1
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Zhu J, Gilbert RG. Starch molecular structure and diabetes. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 344:122525. [PMID: 39218548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Starch is a primary source of food energy for human beings. Its chain-length distribution (CLD) is a major structural feature influencing physiologically-important properties, such as digestibility and palatability, of starch-containing foods. Diabetes, which is of epidemic proportions in many countries, is related to the rate of starch digestion in foods. Isoforms of three biosynthesis enzymes, starch synthase, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes, control the CLDs of starch, which can be measured by methods such as size-exclusion chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Fitting observed CLDs to biosynthesis-based models based on the ratios of the activities of those isoforms yields biosynthesis-related parameters describing CLD features. This review examines CLD measurement, fitting CLDs to models, relations between CLDs, the occurrence and management of diabetes, and how plant breeders can develop varieties to optimize digestibility and palatability together, to develop starch-based foods with both a lower risk of diabetes and acceptable taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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2
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Dong X, Yang H, Chai Y, Han B, Liu J, Tian L, Cui S, Xiong S, Zhong M, Fu B, Qu LQ. Simultaneous knockout of cytosolic and plastidial disproportionating enzymes disrupts grain setting and filling in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:1391-1406. [PMID: 39056538 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) plants contain plastidial and cytosolic disproportionating enzymes (DPE1 and DPE2). Our previous studies showed that DPE2 acts on maltose, the major product of starch degradation in pollens, releasing one glucose to fuel pollen tube growth and fertilization, whereas DPE1 participates in endosperm starch synthesis by transferring maltooligosyl groups from amylose to amylopectin, and removing excess short maltooligosaccharides. However, little is known about their integrated function. Here, we report that the coordinated actions of DPE1 and DPE2 contribute to grain setting and filling in rice. The dpe1dpe2 mutants could not be isolated from the progeny of heterozygous parental plants but were obtained via anther culture. Unlike that reported in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and potato (Solanum tuberosum), the dpe1dpe2 rice plants grew normally but only yielded a small number of empty, unfilled seeds. In the dpe1dpe2 seeds, nutrient accumulation was substantially reduced, and dorsal vascular bundles were also severely malnourished. Zymogram analyses showed that changes in the activities of the major starch-synthesizing enzymes matched well with various endosperm phenotypes of mutant seeds. Mechanistically, DPE1 deficiency allowed normal starch mobilization in leaves and pollens but affected starch synthesis in endosperm, while DPE2 deficiency blocked starch degradation, resulting in substantially decreased levels of the sugars available for pollen tube growth and grain filling. Overall, our results demonstrate the great potential of DPE1-DPE2 as an important regulatory module to realize higher crop yields and present a promising target for regulating nutrient accumulation in cereal crop endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaru Chai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lihong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shuai Cui
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuo Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Manfang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Le Qing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Sun LQ, Bai Y, Wu J, Fan SJ, Chen SY, Zhang ZY, Xia JQ, Wang SM, Wang YP, Qin P, Li SG, Xu P, Zhao Z, Xiang CB, Zhang ZS. OsNLP3 enhances grain weight and reduces grain chalkiness in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100999. [PMID: 38853433 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Grain weight, a key determinant of yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.), is governed primarily by genetic factors, whereas grain chalkiness, a detriment to grain quality, is intertwined with environmental factors such as mineral nutrients. Nitrogen (N) is recognized for its effect on grain chalkiness, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be clarified. This study revealed the pivotal role of rice NODULE INCEPTION-LIKE PROTEIN 3 (OsNLP3) in simultaneously regulating grain weight and grain chalkiness. Our investigation showed that loss of OsNLP3 leads to a reduction in both grain weight and dimension, in contrast to the enhancement observed with OsNLP3 overexpression. OsNLP3 directly suppresses the expression of OsCEP6.1 and OsNF-YA8, which were identified as negative regulators associated with grain weight. Consequently, two novel regulatory modules, OsNLP3-OsCEP6.1 and OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8, were identified as key players in grain weight regulation. Notably, the OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8 module not only increases grain weight but also mitigates grain chalkiness in response to N. This research clarifies the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate grain weight through the OsNLP3-OsCEP6.1 and OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8 modules, highlighting the pivotal role of the OsNLP3-OsNF-YA8 module in alleviating grain chalkiness. These findings reveal potential targets for simultaneous enhancement of rice yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Qi Sun
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Experimental Center of Engineering and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Shi-Jun Fan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Si-Yan Chen
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Zhang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Xia
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Shi-Mei Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shi-Gui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Xiang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China.
| | - Zi-Sheng Zhang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China.
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4
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Wu H, Ren Y, Dong H, Xie C, Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang F, Zhang B, Jiang X, Huang Y, Jing R, Wang J, Miao R, Bao X, Yu M, Nguyen T, Mou C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Lei C, Cheng Z, Jiang L, Wan J. FLOURY ENDOSPERM24, a heat shock protein 101 (HSP101), is required for starch biosynthesis and endosperm development in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2635-2651. [PMID: 38634187 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Endosperm is the main storage organ in cereal grain and determines grain yield and quality. The molecular mechanisms of heat shock proteins in regulating starch biosynthesis and endosperm development remain obscure. Here, we report a rice floury endosperm mutant flo24 that develops abnormal starch grains in the central starchy endosperm cells. Map-based cloning and complementation test showed that FLO24 encodes a heat shock protein HSP101, which is localized in plastids. The mutated protein FLO24T296I dramatically lost its ability to hydrolyze ATP and to rescue the thermotolerance defects of the yeast hsp104 mutant. The flo24 mutant develops more severe floury endosperm when grown under high-temperature conditions than normal conditions. And the FLO24 protein was dramatically induced at high temperature. FLO24 physically interacts with several key enzymes required for starch biosynthesis, including AGPL1, AGPL3 and PHO1. Combined biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that FLO24 acts cooperatively with HSP70cp-2 to regulate starch biosynthesis and endosperm development in rice. Our results reveal that FLO24 acts as an important regulator of endosperm development, which might function in maintaining the activities of enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fulin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Binglei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaokang Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunshuai Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruonan Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rong Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiuhao Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingzhou Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Thanhliem Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Changling Mou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
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5
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Sudan J, Urwat U, Farooq A, Pakhtoon MM, Zaffar A, Naik ZA, Batool A, Bashir S, Mansoor M, Sofi PA, Sofi NUR, Shikari AB, Khan MK, Hossain MA, Henry RJ, Zargar SM. Explicating genetic architecture governing nutritional quality in pigmented rice. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15901. [PMID: 37719119 PMCID: PMC10501373 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important staple plant foods that provide a major source of calories and nutrients for tackling the global hunger index especially in developing countries. In terms of nutritional profile, pigmented rice grains are favoured for their nutritional and health benefits. The pigmented rice varieties are rich sources of flavonoids, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin that can be readily incorporated into diets to help address various lifestyle diseases. However, the cultivation of pigmented rice is limited due to low productivity and unfavourable cooking qualities. With the advances in genome sequencing, molecular breeding, gene expression analysis and multi-omics approaches, various attempts have been made to explore the genetic architecture of rice grain pigmentation. In this review, we have compiled the current state of knowledge of the genetic architecture and nutritional value of pigmentation in rice based upon the available experimental evidence. Future research areas that can help to deepen our understanding and help in harnessing the economic and health benefits of pigmented rice are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebi Sudan
- Proteomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Uneeb Urwat
- Proteomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Asmat Farooq
- Proteomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Maqbool Pakhtoon
- Proteomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aaqif Zaffar
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (J&K), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zafir Ahmad Naik
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (J&K), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aneesa Batool
- Proteomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Saika Bashir
- Proteomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Madeeha Mansoor
- Proteomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Parvaze A. Sofi
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (J&K), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Najeebul Ul Rehman Sofi
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Asif B. Shikari
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (J&K), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd. Kamran Khan
- Department of Soil Sciences and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- Proteomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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6
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Zhu J, Bai Y, Gilbert RG. Effects of the Molecular Structure of Starch in Foods on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112263. [PMID: 37297507 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch provides approximately half of humans' food energy, and its structural features influence human health. The most important structural feature is the chain length distribution (CLD), which affects properties such as the digestibility of starch-containing foods. The rate of digestion of such foods has a strong correlation with the prevalence and treatment of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Starch CLDs can be divided into multiple regions of degrees of polymerization, wherein the CLD in a given region is predominantly, but not exclusively, formed by a particular set of starch biosynthesis enzymes: starch synthases, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes. Biosynthesis-based models have been developed relating the ratios of the various enzyme activities in each set to the CLD component produced by that set. Fitting the observed CLDs to these models yields a small number of biosynthesis-related parameters, which, taken together, describe the entire CLD. This review highlights how CLDs can be measured and how the model-based parameters obtained from fitting these distributions are related to the properties of starch-based foods significant for health, and it considers how this knowledge could be used to develop plant varieties to provide foods with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yeming Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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7
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Kafkas S, Ma X, Zhang X, Topçu H, Navajas-Pérez R, Wai CM, Tang H, Xu X, Khodaeiaminjan M, Güney M, Paizila A, Karcı H, Zhang X, Lin J, Lin H, Herrán RDL, Rejón CR, García-Zea JA, Robles F, Muñoz CDV, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Min XJ, Özkan H, Motalebipour EZ, Gozel H, Çoban N, Kafkas NE, Kilian A, Huang H, Lv X, Liu K, Hu Q, Jacygrad E, Palmer W, Michelmore R, Ming R. Pistachio genomes provide insights into nut tree domestication and ZW sex chromosome evolution. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100497. [PMID: 36435969 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pistachio is a nut crop domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and a dioecious species with ZW sex chromosomes. We sequenced the genomes of Pistacia vera cultivar (cv.) Siirt, the female parent, and P. vera cv. Bagyolu, the male parent. Two chromosome-level reference genomes of pistachio were generated, and Z and W chromosomes were assembled. The ZW chromosomes originated from an autosome following the first inversion, which occurred approximately 8.18 Mya. Three inversion events in the W chromosome led to the formation of a 12.7-Mb (22.8% of the W chromosome) non-recombining region. These W-specific sequences contain several genes of interest that may have played a pivotal role in sex determination and contributed to the initiation and evolution of a ZW sex chromosome system in pistachio. The W-specific genes, including defA, defA-like, DYT1, two PTEN1, and two tandem duplications of six VPS13A paralogs, are strong candidates for sex determination or differentiation. Demographic history analysis of resequenced genomes suggest that cultivated pistachio underwent severe domestication bottlenecks approximately 7640 years ago, dating the domestication event close to the archeological record of pistachio domestication in Iran. We identified 390, 211, and 290 potential selective sweeps in 3 cultivar subgroups that underlie agronomic traits such as nut development and quality, grafting success, flowering time shift, and drought tolerance. These findings have improved our understanding of the genomic basis of sex determination/differentiation and horticulturally important traits and will accelerate the improvement of pistachio cultivars and rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Kafkas
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, Adana 01330, Turkey.
