1
|
Liu Y. Grazing rest during spring regreening period promotes the ecological restoration of degraded alpine meadow vegetation through enhanced plant photosynthesis and respiration. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1008550. [PMID: 36262656 PMCID: PMC9574263 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1008550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grazing rest during the spring regreening period is the most economical and feasible measure for the ecological restoration of degraded alpine meadows and has been widely popularized and applied in China. The aim of the present study was to undertake a comparative analysis of the effects of grazing rest on the ecological restoration of degraded alpine meadows by plant photosynthesis and respiration. Coverage, height, ground biomass, belowground biomass of degraded alpine meadow vegetation, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, relative chlorophyll content, respiration rate, metabolite content, leaf relative water content, and related mineral element content of the dominant grass Elymus nutans Griseb. were measured in degraded alpine grassland with different grazing rest years. The results show that grazing rest during the spring regreening period promoted the ecological restoration of degraded alpine meadows by enhancing the photosynthesis and respiration of the dominant grass E. nutans Griseb. Grazing rest enhanced photosynthesis in dominant grass by increasing metabolites related to the Calvin cycle, chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content, and related mineral element content. Grazing at rest enhanced the respiration of dominant grass by increasing metabolites related to the TCA cycle, leaf relative water content, and related mineral element content. This positive effect gradually became stable with increasing years of grazing rest. Our results provide a fundamental basis for the popularization and application of grazing rest during the spring regreening period on degraded Tibetan Plateau grasslands.
Collapse
|
2
|
Harbinson J, Yin X. Modelling the impact of improved photosynthetic properties on crop performance in Europe. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Harbinson
- Laboratory for Biophysics Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Department of Plant Sciences Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Capó-Bauçà S, Iñiguez C, Aguiló-Nicolau P, Galmés J. Correlative adaptation between Rubisco and CO 2-concentrating mechanisms in seagrasses. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:706-716. [PMID: 35729266 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Submerged angiosperms sustain some of the most productive and diverse ecosystems worldwide. However, their carbon acquisition and assimilation mechanisms remain poorly explored, missing an important step in the evolution of photosynthesis during the colonization of aquatic environments by angiosperms. Here we reveal a convergent kinetic adaptation of Rubisco in phylogenetically distant seagrass species that share catalytic efficiencies and CO2 and O2 affinities up to three times lower than those observed in phylogenetically closer angiosperms from terrestrial, freshwater and brackish-water habitats. This Rubisco kinetic convergence was found to correlate with the effectiveness of seagrass CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), which probably evolved in response to the constant CO2 limitation in marine environments. The observed Rubisco kinetic adaptation in seagrasses more closely resembles that seen in eukaryotic algae operating CCMs rather than that reported in terrestrial C4 plants. Our results thus demonstrate a general pattern of co-evolution between Rubisco function and biophysical CCM effectiveness that traverses distantly related aquatic lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastià Capó-Bauçà
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Spain
| | - Concepción Iñiguez
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Spain.
