lineage. Transcription of p53 signaling and cell cycle pathway genes was highly impacted during differentiation, with depletion in HD NPCs and upregulation in HD astrocytes. E2F target genes also displayed this inverse expression pattern, and strong associations between E2F target gene expression and accessibility at nearby putative enhancers were observed. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that chromatin accessibility and transcription are altered throughout in vitro HD astrocyte differentiation and provide evidence that E2F dysregulation contributes to aberrant cell-cycle re-entry and apoptosis throughout the progression from NPCs to astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Goodnight
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 1462 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Isaac Kremsky
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sujittra Khampang
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Yoon Hee Jung
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James M Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor G Corces
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 1462 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Anthony W S Chan
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 1462 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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11
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McGrory CL, Ryan KM, Kolshus E, McLoughlin DM. Peripheral blood E2F1 mRNA in depression and following electroconvulsive therapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:380-385. [PMID: 30365982 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors are a group of proteins that bind to the promotor region of the adenovirus E2 gene. E2F1, the first family member to be cloned, is linked to functions including cell proliferation and apoptosis, DNA repair, cell senescence and metabolism. We recently performed a deep sequencing study of micro-RNA changes in whole blood following ECT. Two micro-RNAs (miR-126-3p and miR-106a-5p) were identified and gene targeting analysis identified E2F1 as a shared target of these miRNAs. To our knowledge, no studies have examined E2F1 mRNA levels in patients with depression. Peripheral blood E2F1 mRNA levels were therefore examined in patients with depression, compared to healthy controls, and the effects of a course of ECT on peripheral blood E2F1 mRNA was investigated. Depressed patient and healthy control groups were balanced on the basis of age and sex. E2F1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in depressed patients in comparison to controls (p = .009) but did not change with ECT. There was no relationship between baseline E2F1 levels and depression severity, response to treatment, presence of psychosis or polarity of depression. There were no significant correlations between E2F1 levels and mood scores based on the HAM-D24. These results indicate that reduced peripheral blood E2F1 mRNA could be a trait feature of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L McGrory
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Erik Kolshus
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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12
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Jackson DP, Ting JH, Pozniak PD, Meurice C, Schleidt SS, Dao A, Lee AH, Klinman E, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Identification and characterization of two novel alternatively spliced E2F1 transcripts in the rat CNS. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 92:1-11. [PMID: 29936143 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F1 is a transcription factor classically known to regulate G0/G1 to S phase progression in the cell cycle. In addition, E2F1 also regulates a wide range of apoptotic genes and thus has been well studied in the context of neuronal death and neurodegenerative diseases. However, its function and regulation in the mature central nervous system are not well understood. Alternative splicing is a well-conserved post-transcriptional mechanism common in cells of the CNS and is necessary to generate diverse functional modifications to RNA or protein products from genes. Heretofore, physiologically significant alternatively spliced E2F1 transcripts have not been reported. In the present study, we report the identification of two novel alternatively spliced E2F1 transcripts: E2F1b, an E2F1 transcript retaining intron 5, and E2F1c, an E2F1 transcript excluding exon 6. These alternatively spliced transcripts are observed in the brain and neural cell types including neurons, astrocytes, and undifferentiated oligodendrocytes. The expression of these E2F1 transcripts is distinct during maturation of primary hippocampal neuroglial cells. Pharmacologically-induced global translation inhibition with cycloheximide, anisomycin or thapsigargin lead to significantly reduced expression of E2F1a, E2F1b and E2F1c. Conversely, increasing neuronal activity by elevating the concentration of potassium chloride selectively increased the expression of E2F1b. Furthermore, experiments expressing these variants in vitro show the transcripts can be translated to generate a protein product. Taken together, our data suggest that the alternatively spliced E2F1 transcript behave differently than the E2F1a transcript, and our results provide a foundation for future investigation of the function of E2F1 splice variants in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P Jackson
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jenhao H Ting
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul D Pozniak
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Claire Meurice
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie S Schleidt
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anh Dao
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amy H Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eva Klinman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Ohki EC, Langan TJ, Rodgers KR, Chou RC. Non-aggregated Aβ25-35 Upregulates Primary Astrocyte Proliferation In Vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:301. [PMID: 29033790 PMCID: PMC5626946 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a peptide cleaved from amyloid precursor protein that contributes to the formation of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The relationship between Aβ and astrocyte proliferation in AD remains controversial. Despite pathological findings of increased astrocytic mitosis in AD brains, in vitro studies show an inhibitory effect of Aβ on astrocyte proliferation. In this study, we determined the effect of an active fragment of Aβ (Aβ25-35) on the cell cycle progression of primary rat astrocytes. We found that Aβ25-35 (0.3–1.0 μg/ml) enhanced astrocyte proliferation in vitro in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Increased DNA synthesis by Aβ25-35 was observed during the S phase of the astrocyte cell cycle, as indicated by proliferation kinetics and bromodeoxyuridine immunocytochemical staining. Aggregation of Aβ25-35 abolished the upregulatory effect of Aβ on astrocyte proliferation. Further examination indicated that Aβ25-35 affected astrocyte proliferation during early or mid-G1 phase but had no effect on DNA synthesis at the peak of S phase. These results provide insight into the relationship between Aβ25-35 and astrocyte cell cycling in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise C Ohki
- Department of Interdisciplinary Natural Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Langan
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, New York State Center of Excellence Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kyla R Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Richard C Chou
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
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14
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López-Sánchez N, Fontán-Lozano Á, Pallé A, González-Álvarez V, Rábano A, Trejo JL, Frade JM. Neuronal tetraploidization in the cerebral cortex correlates with reduced cognition in mice and precedes and recapitulates Alzheimer's-associated neuropathology. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:50-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Sharma R, Kumar D, Jha NK, Jha SK, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Re-expression of cell cycle markers in aged neurons and muscles: Whether cells should divide or die? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:324-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Network Topology Analysis of Post-Mortem Brain Microarrays Identifies More Alzheimer's Related Genes and MicroRNAs and Points to Novel Routes for Fighting with the Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144052. [PMID: 26784894 PMCID: PMC4718516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Network-based approaches are powerful and beneficial tools to study complex systems in their entirety, elucidating the essential factors that turn the multitude of individual elements into a functional system. In this study we used critical network topology descriptors and guilt-by-association rule to explore and understand the significant molecular players, drug targets and underlying biological mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease. Analyzing two post-mortem brain gene microarrays (GSE4757 and GSE28146) with Pathway Studio software package we constructed and analyzed a set of protein-protein interaction, as well as miRNA-target networks. In a 4-step procedure the expression datasets were normalized using Robust Multi-array Average approach, while the modulation of gene expression by the disease was statistically evaluated by the empirical Bayes method from the limma Bioconductor package. Representative set of 214 seed-genes (p<0.01) common for the three brain sections of the two microarrays was thus created. The Pathway Studio analysis of the networks built identified 15 new potential AD-related genes and 17 novel AD-involved microRNAs. Using KEGG pathways relevant in Alzheimer’s disease we built an integrated mechanistic network from the interactions between the overlapping genes in these pathways. Routes of possible disease initiation process were thus revealed through the CD4, DCN, and IL8 extracellular ligands. DAVID and IPA enrichment analysis uncovered a number of deregulated biological processes and pathways including neuron projection/differentiation, aging, oxidative stress, chemokine/ neurotrophin signaling, long-term potentiation and others. The findings in this study offer information of interest for subsequent experimental studies.