| | - Xiaokai Ma
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hayat Topçu
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Rafael Navajas-Pérez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ching Man Wai
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Haibao Tang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuming Xu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mortaza Khodaeiaminjan
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Murat Güney
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Aibibula Paizila
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Harun Karcı
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jing Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Han Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Roberto de la Herrán
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmelo Ruiz Rejón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisca Robles
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Coral Del Val Muñoz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI Institute), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- German Cancer Research Center, Omics IT and Data Management Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiangjia Jack Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
| | - Hakan Özkan
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | | | - Hatice Gozel
- Pistachio Research Institute, Şahinbey, Gaziantep 27060, Turkey
| | - Nergiz Çoban
- Pistachio Research Institute, Şahinbey, Gaziantep 27060, Turkey
| | - Nesibe Ebru Kafkas
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Andrej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - HuaXing Huang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuanrui Lv
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Liu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qilin Hu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ewelina Jacygrad
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - William Palmer
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard Michelmore
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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8
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Ying Y, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Tappiban P, Zhang Z, Dai G, Deng G, Bao J, Xu F. Identification of a new allele of soluble starch synthase IIIa involved in the elongation of amylopectin long chains in a chalky rice mutant. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111567. [PMID: 36526029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A chalky endosperm mutant (GM03) induced from an indica rice GLA4 was used to investigate the functional gene in starch biosynthesis. Bulked segregant analysis and sanger sequencing determined that a novel mutation in soluble starch synthase IIIa (SSIIIa) is responsible for the chalky phenotype in GM03. Complementary test by transforming the active SSIIIa gene driven by its native promoter to GM03 recovered the phenotype to its wildtype. The expression of SSIIIa was significantly decreased, while SSIIIa protein was not detected in GM03. The mutation of SSIIIa led to increased expression of most of starch synthesis related genes and elevated the levels of most of proteins in GM03. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used for targeted disruption of SSIIIa, and the mutant lines exhibited chalky endosperm which phenocopied the GM03. Additionally, the starch fine structure in the knockout mutant lines ss3a-1 and ss3a-2 was similar with the GM03, which showed increased amylose content, higher proportions of B1 and B2 chains, much lower proportions of B3 chains and decreased degree of crystallinity, leading to altered thermal properties with lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Collectively, these results suggested that SSIIIa plays an important role in starch synthesis by elongating amylopectin long chains in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gaoxing Dai
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Guofu Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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9
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Chen X, Ji Y, Zhao W, Niu H, Yang X, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Lei J, Yang H, Chen R, Gu C, Xu H, Dong H, Duan E, Teng X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wan J. Fructose-6-phosphate-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase regulates energy metabolism and synthesis of storage products in developing rice endosperm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111503. [PMID: 36270512 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Starch accounts for about 80-85 % of the dry weight of grains and determines yield by impact on grain weight. And, the content and composition of starch also determine appearance, eating, cooking and nutritional quality of rice. By coordinating crucial reactions of the primary carbohydrate metabolism in all eukaryotes, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) is a traffic signal in metabolism. However, the metabolic regulation of starch in plant sink tissues by Fru-2,6-P2 remains unclear. Here we isolated rice mutant floury endosperm23 (flo23) which has opaque endosperm and anomalous compound starch grains (SGs). flo23 mutant grains had reduced contents of starch, lipids and proteins. Map-based cloning and genetic complementation experiments showed that FLO23 encodes a cytoplasmic Fructose-6-phosphate-2-kinase/Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (F2KP). Mutation of OsF2KP2 decreased Fru-2,6-P2 content in endosperm cells, leading to drastically reduced phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate contents and disordered glycolysis and energy metabolism. The results imply that OsF2KP2 participates in the glycolytic pathway by providing precursors and energy for synthesis of grain storage compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weiying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Huanying Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Rongbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chuanwei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hongyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Erchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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10
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Fujita N, Miura S, Crofts N. Effects of Various Allelic Combinations of Starch Biosynthetic Genes on the Properties of Endosperm Starch in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 35438319 PMCID: PMC9018920 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice endosperm accumulates large amounts of photosynthetic products as insoluble starch within amyloplasts by properly arranging structured, highly branched, large amylopectin molecules, thus avoiding osmotic imbalance. The amount and characteristics of starch directly influence the yield and quality of rice grains, which in turn influence their application and market value. Therefore, understanding how various allelic combinations of starch biosynthetic genes, with different expression levels, affect starch properties is important for the identification of targets for breeding new rice cultivars. Research over the past few decades has revealed the spatiotemporal expression patterns and allelic variants of starch biosynthetic genes, and enhanced our understanding of the specific roles and compensatory functions of individual isozymes of starch biosynthetic enzymes through biochemical analyses of purified enzymes and characterization of japonica rice mutants lacking these enzymes. Furthermore, it has been shown that starch biosynthetic enzymes can mutually and synergistically increase their activities by forming protein complexes. This review focuses on the more recent discoveries made in the last several years. Generation of single and double mutants and/or high-level expression of specific starch synthases (SSs) allowed us to better understand how the starch granule morphology is determined; how the complete absence of SSIIa affects starch structure; why the rice endosperm stores insoluble starch rather than soluble phytoglycogen; how to elevate amylose and resistant starch (RS) content to improve health benefits; and how SS isozymes mutually complement their activities. The introduction of active-type SSIIa and/or high-expression type GBSSI into ss3a ss4b, isa1, be2b, and ss3a be2b japonica rice mutants, with unique starch properties, and analyses of their starch properties are summarized in this review. High-level accumulation of RS is often accompanied by a reduction in grain yield as a trade-off. Backcrossing rice mutants with a high-yielding elite rice cultivar enabled the improvement of agricultural traits, while maintaining high RS levels. Designing starch structures for additional values, breeding and cultivating to increase yield will enable the development of a new type of rice starch that can be used in a wide variety of applications, and that can contribute to food and agricultural industries in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
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11
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Wu L, Jia B, Pei W, Wang L, Ma J, Wu M, Song J, Yang S, Xin Y, Huang L, Feng P, Zhang J, Yu J. Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis and Identification of Candidate Genes Affecting Seed Size and Shape in an Interspecific Backcross Inbred Line Population of Gossypium hirsutum × Gossypium barbadense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837984. [PMID: 35392518 PMCID: PMC8981304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seed size and shape are key agronomic traits affecting seedcotton yield and seed quality in cotton (Gossypium spp.). However, the genetic mechanisms that regulate the seed physical traits in cotton are largely unknown. In this study, an interspecific backcross inbred line (BIL) population of 250 BC1F7 lines, derived from the recurrent parent Upland CRI36 (Gossypium hirsutum) and Hai7124 (Gossypium barbadense), was used to investigate the genetic basis of cotton seed physical traits via quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and candidate gene identification. The BILs were tested in five environments, measuring eight seed size and shape-related traits, including 100-kernel weight, kernel length width and their ratio, kernel area, kernel girth, kernel diameter, and kernel roundness. Based on 7,709 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, a total of 49 QTLs were detected and each explained 2.91-35.01% of the phenotypic variation, including nine stable QTLs mapped in at least three environments. Based on pathway enrichment, gene annotation, genome sequence, and expression analysis, five genes encoding starch synthase 4, transcription factor PIF7 and MYC4, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E27, and THO complex subunit 4A were identified as candidate genes that might be associated with seed size and shape. Our research provides valuable information to improve seed physical traits in cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Bing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wenfeng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Jianjiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Jikun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Shuxian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Pan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Jinfa Zhang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Jiwen Yu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
