1
|
Indore NS, Karunakaran C, Jayas DS, Stobbs J, Vu M, Tu K, Marinos O. Characterization of spring and durum wheat using non-destructive synchrotron phase contrast X-ray microtomography during storage. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:29. [PMID: 38762600 PMCID: PMC11102443 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-harvest losses during cereal grain storage are a big concern in both developing and developed countries, where spring and durum wheat are staple food grains. Varieties under these classes behave differently under storage, which affects their end storage life. High resolution imaging data of dry as well as spoiled seed are not available for any class of wheat; therefore, an attempt was made to generate 3D data for better understanding of seed structure and changes due to spoilage. Six wheat varieties (3 varieties for each class of wheat) were stored for 5 week at 17% moisture content (wb) before scanning. Seeds were also stored in a freezer (-18 °C) for further scanning to determine if any changes occur in the structure of seeds due to freezing. Spring varieties of wheat performed better than durum varieties and freezing did not affect seed structure. Data could also help plant breeders to develop varieties that do not easily spoil, adjust grain processing techniques, and develop post-harvest recommendations for other wheat varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navanth S Indore
- Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Digvir S Jayas
- Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- President's Office, A762 University Hall, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | | | - Miranda Vu
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kaiyang Tu
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Omar Marinos
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kovacik M, Nowicka A, Zwyrtková J, Strejčková B, Vardanega I, Esteban E, Pasha A, Kaduchová K, Krautsova M, Červenková M, Šafář J, Provart NJ, Simon R, Pecinka A. The transcriptome landscape of developing barley seeds. THE PLANT CELL 2024:koae095. [PMID: 38635902 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Cereal grains are an important source of food and feed. To provide comprehensive spatiotemporal information about biological processes in developing seeds of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare), we performed a transcriptomic study of the embryo, endosperm, and seed maternal tissues collected from grains 4-32 days after pollination. Weighted gene co-expression network and motif enrichment analyses identified specific groups of genes and transcription factors (TFs) potentially regulating barley seed tissue development. We defined a set of tissue-specific marker genes and families of TFs for functional studies of the pathways controlling barley grain development. Assessing selected groups of chromatin regulators revealed that epigenetic processes are highly dynamic and likely play a major role during barley endosperm development. The repressive H3K27me3 modification is globally reduced in endosperm tissues and at specific genes related to development and storage compounds. Altogether, this atlas uncovers the complexity of developmentally regulated gene expression in developing barley grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kovacik
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30 239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jana Zwyrtková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Beáta Strejčková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Isaia Vardanega
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eddi Esteban
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Kateřina Kaduchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Maryna Krautsova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Červenková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šafář
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas J Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang S, Ghatak A, Mohammadi Bazargani M, Kramml H, Zang F, Gao S, Ramšak Ž, Gruden K, Varshney RK, Jiang D, Chaturvedi P, Weckwerth W. Cell-type proteomic and metabolomic resolution of early and late grain filling stages of wheat endosperm. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:555-571. [PMID: 38050335 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional value of wheat grains, particularly their protein and metabolite composition, is a result of the grain-filling process, especially in the endosperm. Here, we employ laser microdissection (LMD) combined with shotgun proteomics and metabolomics to generate a cell type-specific proteome and metabolome inventory of developing wheat endosperm at the early (15 DAA) and late (26 DAA) grain-filling stages. We identified 1803 proteins and 41 metabolites from four different cell types (aleurone (AL), sub-aleurone (SA), starchy endosperm (SE) and endosperm transfer cells (ETCs). Differentially expressed proteins were detected, 67 in the AL, 31 in the SA, 27 in the SE and 50 in the ETCs between these two-time points. Cell-type accumulation of specific SUT and GLUT transporters, sucrose converting and starch biosynthesis enzymes correlate well with the respective sugar metabolites, suggesting sugar upload and starch accumulation via nucellar projection and ETC at 15 DAA in contrast to the later stage at 26 DAA. Changes in various protein levels between AL, SA and ETC support this metabolic switch from 15 to 26 DAA. The distinct spatial and temporal abundances of proteins and metabolites revealed a contrasting activity of nitrogen assimilation pathways, e.g. for GOGAT, GDH and glutamic acid, in the different cell types from 15 to 26 DAA, which can be correlated with specific protein accumulation in the endosperm. The integration of cell-type specific proteome and metabolome data revealed a complex metabolic interplay of the different cell types and a functional switch during grain development and grain-filling processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Arindam Ghatak
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hannes Kramml
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fujuan Zang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Systems Biology and Biotechnology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Systems Biology and Biotechnology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Yue Y, Hu M, Yi F, Chen J, Lai J, Xin B. Dynamic transcriptome landscape of maize pericarp development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1574-1591. [PMID: 37970738 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
As a maternal tissue, the pericarp supports and protects for other components of seed, such as embryo and endosperm. Despite the importance of maize pericarp in seed, the genome-wide transcriptome pattern throughout maize pericarp development has not been well characterized. Here, we developed RNA-seq transcriptome atlas of B73 maize pericarp development based on 21 samples from 5 days before fertilization (DBP5) to 32 days after fertilization (DAP32). A total of 25 346 genes were detected in programming pericarp development, including 1887 transcription factors (TFs). Together with pericarp morphological changes, the global clustering of gene expression revealed four developmental stages: undeveloped, thickening, expansion and strengthening. Coexpression analysis provided further insights on key regulators in functional transition of four developmental stages. Combined with non-seed, embryo, endosperm, and nucellus transcriptome data, we identified 598 pericarp-specific genes, including 75 TFs, which could elucidate key mechanisms and regulatory networks of pericarp development. Cell wall related genes were identified that reflected their crucial role in the maize pericarp structure building. In addition, key maternal proteases or TFs related with programmed cell death (PCD) were proposed, suggesting PCD in the maize pericarp was mediated by vacuolar processing enzymes (VPE), and jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene-related pathways. The dynamic transcriptome atlas provides a valuable resource for unraveling the genetic control of maize pericarp development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Mingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fei Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Indore NS, Karunakaran C, Jayas DS, Bondici VF, Vu M, Tu K, Muir D. Mapping biochemical and nutritional changes in durum wheat due to spoilage during storage. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22139. [PMID: 38045167 PMCID: PMC10692805 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray imaging and spectroscopy techniques were used for studying changes during post-harvest storage of food grains. Three varieties (AAC Spitfire, CDC Defy, and AAC Stronghold) of the Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) wheat class were stored for five weeks at 17 % moisture content (wb). Control (dry) and stored moistened seeds were analyzed for biochemical and nutritional changes using synchrotron bulk X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR-XRF), X-ray fluorescence imaging (SR-XFI), and mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy at the Canadian Light Source (CLS), Saskatoon, SK. All varieties of durum wheat were spoiled at the end of five week, and AAC Spitfire and CDC Defy varieties were most affected in nutritional composition and their distribution than AAC Stronghold. Variable response to changes in biochemical and nutrition were found in all three spoiled varieties of the same durum wheat class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navnath S. Indore
- Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Chithra Karunakaran
- Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Digvir S. Jayas
- Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
- President's Office, A762 University Hall, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4 Canada
| | | | - Miranda Vu
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Kaiyang Tu
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - David Muir
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang X, Wilkinson LG, Aubert MK, Houston K, Shirley NJ, Tucker MR. Ovule cell wall composition is a maternal determinant of grain size in barley. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2136-2147. [PMID: 36600397 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In cereal species, grain size is influenced by growth of the ovule integuments (seed coat), the spikelet hull (lemma and palea) and the filial endosperm. Whether a highly conserved ovule tissue, the nucellus, has any impact on grain size has remained unclear. Immunolabelling revealed that the barley nucellus comprises two distinct cell types that differ in terms of cell wall homogalacturonan (HG) accumulation. Transcriptional profiling of the nucellus identified two pectin methylesterase (PME) genes, OVULE PECTIN MODIFIER 1 (OPM1) and OPM2, which are expressed in the unfertilized ovule but absent from the seed. Ovules from an opm1 opm2 mutant and plants expressing an ovule-specific pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI), exhibit reduced HG accumulation. This results in changes to ovule cell size and shape and ovules that are longer than wild-type (WT) controls. At grain maturity, this is manifested as significantly longer grain. These findings indicate that cell wall composition during ovule development acts to limit ovule and seed growth. The investigation of ovule PME and PMEI activity reveals an unexpected role of maternal tissues in controlling grain growth before fertilization, one that has been lacking from models exploring improvements in grain size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Yang