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17
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Hradek AC, Lee HP, Siedlak SL, Torres SL, Jung W, Han AH, Lee HG. Distinct chronology of neuronal cell cycle re-entry and tau pathology in the 3xTg-AD mouse model and Alzheimer's disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 43:57-65. [PMID: 25061053 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has emerged as an important pathological mechanism in the progression of the disease. This appearance of cell cycle related proteins has been linked to tau pathology in AD, but the causal and temporal relationship between the two is not completely clear. In this study, we found that hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (ppRb), a key regulator for G1/S transition, is correlated with a late marker for hyperphosphorylation of tau but not with other early markers for tau alteration in the 3xTg-AD mouse model. However, in AD brains, ppRb can colocalize with both early and later markers for tau alterations, and can often be found singly in many degenerating neurons, indicating the distinct development of pathology between the 3xTg-AD mouse model and human AD patients. The conclusions of this study are two-fold. First, our findings clearly demonstrate the pathological link between the aberrant cell cycle re-entry and tau pathology. Second, the chronological pattern of cell cycle re-entry with tau pathology in the 3xTg-AD mouse is different compared to AD patients suggesting the distinct pathogenic mechanism between the animal AD model and human AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Hradek
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hyun-Pil Lee
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sandy L Torres
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wooyoung Jung
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ashley H Han
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hyoung-gon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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18
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Wang X, Xu Y, Zhu H, Ma C, Dai X, Qin C. Downregulated microRNA-222 is correlated with increased p27Kip¹ expression in a double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7687-92. [PMID: 26398571 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of endogenous non-coding small RNAs that regulate protein expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of target genes. miRNAs are abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and participate in neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity. However, the possible roles and associated target genes of miRNAs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are largely unknown. In the current study, miR‑222 was observed to be downregulated in APPswe/PSΔE9 mice (a model for AD) compared with age‑matched controls. Furthermore, the downregulation of miR‑222 was correlated with increased p27Kip1 protein levels. Bioinformatic analysis showed that there was one highly‑conserved putative binding site for miR‑222 in the 3'‑UTR of p27Kip1. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that p27Kip1 was a direct target of miR‑222. Consistently, there was an inverse correlation between p27Kip1 and miR‑222 expression levels in SH‑SY5Y cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that the abnormal expression of miR‑222 may contribute to dysregulation of the cell‑cycle in AD, at least in part by affecting the expression of p27Kip1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Dai
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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19
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Silva ART, Santos ACF, Farfel JM, Grinberg LT, Ferretti REL, Campos AHJFM, Cunha IW, Begnami MD, Rocha RM, Carraro DM, de Bragança Pereira CA, Jacob-Filho W, Brentani H. Repair of oxidative DNA damage, cell-cycle regulation and neuronal death may influence the clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99897. [PMID: 24936870 PMCID: PMC4061071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline associated with a featured neuropathology (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles). Several studies have implicated oxidative damage to DNA, DNA repair, and altered cell-cycle regulation in addition to cell death in AD post-mitotic neurons. However, there is a lack of studies that systematically assess those biological processes in patients with AD neuropathology but with no evidence of cognitive impairment. We evaluated markers of oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG, H2AX), DNA repair (p53, BRCA1, PTEN), and cell-cycle (Cdk1, Cdk4, Cdk5, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, p27Kip1, phospho-Rb and E2F1) through immunohistochemistry and cell death through TUNEL in autopsy hippocampal tissue samples arrayed in a tissue microarray (TMA) composed of three groups: I) “clinical-pathological AD” (CP-AD) - subjects with neuropathological AD (Braak≥IV and CERAD = B or C) and clinical dementia (CDR≥2, IQCODE>3.8); II) “pathological AD” (P-AD) - subjects with neuropathological AD (Braak≥IV and CERAD = B or C) and without cognitive impairment (CDR 0, IQCODE<3.2); and III) “normal aging” (N) - subjects without neuropathological AD (Braak≤II and CERAD 0 or A) and with normal cognitive function (CDR 0, IQCODE<3.2). Our results show that high levels of oxidative DNA damage are present in all groups. However, significant reductions in DNA repair and cell-cycle inhibition markers and increases in cell-cycle progression and cell death markers in subjects with CP-AD were detected when compared to both P-AD and N groups, whereas there were no significant differences in the studied markers between P-AD individuals and N subjects. This study indicates that, even in the setting of pathological AD, healthy cognition may be associated with a preserved repair to DNA damage, cell-cycle regulation, and cell death in post-mitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal R. T. Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Feio Santos
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose M. Farfel
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Renata E. L. Ferretti
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rafael M. Rocha
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirce M. Carraro
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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20
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Ting JH, Marks DR, Schleidt SS, Wu JN, Zyskind JW, Lindl KA, Blendy JA, Pierce RC, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Targeted gene mutation of E2F1 evokes age-dependent synaptic disruption and behavioral deficits. J Neurochem 2014; 129:850-63. [PMID: 24460902 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression and activation of the cell cycle protein E2F1 in neurons has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. As a transcription factor regulating G1 to S phase progression in proliferative cells, E2F1 is often up-regulated and activated in models of neuronal death. However, despite its well-studied functions in neuronal death, little is known regarding the role of E2F1 in the mature brain. In this study, we used a combined approach to study the effect of E2F1 gene disruption on mouse behavior and brain biochemistry. We identified significant age-dependent olfactory and memory-related deficits in E2f1 mutant mice. In addition, we found that E2F1 exhibits punctated staining and localizes closely to the synapse. Furthermore, we found a mirroring age-dependent loss of post-synaptic protein-95 in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb as well as a global loss of several other synaptic proteins. Coincidently, E2F1 expression is significantly elevated at the ages, in which behavioral and synaptic perturbations were observed. Finally, we show that deficits in adult neurogenesis persist late in aged E2f1 mutant mice which may partially contribute to the behavior phenotypes. Taken together, our data suggest that the disruption of E2F1 function leads to specific age-dependent behavioral deficits and synaptic perturbations. E2F1 is a transcription factor regulating cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Although E2F1 dysregulation under toxic conditions can lead to neuronal death, little is known about its physiologic activity in the healthy brain. Here, we report significant age-dependent olfactory and memory deficits in mice with dysfunctional E2F1. Coincident with these behavioral changes, we also found age-matched synaptic disruption and persisting reduction in adult neurogenesis. Our study demonstrates that E2F1 contributes to physiologic brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenhao H Ting