| | - Pere Aguiló-Nicolau
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Hou R, Tao F. Wheat morpho-physiological traits and radiation use efficiency under interactive effects of warming and tillage management. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2386-2401. [PMID: 33131082 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactive effects of different warming levels and tillage managements on crop morphological and physiological traits and radiation use efficiency (RUE) is essential for breeding climate-resilient cultivars. Here, we conducted temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) experiments on winter wheat during two growth seasons in the North China Plain. The experiments consisted of three warming treatments and two tillage treatments (CT: conventional tillage and NT: no-tillage). In the normal season, warming had significant positive effects on major morphological and physiological traits and increased significantly RUE of yield (RUEY ) and biomass (RUEDM ) by 13.3 and 11.3%, 19.3 and 12.4%, 42.3 and 43.7%, respectively, under the treatments of CTT1, CTT2 and NTT1 relative to the control (CTN, NTN). By contrast, in the warmer season, warming had negative effects on leaf width, light extinction coefficient, light-saturated net photosynthetic rate, aboveground, stems and spike biomass and RUE from anthesis to maturity, and consequently grain yield under conventional tillage, but positive effects under no-tillage. Our findings bring new insights into the mechanisms on the interactive effects of warming and tillage treatments on wheat growth and productivity; provide valuable information on crop ideotypic traits for breeding climate-resilient crop cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fulu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pleban JR, Guadagno CR, Mackay DS, Weinig C, Ewers BE. Rapid Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Light Response Curves Mechanistically Inform Photosynthesis Modeling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:602-619. [PMID: 32152213 PMCID: PMC7271808 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Crop improvement is crucial to ensuring global food security under climate change, and hence there is a pressing need for phenotypic observations that are both high throughput and improve mechanistic understanding of plant responses to environmental cues and limitations. In this study, chlorophyll a fluorescence light response curves and gas-exchange observations are combined to test the photosynthetic response to moderate drought in four genotypes of Brassica rapa The quantum yield of PSII (ϕ PSII ) is here analyzed as an exponential decline under changing light intensity and soil moisture. Both the maximum ϕ PSII and the rate of ϕ PSII decline across a large range of light intensities (0-1,000 μmol photons m-2 s-1; β PSII ) are negatively affected by drought. We introduce an alternative photosynthesis model (β PSII model) incorporating parameters from rapid fluorescence response curves. Specifically, the model uses β PSII as an input for estimating the photosynthetic electron transport rate, which agrees well with two existing photosynthesis models (Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry and Yin). The β PSII model represents a major improvement in photosynthesis modeling through the integration of high-throughput fluorescence phenotyping data, resulting in gained parameters of high mechanistic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Pleban
- Department of Geography, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | | | - David S Mackay
- Department of Geography, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | - Cynthia Weinig
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
- Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
| | - Brent E Ewers
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
- Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hua D, Ma M, Ge G, Suleman M, Li H. The role of cyanide-resistant respiration in Solanum tuberosum L. against high light stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:425-432. [PMID: 32052535 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide-resistant respiration in potato mitochondria is an important pathway for energy dissipation. It can be activated by high light; however, it is unclear what roles cyanide-resistant respiration plays in the response to high light stress in potato. We designed a CRISPR vector for the functional gene StAOX of the potato cyanide-resistant respiratory pathway. Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 was transformed into potato. Hydrogen peroxide level, MDA content, antioxidant activity and cyanide-resistant respiratory capacity of potato leaves under high light stress were determined. Photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content were determined. In addition, the operation of the malate-oxaloacetate shuttle route and transcription level of photorespiration-related enzymes were also examined. The results showed that two base substitutions occurred at the sequencing target site on leaves of the transformed potato. Accumulation of ROS and increased membrane lipid peroxidation were detected in the transformed potato leaves and lower photosynthetic efficiency was observed. The transcription level of the malate-oxaloacetate shuttle route and photorespiration-related enzymes also significantly increased. These results indicate that the cyanide-resistant respiration is an important physiological pathway in potato in response to high light stress. It also suggests that plant cyanide-resistant respiration is closely related to photosynthesis. This implies the unexplored importance of plant cyanide-resistant respiration in plant photosynthesis, energy conversion and carbon skeleton formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Hua
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - M Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - G Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - M Suleman