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Laura G Wilkinson
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Grain Technologies, 100 Byfield Street, Northam, WA, 6401, Australia
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu G, Zhang R, Li S, Ullah R, Yang F, Wang Z, Guo W, You M, Li B, Xie C, Wang L, Liu J, Ni Z, Sun Q, Liang R. TaMADS29 interacts with TaNF-YB1 to synergistically regulate early grain development in bread wheat. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023:10.1007/s11427-022-2286-0. [PMID: 36802319 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Grain development is a crucial determinant of yield and quality in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying wheat grain development remain elusive. Here we report how TaMADS29 interacts with TaNF-YB1 to synergistically regulate early grain development in bread wheat. The tamads29 mutants generated by CRISPR/Cas9 exhibited severe grain filling deficiency, coupled with excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abnormal programmed cell death that occurred in early developing grains, while overexpression of TaMADS29 increased grain width and 1,000-kernel weight. Further analysis revealed that TaMADS29 interacted directly with TaNF-YB1; null mutation in TaNF-YB1 caused grain developmental deficiency similar to tamads29 mutants. The regulatory complex composed of TaMADS29 and TaNF-YB1 exercises its possible function that inhibits the excessive accumulation of ROS by regulating the genes involved in chloroplast development and photosynthesis in early developing wheat grains and prevents nucellar projection degradation and endosperm cell death, facilitating transportation of nutrients into the endosperm and wholly filling of developing grains. Collectively, our work not only discloses the molecular mechanism of MADS-box and NF-Y TFs in facilitating bread wheat grain development, but also indicates that caryopsis chloroplast might be a central regulator of grain development rather than merely a photosynthesis organelle. More importantly, our work offers an innovative way to breed high-yield wheat cultivars by controlling the ROS level in developing grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sen Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rehmat Ullah
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingshan You
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Baoyun Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaojie Xie
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rongqi Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li X, Wu J, Yi F, Lai J, Chen J. High temporal-resolution transcriptome landscapes of maize embryo sac and ovule during early seed development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:233-248. [PMID: 36508138 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Here we provided a high temporal-resolution transcriptome atlas of maize embryo sac and ovule to reveal the gene activity dynamic during early seed development. The early maize (Zea mays) seed development is initiated from double fertilization in the embryo sac and needs to undergo a highly dynamic and complex development process to form the differentiated embryo and endosperm. Despite the importance of maize seed for food, feed, and biofuel, many regulators responsible for controlling its early development are not known yet. Here, we reported a high temporal-resolution transcriptome atlas of embryo sac and ovule based on 44 time point samples collected within the first four days of seed development. A total of 25,187 genes including 1598 transcription factors (TFs) involved in early seed development were detected. Global comparisons of the expressions of these genes revealed five distinct development stages of early seed, which are mainly related to double fertilization, asymmetric cell division of the zygote, as well as coenocyte formation, cellularization and differentiation in endosperm. We identified 3327 seed-specific genes, which more than one thousand seed-specific genes with main expressions during early seed development were newly identified here, including 859 and 186 genes predominantly expressed in the embryo sac and ovule, respectively. Combined with the published transcriptome data of seed, we uncovered the dominant auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling related genes at different development stages and subregions of seed. These results are helpful for understanding the genetic control of early seed development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moderate soil drying improves physiological performances and kernel yield of maize. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
10
|
Blume R, Yemets A, Korkhovyi V, Radchuk V, Rakhmetov D, Blume Y. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase ( ckx) gene family in finger millet ( Eleusine coracana). Front Genet 2022; 13:963789. [PMID: 36299586 PMCID: PMC9589517 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.963789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinin dehydrogenase/oxidase (CKX) enzymes play a key role in regulating cytokinin (CK) levels in plants by degrading the excess of this phytohormone. CKX genes have proven an attractive target for genetic engineering, as their silencing boosts cytokinin accumulation in various tissues, thereby contributing to a rapid increase in biomass and overall plant productivity. We previously reported a similar effect in finger millet (Eleusine coracana) somaclonal lines, caused by downregulation of EcCKX1 and EcCKX2. However, the CKX gene family has numerous representatives, especially in allopolyploid crop species, such as E. coracana. To date, the entire CKX gene family of E. coracana and its related species has not been characterized. We offer here, for the first time, a comprehensive genome-wide identification and analysis of a panel of CKX genes in finger millet. The functional genes identified in the E. coracana genome are compared with the previously-identified genes, EcCKX1 and EcCKX2. Exon-intron structural analysis and motif analysis of FAD- and CK-binding domains are performed. The phylogeny of the EcCKX genes suggests that CKX genes are divided into several distinct groups, corresponding to certain isotypes. Finally, the phenotypic effect of EcCKX1 and EcCKX2 in partially silencing the SE7 somaclonal line is investigated, showing that lines deficient in CKX-expression demonstrate increased grain yield and greater bushiness, enhanced biomass accumulation, and a shorter vegetation cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Blume
- Department of Population Genetics, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine,*Correspondence: Rostyslav Blume,
| | - Alla Yemets
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliy Korkhovyi
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Dzhamal Rakhmetov
- M. M. Gryshko National Botanic Garden of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dong C, Li R, Wang N, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Bai S. Apple vacuolar processing enzyme 4 is regulated by cysteine protease inhibitor and modulates fruit disease resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3758-3773. [PMID: 35259265 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ring rot is a destructive apple disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. The resistance mechanism of apple plants to B. dothidea remains unclear. Here, we show that APPLE VACUOLAR PROCESSING ENZYME 4 (MdVPE4) is involved in resistance to B. dothidea. MdVPE4 silencing reduced fruit disease resistance, whereas its overexpression improved resistance. Gene expression analysis revealed that MdVPE4 influenced the expression of fruit disease resistance-related genes, such as APPLE POLYGALACTURONASE 1 (MdPG1), APPLE POLYGALACTURONASE INHIBITOR PROTEIN 1 (MdPGIP1), APPLE ENDOCHITINASE 1 (MdCHI1), and APPLE THAUMATIN-LIKE PROTEIN 1 (MdTHA1). The expression of the four genes responding to B. dothidea infection decreased in MdVPE4-silenced fruits. Further analysis demonstrated that B. dothidea infection induced MdVPE4 expression and enzyme activation in apple fruits. Moreover, MdVPE4 activity was modulated by apple cysteine proteinase inhibitor 1 (MdCPI1), which also contributed to resistance towards B. dothidea, as revealed by gene overexpression and silencing analysis. MdCPI1 interacted with MdVPE4 and inhibited its activity. However, MdCPI1 expression was decreased by B. dothidea infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that the interaction between MdVPE4 and MdCPI1 plays an important role in modulating fruit disease resistance to B. dothidea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ronghui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingshuang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Suhua Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chaban IA, Gulevich AA, Kononenko NV, Khaliluev MR, Baranova EN. Morphological and Structural Details of Tomato Seed Coat Formation: A Different Functional Role of the Inner and Outer Epidermises in Unitegmic Ovule. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1101. [PMID: 35567102 PMCID: PMC9104524 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand how and what structures of the tomato ovule with a single integument form the seed coat of a mature seed, a detailed study of the main development stages of the tomato ovule integument was carried out using the methods of light and electron microscopy. The integument itself it was shown to transform in the course of development into the coat (skin) of a mature seed, but the outer and inner epidermises of the integument and some layers of the integument parenchyma are mainly involved in this process. The outer epidermis cells are highly modified in later stages; their walls are thickened and lignified, creating a unique relatively hard outer coat. The fate of the inner epidermis of integument is completely different. It is separated from the other parenchyma cells of integument and is transformed into an independent new secretory tissue, an endothelium, which fences off the forming embryo and endosperm from the death zone. Due to the secretory activity of the endothelium, the dying inner parenchyma cells of the integument are lysed. Soon after the cuticle covers the endosperm, the lysis of dead integument cells stops and their flattened remnants form dense layers, which then enter the final composition of the coat of mature tomato seed. The endothelium itself returns to the location of the integument inner epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna A. Chaban
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Gulevich
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.G.); (M.R.K.)