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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MiR-26b, upregulated in Alzheimer's disease, activates cell cycle entry, tau-phosphorylation, and apoptosis in postmitotic neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33:14645-59. [PMID: 24027266 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1327-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) functions in the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are only beginning to emerge. We have observed significantly elevated levels of a specific miRNA, miR-26b, in the defined pathological areas of human postmortem brains, starting from early stages of AD (Braak III). Ectopic overexpression of miR-26b in rat primary postmitotic neurons led to the DNA replication and aberrant cell cycle entry (CCE) and, in parallel, increased tau-phosphorylation, which culminated in the apoptotic cell death of neurons. Similar tau hyperphosphorylation and CCE are typical features of neurons in pre-AD brains. Sequence-specific inhibition of miR-26b in culture is neuroprotective against oxidative stress. Retinoblastoma protein (Rb1), a major tumor suppressor, appears as the key direct miR-26b target, which mediates the observed neuronal phenotypes. The downstream signaling involves upregulation of Rb1/E2F cell cycle and pro-apoptotic transcriptional targets, including cyclin E1, and corresponding downregulation of cell cycle inhibitor p27/Kip1. It further leads to nuclear export and activation of Cdk5, a major kinase implicated in tau phosphorylation, regulation of cell cycle, and death in postmitotic neurons. Therefore, upregulation of miR-26b in neurons causes pleiotropic phenotypes that are also observed in AD. Elevated levels of miR-26b may thus contribute to the AD neuronal pathology.
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22
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Colacurcio DJ, Yeager A, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Akay C. Calpain-mediated degradation of MDMx/MDM4 contributes to HIV-induced neuronal damage. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 57:54-62. [PMID: 24128662 PMCID: PMC3868345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal damage in HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) has been linked to inflammation induced by soluble factors released by HIV-infected, and non-infected, activated macrophages/microglia (HIV M/M) in the brain. It has been suggested that aberrant neuronal cell cycle activation determines cell fate in response to these toxic factors. We have previously shown increased expression of cell cycle proteins such as E2F1 and phosphorylated pRb in HAND midfrontal cortex in vivo and in primary neurons exposed to HIV M/M supernatants in vitro. In addition, we have previously shown that MDMx (also referred to as MDM4), a negative regulator of E2F1, was decreased in the brain in a primate model of HIV-induced CNS neurodegeneration. Thus, we hypothesized that MDMx provides indirect neuroprotection from HIV-induced neurodegeneration in our in vitro model. In this report, we found significant reductions in MDMx protein levels in the mid-frontal cortex of patients with HAND. In addition, treatment of primary rat neuroglial cultures with HIV M/M led to NMDA receptor- and calpain-dependent degradation of MDMx and decreased neuronal survival, while overexpression of MDMx conferred partial protection from HIV M/M toxicity in vitro. Further, our results demonstrate that MDMx is a novel and direct calpain substrate. Finally, blocking MDMx activity led to neuronal death in vitro in the absence of toxic stimulus, which was reversed by calpain inhibition. Overall, our results indicate that MDMx plays a pro-survival role in neurons, and that strategies to stabilize and/or induce MDMx can provide neuroprotection in HAND and in other neurodegenerative diseases where calpain activation contributes to neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Colacurcio
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 312 Levy Building, 240 South 40 Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Alyssa Yeager
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 280C Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dennis L. Kolson
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 280C Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 312 Levy Building, 240 South 40 Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Cagla Akay
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 312 Levy Building, 240 South 40 Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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23
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Bhaskar K, Maphis N, Xu G, Varvel NH, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Weick JP, Staugaitis SM, Cardona A, Ransohoff RM, Herrup K, Lamb BT. Microglial derived tumor necrosis factor-α drives Alzheimer's disease-related neuronal cell cycle events. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:273-85. [PMID: 24141019 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive neuronal loss is a key pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms are still unclear. Here we demonstrate that neuroinflammation, cell autonomous to microglia, is capable of inducing neuronal cell cycle events (CCEs), which are toxic for terminally differentiated neurons. First, oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide (AβO)-mediated microglial activation induced neuronal CCEs via the tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and the c-Jun Kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Second, adoptive transfer of CD11b+ microglia from AD transgenic mice (R1.40) induced neuronal cyclin D1 expression via TNFα signaling pathway. Third, genetic deficiency of TNFα in R1.40 mice (R1.40-Tnfα(-/-)) failed to induce neuronal CCEs. Finally, the mitotically active neurons spatially co-exist with F4/80+ activated microglia in the human AD brain and that a portion of these neurons are apoptotic. Together our data suggest a cell-autonomous role of microglia, and identify TNFα as the responsible cytokine, in promoting neuronal CCEs in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Nicole Maphis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Guixiang Xu
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Nicholas H Varvel
- Department of Cellular Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Jason P Weick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, MSC08 4740, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Susan M Staugaitis
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Astrid Cardona
- Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, West Campus/Tobin lab MBT 1.216, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Nelson Hall, Busch Campus, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A, Ojala J, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Impaired autophagy and APP processing in Alzheimer's disease: The potential role of Beclin 1 interactome. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 106-107:33-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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MicroRNAs and the Regulation of Tau Metabolism. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:406561. [PMID: 22720189 PMCID: PMC3374946 DOI: 10.1155/2012/406561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal regulation of tau phosphorylation and/or alternative splicing is associated with the development of a large (>20) group of neurodegenerative disorders collectively known as tauopathies, the most common being Alzheimer's disease. Despite intensive research, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that participate in the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of endogenous tau, especially in neurons. Recently, we showed that mice lacking Dicer in the forebrain displayed progressive neurodegeneration accompanied by disease-like changes in tau phosphorylation and splicing. Dicer is a key enzyme in the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that function as part of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to repress gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. We identified miR-16 and miR-132 as putative endogenous modulators of neuronal tau phosphorylation and tau exon 10 splicing, respectively. Interestingly, these miRNAs have been implicated in cell survival and function, whereas changes in miR-16/132 levels correlate with tau pathology in human neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, understanding how miRNA networks influence tau metabolism and possibly other biological systems might provide important clues into the molecular causes of tauopathies, particularly the more common but less understood sporadic forms.