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12
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Crofts N, Domon A, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Itoh A, Noge K, Fujita N. Starch synthases SSIIa and GBSSI control starch structure but do not determine starch granule morphology in the absence of SSIIIa and SSIVb. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:379-398. [PMID: 34671919 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High levels of two major starch synthases, SSIIa and GBSSI, in ss3a ss4b double mutant rice alter the starch structure but fail to recover the polygonal starch granule morphology. The endosperm starch granule is polygonal in wild-type rice but spherical in double mutant japonica rice lacking genes encoding two of the five major Starch synthase (SS) isozymes expressed in endosperm, SSIIIa and SSIVb. Japonica rice naturally has low levels of SSIIa and Granule-bound SSI (GBSSI). Therefore, introduction of active SSIIa allele and/or high-expressing GBSSI allele from indica rice into the japonica rice mutant lacking SS isozymes can help elucidate the compensatory roles of SS isozymes in starch biosynthesis. In this study, we crossed the ss3a ss4a double mutant japonica rice with the indica rice to generate three new rice lines with high and/or low SSIIa and GBSSI levels, and examined their starch structure, physicochemical properties, and levels of other starch biosynthetic enzymes. Lines with high SSIIa levels showed more SSI and SSIIa bound to starch granule, reduced levels of short amylopectin chains (7 ≤ DP ≤ 12), increased levels of amylopectin chains with DP > 13, and consequently higher gelatinization temperature. Lines with high GBSSI levels showed an increase in amylose content. The ADP-glucose content of the crude extract was high in lines with low or high SSIIa and low GBSSI levels, but was low in lines with high GBSSI. Addition of high SSIIa and GBSSI altered the starch structure and physicochemical properties but did not affect the starch granule morphology, confirming that SSIIIa and SSIVb are key enzymes affecting starch granule morphology in rice. The relationship among SS isozymes and its effect on the amount of substrate (ADP-glucose) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Asaka Domon
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ayaka Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Koji Noge
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
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13
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Zhang C, Hao W, Lu Y, Yang Y, Chen Z, Li Q, Fan X, Luo J, Liu Q. A comparative evaluation of the effect of SSI and Wx allelic variation on rice grain quality and starch physicochemical properties. Food Chem 2022; 371:131205. [PMID: 34598118 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Near-isogenic lines Nip(Wxb/SSIj), Nip(Wxb/SSIi), Nip(wx/SSIj) and Nip(wx/SSIi) in the japonica rice Nipponbare (Nip) background containing allelic variation in the starch synthase gene SSI and Wx were investigated for cooked rice grain quality, starch morphology, pasting profiles, fine structure and crystallinity characteristics. Rice grains carrying the SSIi allele had poor cooked rice taste in the Wxb background. The introduction of SSIi caused reduced cooked rice grain elongation, especially in the wx background. Starch granule size was reduced in SSIi rice and the viscosity of flour and starch prepared from SSIi rice was markedly increased. Moreover, analysis of the starch molecular structure revealed a remarkable increase in the short amylopectin chains and reduced starch relative crystallinity compared with SSIj rice, which resulted in decreased gelatinization characteristics. These results suggest that SSI allelic variation has multiple effects on rice grain quality, as well as starch fine structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weizhuo Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jixun Luo
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture & Food/Precision Health Future Science Platform, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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14
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Multiple Abiotic Stresses Applied Simultaneously Elicit Distinct Responses in Two Contrasting Rice Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031739. [PMID: 35163659 PMCID: PMC8836074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice crops are often subject to multiple abiotic stresses simultaneously in both natural and cultivated environments, resulting in yield reductions beyond those expected from single stress. We report physiological changes after a 4 day exposure to combined drought, salt and extreme temperature treatments, following a 2 day salinity pre-treatment in two rice genotypes—Nipponbare (a paddy rice) and IAC1131 (an upland landrace). Stomata closed after two days of combined stresses, causing intercellular CO2 concentrations and assimilation rates to diminish rapidly. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels increased at least five-fold but did not differ significantly between the genotypes. Tandem Mass Tag isotopic labelling quantitative proteomics revealed 6215 reproducibly identified proteins in mature leaves across the two genotypes and three time points (0, 2 and 4 days of stress). Of these, 987 were differentially expressed due to stress (cf. control plants), including 41 proteins that changed significantly in abundance in all stressed plants. Heat shock proteins, late embryogenesis abundant proteins and photosynthesis-related proteins were consistently responsive to stress in both Nipponbare and IAC1131. Remarkably, even after 2 days of stress there were almost six times fewer proteins differentially expressed in IAC1131 than Nipponbare. This contrast in the translational response to multiple stresses is consistent with the known tolerance of IAC1131 to dryland conditions.
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15
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Li R, Zheng W, Jiang M, Zhang H. A review of starch biosynthesis in cereal crops and its potential breeding applications in rice ( Oryza Sativa L.). PeerJ 2022; 9:e12678. [PMID: 35036154 PMCID: PMC8710062 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch provides primary storage of carbohydrates, accounting for approximately 85% of the dry weight of cereal endosperm. Cereal seeds contribute to maximum annual starch production and provide the primary food for humans and livestock worldwide. However, the growing demand for starch in food and industry and the increasing loss of arable land with urbanization emphasizes the urgency to understand starch biosynthesis and its regulation. Here, we first summarized the regulatory signaling pathways about leaf starch biosynthesis. Subsequently, we paid more attention to how transcriptional factors (TFs) systematically respond to various stimulants via the regulation of the enzymes during starch biosynthesis. Finally, some strategies to improve cereal yield and quality were put forward based on the previous reports. This review would collectively help to design future studies on starch biosynthesis in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.,College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenyin Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Zhang H, Xu H, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Wang F, Zhu Y. Genetic Control and High Temperature Effects on Starch Biosynthesis and Grain Quality in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:757997. [PMID: 34975940 PMCID: PMC8718882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.757997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Grain quality is one of the key targets to be improved for rice breeders and covers cooking, eating, nutritional, appearance, milling, and sensory properties. Cooking and eating quality are mostly of concern to consumers and mainly determined by starch structure and composition. Although many starch synthesis enzymes have been identified and starch synthesis system has been established for a long time, novel functions of some starch synthesis genes have continually been found, and many important regulatory factors for seed development and grain quality control have recently been identified. Here, we summarize the progress in this field as comprehensively as possible and hopefully reveal some underlying molecular mechanisms controlling eating quality in rice. The regulatory network of amylose content (AC) determination is emphasized, as AC is the most important index for rice eating quality (REQ). Moreover, the regulatory mechanism of REQ, especially AC influenced by high temperature which is concerned as a most harmful environmental factor during grain filling is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Mukherjee S, Koramutla MK, Levin DB, Ayele BT. Genetic variation in transcriptional regulation of wheat seed starch content and its conversion to bioethanol. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | - David B. Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Belay T. Ayele
- Department of Plant Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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18
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Shao C, Shen L, Qiu C, Wang Y, Qian Y, Chen J, Ouyang Z, Zhang P, Guan X, Xie J, Liu G, Peng C. Characterizing the impact of high temperature during grain filling on phytohormone levels, enzyme activity and metabolic profiles of an early indica rice variety. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:806-818. [PMID: 33721388 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global warming results in high temperature stress (HTS), which presents severe challenges worldwide for modern agricultural production and will have significant impacts on the yield and quality of crops. Accumulation of photosynthetic products, activity of enzymes involved in sucrose-starch metabolism, phytohormone levels and metabolic profiling using LC-MS were analysed in the flag leaves and/or developing grains subjected to HTS during the grain-filling stage of an indica rice. HTS induced significant yield loss and reduced the grain quality, with lower amylose content. HTS reduced photosynthetic product accumulation in flag leaves and reduced starch accumulation in developing grains, compared to growth under normal temperatures. The activity of enzymes related to sucrose-starch metabolism were dis-regulated in developing grains grown under high temperature (HT). Moreover, phytohormone homeostasis in flag leaves and developing grains was also dramatically disturbed by HT. Metabolic profiling detected many metabolites with remarkably different relative fold abundances at different time points in the developing grain at HT versus normal temperatures, these metabolites were enriched in several HTS response pathways. The change in phytohormone ratio and auxin level might be associated with the reduction in photosynthetic products and their translocation, and ultimately with reduced starch accumulation in the developing grain. The detected metabolites might have different roles in response to the HTS in developing grain at different development stages. These results provide a theoretical reference and basis for future rice production towards higher quality and yield when grown under HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shao
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Ganzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ganzhou, China