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cai C, Li G, Di L, Ding Y, Fu L, Guo X, Struik PC, Pan G, Li H, Chen W, Luo W, Yin X. The acclimation of leaf photosynthesis of wheat and rice to seasonal temperature changes in T-FACE environments. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:539-556. [PMID: 31505097 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crops show considerable capacity to adjust their photosynthetic characteristics to seasonal changes in temperature. However, how photosynthesis acclimates to changes in seasonal temperature under future climate conditions has not been revealed. We measured leaf photosynthesis (An ) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown under four combinations of two levels of CO2 (ambient and enriched up to 500 µmol/mol) and two levels of canopy temperature (ambient and increased by 1.5-2.0°C) in temperature by free-air CO2 enrichment (T-FACE) systems. Parameters of a biochemical C3 -photosynthesis model and of a stomatal conductance (gs ) model were estimated for the four conditions and for several crop stages. Some biochemical parameters related to electron transport and most gs parameters showed acclimation to seasonal growth temperature in both crops. The acclimation response did not differ much between wheat and rice, nor among the four treatments of the T-FACE systems, when the difference in the seasonal growth temperature was accounted for. The relationships between biochemical parameters and leaf nitrogen content were consistent across leaf ranks, developmental stages, and treatment conditions. The acclimation had a strong impact on gs model parameters: when parameter values of a particular stage were used, the model failed to correctly estimate gs values of other stages. Further analysis using the coupled gs -biochemical photosynthesis model showed that ignoring the acclimation effect did not result in critical errors in estimating leaf photosynthesis under future climate, as long as parameter values were measured or derived from data obtained before flowering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Cai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lijun Di
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yunjie Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lin Fu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuanhe Guo
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Genxing Pan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haozheng Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weihong Luo
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brandenburger CR, Cooke J, Sherwin WB, Moles AT. Rapid evolution of leaf physiology in an introduced beach daisy. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191103. [PMID: 31455190 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a key biological process. However, we know little about whether plants change their photosynthetic strategy when introduced to a new range. We located the most likely source population for the South African beach daisy Arctotheca populifolia introduced to Australia in the 1930s, and ran a common-garden experiment measuring 10 physiological and morphological leaf traits associated with photosynthesis. Based on predictions from theory, and higher rainfall in the introduced range, we hypothesized that introduced plants would have a (i) higher photosynthetic rate, (ii) lower water-use efficiency (WUE) and (iii) higher nitrogen-use efficiency. However, we found that introduced A. populifolia had a lower photosynthetic rate, higher WUE and lower nitrogen-use efficiency than did plants from Arniston, South Africa. Subsequent site visits suggested that plants in Arniston may be able to access moisture on a rocky shelf, while introduced plants grow on sandy beaches where water can quickly dissipate. Our unexpected findings highlight that: (1) it is important to compare introduced species to their source population for an accurate assessment of evolutionary change; (2) rainfall is not always a suitable proxy for water availability and (3) introduced species often undergo evolutionary changes, but without detailed ecological information we may not be able to accurately predict the direction of these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire R Brandenburger
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Julia Cooke
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - William B Sherwin
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cotton Yield Estimate Using Sentinel-2 Data and an Ecosystem Model over the Southern US. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11172000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution data with nearly global coverage from Sentinel-2 mission open a new era for crop growth monitoring and yield estimation from remote sensing. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of using Sentinel-2 biophysical data combined with an ecosystem modeling approach for estimation of cotton yield in the southern United States (US). The Boreal Ecosystems Productivity Simulator (BEPS) ecosystem model was used to simulate the cotton gross primary production (GPP) over three Sentinel-2 tiles located in Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas in 2017. Leaf area index (LAI) derived from Sentinel-2 measurements and hourly meteorological data from Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis were used to drive the ecosystem model. The simulated GPP values at 20-m grid spacing were aggregated to the county level (17 counties in total) and compared to the cotton lint yield estimates at the county level which are available from National Agricultural Statistics Service in the United States Department of Agriculture. The results of the comparison show that the BEPS-simulated cotton GPP explains 85% of variation in cotton yield. Our study suggests that the integration of Sentinel-2 LAI time series into the ecosystem model results in reliable estimates of cotton yield.