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26
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MicroRNAs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:285-90. [PMID: 22285895 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder and is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Accumulating evidence in AD research suggests that alterations in the microRNA (miRNA) network could contribute to risk for the disease. miRNAs are conserved small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and are essential for neuronal function and survival. The results from recent profiling experiments in humans suggest that a number of specific miRNAs are misregulated in disease conditions, several of which have been implicated in the regulation of key genes involved in AD, including APP, BACE1 and MAPT. Moreover, rare disease-specific polymorphisms have been identified in known and putative miRNA target sites located within the 3'untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of APP and BACE1 genes. Here, we review current findings regarding miRNA research in humans and various cellular and animal models to provide a strong basis for future research aimed at understanding the potential contribution of miRNAs to AD pathophysiology.
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Yu Y, Ren QG, Zhang ZH, Zhou K, Yu ZY, Luo X, Wang W. Phospho-Rb mediating cell cycle reentry induces early apoptosis following oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat cortical neurons. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:503-11. [PMID: 22037842 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cell cycle reentry and apoptosis in cultured cortical neurons following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). We found that the percentage of neurons with BrdU uptake, TUNEL staining, and colocalized BrdU uptake and TUNEL staining was increased relative to control 6, 12 and 24 h after 1 h of OGD. The number of neurons with colocalized BrdU and TUNEL staining was decreased relative to the number of TUNEL-positive neurons at 24 h. The expression of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (phospho-Rb) was significantly increased 6, 12 and 24 h after OGD, parallel with the changes in BrdU uptake. Phospho-Rb and TUNEL staining were colocalized in neurons 6 and 12 h after OGD. This colocalization was strikingly decreased 24 h after OGD. Treatment with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine (100 μM) decreased the expression of phospho-Rb and reduced neuronal apoptosis in vitro. These results demonstrated that attempted cell cycle reentry with phosphorylation of Rb induce early apoptosis in neurons after OGD and there must be other mechanisms involved in the later stages of neuronal apoptosis besides cell cycle reentry. Phosphoralated Rb may be an important factor which closely associates aberrant cell cycle reentry with the early stages of neuronal apoptosis following ischemia/hypoxia in vitro, and pharmacological interventions for neuroprotection may be useful directed at this keypoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China
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28
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Folch J, Junyent F, Verdaguer E, Auladell C, Pizarro JG, Beas-Zarate C, Pallàs M, Camins A. Role of Cell Cycle Re-Entry in Neurons: A Common Apoptotic Mechanism of Neuronal Cell Death. Neurotox Res 2011; 22:195-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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The cell cycle regulator phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein is associated with tau pathology in several tauopathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:578-87. [PMID: 21666500 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182204414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a ubiquitous 928-amino acid cell cycle regulatory molecule with diverse biologic activities. One critical function of pRb is the control of the G1-to-S phase checkpoint of the cell cycle. In the hypophosphorylated state, pRb suppresses the activity of E2F transcription factors thereby inhibiting transcription of cell cycle-promoting genes. On phosphorylation, primarily by cyclin-dependent kinases, phosphorylated pRb dissociates from E2F and permits cell cycle progression. We previously found phosphorylated pRb to be intimately associated with hyperphosphorylated tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer disease (AD), the pathogenesis of which is believed to involve dysregulation of the cell cycle and marked neuronal death. Here, we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the presence of phosphorylated pRb in other distinct neurodegenerative diseases that share the common characteristic of hyperphosphorylated tau pathology and neuronal loss with AD.We found colocalized labeling of tau pathology and phosphorylated pRb in Pick disease and progressive supranuclear palsy (3 cases each), neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1 (2 cases), and Parkinson-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of Guam, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, and dementia pugilistica (1 case each). These observations further implicate aberrant neuronal cell cycle progression in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly tauopathies, and suggest a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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30
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Ye W, Blain SW. Chk1 has an essential role in the survival of differentiated cortical neurons in the absence of DNA damage. Apoptosis 2011; 16:449-59. [PMID: 21336968 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal death in the central nervous system contributes to the development of age-related neurodegeneration. The ATR/Chk1 pathway appears to function neuroprotectively to prevent DNA damage induced by cytotoxic agents. Here, we examine the function of Chk1 on cell viability of cortical neurons in the absence of additional DNA damaging stimuli. The Chk1-specific inhibitor, UCN-01, and the ATR inhibitor, Caffeine, cause neuronal apoptosis in differentiated neurons in the absence of additional treatment, whereas inhibition of ATM or Chk2, does not. UCN-01 treatment increased the detection of γ-H2AX phosphorylation, DNA strand breaks, and an activated p53-dependent DNA damage response (DDR), suggesting that Chk1 normally helps to maintain genomic stability. UCN-01 treatment also enhanced the apoptosis seen in neurons treated with DNA damaging agents, such as camptothecin (CPT). Our results indicate that Chk1 is essential for neuronal survival, and perturbation of this pathway increases a cell's sensitivity to naturally accumulating DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, 12003, USA
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31
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Abstract
Neurological disease, and in particular neurodegenerative diseases, cause significant burdens on both patient and healthcare costs. Despite extensive research, treatment options for patients with these conditions remain limited, and generally, only provide modest symptomatic relief. Aberrant epigenetic post-translational modifications of proteins are emerging as important elements in the pathogenesis of neurological disease. Using Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease as examples in the following article, some of latest data linking both the histone code and the various proteins that regulate this code to the pathogenesis of neurological disease are discussed. The current evidence suggesting that pharmacologically targeting one such family, the histone deacetylases, may be of potential benefit in the treatment of such diseases is also discussed. Finally, some of the potential mechanisms to specifically target these proteins within the neurological setting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Gray