| | - L Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C Qiu
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Y Wang
- Ganzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ganzhou, China
| | - Y Qian
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - J Chen
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Z Ouyang
- Ganzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ganzhou, China
| | - P Zhang
- Ganzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ganzhou, China
| | - X Guan
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - J Xie
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - G Liu
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - C Peng
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
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19
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Hong WJ, Jiang X, Choi SH, Kim YJ, Kim ST, Jeon JS, Jung KH. A Systemic View of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rice to Facilitate Productivity. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081690. [PMID: 34451735 PMCID: PMC8401045 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism is an important biochemical process related to developmental growth and yield-related traits. Due to global climate change and rapid population growth, increasing rice yield has become vital. To understand whole carbohydrate metabolism pathways and find related clues for enhancing yield, genes in whole carbohydrate metabolism pathways were systemically dissected using meta-transcriptome data. This study identified 866 carbohydrate genes from the MapMan toolkit and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database split into 11 clusters of different anatomical expression profiles. Analysis of functionally characterized carbohydrate genes revealed that source activity and eating quality are the most well-known functions, and they each have a strong correlation with tissue-preferred clusters. To verify the transcriptomic dissection, three pollen-preferred cluster genes were used and found downregulated in the gori mutant. Finally, we summarized carbohydrate metabolism as a conceptual model in gene clusters associated with morphological traits. This systemic analysis not only provided new insights to improve rice yield but also proposed novel tissue-preferred carbohydrate genes for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jong Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Xu Jiang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Sun-Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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20
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Yu M, Wu M, Ren Y, Wang Y, Li J, Lei C, Sun Y, Bao X, Wu H, Yang H, Pan T, Wang Y, Jing R, Yan M, Zhang H, Zhao L, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Guo X, Cheng Z, Yang B, Jiang L, Wan J. Rice FLOURY ENDOSPERM 18 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein required for 5' processing of mitochondrial nad5 messenger RNA and endosperm development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:834-847. [PMID: 33283410 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, composing one of the largest protein families in plants, are involved in RNA binding and regulation of organelle RNA metabolism at the post-transcriptional level. Although several PPR proteins have been implicated in endosperm development in rice (Oryza sativa), the molecular functions of many PPRs remain obscure. Here, we identified a rice endosperm mutant named floury endosperm 18 (flo18) with pleiotropic defects in both reproductive and vegetative development. Map-based cloning and complementation tests showed that FLO18 encodes a mitochondrion-targeted P-type PPR protein with 15 PPR motifs. Mitochondrial function was disrupted in the flo18 mutant, as evidenced by decreased assembly of Complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and altered mitochondrial morphology. Loss of FLO18 function resulted in defective 5'-end processing of mitochondrial nad5 transcripts encoding subunit 5 of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenase. These results suggested that FLO18 is involved in 5'-end processing of nad5 messenger RNA and plays an important role in mitochondrial function and endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yinglun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiuhao Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tian Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruonan Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengyuan Yan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Houda Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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21
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Zhu J, Zhang CQ, Xu J, Gilbert RG, Liu Q. Identification of Structure-Controlling Rice Biosynthesis Enzymes. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2148-2159. [PMID: 33914519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The main enzymes controlling the chain-length distributions (CLDs) of starches are starch synthases (SSs), starch branching enzymes (SBEs), and debranching enzymes (DBEs), which have various isoforms, denoted as SSI, SSII-1, etc. Different isozymes dominate the CLD in different ranges of degrees of polymerization (DPs). Models have been developed for the CLDs in terms of the activities of isoforms of these enzymes, in terms of two parameters: βi, which is the ratio of the activity of SBE to that of SS in set i, and hi, which is the relative activity of SS in that set. These provide good fits to data but without specifying which isozymes are in set i. Here, CLDs for amylopectin and amylose synthesis in rice endosperm are explored. Molecular weight distributions of the different chains formed in 87 rice varieties were obtained using size-exclusion chromatography following enzymatic debranching (converting a complex branched macromolecule to linear polymers), and fitted by the biosynthesis-based models. The mutants of each isoform among tested rice varieties were identified by amino-acid mutations in coding sequences based on the extraction and analysis of whole gene sequences. The significant differences between mutant groups of different isoforms indicate that SSI, SSII-3, SSIII-1, SSIII-2, and SBEI as well as GBSSI (an isozyme of granule-bound starch synthase) belong to the enzymes sets that control amylose biosynthesis. Further, GBSSI is in the enzyme sets that control amylopectin chains. This enables specification of all isozymes and the DP range, which they dominate, over the entire DP range. As the CLD controls many functional properties of rice, this can help breeders target and develop improved rice species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 9 100081, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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22
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V P, Tyagi A. Correlation between expression and activity of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthase and their role in starch accumulation during grain filling under drought stress in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:239-243. [PMID: 33130401 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC 2.7.7.27) and starch synthase (SS, EC 2.4.1.21) are key regulatory enzymes involved in the starch biosynthesis. Comprehensive analysis of transcription levels of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthase genes was performed in leaves, roots, and developing grains of drought susceptible (IR64) and drought-tolerant (N22) cultivars under applied water deficit stress (WDS). AGPase and SS genes are differentially regulated in leaves, roots, and grains under the drought stress. The expression pattern of SS and AGPase genes was correlated with the activity of both AGPase, SS, and starch content of developing grains under the drought. Drought stress reduced transitory starch in leaves and enhanced storage starch in developing grains. An increase in the activity of AGPase in developing grains was due to induced expression of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit 3 (AGPL3) in N22 and both ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit 2 (AGPS2) & ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit 3 (AGPL3) in IR64 and a positive correlation was established with starch content. Similarly, an increase in the SS activity in developing grains was due to induced expression of soluble starch synthase (SSIIB, SSIVA, and SSIVB) in N22 and SSIVB in IR64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathap V
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aruna Tyagi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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23
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Jukanti AK, Pautong PA, Liu Q, Sreenivasulu N. Low glycemic index rice—a desired trait in starchy staples. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Iqbal A, Xie H, He L, Ahmad S, Hussain I, Raza H, Khan A, Wei S, Quan Z, Wu K, Ali I, Jiang L. Partial substitution of organic nitrogen with synthetic nitrogen enhances rice yield, grain starch metabolism and related genes expression under the dual cropping system. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:1283-1296. [PMID: 33613058 PMCID: PMC7878691 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving grain filling in the presernt farming systems is crucial where grain filling is a concern due to the extreme use of chemical fertilizers (CF). A field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Guangxi University, China in 2019 to test the hypothesis that cattle manure (CM) and poultry manure (PM) combined with CF could improve rice grain filling rate, yield, biochemical and qualitative attributes. A total of six treatments, i.e., no fertilizer (T1), 100% CF (T2), 60% CM + 40% CF (T3), 30% CM + 70% CF (T4), 60% PM + 40% CF (T5), and 30% PM + 70% CF (T6) were used in this study. Results showed that the combined treatment T6increased starch metabolizing enzymes activity (SMEs), such as ADP-glucose phosphorylase (ADGPase) by 8 and 12%, soluble starch synthase (SSS) by 7 and 10%, granule bound starch synthesis (GBSS) by 7 and 9%, and starch branching enzyme (SBE) by 14 and 21% in the early and late seasons, respectively, compared with T2. Similarly, higher rice grain yield, grain filling rate, starch, and amylose content were also recorded in combined treatments. In terms of seasons, higher activity of SMEs , grain starch, and amylose content was noted in the late-season compared to the early season. The increment in these traits was mainly attributed to a lower temperature in the late season during the grain filling period. Furthermore, our results suggested that an increment in starch accumulation and grain filling rate were mainly associated with the enhanced sink capacity by regulating key enzyme activities involved in Suc-to-starch conversion. In-addition, RT-qPCR analysis showed higher expression levels of AGPS2b, SSS1, GBSS1, and GBSE11b genes, which resultantly increased the activities of SMEs during the grain filling period under combined treatments. Linear regression analysis revealed that the activity of ADGPase, SSS, GBSS, and SBE were highly positively correlated with starch and amylose accumulation. Thus, we concluded that a combination of 30% N from PM or CM with 70% N from CF is a promising option in terms of improving rice grain yield and quality. Our study provides a sustainable fertilizer management strategy to enhance rice grain yield and quality at the lowest environmental cost.