| | - Neonila V. Kononenko
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marat R. Khaliluev
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.G.); (M.R.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu L, Wang X, Tian J, Zhang X, Yu T, Li Y, Li D. Genome-wide analysis of VPE family in four Gossypium species and transcriptional expression of VPEs in the upland cotton seedlings under abiotic stresses. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:179-192. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
14
|
Guo L, Ma M, Wu L, Zhou M, Li M, Wu B, Li L, Liu X, Jing R, Chen W, Zhao H. Modified expression of TaCYP78A5 enhances grain weight with yield potential by accumulating auxin in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:168-182. [PMID: 34510688 PMCID: PMC8710830 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing grain yield has always been the primary goal of crop breeding. KLUH/CYP78A5 has been shown to affect seed size in several plant species, but the relevant molecular mechanism is still unclear and there are no reports of this gene contributing to yield. Here, we demonstrate that modified expression of TaCYP78A5 can enhance wheat grain weight and grain yield per plant by accumulating auxin. TaCYP78A5 is highly expressed in maternal tissues, including ovary and seed coat during wheat development. The constitutive overexpression of TaCYP78A5 leads to significantly increased seed size and weight but not grain yield per plant due to the strengthening of apical dominance. However, localized overexpression of TaCYP78A5 in maternal integument enhances grain weight and grain yield per plant by 4.3%-18.8% and 9.6%-14.7%, respectively, in field trials. Transcriptome and hormone metabolome analyses reveal that TaCYP78A5 participates in auxin synthesis pathway and promotes auxin accumulation and cell wall remodelling in ovary. Phenotype investigation and cytological observation show that localized overexpression of TaCYP78A5 in ovary results in delayed flowering and prolonged proliferation of maternal integument cells, which promote grain enlargement. Moreover, naturally occurring variations in the promoter of TaCYP78A5-2A contribute to thousand-grain weight (TGW) and grain yield per plant of wheat;TaCYP78A5-2A haplotype Ap-HapII with higher activity is favourable for improving grain weight and grain yield per plant and has been positively selected in wheat breeding. Then, a functional marker of TaCYP78A5 haplotype Ap-HapII is developed for marker-assisted selection in wheat grain and yield improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Guo
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Meng Ma
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Linnan Wu
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Mengdie Zhou
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Baowei Wu
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Long Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiangli Liu
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Ruilian Jing
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementNational Center of Plant Gene ResearchHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Huixian Zhao
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A & F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li YB, Yan M, Cui DZ, Huang C, Sui XX, Guo FZ, Fan QQ, Chu XS. Programmed Degradation of Pericarp Cells in Wheat Grains Depends on Autophagy. Front Genet 2021; 12:784545. [PMID: 34966414 PMCID: PMC8710714 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.784545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world, with development of the grains directly determining yield and quality. Understanding grain development and the underlying regulatory mechanisms is therefore essential in improving the yield and quality of wheat. In this study, the developmental characteristics of the pericarp was examined in developing wheat grains of the new variety Jimai 70. As a result, pericarp thickness was found to be thinnest in grains at the top of the spike, followed by those in the middle and thickest at the bottom. Moreover, this difference corresponded to the number of cell layers in the pericarp, which decreased as a result of programmed cell death (PCD). A number of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are involved in the process of PCD in the pericarp, and in this study, an increase in ATG8-PE expression was observed followed by the appearance of autophagy structures. Meanwhile, following interference of the key autophagy gene ATG8, PCD was inhibited and the thickness of the pericarp increased, resulting in small premature grains. These findings suggest that autophagy and PCD coexist in the pericarp during early development of wheat grains, with both processes increasing from the bottom to the top of the spike. Moreover, PCD was also found to rely on ATG8-mediated autophagy. The results of this study therefore provide a theoretical basis for in-depth studies of the regulatory mechanisms of wheat grain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Li
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Yan
- Shandong Luyan Seed Company, Jinan, China
| | - De-Zhou Cui
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Xia Sui
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Zhi Guo
- Heze Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heze, China
| | - Qing-Qi Fan
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Sheng Chu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Singh A, Mathan J, Yadav A, K. Goyal A, Chaudhury A. Molecular and Transcriptional Regulation of Seed Development in Cereals: Present Status and Future Prospects. CEREAL GRAINS - VOLUME 1 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils and protein, making them the world’s most important source of nutrition. The influence of rising global population, as well as the emergence and spread of disease, has the major impact on cereal production. To meet the demand, there is a pressing need to increase cereal production. Optimal seed development is a key agronomical trait that contributes to crop yield. The seed development and maturation is a complex process that includes not only embryo and endosperm development, but also accompanied by huge physiological, biochemical, metabolic, molecular and transcriptional changes. This chapter discusses the growth of cereal seed and highlights the novel biological insights, with a focus on transgenic and new molecular breeding, as well as biotechnological intervention strategies that have improved crop yield in two major cereal crops, primarily wheat and rice, over the last 21 years (2000–2021).
Collapse
|
17
|
Feng Z, Song L, Song W, Qi Z, Yuan J, Li R, Han H, Wang H, Chen Z, Guo W, Xin M, Liu J, Hu Z, Peng H, Yao Y, Sun Q, Ni Z, Xing J. The decreased expression of GW2 homologous genes contributed to the increased grain width and thousand‑grain weight in wheat-Dasypyrum villosum 6VS·6DL translocation lines. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3873-3894. [PMID: 34374829 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that the aberrant transcription of DvGW2 contributed to the increased grain width and thousand-grain weight in wheat-Dasypyrum villosum T6VS·6DL translocation lines. Due to the high immunity to powdery mildew, Dasypyrum villosum 6VS has been one of the most successful applications of the wild relatives in modern wheat breeding. Along with the desired traits, side-effects could be brought when large alien chromosome fragments are introduced into wheat, but little is known about effects of 6VS on agronomic traits. Here, we found that T6VS·6DL translocation had significantly positive effects on grain weight, plant heightand spike length, and small negative effects on total spikelet number and spikelet compactness using recipient and wheat-D. villosum T6VS·6DL allohexaploid wheats, Wan7107 and Pm97033. Further analysis showed that the 6VS segment might exert direct genetic effect on grain width, then driving the increase of thousand-grain weight. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis identified 2549 and 1282 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2220 and 1496 specifically expressed genes (SEGs) at 6 days after pollination (DAP) grains and 15 DAP endosperms, respectively. Enrichment analysis indicated that the process of cell proliferation category was over-represented in the DEGs. Notably, two homologous genes, TaGW2-D1 and DvGW2, were identified as putative candidate genes associated with grain weight and yield. The expression analysis showed that DvGW2 had an aberrant expression in Pm97033, resulting in significantly lower total expression level of GW2 than Wan7107, which drives the increase of grain weight and width in Pm97033. Collectively, our data indicated that the compromised expression of DvGW2 is critical for increased grain width and weight in T6VS·6DL translocation lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Long Song
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wanjun Song
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongqi Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Run Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haiming Han
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jiewen Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Research and Progress on the Mechanism of Iron Transfer and Accumulation in Rice Grains. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122610. [PMID: 34961081 PMCID: PMC8708893 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is one of the most important micronutrients for organisms. Currently, Fe deficiency is a growing nutritional problem and is becoming a serious threat to human health worldwide. A method that could help alleviate this “hidden hunger” is increasing the bioavailable Fe concentrations in edible tissues of major food crops. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of Fe accumulation in different crop tissues will help to develop crops with higher Fe nutritional values. Biofortification significantly increases the concentration of Fe in crops. This paper considers the important food crop of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as an example and highlights recent research advances on the molecular mechanisms of Fe uptake and allogeneic uptake in different tissues of rice. In addition, different approaches to the biofortification of Fe nutrition in rice and their outcomes are described and discussed. To address the problems that occur during the development and application of improving nutritional Fe in rice, technical strategies and long-term solutions are also proposed as a reference for the future improvement of staple food nutrition with micronutrients.
Collapse
|
19
|
Chaban IA, Gulevich AA, Smirnova EA, Baranova EN. Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Kernel. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112538. [PMID: 34834901 PMCID: PMC8624426 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The integumentary tissues of plant seeds protect the embryo (new sporophyte) forming in them from unfavorable external conditions; therefore, comprehensive knowledge about the structural and functional specificity of seed covers in various plants may be of both theoretical and practical interest. As a result of our study, additional data were obtained on the morphological and ultrastructural features of the formation of a multilayer skin of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernel (caryopsis). The ultrastructure research analysis showed that differentiation of the pericarp and inner integument of the ovule leads to the formation of functionally different layers of the skin of mature wheat grain. Thus, the differentiation of exocarp and endocarp cells is accompanied by a significant thickening of the cell walls, which reliably protect the ovule from adverse external conditions. The cells of the two-layer inner integument of the ovule differentiate into cuticular and phenolic layers, which are critical for protecting daughter tissues from various pathogens. The epidermis of the nucellus turns into a layer of mucilage, which apparently helps to maintain the water balance of the seed. Morphological and ultrastructural data showed that the formation of the kernel's skin occurs in coordination with the development of the embryo and endosperm up to the full maturity of the kernel. This is evidenced by the structure of the cytoplasm and nucleus, characteristic of metabolically active protoplasts of cells, which is observed in most integumentary layers at the late stages of maturation. This activity can also be confirmed by a significant increase in the thickness of the cell walls in the cells of two layers of the exocarp and in cross cells in comparison with the earlier stages. Based on these results, we came to the conclusion that the cells of a majority in the covering tissues of the wheat kernel during its ontogenesis are transformed into specialized layers of the skin by terminal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna A. Chaban
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryzevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (E.N.B.); Tel.: +7-(903)-6245971 (E.N.B.)