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
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32
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Akay C, Lindl KA, Wang Y, White MG, Isaacman-Beck J, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Site-specific hyperphosphorylation of pRb in HIV-induced neurotoxicity. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:154-65. [PMID: 21504794 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) remains a serious complication of HIV infection, despite combined Anti-Retroviral Therapy (cART). Neuronal dysfunction and death are attributed to soluble factors released from activated and/or HIV-infected macrophages. Most of these factors affect the cell cycle machinery, determining cellular outcomes even in the absence of cell division. One of the earliest events in cell cycle activation is hyperphosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, pRb (ppRb). We and others have previously shown increased ppRb expression in the CNS of patients with HIV encephalitis (HIVE) and in neurons in an in vitro model of HIV-induced neurodegeneration. However, trophic factors also lead to an increase in neuronal ppRb with an absence of cell death, suggesting that, depending on the stimulus, hyperphosphorylation of pRb can have different outcomes on neuronal fate. pRb has multiple serines and threonines targeted for phosphorylation by distinct kinases, and we hypothesized that different stimuli may target separate sites for phosphorylation. Thus, to determine whether pRb is differentially phosphorylated in response to different stimuli and whether any of these sites is preferentially phosphorylated in association with HIV-induced neurotoxicity, we treated primary rat mixed cortical cultures with trophic factors, BDNF or RANTES, or with the neurotoxic factor, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), or with supernatants containing factors secreted by HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (HIV-MDM), our in vitro model of HIV-induced neurodegeneration. We found that, while BDNF and RANTES phosphorylated serine807/811 and serine608 in vitro, treatment with HIV-MDM did not, even though these trophic factors are components of HIV-MDM. Rather, HIV-MDM targets a specific phosphorylation site, serine795, of pRb for phosphorylation in vitro and this ppRb isoform is also increased in HIV-infected brains in vivo. Further, overexpression of a nonphosphorylatable pRb (ppRb S795A) attenuated HIV-MDM-induced neurotoxicity. These findings indicate that HIV-infection in the brain is associated with site-specific hyperphosphorylation of pRb at serine795, which is not induced by other tested stimuli, and that this phosphorylation contributes to neuronal death in this disease, demonstrating that specific pRb sites are differentially targeted and may have diverse impacts on the viability of post-mitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Akay
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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33
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Yap YW, Chen MJ, Choy MS, Peng ZF, Whiteman M, Manikandan J, Melendez AJ, Cheung NS. Temporal transcriptomic profiling reveals cellular targets that govern survival in HOCl-mediated neuronal apoptosis. Life Sci 2010; 87:457-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Casadesus G, Puig ER, Webber KM, Atwood CS, Escuer MC, Bowen RL, Perry G, Smith MA. Targeting gonadotropins: an alternative option for Alzheimer disease treatment. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2006:39508. [PMID: 17047306 PMCID: PMC1559918 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/39508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that, alongside oxidative stress, dysregulation of the cell cycle in neurons susceptible to degeneration in Alzheimer disease may play a crucial role in the initiation of the disease. As such, the role of reproductive hormones, which are closely associated with the cell cycle both during development and after birth, may be of key import. While estrogen has been the primary focus, the protective effects of hormone replacement therapy on cognition and dementia only during a “crucial period” led us to expand the study of hormonal influences to other members of the hypothalamic pituitary axis. Specifically, in this review, we focus on luteinizing hormone, which is not only increased in the sera of patients with Alzheimer disease but, like estrogen, is modulated by hormone replacement therapy and also influences cognitive behavior and pathogenic processing in animal models of the disease. Targeting gonadotropins may be a useful treatment strategy for disease targeting multiple pleiotropic downstream consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Casadesus
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Emma Ramiro Puig
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Kate M. Webber
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Craig S. Atwood
- School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Administration, Madison, WI 53705,
USA
| | - Margarida Castell Escuer
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - George Perry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark A. Smith
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- *Mark A. Smith:
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E2F1 localizes predominantly to neuronal cytoplasm and fails to induce expression of its transcriptional targets in human immunodeficiency virus-induced neuronal damage. Neurosci Lett 2010; 479:97-101. [PMID: 20580656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not induce neuronal damage by direct infection, the mechanisms of neuronal damage or loss in HIV-associated dementia (HAD) remain unclear. We have shown previously that immunoreactivity of transcription factor, E2F1, increases in neurons, localizing predominantly to the cytoplasm, in HIV-associated pathologies. Here we confirm that E2F1 localization is predominantly cytoplasmic in primary postmitotic neurons in vitro and cortical neurons in vivo. To determine whether E2F1 contributes to neuronal death in HAD via transactivation of target promoters, we assessed the mRNA and protein levels of several classical E2F1 transcriptional targets implicated in cell cycle progression and apoptosis in an in vitro model of HIV-induced neurotoxicity and in cortical autopsy tissue from patients infected with HIV. By Q-PCR, we show that mRNA levels of E2F1 transcriptional targets implicated in cell cycle progression (E2F1, Cyclin A, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and dyhydrofolate reductase (DHFR)) and apoptosis (caspases 3, 8, 9 and p19(ARF)) remain unchanged in an in vitro model of HIV-induced neurotoxicity. Further, we show that protein levels of p19(ARF), Cyclin A, and PCNA are not altered in vitro or in the cortex of patients with HAD. We propose that the predominantly cytoplasmic localization of E2F1 in neurons may account for the lack of E2F1 target transactivation in neurons responding to HIV-induced neurotoxicity.