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Key Words
- AC, amylose content
- AGPase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
- Amylose content
- CF, chemical fertilizer
- CM, cattle manure
- DAA, days after anthesis
- DBE, starch debranching enzyme
- Enzyme
- GBBS, granule bound starch synthase
- Grain yield
- N, nitrogen
- PM, poultry manure
- Rice
- SBE, starch branching enzyme
- SS, sucrose synthase
- SSS, soluble starch synthase
- Starch synthesis
- Temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Iqbal
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huimin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
| | - Izhar Hussain
- Rice Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong, China.,University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22620, Pakistan
| | - Haneef Raza
- University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22620, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Khan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shangqin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhao Quan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
| | - Izhar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ligeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture, Guangxi University Nanning 530004, China
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25
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Blennow A, Skryhan K, Tanackovic V, Krunic SL, Shaik SS, Andersen MS, Kirk H, Nielsen KL. Non-GMO potato lines, synthesizing increased amylose and resistant starch, are mainly deficient in isoamylase debranching enzyme. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2096-2108. [PMID: 32096588 PMCID: PMC7540516 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Solanum tuberosum potato lines with high amylose content were generated by crossing with the wild potato species Solanum sandemanii followed by repeated backcrossing to Solanum tuberosum lines. The trait, termed increased amylose (IAm), was recessive and present after three generations of backcrossing into S. tuberosum lines (6.25% S. sandemanii genes). The tubers of these lines were small, elongated and irregular with small and misshaped starch granules and high sugar content. Additional backcrossing resulted in less irregular tuber morphology, increased starch content (4.3%-9.5%) and increased amylose content (29%-37.9%) but indifferent sugar content. The amylose in the IAm starch granules was mainly located in peripheral spots, and large cavities were found in the granules. Starch pasting was suppressed, and the digestion-resistant starch (RS) content was increased. Comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) analysis revealed specific alterations of major pectic and glycoprotein cell wall components. This complex phenotype led us to search for candidate IAm genes exploiting its recessive trait. Hence, we sequenced genomic DNA of a pool of IAm lines, identified SNPs genome wide against the draft genome sequence of potato and searched for regions of decreased heterozygosity. Three regions, located on chromosomes 3, 7 and 10, respectively, displayed markedly less heterozygosity than average. The only credible starch metabolism-related gene found in these regions encoded the isoamylase-type debranching enzyme Stisa1. Decreased expression of mRNA (>500 fold) and reduced enzyme activity (virtually absent from IAm lines) supported Stisa1 as a candidate gene for IAm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Katsiaryna Skryhan
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Vanja Tanackovic
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Susanne L. Krunic
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Shahnoor S. Shaik
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | | | | | - Kåre L. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
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26
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Effect of high temperature stress during ripening on the accumulation of key storage compounds among Japanese highly palatable rice cultivars. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Somayajula D, Desai N. Optimization of protein extraction and proteomic studies in Cenchrus polystachion (L.) Schult. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02968. [PMID: 31853511 PMCID: PMC6911988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apomicts have been studied at their genetic levels, but there are no any direct evidence of its mechanism. In order to understand the mechanism involved, a close relative of Pennisetum, Cenchrus polystachion, an apomictic species was explored for more insights into protein expression in reproductive structures. Optimization of protein extraction was studied with the leaf tissue and optimized protocol was extrapolated to other five tissues. The phenol-based protein extraction emerged as the best method for plant leaf tissue providing a better protein yield, separation of bands, removal of non-protein components like polyphenolic compounds and nucleic acids. The proteome analysis of leaf, stigma, immature ovary, seed, anther sac and pollen tissues of Cenchrus polystachion were carried out identifying a total of 135407 proteins against the Poaceae database from UNIPROT/TrEMBL. The target candidate proteins found in all the tissues were identified and mainly comprised of Actin Protein, PIP, Starch Synthase, ATP Synthase, Glutathione S Transferase, Dehydroascorbate reductase, Ascorbate peroxidase and heat shock proteins. Visualization and descriptive statistics conveyed all the necessary information to understand the differential expression of proteins in Cenchrus polystachion. This study forms a base to understand the role of tissue specific expressed proteins in an apomictic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Somayajula
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai Bhatan Road, Panvel, 410206, Mumbai, Maharastra, India
| | - Neetin Desai
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai Bhatan Road, Panvel, 410206, Mumbai, Maharastra, India
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28
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Zhu J, Yu W, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Xu J, Li E, Gilbert RG, Liu Q. New insights into amylose and amylopectin biosynthesis in rice endosperm. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 230:115656. [PMID: 31887861 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
How various isoforms of rice-starch biosynthesis enzymes interact during amylose and amylopectin synthesis is explored. The chain-length distributions of amylopectin and amylose from 95 varieties with different environmental and genetic backgrounds were obtained using size- exclusion chromatography, and fitted with biosynthesis-derived models based on isoforms of starch synthase (SSI-SSIV), starch branching enzyme (SBE, including SBEI and SBEII) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) that are involved in amylose and amylopectin synthesis. It is usually thought that these are synthesized by separate enzymes. However, the amount of longer amylopectin chains correlated with that of shorter amylose chains, indicating that GBSS, SBE and SS affect both amylose and amylopectin synthesis. Further, the activity of GBSS in amylose correlated with that of SS in amylopectin. This new understanding of which enzymes are suggested by the statistics to be involved in both amylose and amylopectin synthesis could help rice breeders develop cereals with targeted properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu West Avenue 601, Guangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yajun Zhu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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29
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Zhang S, Guo H, Irshad A, Xie Y, Zhao L, Xiong H, Gu J, Zhao S, Ding Y, Liu L. The synergistic effects of TaAGP.L-B1 and TaSSIVb-D mutations in wheat lead to alterations of gene expression patterns and starch content in grain development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223783. [PMID: 31603940 PMCID: PMC6788705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is synthesized from a series of reactions catalyzed by enzymes. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) initiates the synthesis pathway and synthesizes ADP-glucose, the substrate of starch synthase (SS), of which SSIV is an isoform. Mutations of the AGPase subunit and SSIV-coding genes affect starch content and cause variation in the number of granules. Here, we pyramided the functional mutation alleles of the AGPase subunit gene TaAGP.L-B1 and the SSIV-coding gene TaSSIVb-D to elucidate their synergistic effects on other key starch biosynthesis genes and their impact on starch content. Both the TaAGP.L-B1 and TaSSIVb-D genes were expressed in wheat grain development, and the expression level of TaAGP.L-B1 was higher than that of TaSSIVb-D. The TaAGP.L-B1 gene was downregulated in the agp.L-B1 single and agp.L-B1/ssIV-D double mutants at 12 to 18 days after flowering (DAF). TaSSIVb-D expression was significantly reduced at 6 DAF in both ssIV-D single and double mutants. In the agp.L-B1/ssIV-D double mutant, TaGBSSII was upregulated, while TaAGPSS, TaSSI, and TaSBEII were downregulated. Under the interaction of these genes, the total starch and amylopectin contents were significantly decreased in agp.L-B1 and agp.L-B1/ssIV-D mutants. The results suggested that the mutations of TaAGP.L-B1 and TaSSIVb-D genes resulted in variation in the expression patterns of the other four starch synthetic genes and led to a reduction in starch and amylopectin contents. These mutants could be used further as germplasm for resistant starch analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Ahsan Irshad
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yongdun Xie
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Linshu Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchun Xiong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Ding
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Luxiang Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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30
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Zhao Q, Du X, Han Z, Ye Y, Pan G, Asad MAU, Zhou Q, Cheng F. Suppression of starch synthase I (SSI) by RNA interference alters starch biosynthesis and amylopectin chain distribution in rice plants subjected to high temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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31
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Wu M, Ren Y, Cai M, Wang Y, Zhu S, Zhu J, Hao Y, Teng X, Zhu X, Jing R, Zhang H, Zhong M, Wang Y, Lei C, Zhang X, Guo X, Cheng Z, Lin Q, Wang J, Jiang L, Bao Y, Wang Y, Wan J. Rice FLOURY ENDOSPERM10 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein that is essential for the trans-splicing of mitochondrial nad1 intron 1 and endosperm development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:736-750. [PMID: 30916395 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm, the major storage organ in cereal grains, determines grain yield and quality. Despite the fact that a role for P-type pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins in the regulation of endosperm development has emerged, molecular functions of many P-type PPR proteins remain obscure. Here, we report a rice endosperm defective mutant, floury endosperm10 (flo10), which developed smaller starch grains in starchy endosperm and abnormal cells in the aleurone layer. Map-based cloning and rescued experiments showed that FLO10 encodes a P-type PPR protein with 26 PPR motifs, which is localized to mitochondria. Loss of function of FLO10 affected the trans-splicing of the mitochondrial nad1 intron 1, which was accompanied by the increased accumulation of the nad1 exon 1 and exons 2-5 precursors. The failed formation of mature nad1 led to a dramatically decreased assembly and activity of complex I, reduced ATP production, and changed mitochondrial morphology. In addition, loss of function of FLO10 significantly induced an alternative respiratory pathway involving alternative oxidase. These results reveal that FLO10 plays an important role in the maintenance of mitochondrial function and endosperm development through its effect on the trans-splicing of the mitochondrial nad1 intron 1 in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Maohong Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaopin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruonan Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingsheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiqun Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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32