Collapse
|
10
|
Miner GL, Bauerle WL. Seasonal responses of photosynthetic parameters in maize and sunflower and their relationship with leaf functional traits. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1561-1574. [PMID: 30604429 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of seasonal variation in photosynthetic capacity (Pc ) are critical for modeling the time course of carbon fluxes. Given the time-intensive nature of calculating Pc parameters via gas exchange, it is appealing to calculate parameter variation via changes in chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) content by assuming that Pc scales with these variables. Although seasonal changes in Pc and the relationships between N and Pc have been evaluated in forest canopies, there is limited data on seasonal parameter values in crops, nor is it clear if seasonal changes in Pc can be estimated from leaf traits under the high N fertility of managed systems. We characterized the seasonal variability of the maximum rates of carboxylation (Vcmax ) and electron transport (Jmax ) under well-fertilized conditions for maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and coupled these data with measurements of Chl, N, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA). The seasonal Chl-N relationship was significant in maize, but not in sunflower. Area-based N-Vcmax relationships were not significant for either crop. Mass-based N-Vcmax relationships were weak in sunflower, but highly significant in maize. Our results suggest that Pc can be seasonally adjusted in maize with reliable estimates of changes in LMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Miner
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - William L Bauerle
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang E, Brown HE, Rebetzke GJ, Zhao Z, Zheng B, Chapman SC. Improving process-based crop models to better capture genotype×environment×management interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2389-2401. [PMID: 30921457 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the increasing expectation for process-based crop modelling to capture genotype (G) by environment (E) by management (M) interactions to support breeding selections, it remains a challenge to use current crop models to accurately predict phenotypes from genotypes or from candidate genes. We use wheat as a target crop and the APSIM farming systems model (Holzworth et al., 2014) as an example to analyse the current status of process-based crop models with a major focus on need to improve simulation of specific eco-physiological processes and their linkage to underlying genetic controls. For challenging production environments in Australia, we examine the potential opportunities to capture physiological traits, and to integrate genetic and molecular approaches for future model development and applications. Model improvement will require both reducing the uncertainty in simulating key physiological processes and enhancing the capture of key observable traits and underlying genetic control of key physiological responses to environment. An approach consisting of three interactive stages is outlined to (i) improve modelling of crop physiology, (ii) develop linkage from model parameter to genotypes and further to loci or alleles, and (iii) further link to gene expression pathways. This helps to facilitate the integration of modelling, phenotyping, and functional gene detection and to effectively advance modelling of G×E×M interactions. While gene-based modelling is not always needed to simulate G×E×M, including well-understood gene effects can improve the estimation of genotype effects and prediction of phenotypes. Specific examples are given for enhanced modelling of wheat in the APSIM framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enli Wang
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Hamish E Brown
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Zhigan Zhao
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bangyou Zheng
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott C Chapman
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang F, Li Y, Shi Y, Wang L, Zhou Q, Huang X. A novel evaluation of the effect of lanthanum exposure on plant populations. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:377-386. [PMID: 29574391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of rare earth elements (REEs) in the environment has recently become a new environmental problem. There have been many studies about the effects of REEs on plant at the individual, organ, cellular and genetic levels. Plants exist in populations under natural conditions, but little is known about the effects of REEs on plant populations. In this study, the effects of lanthanum (III) [La(III)] on the root module growth of soybean (Glycine max L) populations at different densities were investigated by simulating La(III) pollution. Results showed that at La(III) concentrations of 0.40 and 1.20 mM, both the root module growth parameters and leaf photosynthesis parameters were decreased, with 1.20 mM of La(III) causing a more significant decrease. In addition, the above parameters in low-density soybean populations decreased more significantly than those in high-density soybean populations. The above results show that the inhibitory effects of 0.40 and 1.20 mM of La(III) on the growth of root modules are closely related to the inhibition of photosynthesis in soybean population. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of La(III) on the growth of root modules of soybean population is enhanced as the La(III) concentration increases, while is weakened as plant population density increases. This study would provide a reference for the further research on the ecotoxicology of REEs, and show a new perspective and basis for the objective assessment of the environmental risks of REEs. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY La(III) pollution affects the root module growth and photosynthesis in soybean populations, and the effects vary depending on soybean population densities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yihang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Cooperative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cai C, Li G, Yang H, Yang J, Liu H, Struik PC, Luo W, Yin X, Di L, Guo X, Jiang W, Si C, Pan G, Zhu J. Do all leaf photosynthesis parameters of rice acclimate to elevated CO 2 , elevated temperature, and their combination, in FACE environments? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1685-1707. [PMID: 29076597 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf photosynthesis of crops acclimates to elevated CO2 and temperature, but studies quantifying responses of leaf photosynthetic parameters to combined CO2 and temperature increases under field conditions are scarce. We measured leaf photosynthesis of rice cultivars Changyou 5 and Nanjing 9108 grown in two free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) systems, respectively, installed in paddy fields. Each FACE system had four combinations of two levels of CO2 (ambient and enriched) and two levels of canopy temperature (no warming and warmed by 1.0-2.0°C). Parameters of the C3 photosynthesis model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (the FvCB model), and of a stomatal conductance (gs ) model were estimated for the four conditions. Most photosynthetic parameters acclimated to elevated CO2 , elevated temperature, and their combination. The combination of elevated CO2 and temperature changed the functional relationships between biochemical parameters and leaf nitrogen content for Changyou 5. The gs model significantly underestimated gs under the combination of elevated CO2 and temperature by 19% for Changyou 5 and by 10% for Nanjing 9108 if no acclimation was assumed. However, our further analysis applying the coupled gs -FvCB model to an independent, previously published FACE experiment showed that including such an acclimation response of gs hardly improved prediction of leaf photosynthesis under the four combinations of CO2 and temperature. Therefore, the typical procedure that crop models using the FvCB and gs models are parameterized from plants grown under current ambient conditions may not result in critical errors in projecting productivity of paddy rice under future global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Cai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaheng Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Weihong Luo
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lijun Di
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuanhe Guo
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyu Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanfei Si
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Genxing Pan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Agathokleous E, Paoletti E, Manning WJ, Kitao M, Saitanis CJ, Koike T. High doses of ethylenediurea (EDU) as soil drenches did not increase leaf N content or cause phytotoxicity in willow grown in fertile soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:574-584. [PMID: 28923722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) levels are nowadays elevated in wide regions of the Earth, causing significant effects on plants that finally lead to suppressed productivity and yield losses. Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a chemical compound which is widely used in research projects as phytoprotectant against O3 injury. The EDU mode of action remains still unclear, while there are indications that EDU may contribute to plants with nitrogen (N) when the soil is poor in N and the plants have relatively small leaf area. To reveal whether the N content of EDU acts as a fertilizer to plants when the soil is not poor in N and the plants have relatively large total plant leaf area, willow plants (Salix sachalinensis Fr. Schm) were exposed to low ambient O3 levels and treated ten times (9-day interval) with 200mL soil drench containing 0, 800 or 1600mg EDU L-1. Fertilizer was added to a nutrient-poor soil, and the plants had an average plant leaf area of 9.1m2 at the beginning of EDU treatments. Indications for EDU-induced hormesis in maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) and ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration (Ci:Ca) were observed at the end of the experiment. No other EDU-induced effects on leaf greenness and N content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), gas exchange, growth and matter production suggest that EDU did not act as N fertilizer and did not cause toxicity under these experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan; Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - William J Manning
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan.
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece.
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maoela MA, Esler KJ, Roets F, Jacobs SM. Physiological responses to folivory and phytopathogens in a riparian tree, Brabejum stellatifolium
, native to the fynbos biome of South Africa. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malebajoa A. Maoela
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - Karen J. Esler
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- Water Institute; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB); Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI); University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Shayne M. Jacobs
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
- Water Institute; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang N, Li G, Yu S, An D, Sun Q, Luo W, Yin X. Can the Responses of Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance to Water and Nitrogen Stress Combinations Be Modeled Using a Single Set of Parameters? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:328. [PMID: 28400773 PMCID: PMC5368885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurately predicting photosynthesis in response to water and nitrogen stress is the first step toward predicting crop growth, yield and many quality traits under fluctuating environmental conditions. While mechanistic models are capable of predicting photosynthesis under fluctuating environmental conditions, simplifying the parameterization procedure is important toward a wide range of model applications. In this study, the biochemical photosynthesis model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (the FvCB model) and the stomatal conductance model of Ball, Woodrow and Berry which was revised by Leuning and Yin (the BWB-Leuning-Yin model) were parameterized for Lilium (L. auratum × speciosum "Sorbonne") grown under different water and nitrogen conditions. Linear relationships were found between biochemical parameters of the FvCB model and leaf nitrogen content per unit leaf area (Na), and between mesophyll conductance and Na under different