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36
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Lindl KA, Marks DR, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:294-309. [PMID: 20396973 PMCID: PMC2914283 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection presently affects more that 40 million people worldwide, and is associated with central nervous system (CNS) disruption in at least 30% of infected individuals. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy has lessened the incidence, but not the prevalence of mild impairment of higher cognitive and cortical functions (HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders) as well as substantially reduced a more severe form dementia (HIV-associated dementia). Furthermore, improving neurological outcomes will require novel, adjunctive therapies that are targeted towards mechanisms of HIV-induced neurodegeneration. Identifying such molecular and pharmacological targets requires an understanding of the events preceding irreversible neuronal damage in the CNS, such as actions of neurotoxins (HIV proteins and cellular factors), disruption of ion channel properties, synaptic damage, and loss of adult neurogenesis. By considering the specific mechanisms and consequences of HIV neuropathogenesis, unified approaches for neuroprotection will likely emerge using a tailored, combined, and non-invasive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Lindl
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Room 312 Levy Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA
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37
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Gómez Ravetti M, Rosso OA, Berretta R, Moscato P. Uncovering molecular biomarkers that correlate cognitive decline with the changes of hippocampus' gene expression profiles in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10153. [PMID: 20405009 PMCID: PMC2854141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a neurodegenerative progression that alters cognition. On a phenotypical level, cognition is evaluated by means of the MiniMental State Examination (MMSE) and the post-mortem examination of Neurofibrillary Tangle count (NFT) helps to confirm an AD diagnostic. The MMSE evaluates different aspects of cognition including orientation, short-term memory (retention and recall), attention and language. As there is a normal cognitive decline with aging, and death is the final state on which NFT can be counted, the identification of brain gene expression biomarkers from these phenotypical measures has been elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have reanalysed a microarray dataset contributed in 2004 by Blalock et al. of 31 samples corresponding to hippocampus gene expression from 22 AD subjects of varying degree of severity and 9 controls. Instead of only relying on correlations of gene expression with the associated MMSE and NFT measures, and by using modern bioinformatics methods based on information theory and combinatorial optimization, we uncovered a 1,372-probe gene expression signature that presents a high-consensus with established markers of progression in AD. The signature reveals alterations in calcium, insulin, phosphatidylinositol and wnt-signalling. Among the most correlated gene probes with AD severity we found those linked to synaptic function, neurofilament bundle assembly and neuronal plasticity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A transcription factors analysis of 1,372-probe signature reveals significant associations with the EGR/KROX family of proteins, MAZ, and E2F1. The gene homologous of EGR1, zif268, Egr-1 or Zenk, together with other members of the EGR family, are consolidating a key role in the neuronal plasticity in the brain. These results indicate a degree of commonality between putative genes involved in AD and prion-induced neurodegenerative processes that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Gómez Ravetti
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Information Based Medicine Program, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Osvaldo A. Rosso
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Information Based Medicine Program, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Information Based Medicine Program, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Information Based Medicine Program, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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38
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Calpain plays a central role in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule neurons. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:374-88. [PMID: 20333497 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced neurotoxicity has previously been attributed to either caspase-dependent apoptosis or caspase-independent cell death. In the current study, we found that MPP(+) induces a unique, non-apoptotic nuclear morphology coupled with a caspase-independent but calpain-dependent mechanism of cell death in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay in CGNs exposed to MPP(+), we observed that these neurons are essentially devoid of caspase-dependent DNA fragments indicative of apoptosis. Moreover, proteolysis of a well recognized caspase-3 substrate, poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP), was not observed in CGNs exposed to MPP(+). In contrast, calpain-dependent proteolysis of fodrin and pro-caspases-9 and -3 occurred in this model coupled with inhibition of caspase-3/-7 activities. Notably, several key members of the Bcl-2 protein family appear to be prominent calpain targets in MPP(+)-treated CGNs. Bid and Bax were proteolyzed to truncated forms thought to have greater pro-death activity at mitochondria. Moreover, the pro-survival Bcl-2 protein was degraded to a form predicted to be inactive at mitochondria. Cyclin E was also cleaved by calpain to an active low MW fragment capable of facilitating cell cycle re-entry. Finally, MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity in CGNs was significantly attenuated by a cocktail of calpain and caspase inhibitors in combination with the antioxidant glutathione. Collectively, these results demonstrate that caspases do not play a central role in CGN toxicity induced by exposure to MPP(+), whereas calpain cleavage of key protein targets, coupled with oxidative stress, plays a critical role in MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity. Our findings underscore the complexity of MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity and suggest that calpain may play a fundamental role in causing neuronal death downstream of mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction.
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Camins A, Verdaguer E, Junyent F, Yeste-Velasco M, Pelegrí C, Vilaplana J, Pallás M. Potential mechanisms involved in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases by lithium. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 15:333-44. [PMID: 19889130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is a monovalent cation that was introduced in 1949 by John Cade for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Clinical reports and subsequent studies confirmed this application and the beneficial effects of this compound. However, over the last 15 years, various authors have also demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of lithium against several neurotoxic paradigms. Thus, experimental studies in neuronal cell cultures and animal models of Alzheimer disease and others pathologies have provided strong evidence for the potential benefits of lithium. The main mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effects is thought to be inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), although other biochemical pathways in the brain could also be affected. In this review, the main mechanisms of lithium action are summarized, including the modulation of glutamate receptors, effects on arachidonic acid metabolism, its role with respect to AKT, and other potential mechanisms. In addition, its effects on neuroprotective proteins such as Bcl-2 and p53 are also discussed. Although the cellular and molecular biological effects of lithium may constitute an effective therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer disease, further clinical and experimental studies with this drug and specific GSK-3 inhibitors are necessary to confirm the use of lithium in therapeutic approaches to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB). Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Currais A, Hortobágyi T, Soriano S. The neuronal cell cycle as a mechanism of pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:363-71. [PMID: 20157524 PMCID: PMC2806021 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated neurons display specific biochemical, physiological and
morphological properties that apparently prevent them from further cell
division. Nevertheless, expression of cell cycle modulators persists after
neuronal differentiation and is upregulated under stress conditions, such
as trophic factor deprivation, oxidative stress and the presence of DNA
damaging agents. This apparent reactivation of the cell cycle has been
postulated as a sine qua non for neuronal death in response to those stress
conditions, particularly in Alzheimer's disease. However, the physiological
and pathogenic implications of a putative neuronal cell cycle are far from
clear. Here, we discuss the notion of the neuronal cell cycle as a mediator
of cell death, with particular emphasis on Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Currais
- Department of Neuroscience, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
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41
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Cell Cycle Activation and CNS Injury. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:221-37. [PMID: 19526282 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cell cycle re-entry mediated neurodegeneration and its treatment role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2008; 54:84-8. [PMID: 19114068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As one of the earliest pathologic changes, the aberrant re-expression of many cell cycle-related proteins and inappropriate cell cycle control in specific vulnerable neuronal populations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is emerging as an important component in the pathogenesis leading to AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. These events are clearly representative of a true cell cycle, rather than epiphenomena of other processes since, in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, there is a true mitotic alteration that leads to DNA replication. While the exact role of cell cycle re-entry is unclear, recent studies using cell culture and animal models strongly support the notion that the dysregulation of cell cycle in neurons leads to the development of AD-related pathology such as hyperphosphorylation of tau and amyloid-beta deposition and ultimately causes neuronal cell death. Importantly, cell cycle re-entry is also evident in mutant amyloid-beta precursor protein and tau transgenic mice and, as in human disease, occurs prior to the development of the pathological hallmarks, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-beta plaques. Therefore, the study of aberrant cell cycle regulation in model systems, both cellular and animal, may provide extremely important insights into the pathogenesis of AD and also serve as a means to test novel therapeutic approaches.