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Yamaguchi T, Yamakawa H, Nakata M, Kuroda M, Hakata M. Suppression of phospholipase D genes improves chalky grain production by high temperature during the grain-filling stage in rice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1102-1110. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1580137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
High temperature (HT) during the grain developing stage causes deleterious effects on rice quality resulting in mature grains with a chalky appearance. Phospholipase D (PLD) plays an important role in plants, including responses to environmental stresses. OsPLDα1, α3 and β2-knockdown (KD) plants showed decreased production of chalky grains at HT. HT ripening increased H2O2 accumulated in the developing grains. However, the increase was canceled by the knockdown of OsPLDβ2. Expression levels of OsCATA which is one of three rice catalase genes, in developing grains of OsPLDβ2-KD plants at 10 DAF were increased compared with that in vector-controls in HT growth conditions. Overexpression of OsCATA markedly suppressed the production of chalky grains in HT growth conditions. These results suggested that OsPLDβ2 functions as a negative regulator of the induction of OsCATA and is involved in the production of chalky grains in HT growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masaru Nakata
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Joetsu, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kuroda
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Joetsu, Japan
| | - Makoto Hakata
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Joetsu, Japan
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33
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Cakir B, Tian L, Crofts N, Chou HL, Koper K, Ng CY, Tuncel A, Gargouri M, Hwang SK, Fujita N, Okita TW. Re-programming of gene expression in the CS8 rice line over-expressing ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase induces a suppressor of starch biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:1073-1088. [PMID: 30523657 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The CS8 transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines expressing an up-regulated glgC gene produced higher levels of ADPglucose (ADPglc), the substrate for starch synthases. However, the increase in grain weight was much less than the increase in ADPglc levels suggesting one or more downstream rate-limiting steps. Endosperm starch levels were not further enhanced in double transgenic plants expressing both glgC and the maize brittle-1 gene, the latter responsible for transport of ADPglc into the amyloplast. These studies demonstrate that critical processes within the amyloplast stroma restrict maximum carbon flow into starch. RNA-seq analysis showed extensive re-programming of gene expression in the CS8 with 2073 genes up-regulated and 140 down-regulated. One conspicuous gene, up-regulated ~15-fold, coded for a biochemically uncharacterized starch binding domain-containing protein (SBDCP1) possessing a plastid transit peptide. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed that SBDCP1 was located in the amyloplasts. Reciprocal immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays indicated an interaction between SBDCP1 and starch synthase IIIa (SSIIIa), which was down-regulated at the protein level in the CS8 line. Furthermore, binding by SBDCP1 inhibited SSIIIa starch polymerization activity in a non-competitive manner. Surprisingly, artificial microRNA gene suppression of SBDCP1 restored protein expression levels of SSIIIa in the CS8 line resulting in starch with lower amylose content and increased amylopectin chains with a higher degree of polymerization. Collectively, our results support the involvement of additional non-enzymatic factors such as SBDCP in starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Cakir
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hong-Li Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Kaan Koper
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Chun-Yeung Ng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Aytug Tuncel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Mahmoud Gargouri
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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34
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Wang R, Xiao L, Yang L, Lu Q. Oxidative stress with the damage of scavenging system: a mechanism for the nutrients loss in rice seeds during post-harvest storage. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1576771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longsong Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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35
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Xia J, Zhu D, Wang R, Cui Y, Yan Y. Crop resistant starch and genetic improvement: a review of recent advances. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:2495-2511. [PMID: 30374526 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS), as a healthy dietary fiber, meets with great human favor along with the rapid development and improvement of global living standards. RS shows direct effects in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels, serum cholesterol levels and glycemic index. Therefore, RS plays an important role in preventing and improving non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, colon cancer, cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. In addition, RS leads to its potential applied value in the development of high-quality foodstuffs, such as bread, noodles and dumplings. This paper reviews the recent advances in RS research, focusing mainly on RS classification and measurement, formation, quantitative trait locus mapping, genome-wide association studies, molecular marker development and genetic improvement through induced mutations, plant breeding combined with marker-assisted selection and genetic transformation. Challenges and perspectives on further RS research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Ruomei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China.
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36
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Zhou Q, Huang M, Huang X, Liu J, Wang X, Cai J, Dai T, Cao W, Jiang D. Effect of post-anthesis waterlogging on biosynthesis and granule size distribution of starch in wheat grains. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:222-228. [PMID: 30218894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging is one of the most common abiotic stress types in wheat production in many rainy areas of the world. Two locally widely grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Yumai 34 and Yangmai 9) were subjected to post-anthesis waterlogging in a pot experiment to investigate the impacts of waterlogging on the starch synthesis and the physiochemical properties. Post-anthesis waterlogging significantly decreased grain weight and affected the content of starch components. Waterlogging down-regulated the activity and expression of genes encoding soluble starch synthase [SSS (EC 2.4.1.21)], while up-regulated those of the granule bound starch synthase I [GBSSI (EC:2.4.1.242)]. This further resulted in decreased amylopectin content and increased amylose content. Waterlogging also caused a reduction in the number of starch granules, while increased the mean diameter of starch granules in mature grains, which was mainly due to an increase in the volume frequency percent of the A-type starch granules. Waterlogging also lowered the peak viscosity and trough viscosity of starch, but did not affect the breakdown viscosity and peak time. We concluded that the modified expressions of the starch synthase encoding genes were responsible for the changed size distribution of starch granules, which finally affected the starch pasting properties of wheat growing under post-anthesis waterlogging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Nanjing Agricultural University, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Mei Huang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Nanjing Agricultural University, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jian Cai
- Nanjing Agricultural University, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Nanjing Agricultural University, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Weixing Cao
- Nanjing Agricultural University, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Katayama K, Nishinaka M, Nakamura Y, Kuranouchi T, Ohara-Takada A, Fujita K, Kitahara K. New Sweetpotato Lines have High Amylose and Resistant Starch Contents. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201800180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Katayama
- Field Crop Research Division, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Mio Nishinaka
- Field Crop Research Division, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Field Crop Research Division, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kuranouchi
- Field Crop Research Division, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Akiko Ohara-Takada
- Field Crop Research Division, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Fujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University; Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Kanefumi Kitahara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University; Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
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Li QF, Huang LC, Chu R, Li J, Jiang MY, Zhang CQ, Fan XL, Yu HX, Gu MH, Liu QQ. Down-Regulation of SSSII-2 Gene Expression Results in Novel Low-Amylose Rice with Soft, Transparent Grains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9750-9760. [PMID: 30160954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although soft rice, with low amylose content (AC), has high eating and cooking quality (ECQ), its appearance is poor due to the opaque endosperm. Here, a novel soft rice with low AC but a transparent appearance was generated by knocking-down the expression of SSSII-2, a gene encoding one isoform of soluble starch synthase (SSS). The physicochemical properties of the SSSII-2 RNAi rice are quite different from the control but more like the popular soft rice "Nanjing 46". The taste value assay further demonstrated that the ECQ of SSSII-2 RNAi rice was as high as "Nanjing 46", but only SSSII-2 RNAi rice retained the transparent endosperm under low moisture conditions. Further examination showed that the different morphologies and fine structures of the starch granules may contribute to the specific properties of SSSII-2 RNAi rice. Therefore, SSSII-2 has potential application in future high quality rice breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Li-Chun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Rui Chu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Mei-Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Xiao-Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Heng-Xiu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Ming-Hong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