| | - Alexander A. Gulevich
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena A. Smirnova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryzevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Building 12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryzevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Plant Protection Laboratory, N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (E.N.B.); Tel.: +7-(903)-6245971 (E.N.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang X, Tucker MR. Establishing a regulatory blueprint for ovule number and function during plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102095. [PMID: 34428719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant ovule is a fundamentally important organ that is the direct progenitor of the seed. It is one of the last structures to form in the flower and contains relatively few tissues, but undergoes complex developmental transitions that are essential for reproduction. Ovule number and flower fertility are important factors influencing yield, yet studies have identified challenges in trying to increase one without compromising the other. Recent findings in Arabidopsis and cereal crops highlight regulatory pathways that contribute to this yield constraint. Here, we consider the basis for variation in ovule number and development, with a particular focus on hormones and transcriptional regulators that constitute promising targets for the optimisation of reproductive traits and yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Yang
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saada S, Solomon CU, Drea S. Programmed Cell Death in Developing Brachypodium distachyon Grain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169086. [PMID: 34445790 PMCID: PMC8396479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal developmental sequence in a grass grain entails the death of several maternal and filial tissues in a genetically regulated process termed programmed cell death (PCD). The progression and molecular aspects of PCD in developing grains have been reported for domesticated species such as barley, rice, maize and wheat. Here, we report a detailed investigation of PCD in the developing grain of the wild model species Brachypodium distachyon. We detected PCD in developing Brachypodium grains using molecular and histological approaches. We also identified in Brachypodium the orthologs of protease genes known to contribute to grain PCD and surveyed their expression. We found that, similar to cereals, PCD in the Brachypodium nucellus occurs in a centrifugal pattern following anthesis. However, compared to cereals, the rate of post-mortem clearance in the Brachypodium nucellus is slower. However, compared to wheat and barley, mesocarp PCD in Brachypodium proceeds more rapidly in lateral cells. Remarkably, Brachypodium mesocarp PCD is not coordinated with endosperm development. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that barley and wheat possess more vacuolar processing enzymes that drive nucellar PCD compared to Brachypodium and rice. Our expression analysis highlighted putative grain-specific PCD proteases in Brachypodium. Combined with existing knowledge on grain PCD, our study suggests that the rate of nucellar PCD moderates grain size and that the pattern of mesocarp PCD influences grain shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safia Saada
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Charles Ugochukwu Solomon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Abia State University, Uturu PMB 2000, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Sinéad Drea
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang C, Wang J, Leng HN, Wang X, Liu Y, Lu H, Lu MZ, Zhang J. Transcriptional Regulation and Signaling of Developmental Programmed Cell Death in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702928. [PMID: 34394156 PMCID: PMC8358321 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental programmed cell death (dPCD) has multiple functions in plant growth and development, and is of great value for industrial production. Among them, wood formed by xylem dPCD is one of the most widely used natural materials. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the molecular mechanism of plant dPCD. The dPCD process is tightly regulated by genetic networks and is involved in the transduction of signaling molecules. Several key regulators have been identified in diverse organisms and individual PCD events. However, complex molecular networks controlling plant dPCD remain highly elusive, and the original triggers of this process are still unknown. This review summarizes the recent progress on the transcriptional regulation and signaling of dPCD during vegetative and reproductive development. It is hoped that this review will provide an overall view of the molecular regulation of dPCD in different developmental processes in plants and identify specific mechanisms for regulating these dPCD events. In addition, the application of plants in industrial production can be improved by manipulating dPCD in specific processes, such as xylogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ni Leng
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Xiaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mora‐Ramirez I, Weichert H, von Wirén N, Frohberg C, de Bodt S, Schmidt R, Weber H. The da1 mutation in wheat increases grain size under ambient and elevated CO 2 but not grain yield due to trade-off between grain size and grain number. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:61-73. [PMID: 37284283 PMCID: PMC10168082 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grain size is potentially yield determining in wheat, controlled by the ubiquitin pathway and negatively regulated by ubiquitin receptor DA1. We analyzed whether increased thousand grain weight in wheat da1 mutant is translated into higher grain yield and whether additional carbon provided by elevated (e)CO2 can be better used by the da1, displaying higher grain sink strength and size. Yield-related, biomass, grain quality traits, and grain dimensions were analyzed by two-factorial mixed-model analysis, regarding genotype and eCO2. da1 increased grain size but reduced spikes and grains per plant, grains per spike, and spikelets per spike, independent of eCO2 treatment, leaving total grain yield unchanged. eCO2 increased yield and grain number additively and independently of da1 but did not overcome the trade-off between grain size and number observed for da1. eCO2 but not da1 impaired grain quality, strongly decreasing concentrations of several macroelement and microelement. In conclusion, intrinsic stimulation of grain sink strength and grain size, achieved by da1, is not benefitting total yield unless trade-offs between grain size and numbers can be overcome. The results reveal interactions of yield components in da1-wheat under ambient and eCO2, thereby uncovering limitations enhancing wheat yield potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mora‐Ramirez
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Heiko Weichert
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | | | | | | | - Hans Weber
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Radchuk V, Tran V, Hilo A, Muszynska A, Gündel A, Wagner S, Fuchs J, Hensel G, Ortleb S, Munz E, Rolletschek H, Borisjuk L. Grain filling in barley relies on developmentally controlled programmed cell death. Commun Biol 2021; 4:428. [PMID: 33785858 PMCID: PMC8009944 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains contribute substantially to the human diet. The maternal plant provides the carbohydrate and nitrogen sources deposited in the endosperm, but the basis for their spatial allocation during the grain filling process is obscure. Here, vacuolar processing enzymes have been shown to both mediate programmed cell death (PCD) in the maternal tissues of a barley grain and influence the delivery of assimilate to the endosperm. The proposed centrality of PCD has implications for cereal crop improvement. Radchuk et al. report on the role of vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) in mediating programmed cell death (PCD) in the maternal tissues of a barley grain and influencing the delivery of assimilate to the endosperm. This study presents a means of increasing the efficiency of the grain filling process in the major cereal crop species by manipulating the timing of PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany.
| | - Van Tran
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Alexander Hilo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Muszynska
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Andre Gündel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Joerg Fuchs
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Stefan Ortleb
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shoesmith JR, Solomon CU, Yang X, Wilkinson LG, Sheldrick S, van Eijden E, Couwenberg S, Pugh LM, Eskan M, Stephens J, Barakate A, Drea S, Houston K, Tucker MR, McKim SM. APETALA2 functions as a temporal factor together with BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 and MADS29 to control flower and grain development in barley. Development 2021; 148:dev.194894. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.194894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cereal grain develops from fertilised florets. Alterations in floret and grain development greatly influence grain yield and quality. Despite this, little is known about the underlying genetic control of these processes, especially in key temperate cereals such as barley and wheat. Using a combination of near-isogenic mutant comparisons, gene editing and genetic analyses, we reveal that HvAPETALA2 (HvAP2) controls floret organ identity, floret boundaries, and maternal tissue differentiation and elimination during grain development. These new roles of HvAP2 correlate with changes in grain size and HvAP2-dependent expression of specific HvMADS-box genes, including the B-sister gene, HvMADS29. Consistent with this, gene editing demonstrates that HvMADS29 shares roles with HvAP2 in maternal tissue differentiation. We also discovered that a gain-of-function HvAP2 allele masks changes in floret organ identity and grain size due to loss of barley LAXATUM.A/BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 (HvBOP2) gene function. Taken together, we reveal novel pleiotropic roles and regulatory interactions for an AP2-like gene controlling floret and grain development in a temperate cereal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Shoesmith
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Charles Ugochukwu Solomon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Abia State University, PMB 2000, Uturu, Nigeria
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Laura G. Wilkinson
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Scott Sheldrick
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Ewan van Eijden
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Sanne Couwenberg
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Laura M. Pugh
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Mhmoud Eskan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Abdellah Barakate
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Sinéad Drea
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kelly Houston
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Matthew R. Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Sarah M. McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nowicka A, Kovacik M, Tokarz B, Vrána J, Zhang Y, Weigt D, Doležel J, Pecinka A. Dynamics of endoreduplication in developing barley seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:268-282. [PMID: 33005935 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are complex biological systems comprising three genetically distinct tissues: embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues (including seed coats and pericarp) nested inside one another. Cereal grains represent a special type of seeds, with the largest part formed by the endosperm, a specialized triploid tissue ensuring embryo protection and nourishment. We investigated dynamic changes in DNA content in three of the major seed tissues from the time of pollination up to the dry seed. We show that the cell cycle is under strict developmental control in different seed compartments. After an initial wave of active cell division, cells switch to endocycle and most endoreduplication events are observed in the endosperm and seed maternal tissues. Using different barley cultivars, we show that there is natural variation in the kinetics of this process. During the terminal stages of seed development, specific and selective loss of endoreduplicated nuclei occurs in the endosperm. This is accompanied by reduced stability of the nuclear genome, progressive loss of cell viability, and finally programmed cell death. In summary, our study shows that endopolyploidization and cell death are linked phenomena that frame barley grain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowicka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- The Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martin Kovacik