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Thakur A, Siedlak SL, James SL, Bonda DJ, Rao A, Webber KM, Camins A, Pallàs M, Casadesus G, Lee HG, Bowser R, Raina AK, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. Retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation at multiple sites is associated with neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2008; 1:134-146. [PMID: 18784806 PMCID: PMC2480556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The re-expression of multiple cell cycle markers representing various cell cycle phases in postmitotic pyramidal neurons suggests that neurons in Alzheimer disease (AD) attempt to re-enter the cell cycle. Entry into the cell cycle requires activation of G1 to S phase cell cycle proteins, among which retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a key regulator. pRb inhibits the transcription of cell cycle proteins in the nucleus of healthy cells by interaction and consequent blocking of the active site of E2F, dependent upon the phosphate stoichiometry and combination of the locations of their 16 potential phosphorylation sites on pRb. Therefore, to determine whether pRb is involved in the aberrant cell cycle phenotype in AD neurons, a systematic immunocytochemical evaluation of the phosphorylation status of pRb protein using antibodies specific for multiple phosphorylation sites (i.e., pSpT249/252, pS612, pS795, pS807, pS811 and pT821) was carried out in the hippocampal regions of brains from AD patients. Increased levels of phospho-pRb (ppRb) for all these phosphorylation sites were noted in the brains of AD patients as compared to control cases. More importantly, redistribution of ppRb from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of susceptible neurons, with significant localization in neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques, was observed. Additional studies revealed extensive co-localization between phospho-p38 and ppRb, implicating that p38 activation may contribute to cell cycle abnormalities through pRb phosphorylation. Taken together, these data supports the concept of neuronal cell cycle re-entry in AD and indicates a crucial role for pRb in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Thakur
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sheronica L James
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David J Bonda
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Akanksha Rao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kate M Webber
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Antoni Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de PedralbesBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mercé Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de PedralbesBarcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Casadesus
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hyoung-gon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arun K Raina
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Smith
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Chu CT, Plowey ED, Wang Y, Patel V, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Location, location, location: altered transcription factor trafficking in neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:873-83. [PMID: 17917581 PMCID: PMC2220049 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318156a3d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons may be particularly sensitive to disruptions in transcription factor trafficking. Survival and injury signals must traverse dendrites or axons, in addition to soma, to affect nuclear transcriptional responses. Transcription factors exhibit continued nucleocytoplasmic shuttling; the predominant localization is regulated by binding to anchoring proteins that mask nuclear localization/export signals and/or target the factor for degradation. Two functional groups of karyopherins, importins and exportins, mediate RanGTPase-dependent transport through the nuclear pore. A growing number of recent studies, in Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Lewy body diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, implicate aberrant cytoplasmic localization of transcription factors and their regulatory kinases in degenerating neurons. Potential mechanisms include impaired nuclear import, enhanced export, suppression of degradation, and sequestration in protein aggregates or organelles and may reflect unmasking of alternative cytoplasmic functions, both physiologic and pathologic. Some "nuclear" factors also function in mitochondria, and importins are also involved in axonal protein trafficking. Detrimental consequences of a decreased nuclear to cytoplasmic balance include suppression of neuroprotective transcription mediated by cAMP- and electrophile/antioxidant-response elements and gain of toxic cytoplasmic effects. Studying the pathophysiologic mechanisms regulating transcription factor localization should facilitate strategies to bypass deficits and restore adaptive neuroprotective transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Yeste-Velasco M, Folch J, Trullàs R, Abad MA, Enguita M, Pallàs M, Camins A. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle in cerebellar granule cells. Neuropharmacology 2007; 53:295-307. [PMID: 17612578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that neuronal reentry in the cell cycle and specifically the expression of the transcription factor E2F-1, constitutes a pathway that may be involved in neuronal apoptosis after serum and potassium withdrawal. Other enzymes such as glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) are also involved in this apoptotic stimulus, and thus in the process of neuronal cell death. Primary cerebellar granule cells (CGNs) were used in this study to determine whether pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3beta is involved in neuronal modulation of the cell cycle, and specifically in the regulation of E2F-1 and retinoblastoma protein (Rb). CGNs showed a dramatic increase in GSK-3beta activity after 2h of serum and potassium deprivation. Immunoblot and activity assays revealed that lithium and SB415286 inhibit fully the activation of GSK-3beta and attenuate the expression of cyclin D, cyclin E, pRb phosphorylation and the transcription factor E2F-1. These data were confirmed using AR-014418, a selective GSK-3beta inhibitor that prevents the expression of cell-cycle proteins. Our data indicate that GSK-3beta inhibition regulates, in part, the cell cycle in CGNs by inhibiting Rb phosphorylation and thus inhibiting E2F-1 activity. However, the selective inhibition of GSK-3beta with AR-A014418 had not effect on cell viability or apoptosis mediated by S/K withdrawal. Furthermore, our results suggest that selective GSK-3beta inhibition is not sufficient to protect against apoptosis in this S/K withdrawal model, indicating that Li(+) and SB415286 neuroprotective effects are mediated by the inhibition of additional targets to GSK3beta. Therefore, there is a connection between cell cycle and GSK-3beta activation and that these, along with other mechanisms, are involved in the molecular paths leading to the apoptotic process of rat CGNs triggered by S/K withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yeste-Velasco