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Aguirre M, Kiegle E, Leo G, Ezquer I. Carbohydrate reserves and seed development: an overview. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:263-290. [PMID: 29728792 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are one of the most important food sources, providing humans and animals with essential nutrients. These nutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Carbohydrates are one of the main energy sources for both plant and animal cells and play a fundamental role in seed development, human nutrition and the food industry. Many studies have focused on the molecular pathways that control carbohydrate flow during seed development in monocot and dicot species. For this reason, an overview of seed biodiversity focused on the multiple metabolic and physiological mechanisms that govern seed carbohydrate storage function in the plant kingdom is required. A large number of mutants affecting carbohydrate metabolism, which display defective seed development, are currently available for many plant species. The physiological, biochemical and biomolecular study of such mutants has led researchers to understand better how metabolism of carbohydrates works in plants and the critical role that these carbohydrates, and especially starch, play during seed development. In this review, we summarize and analyze the newest findings related to carbohydrate metabolism's effects on seed development, pointing out key regulatory genes and enzymes that influence seed sugar import and metabolism. Our review also aims to provide guidelines for future research in the field and in this way to assist seed quality optimization by targeted genetic engineering and classical breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Aguirre
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
- FNWI, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Kiegle
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Leo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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40
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Long W, Wang Y, Zhu S, Jing W, Wang Y, Ren Y, Tian Y, Liu S, Liu X, Chen L, Wang D, Zhong M, Zhang Y, Hu T, Zhu J, Hao Y, Zhu X, Zhang W, Wang C, Zhang W, Wan J. FLOURY SHRUNKEN ENDOSPERM1 Connects Phospholipid Metabolism and Amyloplast Development in Rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:698-712. [PMID: 29717019 PMCID: PMC6001332 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthesized and stored in amyloplasts serves as the major energy storage molecule in cereal endosperm. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying amyloplast development and starch synthesis, we isolated a series of floury endosperm mutants in rice (Oryza sativa). We identified the rice mutant floury shrunken endosperm1 (fse1), which exhibited obvious defects in the development of compound starch grains, decreased starch content, and altered starch physicochemical features. Map-based cloning showed that FSE1 encodes a phospholipase-like protein homologous to phosphatidic acid-preferring phospholipase A1FSE1 was expressed ubiquitously with abundant levels observed in developing seeds and roots. FSE1 was localized to both the cytosol and intracellular membranes. Lipid profiling indicated that total extra-plastidic lipids and phosphatidic acid were increased in fse1 plants, suggesting that FSE1 may exhibit in vivo phospholipase A1 activity on phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidyl-Ser, phosphatidylethanolamine, and, in particular, phosphatidic acid. Additionally, the total galactolipid content in developing fse1 endosperm was significantly reduced, which may cause abnormal amyloplast development. Our results identify FSE1 as a phospholipase-like protein that controls the synthesis of galactolipids in rice endosperm and provide a novel connection between lipid metabolism and starch synthesis in rice grains during endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhua Long
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Guizhou Rice Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Susong Zhu
- Guizhou Rice Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, P.R. China
| | - Wen Jing
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yunlu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Mingsheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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41
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Hayashi M, Crofts N, Oitome NF, Fujita N. Analyses of starch biosynthetic protein complexes and starch properties from developing mutant rice seeds with minimal starch synthase activities. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:59. [PMID: 29636002 PMCID: PMC5894220 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is the major component of cereal grains and is composed of essentially linear amylose and highly branched amylopectin. The properties and composition of starch determine the use and value of grains and their products. Starch synthase (SS) I, SSIIa, and SSIIIa play central roles in amylopectin biosynthesis. These three SS isozymes also affect seed development, as complete loss of both SSI and SSIIIa under reduced SSIIa activity in rice lead to sterility, whereas presence of minimal SSI or SSIIIa activity is sufficient for generating fertile seeds. SSs, branching enzymes, and/or debranching enzymes form protein complexes in cereal. However, the relationship between starch properties and the formation of protein complexes remain largely unknown. To better understand this phenomenon, properties of starch and protein complex formation were analyzed using developing mutant rice seeds (ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a) in which all three major SS activities were reduced. RESULTS The SS activity of ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a was 25%-30% that of the wild-type. However, the grain weight of ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a was 89% of the wild-type, 55% of which was starch, showing considerable starch synthesis. The reduction of soluble SS activity in ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a resulted in increased levels of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and granule-bound starch synthase I, which are responsible for substrate synthesis and amylose synthesis, respectively. Together, these features led to an increase in apparent amylose content (34%) in ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a compared with wild-type (20%). Gel filtration chromatography of the soluble proteins in ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a showed that the majority of the starch biosynthetic enzymes maintained the similar elution patterns as wild-type, except that the amounts of high-molecular-weight SSI (> 300 kDa) were reduced and SSIIa of approximately 200-300 kDa were present instead of those > 440 kDa, which predominate in wild-type. Immuno-precipitation analyses suggested that the interaction between the starch biosynthetic enzymes maybe reduced or weaker than in wild-type. CONCLUSIONS Although major SS isozymes were simultaneously reduced in ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a rice, active protein complexes were formed with a slightly altered pattern, suggesting that the assembly of protein complexes may be complemented among the SS isozymes. In addition, ss1 L /ss2a L /ss3a maintained the ability to synthesize starch and accumulated less amylopectin and more amylose in starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hayashi
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
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42
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Tian B, Talukder SK, Fu J, Fritz AK, Trick HN. Expression of a rice soluble starch synthase gene in transgenic wheat improves the grain yield under heat stress conditions. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. PLANT : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 2018; 54:216-227. [PMID: 29780215 PMCID: PMC5954006 DOI: 10.1007/s11627-018-9893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a temperate cereal with an optimum temperature range of 15-22°C during the grain filling stage. Heat stress is one of the major environmental constraints for wheat production worldwide. Temperatures above 25°C during the grain filling stage significantly reduced wheat yield and quality. This reduction was reported due to the inactivation of the soluble starch synthase, a key heat-labile enzyme in starch transformation of wheat endosperm. To improve wheat productivity under heat stress, the rice soluble starch synthase I, under the control of either a constitutive promoter or an endosperm-specific promoter, was expressed in wheat and the transgenic lines were monitored for expression and the effects on yield-related traits. The results showed that the transgenic wheat events expressed rice soluble starch synthase I at a high level after four generations, and transgenic plants produced grains of greater weight during heat stress. Under heat stress conditions, the thousand kernel weight increased 21-34% in T2 and T3 transgenic plants compared to the non-transgenic control plants. In addition, the photosynthetic duration of transgenic wheat was longer than in non-transgenic controls. This study demonstrated that the engineering of a heat tolerant soluble starch synthase gene can be a potential strategy to improve wheat yield under heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, 4024 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Shyamal K. Talukder
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
- Samuel Roberts Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Jianming Fu
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
- USDA/ARS/Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, 4008 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Allan K. Fritz
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Harold N. Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, 4024 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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Li Q, Liu X, Zhang C, Jiang L, Jiang M, Zhong M, Fan X, Gu M, Liu Q. Rice Soluble Starch Synthase I: Allelic Variation, Expression, Function, and Interaction With Waxy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1591. [PMID: 30483281 PMCID: PMC6243471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Starch, which is composed of amylose and amylopectin, is the key determinant of rice quality. Amylose is regulated by the Waxy (Wx) gene, whereas amylopectin is coordinated by various enzymes including eight soluble starch synthases (SSSs), of which SSSI accounts for ∼70% of the total SSS activity in cereal endosperm. Although great progress has been made in understanding SSSI gene expression and function, allelic variation and its effects on gene expression, rice physicochemical properties and qualities, and interactions with the Wx gene remain unclear. Herein, SSSI nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed in 165 rice varieties using five distinct molecular markers, three of which reside in an SSSI promoter and might account for a higher expression of the SSSIi allele in indica ssp. than of the SSSIj allele in japonica ssp. The results of SSSI promoter-Beta-Glucuronidase (β-GUS) analysis were consistent with the expression results. Moreover, analysis of near isogenic lines (NILs) in the Nipponbare (Nip) background showed that Nip (SSSIi ) and Nip (SSSIj ) differed in their thermal properties, gel consistency (GC), and granule crystal structure. Knockdown of SSSI expression using the SSSI-RNA interference (RNAi) construct in both japonica and indica backgrounds caused consistent changes in most tested physicochemical characteristics except GC. Moreover, taste value analysis (TVA) showed that introduction of the SSSI allele in indica or knockdown of SSSI expression in japonica cultivars significantly reduced the comprehensive taste value, which was consistent with the superior taste of japonica against indica. Furthermore, to test the potential interaction between SSSI and different Wx alleles, three NILs within the Wx locus were generated in the indica cv. Longtefu (LTF) background, which were designated as LTF (Wxa ), LTF (Wxb ), and LTF (wx). The SSSI-RNAi construct was also introduced into these three NILs, and physiochemical analysis confirmed that the knockdown of SSSI significantly increased the rice apparent amylose content (AAC) only in the Wxa and Wxb background and caused different changes in GC in the NILs. Therefore, the effect of SSSI variation on rice quality also depends on its crosstalk with other factors, especially the Wx gene. These findings provide fundamental knowledge for future breeding of rice with premium eating and cooking qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Meiyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Minghong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiaoquan Liu,