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Tokarz
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- Research School Biology (RSB), University of Western Australia (UWA), Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - Dorota Weigt
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang Y, Ye H, Bai J, Ren F. The regulatory framework of developmentally programmed cell death in floral organs: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:103-112. [PMID: 33307422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Developmentally programmed cell death (dPCD) is a tightly controlled biological process. In recent years, vital roles of dPCD on regulating floral organ growth and development have been reported. It is well known that flower is an essential organ for reproduction and a turning point of plants' life cycle. Hence, uncovering the complex molecular networks which regulates dPCD processes in floral organs is utmost important. So far, our understanding of dPCD on floral organ growth and development is just starting. Herein, we summarize the important factors that involved in the tapetal degeneration, pollen tube rupture, receptive synergid cell death, nucellar degradation, and antipodal cell degradation. Meanwhile, the known factors that involved in transmitting tract formation and self-incompatibility-induced PCD were also introduced. Furthermore, the genes that associated with anther dehiscence and petal senescence and abscission were reviewed as well. The functions of various types of factors involved in floral dPCD processes are highlighted principally. The regulatory panorama described here can provide us some insights about flower-specific dPCD process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Wang
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Hong Ye
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jianfang Bai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, PR China
| | - Fei Ren
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, 288 Daxue Road, Shaoguan, 512000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Herrera J, Calderini DF. Pericarp growth dynamics associate with final grain weight in wheat under contrasting plant densities and increased night temperature. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1063-1076. [PMID: 32674130 PMCID: PMC7596374 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The pericarp weight comprises <17 % of wheat grain weight at harvest. The pericarp supports the hydration and nutrition of both the embryo and endosperm during early grain filling. However, studies of the pericarp and its association with final grain weight have been scarce. This research studied the growth dynamics of wheat pericarp from anthesis onwards and its relationship to final grain weight under contrasting plant densities and night warming. METHODS Two spring wheat cultivars contrasting in kernel weight (Bacanora and Kambara) were sown in field conditions during seasons 2012-13 and 2014-15. Both genotypes were grown under contrasting plant density (control, 370 plants m-2; and low plant density, 44 plants m-2) and night temperatures, i.e. at ambient and increased (>6 °C) temperature for short periods before and after anthesis. From anthesis onward, grains were harvested every 3 or 4 d. Grain samples were measured and the pericarp was removed with a scalpel. Whole grain and pericarp fresh and dry weight were weighed with a precision balance. At harvest, 20 grains from ten spikes were weighed and grain dimensions were measured. KEY RESULTS Fresh weight, dry matter and water content of pericarp dynamics showed a maximum between 110 and 235 °Cd. Maximum dry matter of the pericarp ranged between 4.3 and 5.7 mg, while water content achieved values of up to 12.5 mg. Maximum values and their timings were affected by the genotype, environmental condition and grain position. Final grain weight was closely associated with maximum dry matter and water content of the pericarp. CONCLUSIONS Maximum pericarp weight is a determinant of grain weight and size in wheat, which is earlier than other traits considered as key determinants of grain weight during grain filling. Better growing conditions increased maximum pericarp weight, while higher temperature negatively affected this trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Herrera
- Graduate School, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Daniel F Calderini
- Institute of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kino RI, Pellny TK, Mitchell RAC, Gonzalez-Uriarte A, Tosi P. High post-anthesis temperature effects on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain transcriptome during early grain-filling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:170. [PMID: 32299364 PMCID: PMC7164299 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High post-anthesis (p.a) temperatures reduce mature grain weights in wheat and other cereals. However, the causes of this reduction are not entirely known. Control of grain expansion by the maternally derived pericarp of the grain has previously been suggested, although this interaction has not been investigated under high p.a. temperatures. Down-regulation of pericarp localised genes that regulate cell wall expansion under high p.a. temperatures may limit expansion of the encapsulated endosperm due to a loss of plasticity in the pericarp, reducing mature grain weight. Here the effect of high p.a. temperatures on the transcriptome of the pericarp and endosperm of the wheat grain during early grain-filling was investigated via RNA-Seq and is discussed alongside grain moisture dynamics during early grain development and mature grain weight. RESULTS High p.a. temperatures applied from 6-days after anthesis (daa) and until 18daa reduced the grain's ability to accumulate water, with total grain moisture and percentage grain moisture content being significantly reduced from 14daa onwards. Mature grain weight was also significantly reduced by the same high p.a. temperatures applied from 6daa for 4-days or more, in a separate experiment. Comparison of our RNA-Seq data from whole grains, with existing data sets from isolated pericarp and endosperm tissues enabled the identification of subsets of genes whose expression was significantly affected by high p.a. temperature and predominantly expressed in either tissue. Hierarchical clustering and gene ontology analysis resulted in the identification of a number of genes implicated in the regulation of cell wall expansion, predominantly expressed in the pericarp and significantly down-regulated under high p.a. temperatures, including endoglucanase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases and a β-expansin. An over-representation of genes involved in the 'cuticle development' functional pathway that were expressed in the pericarp and affected by high p.a. temperatures was also observed. CONCLUSIONS High p.a. temperature induced down-regulation of genes involved in regulating pericarp cell wall expansion. This concomitant down-regulation with a reduction in total grain moisture content and grain weight following the same treatment period, adds support to the theory that high p.a. temperatures may cause a reduction in mature grain weight as result of decreased pericarp cell wall expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard I. Kino
- School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 237, Reading, RG6 6AR UK
| | - Till K. Pellny
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | | | - Asier Gonzalez-Uriarte
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
- Current affiliation: European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Paola Tosi
- School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 237, Reading, RG6 6AR UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yamada K, Basak AK, Goto-Yamada S, Tarnawska-Glatt K, Hara-Nishimura I. Vacuolar processing enzymes in the plant life cycle. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:21-31. [PMID: 31679161 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a cysteine-type endopeptidase that has a substrate-specificity for asparagine or aspartic acid residues and cleaves peptide bonds at their carboxyl-terminal side. Various vacuolar proteins are synthesized as larger proprotein precursors, and VPE is an important initiator of maturation and activation of these proteins. It mediates programmed cell death (PCD) by provoking vacuolar rupture and initiating the proteolytic cascade leading to PCD. Vacuolar processing enzyme also possesses a peptide ligation activity, which is responsible for producing cyclic peptides in several plant species. These unique functions of VPE support developmental and environmental responses in plants. The number of VPE homologues is higher in angiosperm species, indicating that there has been differentiation and specialization of VPE function over the course of evolution. Angiosperm VPEs are separated into two major types: the γ-type VPEs, which are expressed mainly in vegetative organs, and the β-type VPEs, whose expression occurs mainly in storage organs; in eudicots, the δ-type VPEs are further separated within γ-type VPEs. This review also considers the importance of processing and peptide ligation by VPE in vacuolar protein maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Arpan Kumar Basak
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Shino Goto-Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ram H, Gandass N, Sharma A, Singh A, Sonah H, Deshmukh R, Pandey AK, Sharma TR. Spatio-temporal distribution of micronutrients in rice grains and its regulation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:490-507. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1742647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasthi Ram
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Nishu Gandass
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Anmol Singh
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Pandey
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Protein sorting into protein bodies during barley endosperm development is putatively regulated by cytoskeleton members, MVBs and the HvSNF7s. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1864. [PMID: 32024857 PMCID: PMC7002727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal endosperm is a short-lived tissue adapted for nutrient storage, containing specialized organelles, such as protein bodies (PBs) and protein storage vacuoles (PSVs), for the accumulation of storage proteins. During development, protein trafficking and storage require an extensive reorganization of the endomembrane system. Consequently, endomembrane-modifying proteins will influence the final grain quality and yield. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying endomembrane system remodeling during barley grain development. By using label-free quantitative proteomics profiling, we quantified 1,822 proteins across developing barley grains. Based on proteome annotation and a homology search, 94 proteins associated with the endomembrane system were identified that exhibited significant changes in abundance during grain development. Clustering analysis allowed characterization of three different development phases; notably, integration of proteomics data with in situ subcellular microscopic analyses showed a high abundance of cytoskeleton proteins associated with acidified PBs at the early development stages. Moreover, endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-related proteins and their transcripts are most abundant at early and mid-development. Specifically, multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and the ESCRT-III HvSNF7 proteins are associated with PBs during barley endosperm development. Together our data identified promising targets to be genetically engineered to modulate seed storage protein accumulation that have a growing role in health and nutritional issues.