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Verdaguer E, Susana GDA, Clemens A, Pallàs M, Camins A. Implication of the transcription factor E2F-1 in the modulation of neuronal apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2007; 61:390-9. [PMID: 17178208 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders remain major problem worldwide since is currently no effective treatment. Thus, studying the mechanisms involved in neuronal apoptotic pathways is imperative if drugs that might stop or delay these disease processes are to be synthesized. In recent years it has become evident that mitochondria are key component of the neuronal apoptotic route. In addition to mitochondria, other intracellular components have been implicated in this process. Thus, DNA damage and re-entry into the cell cycle may constitute a common pathway in apoptosis in neurological diseases. The implication of cell cycle in neurodegenerative disorders is supported by data on the brain of patients who showed an increase in cell cycle protein expression. Indeed, studies performed in neuronal cell preparations indicate that re-entry into the cell cycle and, more specifically, an increase in the expression of E2F-1 transcription role of DNA damage/repair as a potential mechanism in cell cycle re-entry. In this context, ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein could be the enzyme responsible for neuronal apoptosis activation. Furthermore, the potential routes involved in E2F-1 induced apoptosis, p53-dependent and p53-independent, are similarly reviewed. Under this hypothesis, multiple pathways have been suggested, including the route of caspases. Finally, given the increasing experimental data on the neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects of cyclin dependent kinase CDK inhibitory drugs, including flavopiridol, their application for the treatment of neurological disorders is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Verdaguer
- Departament de Farmacologia i Toxicologia, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Rossello 161, Planta 6, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Sajan FD, Martiniuk F, Marcus DL, Frey WH, Hite R, Bordayo EZ, Freedman ML. Apoptotic gene expression in Alzheimer's disease hippocampal tissue. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2007; 22:319-28. [PMID: 17712163 PMCID: PMC10846078 DOI: 10.1177/1533317507302447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia, accounting for 50% to 70% of the late-onset patients, with 17 to 20 million affected. It is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, and amyloid plaques in tissues of the cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Apoptosis or programmed cell death appears in the progression of AD. In this study, we investigated the gene expression of 14 apoptotic genes (E2F1, p21/WAF, ICE-LAP3, Fas Antigen, CPP-32, GADD153, ICE-beta, c-Fos, c-Jun, Bax-alpha, Bcl-2, Bcl-(x)L, BAK, and p53) in 5 normal and 6 AD human hippocampal tissues, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Our results show an upregulation of gene expression in AD patients for c-Fos and BAK. ICE-beta, c-Jun, Bax-alpha, Bcl-x(L), p53, and GADD153 were found to be upregulated in some AD samples but were not detected or downregulated in other AD or normal samples. No gene expression was found for E2F1 , p21/WAF, ICE-LAP3, Fas Antigen, CPP32, or Bcl-2. These results indicate significant increases in c-Fos , c-Jun, and Bak; therefore, we suggest that these genes may be critical in the apoptotic cascades of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah D Sajan
- Division of Geriatrics, New York University School of Medicne, New York, NY 10016, USA
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48
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Caltagarone J, Jing Z, Bowser R. Focal adhesions regulate Abeta signaling and cell death in Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1772:438-45. [PMID: 17215111 PMCID: PMC1876750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from a loss of synaptic transmission and ultimately cell death. The presenting pathology of AD includes neuritic plaques composed of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, with neuronal loss in specific brain regions. However, the mechanisms that induce neuronal cell loss remain elusive. Focal adhesion (FA) proteins assemble into intracellular complexes involved in integrin-mediated communication between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton, regulating many cell physiological processes including the cell cycle. Interestingly, recent studies report that integrins bind to Abeta fibrils, mediating Abeta signal transmission from extracellular sites of Abeta deposits into the cell and ultimately to the nucleus. In this review, we will discuss the Abeta induced integrin/FA signaling pathways that mediate cell cycle activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Caltagarone
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Zheng Jing
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Alvira D, Tajes M, Verdaguer E, de Arriba SG, Allgaier C, Matute C, Trullas R, Jiménez A, Pallàs M, Camins A. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases is neuroprotective in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptosis in neurons. Neuroscience 2007; 146:350-65. [PMID: 17343987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical pathways involved in neuronal cell death in Parkinson's disease are not completely characterized. Mitochondrial dysfunction, specifically alteration of the mitochondrial complex I, is the primary target of the parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) induced apoptosis in neurons. In the present study, we examine the role of caspase-dependent and -independent routes in MPP+-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). We show a distinct increase in the expression of the cell cycle proteins cyclin D, cyclin E, cdk2, cdk4 and the transcription factor E2F-1 following a MPP+ treatment of CGNs. Flavopiridol (FLAV), a broad inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), attenuated the neurotoxic effects of MPP+ and significantly attenuates apoptosis mediated by MPP+ 200 microM. Likewise, the antioxidant vitamin E (vit E) increases neuronal cell viability and attenuates apoptosis induced by MPP+. Moreover, the expression levels of cyclin D and E2F-1 induced by this parkinsonian neurotoxin were also attenuated by vit E. Since, the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk did not attenuate MPP+-induced apoptosis in CGNs, our data provide a caspase-independent mechanism mediated by neuronal reentry in the cell cycle and increased expression of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor E2F-1. Our results also suggest a potential role of oxidative stress in neuronal reentry in the cell cycle mediated by MPP+. Finally, our data further support the therapeutic potential of flavopiridol, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alvira
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Alvira D, Yeste-Velasco M, Folch J, Casadesús G, Smith MA, Pallàs M, Camins A. Neuroprotective effects of caffeine against complex I inhibition–induced apoptosis are mediated by inhibition of the Atm/p53/E2F-1 path in cerebellar granule neurons. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:3079-88. [PMID: 17638302 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of caffeine, an inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) enzyme and an antagonist of adenosine receptors, in two models of apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs): the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I by the neurotoxin MPP(+) and serum and potassium deprivation. We used cerebellar granule neurons because of low glial contamination. Cell viability was measured by the MTT method, and apoptosis was evaluated by assessing DNA fragmentation with flow cytometry or quantification of nuclear condensation. Our data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of caffeine in the MPP+ model of apoptosis are mediated through activation of the ATM/p53 pathway. In addition, caffeine decreased the expression of cyclin D and the transcription factor E2F-1, a regulator of apoptosis in neurons. Caffeine-mediated neuroprotection was not mediated through blockade of adenosine receptors because DPCPX and CGS-15943, two antagonists of these receptors, failed to attenuate apoptosis produced by MPP+ treatment. In addition, caffeine did not exert neuroprotective effects after serum and potassium withdrawal, a p53-independent model of apoptosis. Taken together, our findings indicate that DNA damage/ATM activation is a key component of MPP+-induced apoptosis in CGNs through activation of p53 and reentry into the cell cycle, specifically expression of the transcription factor E2F-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alvira
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona, Spain
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