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Nakata M, Miyashita T, Kimura R, Nakata Y, Takagi H, Kuroda M, Yamaguchi T, Umemoto T, Yamakawa H. MutMapPlus identified novel mutant alleles of a rice starch branching enzyme IIb gene for fine-tuning of cooked rice texture. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:111-123. [PMID: 28499068 PMCID: PMC5785365 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties of storage starch largely determine rice grain quality and food characteristics. Therefore, modification of starch property is effective to fine-tune cooked rice textures. To obtain new resources with modified starch property as breeding materials, we screened a mutant population of a japonica cultivar Nipponbare and found two independent mutant lines, altered gelatinization (age)1 and age2, with moderate changes in starch gelatinization property. A combination of conventional genetic analyses and the latest mapping method, MutMapPlus, revealed that both of these lines harbour novel independent mutant alleles of starch branching enzyme IIb (BEIIb) gene. In age1, amino acid substitution of Met-723 to Lys completely abolished BEIIb enzyme activity without significant reduction in its protein level. A transposon insertion in an intron of BEIIb gene reduced BEIIb protein level and activity in age2. Production of a series of the mutant lines by combining age alleles and indica-type starch synthase IIa allele established stepwise alteration of the physicochemical properties of starch including apparent amylose content, thermal property, digestibility by α-amylase and branched structures of amylopectin. Consistent with the alteration of starch properties, the results of a sensory evaluation test demonstrated that warm cooked rice of the mutants showed a variety of textures without marked reduction in overall palatability. These results suggest that a series of the mutant lines are capable of manipulation of cooked rice textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakata
- Division of Crop DevelopmentCentral Region Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)JoetsuJapan
| | - Tomomi Miyashita
- Division of Crop DevelopmentCentral Region Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)JoetsuJapan
| | - Rieko Kimura
- Division of Crop DevelopmentCentral Region Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)JoetsuJapan
| | - Yuriko Nakata
- Division of Crop DevelopmentCentral Region Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)JoetsuJapan
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Department of Bioproduction ScienceIshikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichiJapan
| | - Masaharu Kuroda
- Division of Crop DevelopmentCentral Region Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)JoetsuJapan
| | - Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Crop DevelopmentCentral Region Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)JoetsuJapan
| | - Takayuki Umemoto
- Institute of Crop ScienceNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)TsukubaJapan
| | - Hiromoto Yamakawa
- Division of Crop DevelopmentCentral Region Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)JoetsuJapan
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory; Tennoh, Katagami, Akita Japan
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita Japan
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46
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Crofts N, Sugimoto K, Oitome NF, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Differences in specificity and compensatory functions among three major starch synthases determine the structure of amylopectin in rice endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:399-417. [PMID: 28466433 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The lengths of amylopectin-branched chains are precise and influence the physicochemical properties of starch, which determine starch functionality. Three major isozymes of starch synthases (SSs), SSI, SSII(a), and SSIII(a), are primarily responsible for amylopectin chain elongation in the storage tissues of plants. To date, the majority of reported rice mutants were generated using japonica cultivars, which have almost inactive SSIIa. Although three SSs share some overlapping chain length preferences, whether they complement each other remains unknown due to the absence of suitable genetic combinations of materials. In this study, rice ss1/SS2a/SS3a and SS1/SS2a/ss3a were newly generated, and the chain length distribution patterns of all the possible combinations of presence and absence of SSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa activities were compared. This study demonstrated that SSIIa can complement most SSI functions that use glucan chains with DP 6-7 to generate DP 8-12 chains but cannot fully compensate for the elongation of DP 16-19 chains. This suggests that SSIIa preferentially elongates outer but not inner chains of amylopectin. In addition, the results revealed that neither SSI nor SSIIIa compensate for SSIIa. Neither SSI nor SSIIa compensate for elongation of DP >30 by SSIIIa. SSIIa could not resolve the pleiotropic increase of SSI caused by the absence of SSIIIa; instead, SSIIa further elongated those branches elongated by SSI. These results revealed compensatory differences among three major SS isozymes responsible for lengths of amylopectin branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (N.C.), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Sugimoto
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tenno, Katagami City, Akita, 010-0101, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
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47
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Singh N, Singh B, Rai V, Sidhu S, Singh AK, Singh NK. Evolutionary Insights Based on SNP Haplotypes of Red Pericarp, Grain Size and Starch Synthase Genes in Wild and Cultivated Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:972. [PMID: 28649256 PMCID: PMC5465369 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The origin and domestication of rice has been a subject of considerable debate in the post-genomic era. Rice varieties have been categorized based on isozyme and DNA markers into two broad cultivar groups, Indica and Japonica. Among other well-known cultivar groups Aus varieties are closer to Indica and Aromatic varieties including Basmati are closer to Japonica, while deep-water rice varieties share kinship to both Indica and Japonica cultivar groups. Here, we analyzed haplotype networks and phylogenetic relationships in a diverse set of genotypes including Indian Oryza nivara/Oryza rufipogon wild rice accessions and representative varieties of four rice cultivar groups based on pericarp color (Rc), grain size (GS3) and eight different starch synthase genes (GBSSI, SSSI, SSIIa, SSIIb, SSIIIa, SSIIIb, SSIVa, and SSIVb). Aus cultivars appear to have the most ancient origin as they shared the maximum number of haplotypes with the wild rice populations, while Indica, Japonica and Aromatic cultivar groups showed varying phylogenetic origins of these genes. Starch synthase genes showed higher variability in cultivated rice than wild rice populations, suggesting diversified selection during and after domestication. O. nivara/O. rufipogon wild rice accessions belonging to different sub-populations shared common haplotypes for all the 10 genes analyzed. Our results support polyphyletic origin of cultivated rice with a complex pattern of migration of domestication alleles from wild to different rice cultivar groups. The findings provide novel insights into evolutionary and domestication history of rice and will help utilization of wild rice germplasm for genetic improvement of rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- ICAR – National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- Shaheed Udham Singh College of Engineering & Technology, I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical UniversityJalandhar, India
| | - Balwant Singh
- ICAR – National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Vandna Rai
- ICAR – National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Sukhjeet Sidhu
- Shaheed Udham Singh College of Engineering & Technology, I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical UniversityJalandhar, India
| | - Ashok K. Singh
- Divisions of Genetics, ICAR – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Nagendra K. Singh
- ICAR – National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
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48
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Itoh Y, Crofts N, Abe M, Hosaka Y, Fujita N. Characterization of the endosperm starch and the pleiotropic effects of biosynthetic enzymes on their properties in novel mutant rice lines with high resistant starch and amylose content. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 258:52-60. [PMID: 28330563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is beneficial to human health. In order to reduce the current prevalence of diabetes and obesity, several transgenic and mutant crops containing high RS content are being developed. RS content of steamed rice with starch-branching enzyme (BE)IIb-deficient mutant endosperms is considerably high. To understand the mechanisms of RS synthesis and to increase RS content, we developed novel mutant rice lines by introducing the gene encoding starch synthase (SS)IIa and/or granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS)I from an indica rice cultivar into a japonica rice-based BEIIb-deficient mutant line, be2b. Introduction of SSIIa from an indica rice cultivar produced higher levels of amylopectin chains with degree of polymerization (DP) 11-18 than those in be2b; the extent of the change was slight due to the shortage of donor chains for SSIIa (DP 6-12) owing to BEIIb deficiency. The introduction of GBSSI from an indica rice cultivar significantly increased amylose content (by approximately 10%) in the endosperm starch. RS content of the new mutant lines was the same as or slightly higher than that of the be2b parent line. The relationship linking starch structure, RS content, and starch biosynthetic enzymes in the new mutant lines has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
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49
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Krunic SL, Skryhan K, Mikkelsen L, Ruzanski C, Shaik SS, Kirk HG, Palcic M, Blennow A. Non-GMO potato lines with an altered starch biosynthesis pathway confer increased-amylose and resistant starch properties. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne L. Krunic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Katsiaryna Skryhan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Christian Ruzanski
- CMC Biologics, Søborg; Copenhagen Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Valby; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Shahnoor S. Shaik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | | | - Monica Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Valby; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; University of Victoria; British Columbia Canada
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
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50
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Abstract
Starch-rich crops form the basis of our nutrition, but plants have still to yield all their secrets as to how they make this vital substance. Great progress has been made by studying both crop and model systems, and we approach the point of knowing the enzymatic machinery responsible for creating the massive, insoluble starch granules found in plant tissues. Here, we summarize our current understanding of these biosynthetic enzymes, highlighting recent progress in elucidating their specific functions. Yet, in many ways we have only scratched the surface: much uncertainty remains about how these components function together and are controlled. We flag-up recent observations suggesting a significant degree of flexibility during the synthesis of starch and that previously unsuspected non-enzymatic proteins may have a role. We conclude that starch research is not yet a mature subject and that novel experimental and theoretical approaches will be important to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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