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang Y, Kumaishi K, Suzuki T, Ichihashi Y, Yamaguchi N, Shirakawa M, Ito T. Morphological and Physiological Framework Underlying Plant Longevity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:600726. [PMID: 33224176 PMCID: PMC7674609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocarpic plants have a single reproductive phase, in which their longevity is developmentally programmed by molecular networks. In the reproductive phase of Arabidopsis thaliana, the inflorescence meristem (IM) maintains a central pool of stem cells and produces a limited number of flower primordia, which result in seed formation and the death of the whole plant. In this study, we observed morphological changes in the IM at cellular and intracellular resolutions until the end of the plant life cycle. We observed four biological events during the periods from 1 week after bolting (WAB) till the death of stem cells: (1) the gradual reduction in the size of the IM, (2) the dynamic vacuolation of IM cells, (3) the loss of the expression of the stem cell determinant WUSCHEL (WUS), and (4) the upregulation of the programmed cell death marker BIFUNCTIONAL NUCLEASE1 (BFN1) in association with the death of stem cells. These results indicate that the stem cell population gradually decreases in IM during plant aging and eventually is fully terminated. We further show that the expression of WUS became undetectable in IM at 3 WAB prior to the loss of CLAVATA3 (CLV3) expression at 5 WAB; CLV3 is a negative regulator of WUS. Moreover, clv3 plants showed delayed loss of WUS and lived 6 weeks longer compared with wild-type plants. These results indicated that the prolonged expression of CLV3 at 4-5 WAB may be a safeguard that inhibits the reactivation of WUS and promotes plant death. Finally, through transcriptome analysis, we determined that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the control of plant longevity. Our work presents a morphological and physiological framework for the regulation of plant longevity in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Wang
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kie Kumaishi
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Makoto Shirakawa,
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Toshiro Ito,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Labudda M, Różańska E, Prabucka B, Muszyńska E, Marecka D, Kozak M, Dababat AA, Sobczak M. Activity profiling of barley vacuolar processing enzymes provides new insights into the plant and cyst nematode interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:38-52. [PMID: 31605455 PMCID: PMC6913211 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) play an important role during regular growth and development and defence responses. Despite substantial attempts to understand the molecular basis of plant-cyst nematode interaction, the mechanism of VPEs functioning during this interaction remains unknown. The second-stage Heterodera filipjevi juvenile penetrates host roots and induces the formation of a permanent feeding site called a syncytium. To investigate whether infection with H. filipjevi alters plant host VPEs, the studies were performed in Hordeum vulgare roots and leaves on the day of inoculation and at 7, 14 and 21 days post-inoculation (dpi). Implementing molecular, biochemical and microscopic methods we identified reasons for modulation of barley VPE activity during interaction with H. filipjevi. Heterodera filipjevi parasitism caused a general decrease of VPE activity in infected roots, but live imaging of VPEs showed that their activity is up-regulated in syncytia at 7 and 14 dpi and down-regulated at 21 dpi. These findings were accompanied by tissue-specific VPE gene expression patterns. Expression of the barley cystatin HvCPI-4 gene was stimulated in leaves but diminished in roots upon infestation. External application of cyclotides that can be produced naturally by VPEs elicits in pre-parasitic juveniles vesiculation of their body, enhanced formation of granules, induction of exploratory behaviour (stylet thrusts and head movements), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and final death by methuosis. Taken together, down-regulation of VPE activity through nematode effectors promotes the nematode invasion rates and leads to avoidance of the induction of the plant proteolytic response and death of the invading juveniles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Beata Prabucka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Ewa Muszyńska
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Dorota Marecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Marcin Kozak
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Abdelfattah A. Dababat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Soil Borne Pathogens ProgramP.K. 39 Emek06511AnkaraTurkey
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chaban I, Baranova E, Kononenko N, Khaliluev M, Smirnova E. Distinct Differentiation Characteristics of Endothelium Determine Its Ability to Form Pseudo-Embryos in Tomato Ovules. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E12. [PMID: 31861391 PMCID: PMC6982238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is an additional cell layer, differentiating from the inner epidermis of the ovule integument. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), after fertilization, the endothelium separates from integument and becomes an independent tissue developing next to the growing embryo sac. In the absence of fertilization, the endothelium may proliferate and form pseudo-embryo. However, the course of the reorganization of endothelium into pseudo-embryo in tomato ovules is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate specific features of endothelium differentiation and the role of the endothelium in the development of fertilized and unfertilized tomato ovules. The ovules of tomato plants ("YaLF" line), produced by vegetative growth plants of transgenic tomato line expressing the ac gene, encoding chitin-binding protein from Amaranthus caudatus L., were investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy. We showed that in the fertilized ovule of normally developing fruit and in the unfertilized ovule of parthenocarpic fruit, separation of the endothelium from integument occurs via programmed death of cells of the integumental parenchyma, adjacent to the endothelium. Endothelial cells in normally developing ovules change their structural and functional specialization from meristematic to secretory and back to meristematic, and proliferate until seeds fully mature. The secretory activity of the endothelium is necessary for the lysis of dying cells of the integument and provides the space for the growth of the new sporophyte. However, in ovules of parthenocarpic fruits, pseudo-embryo cells do not change their structural and functional organization and remain meristematic, no zone of lysis is formed, and pseudo-embryo cells undergo programmed cell death. Our data shows the key role of the endothelium as a protective and secretory tissue, needed for the normal development of ovules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Chaban
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Baranova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Neonila Kononenko
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marat Khaliluev
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazevskaya 49, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Elena Smirnova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow 119234, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wilkinson LG, Yang X, Burton RA, Würschum T, Tucker MR. Natural Variation in Ovule Morphology Is Influenced by Multiple Tissues and Impacts Downstream Grain Development in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1374. [PMID: 31737006 PMCID: PMC6834768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ovule plays a critical role in cereal yield as it is the site of fertilization and the progenitor of the grain. The ovule primordium is generally comprised of three domains, the funiculus, chalaza, and nucellus, which give rise to distinct tissues including the integuments, nucellar projection, and embryo sac. The size and arrangement of these domains varies significantly between model eudicots, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, and agriculturally important monocotyledonous cereal species, such as Hordeum vulgare (barley). However, the amount of variation in ovule development among genotypes of a single species, and its functional significance, remains unclear. To address this, wholemount clearing was used to examine the details of ovule development in barley. Nine sporophytic and gametophytic features were examined at ovule maturity in a panel of 150 European two-row spring barley genotypes, and compared with grain traits from the preceding and same generation. Correlations were identified between ovule traits and features of grain they produced, which in general highlighted a negative correlation between nucellus area, ovule area, and grain weight. We speculate that the amount of ovule tissue, particularly the size of the nucellus, may affect the timing of maternal resource allocation to the fertilized embryo sac, thereby influencing subsequent grain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Tobias Würschum
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Herzig P, Backhaus A, Seiffert U, von Wirén N, Pillen K, Maurer A. Genetic dissection of grain elements predicted by hyperspectral imaging associated with yield-related traits in a wild barley NAM population. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:151-164. [PMID: 31203880 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the accumulation of essential mineral elements in cereal grains is of prime importance for combating human malnutrition. Biofortification by breeding holds great potential for improving nutrient accumulation in grains. However, conventional breeding approaches require element analysis of many grain samples, which causes high costs. Here we applied hyperspectral imaging to estimate the concentration of 15 grain elements (C, B, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, P, S, Zn) in high-throughput in the wild barley nested association mapping (NAM) population HEB-25, comprising 1,420 BC1S3 lines derived from crossing 25 wild barley accessions with the cultivar 'Barke'. Nutrient concentrations varied largely with a multitude of lines having higher micronutrient concentration than 'Barke'. In a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we located 75 quantitative trait locus (QTL) hotspots, whereof many could be explained by major genes such as NO APICAL MERISTEM-1 (NAM-1) and PHOTOPERIOD 1 (Ppd-H1). The GWAS approach revealed exotic alleles that were able to increase grain element concentrations. Remarkably, a QTL linked to GIBBERELLIN 20 OXIDASE 2 (HvGA20ox2) significantly increased several grain elements without yield loss. We conclude that introgressing promising exotic alleles into elite breeding material can assist in improving the nutritional value of barley grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Herzig
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstraße 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstraße 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Le TDQ, Alvarado C, Girousse C, Legland D, Chateigner-Boutin AL. Use of X-ray micro computed tomography imaging to analyze the morphology of wheat grain through its development. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:84. [PMID: 31384289 PMCID: PMC6668075 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is one of the most important staple source in the world for human consumption, animal feed and industrial raw materials. To deal with the global and increasing population demand, enhancing crop yield by increasing the final weight of individual grain is considered as a feasible solution. Morphometric analysis of wheat grain plays an important role in tracking and understanding developmental processes by assessing potential impacts on grains properties, size and shape that are major determinants of final grain weight. X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) is a very powerful non-invasive imaging tool that is able to acquire 3D images of an individual grain, enabling to assess the morphology of wheat grain and of its different compartments. Our objective is to quantify changes of morphology during growth stages of wheat grain from 3D μCT images. METHODS 3D μCT images of wheat grains were acquired at various development stages ranging from 60 to 310 degree days after anthesis. We developed robust methods for the identification of outer and inner tissues within the grains, and the extraction of morphometric features using 3D μCT images. We also developed a specific workflow for the quantification of the shape of the grain crease. RESULTS The different compartments of the grain could be semi-automatically segmented. Variations of volumes of the compartments adequately describe the different stages of grain developments. The evolution of voids within wheat grain reflects lysis of outer tissues and growth of inner tissues. The crease shape could be quantified for each grain and averaged for each stage of development, helping us understand the genesis of the grain shape. CONCLUSION This work shows that μCT acquisitions and image processing methodologies are powerful tools to extract morphometric parameters of developing wheat grain. The results of quantitative analysis revealed remarkable features of wheat grain growth. Further work will focus on building a computational model of wheat grain growth based on real 3D imaging data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Girousse
- UMR GDEC, INRA, Université Clermont-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Insights on the Proteases Involved in Barley and Wheat Grain Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092087. [PMID: 31035313 PMCID: PMC6539298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed storage proteins must be hydrolyzed by proteases to deliver the amino acids essential for embryo growth and development. Several groups of proteases involved in this process have been identified in both the monocot and the dicot species. This review focuses on the implication of proteases during germination in two cereal species, barley and wheat, where proteolytic control during the germination process has considerable economic importance. Formerly, the participation of proteases during grain germination was inferred from reports of proteolytic activities, the expression of individual genes, or the presence of individual proteins and showed a prominent role for papain-like and legumain-like cysteine proteases and for serine carboxypeptidases. Nowadays, the development of new technologies and the release of the genomic sequences of wheat and barley have permitted the application of genome-scale approaches, such as those used in functional genomics and proteomics. Using these approaches, the repertoire of proteases known to be involved in germination has increased and includes members of distinct protease families. The development of novel techniques based on shotgun proteomics, activity-based protein profiling, and comparative and structural genomics will help to achieve a general view of the proteolytic process during germination.
Collapse
|
40
|
Buono RA, Hudecek R, Nowack MK. Plant proteases during developmental programmed cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2097-2112. [PMID: 30793182 PMCID: PMC7612330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are among the key regulators of most forms of programmed cell death (PCD) in animals. Many PCD processes have also been associated with protease expression or activation in plants, However, functional evidence for the roles and actual modes of action of plant proteases in PCD remains surprisingly limited. In this review, we provide an update on protease involvement in the context of developmentally regulated plant PCD. To illustrate the diversity of protease functions, we focus on several prominent developmental PCD processes, including xylem and tapetum maturation, suspensor elimination, endosperm degradation, and seed coat formation, as well as plant senescence processes. Despite the substantial advances in the field, protease functions are often only correlatively linked to developmental PCD, and the specific molecular roles of proteases in many developmental PCD processes remain to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrade Buono
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Hudecek
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K. Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shirley NJ, Aubert MK, Wilkinson LG, Bird DC, Lora J, Yang X, Tucker MR. Translating auxin responses into ovules, seeds and yield: Insight from Arabidopsis and the cereals. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:310-336. [PMID: 30474296 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grain production in cereal crops depends on the stable formation of male and female gametes in the flower. In most angiosperms, the female gamete is produced from a germline located deep within the ovary, protected by several layers of maternal tissue, including the ovary wall, ovule integuments and nucellus. In the field, germline formation and floret fertility are major determinants of yield potential, contributing to traits such as seed number, weight and size. As such, stimuli affecting the timing and duration of reproductive phases, as well as the viability, size and number of cells within reproductive organs can significantly impact yield. One key stimulant is the phytohormone auxin, which influences growth and morphogenesis of female tissues during gynoecium development, gametophyte formation, and endosperm cellularization. In this review we consider the role of the auxin signaling pathway during ovule and seed development, first in the context of Arabidopsis and then in the cereals. We summarize the gene families involved and highlight distinct expression patterns that suggest a range of roles in reproductive cell specification and fate. This is discussed in terms of seed production and how targeted modification of different tissues might facilitate improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Laura G Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Dayton C Bird
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Jorge Lora
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Brinton J, Uauy C. A reductionist approach to dissecting grain weight and yield in wheat. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:337-358. [PMID: 30421518 PMCID: PMC6492019 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grain yield is a highly polygenic trait that is influenced by the environment and integrates events throughout the life cycle of a plant. In wheat, the major grain yield components often present compensatory effects among them, which alongside the polyploid nature of wheat, makes their genetic and physiological study challenging. We propose a reductionist and systematic approach as an initial step to understand the gene networks regulating each individual yield component. Here, we focus on grain weight and discuss the importance of examining individual sub-components, not only to help in their genetic dissection, but also to inform our mechanistic understanding of how they interrelate. This knowledge should allow the development of novel combinations, across homoeologs and between complementary modes of action, thereby advancing towards a more integrated strategy for yield improvement. We argue that this will break barriers in terms of phenotypic variation, enhance our understanding of the physiology of yield, and potentially deliver improved on-farm yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Brinton
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwich NR4 7UHUnited Kingdom
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwich NR4 7UHUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li D, Wu D, Li S, Guo N, Gao J, Sun X, Cai Y. Transcriptomic profiling identifies differentially expressed genes associated with programmed cell death of nucellar cells in Ginkgo biloba L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:91. [PMID: 30819114 PMCID: PMC6396491 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we demonstrated that pollen chamber formation (PCF) in G. biloba ovules was a process of programmed cell death (PCD) within the nucellar cells at the micropylar end. However, the signal triggering the cascades of the programmed events in these nucellar cells remains unexplored. RESULTS A transcriptomic strategy was employed to unravel the mechanism underlying the nucellar PCD via the comparative profiles of RNA-seq between pre-PCF and post-PCF ovules. A total of 5599 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with significance was identified from G. biloba ovules and classified into three main categories of GO annotation, including 17 biological processes, 15 cellular components and 17 molecular functions. KEGG analysis showed that 72 DEGs were enriched in "Plant hormone signal transduction". Furthermore, 99 DEGs were found to be associated with the PCD process, including the genes involved in ethylene signaling pathway, PCD initiation, and PCD execution. Moreover, calcium-cytochemical localization indicated that calcium could play a role in regulating PCD events within the nucellar cells during pollen chamber formation in G. biloba ovules. CONCLUSIONS A putative working model, consisting of three overlapping processes, is proposed for the nucellar PCD: at the stage of PCD preparation, ethylene signaling pathway is activated for transcriptional regulation of the downstream targets; subsequently, at the stage of PCD initiation, the upregulated expression of several transcription factors, i.e., NAC, bHLH, MADS-box, and MYB, further promotes the corresponding transcript levels of CYTOCHROME C and CALMODULINs, thereby, leads to the PCD initiation via the calcium-dependent signaling cascade; finally, at the stage of PCD execution, some proteases like metacaspases and vacuolar processing enzyme for hydrolysis, together with the process of autophagy, play roles in the clearance of cellular components. Afterwards, a pollen chamber is generated from the removal of specific nucellar cells in the developing ovule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Li
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Shizhou Li
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Ning Guo
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Junshan Gao
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Xu Sun
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Yongping Cai
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Martinez M, Gómez-Cabellos S, Giménez MJ, Barro F, Diaz I, Diaz-Mendoza M. Plant Proteases: From Key Enzymes in Germination to Allies for Fighting Human Gluten-Related Disorders. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:721. [PMID: 31191594 PMCID: PMC6548828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteases play a crucial role in many different biological processes along the plant life cycle. One of the most determinant stages in which proteases are key protagonists is the plant germination through the hydrolysis and mobilization of other proteins accumulated in seeds and cereal grains. The most represented proteases in charge of this are the cysteine proteases group, including the C1A family known as papain-like and the C13 family also called legumains. In cereal species such as wheat, oat or rye, gluten is a very complex mixture of grain storage proteins, which may affect the health of sensitive consumers like celiac patients. Since gluten proteins are suitable targets for plant proteases, the knowledge of the proteases involved in storage protein mobilization could be employed to manipulate the amount of gluten in the grain. Some proteases have been previously found to exhibit promising properties for their application in the degradation of known toxic peptides from gluten. To explore the variability in gluten-degrading capacities, we have now analyzed the degradation of gluten from different wheat cultivars using several cysteine proteases from barley. The wide variability showed highlights the possibility to select the protease with the highest potential to alter grain composition reducing the gluten content. Consequently, new avenues could be explored combining genetic manipulation of proteolytic processes with silencing techniques to be used as biotechnological tools against gluten-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Gómez-Cabellos
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Giménez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Barro
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza,
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Castillo FM, Canales J, Claude A, Calderini DF. Expansin genes expression in growing ovaries and grains of sunflower are tissue-specific and associate with final grain weight. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:327. [PMID: 30514222 PMCID: PMC6280438 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grain weight (GW) is a key component of sunflower yield and quality, but may be limited by maternal tissues. Cell growth is influenced by expansin proteins that loosen the plant cell wall. This study aimed to identify spatio-temporal expression of EXPN genes in sunflower reproductive organ tissues (ovary, pericarp, and embryo) and evaluate correlations between reproductive organ growth and expansin genes expression. Evaluations involved eight different developmental stages, two genotypes, two source-sink treatments and two experiments. The genotypes evaluated are contrasting in GW (Alybro and confection variety RHA280) under two source-sink treatments (control and shaded) to study the interactions between grain growth and expansin genes expression. RESULTS Ovaries and grains were sampled at pre- and post-anthesis, respectively. Final GW differed between genotypes and shading treatments. Shading treatment decreased final GW by 16.4 and 19.5% in RHA280 and Alybro, respectively. Relative expression of eight expansin genes were evaluated in grain tissues. EXPN4 was the most abundant expansin in the ovary tissue, while EXPN10 and EXPN7 act predominantly in ovary and pericarp tissues, and EXPN1 and EXPN15 in the embryo tissues. CONCLUSIONS Specific expansin genes were expressed in ovary, pericarp and embryo in a tissue-specific manner. Differential expression among grain tissues was consistent between genotypes, source-sink treatments and experiments. The correlation analysis suggests that EXPN genes could be specifically involved in grain tissue extension, and their expression could be linked to grain size in sunflower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca M. Castillo
- Graduate School, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Plant Production and Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Canales
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Claude
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel F. Calderini
- Plant Production and Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gong P, Li Y, Tang Y, Wei R, Huijun Z, Wang Y, Zhang C. Vacuolar processing enzyme (VvβVPE) from Vitis vinifera, processes seed proteins during ovule development, and accelerates seed germination in VvβVPE heterologously over-expressed Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:420-431. [PMID: 30080630 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs), belonging to cysteine protease, are responsible for processing seed protein during maturation. Stenospermocarpic grapes occur self-abortion in fertilized embryos during the ovule development, which affects the formation of matured seed proteins. However, little is known about VPE functions in ovule self-defeating. Here, we investigated the role of one seed-type VPE gene, VvβVPE. Sequence analysis showed that all ORFs (Open reading frames) of VvβVPE from 19 seed/seedless genotypes are highly conserved. At the transcriptional level, VvβVPE was specifically expressed during ovule development, with distinct expression patterns: it increased gradually in seeded grapes; while weakly expressed in seedless grapes. Whereas, at the translational level, 3 forms of VvβVPE were expressed during ovule development in seeded grape: precursor βVPE (pβVPE), intermediate βVPE (iβVPE) and finally, active mature βVPE (mβVPE). By contrast, in seedless grape, VvβVPE only exists as pβVPE at whole developmental stage of ovule. for confirming these expression patterns, 12 seeded/seedless genotypes were sampled and analyzed. Furthermore, VPE enzyme activity was increased in Arabidopsis overexpressing VvβVPE, leading to faster germination. Our study indicated that VvβVPE is essential for grapevine ovule maturation through various forms and is involved in seed germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhu Huijun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lu J, Magnani E. Seed tissue and nutrient partitioning, a case for the nucellus. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:309-317. [PMID: 29869727 PMCID: PMC6105262 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants display a large spectrum of seed architectures. The volume ratio of maternal versus zygotic seed tissues changes considerably among species and underlies different nutrient-storing strategies. Such diversity arose through the evolution of cell elimination programs that regulate the relative growth of one tissue over another to become the major storage compartment. The elimination of the nucellus maternal tissue is regulated by developmental programs that marked the origin of angiosperms and outlined the most ancient seed architectures. This review focuses on such a defining mechanism for seed evolution and discusses the role of nucellus development in seed tissues and nutrient partitioning at the light of novel discoveries on its molecular regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
- Ecole Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Bat 360, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Enrico Magnani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Radchuk V, Tran V, Radchuk R, Diaz-Mendoza M, Weier D, Fuchs J, Riewe D, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Munz E, Heinzel N, Rolletschek H, Martinez M, Borisjuk L. Vacuolar processing enzyme 4 contributes to maternal control of grain size in barley by executing programmed cell death in the pericarp. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1127-1142. [PMID: 28836669 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperm embryo and endosperm are limited in space because they grow inside maternal seed tissues. The elimination of cell layers of the maternal seed coat by programmed cell death (PCD) could provide space and nutrition to the filial organs. Using the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed as a model, we elucidated the role of vacuolar processing enzyme 4 (VPE4) in cereals by using an RNAi approach and targeting the enzymatic properties of the recombinant protein. A comparative characterization of transgenic versus wild-type plants included transcriptional and metabolic profiling, flow cytometry, histology and nuclear magnetic imaging of grains. The recombinant VPE4 protein exhibited legumain and caspase-1 properties in vitro. Pericarp disintegration was delayed in the transgenic grains. Although the VPE4 gene and enzymatic activity was decreased in the early developing pericarp, storage capacity and the size of the endosperm and embryo were reduced in the mature VPE4-repressed grains. The persistence of the pericarp in the VPE4-affected grains constrains endosperm and embryo growth and leads to transcriptional reprogramming, perturbations in signalling and adjustments in metabolism. We conclude that VPE4 expression executes PCD in the pericarp, which is required for later endosperm filling, and argue for a role of PCD in maternal control of seed size in cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Van Tran
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Diana Weier
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Joerg Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - David Riewe
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinzel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yan L, Liu Z, Xu H, Zhang X, Zhao A, Liang F, Xin M, Peng H, Yao Y, Sun Q, Ni Z. Transcriptome analysis reveals potential mechanisms for different grain size between natural and resynthesized allohexaploid wheats with near-identical AABB genomes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:28. [PMID: 29402221 PMCID: PMC5799976 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common wheat is a typical allohexaploid species (AABBDD) derived from the interspecific crossing between allotetraploid wheat (AABB) and Aegilops tauschii (DD). Wide variation in grain size and shape observed among Aegilops tauschii can be retained in synthetic allohexaploid wheats, but the underlying mechanism remains enigmatic. Here, the natural and resynthesized allohexaploid wheats with near-identical AB genomes and different D genomes (TAA10 and XX329) were employed for analysis. RESULTS Significant differences in grain size and weight between TAA10 and XX329 were observed at the early stages of development, which could be mainly attributed to the higher growth rates of the pericarp and endosperm cells in XX329 compared to TAA10. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis identified that 8891 of 69,711 unigenes (12.75%) were differentially expressed between grains at 6 days after pollination (DAP) of TAA10 and XX329, including 5314 up-regulated and 3577 down-regulated genes in XX329 compared to TAA10. The MapMan functional annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in categories of cell wall, carbohydrate and hormone metabolism. Notably, consistent with the up-regulation of sucrose synthase genes in resynthesized relative to natural allohexaploid wheat, the resynthesized allohexaploid wheat accumulated much higher contents of glucose and fructose in 6-DAP grains than those of the natural allohexaploid wheat. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that the genetic variation of the D genome induced drastic alterations of gene expression in grains of the natural and resynthesized allohexaploid wheats, which may contribute to the observed differences in grain size and weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Huanwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Aiju Zhao
- Hebei Crop Genetic Breeding Laboratory Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Brinton J, Simmonds J, Uauy C. Ubiquitin-related genes are differentially expressed in isogenic lines contrasting for pericarp cell size and grain weight in hexaploid wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:22. [PMID: 29370763 PMCID: PMC5784548 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to increase global crop production. Identifying and combining specific genes controlling distinct biological processes holds the potential to enhance crop yields. Transcriptomics is a powerful tool to gain insights into the complex gene regulatory networks that underlie such traits, but relies on the availability of a high-quality reference sequence and accurate gene models. Previously, we identified a grain weight QTL on wheat chromosome 5A (5A QTL) which acts during early grain development to increase grain length through cell expansion in the pericarp. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing on near isogenic lines (NILs) segregating for the 5A QTL and used the latest gene models to identify differentially regulated genes and pathways that potentially influence pericarp cell size and grain weight in wheat. RESULTS We sampled grains at 4 and 8 days post anthesis and found that genes associated with metabolism, biosynthesis, proteolysis and the defence response are upregulated during this stage of grain development in both NILs. We identified a specific set of 112 transcripts differentially expressed (DE) between 5A NILs at either time point, including eight potential candidates for the causal 5A gene and its downstream targets. The 112 DE transcripts had functional annotations including non-coding RNA, transposon-associated, cell-cycle control, ubiquitin-related, heat-shock, transcription and histone-related. Many of the genes identified belong to families that have been previously associated with seed/grain development in other species. Notably, we identified DE transcripts at almost all steps of the pathway associated with ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. In the promoters of a subset of DE transcripts we identified enrichment of binding sites associated with C2H2, MYB/SANT, YABBY, AT-HOOK and Trihelix transcription factor families. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified DE transcripts with a diverse range of predicted biological functions, reflecting the complex nature of the pathways that control early grain development. Few of these are the direct orthologues of grain size genes in other species and none have been previously characterised in wheat. Further functional characterisation of these candidates and how they interact will provide novel insights into the control of grain size in cereals.
Collapse
|