water and nitrogen conditions. By incorporating these Na-dependent linear relationships, the FvCB model was able to predict the net photosynthetic rate (An) in response to all water and nitrogen conditions. In contrast, stomatal conductance (gs) can be accurately predicted if parameters in the BWB-Leuning-Yin model were adjusted specifically to water conditions; otherwise gs was underestimated by 9% under well-watered conditions and was overestimated by 13% under water-deficit conditions. However, the 13% overestimation of gs under water-deficit conditions led to only 9% overestimation of An by the coupled FvCB and BWB-Leuning-Yin model whereas the 9% underestimation of gs under well-watered conditions affected little the prediction of An. Our results indicate that to accurately predict An and gs under different water and nitrogen conditions, only a few parameters in the BWB-Leuning-Yin model need to be adjusted according to water conditions whereas all other parameters are either conservative or can be adjusted according to their linear relationships with Na. Our study exemplifies a simplified procedure of parameterizing the coupled FvCB and gs model that is widely used for various modeling purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningyi Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Center for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gang Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Shanxiang Yu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Dongsheng An
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Weihong Luo
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Center for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu A, Song Y, van Oosterom EJ, Hammer GL. Connecting Biochemical Photosynthesis Models with Crop Models to Support Crop Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1518. [PMID: 27790232 PMCID: PMC5061851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The next advance in field crop productivity will likely need to come from improving crop use efficiency of resources (e.g., light, water, and nitrogen), aspects of which are closely linked with overall crop photosynthetic efficiency. Progress in genetic manipulation of photosynthesis is confounded by uncertainties of consequences at crop level because of difficulties connecting across scales. Crop growth and development simulation models that integrate across biological levels of organization and use a gene-to-phenotype modeling approach may present a way forward. There has been a long history of development of crop models capable of simulating dynamics of crop physiological attributes. Many crop models incorporate canopy photosynthesis (source) as a key driver for crop growth, while others derive crop growth from the balance between source- and sink-limitations. Modeling leaf photosynthesis has progressed from empirical modeling via light response curves to a more mechanistic basis, having clearer links to the underlying biochemical processes of photosynthesis. Cross-scale modeling that connects models at the biochemical and crop levels and utilizes developments in upscaling leaf-level models to canopy models has the potential to bridge the gap between photosynthetic manipulation at the biochemical level and its consequences on crop productivity. Here we review approaches to this emerging cross-scale modeling framework and reinforce the need for connections across levels of modeling. Further, we propose strategies for connecting biochemical models of photosynthesis into the cross-scale modeling framework to support crop improvement through photosynthetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wu
- Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Youhong Song
- Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik J. van Oosterom
- Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graeme L. Hammer
- Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bellasio C, Beerling DJ, Griffiths H. Deriving C4 photosynthetic parameters from combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence using an Excel tool: theory and practice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1164-79. [PMID: 26286697 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The higher photosynthetic potential of C4 plants has led to extensive research over the past 50 years, including C4 -dominated natural biomes, crops such as maize, or for evaluating the transfer of C4 traits into C3 lineages. Photosynthetic gas exchange can be measured in air or in a 2% Oxygen mixture using readily available commercial gas exchange and modulated PSII fluorescence systems. Interpretation of these data, however, requires an understanding (or the development) of various modelling approaches, which limit the use by non-specialists. In this paper we present an accessible summary of the theory behind the analysis and derivation of C4 photosynthetic parameters, and provide a freely available Excel Fitting Tool (EFT), making rigorous C4 data analysis accessible to a broader audience. Outputs include those defining C4 photochemical and biochemical efficiency, the rate of photorespiration, bundle sheath conductance to CO2 diffusion and the in vivo biochemical constants for PEP carboxylase. The EFT compares several methodological variants proposed by different investigators, allowing users to choose the level of complexity required to interpret data. We provide a complete analysis of gas exchange data on maize (as a model C4 organism and key global crop) to illustrate the approaches, their analysis and interpretation. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bellasio
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cai C, Yin X, He S, Jiang W, Si C, Struik PC, Luo W, Li G, Xie Y, Xiong Y, Pan G. Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:856-74. [PMID: 26279285 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 and temperature strongly affect crop production, but understanding of the crop response to combined CO2 and temperature increases under field conditions is still limited while data are scarce. We grew wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) under two levels of CO2 (ambient and enriched up to 500 μmol mol(-1) ) and two levels of canopy temperature (ambient and increased by 1.5-2.0 °C) in free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) systems and carried out a detailed growth and yield component analysis during two growing seasons for both crops. An increase in CO2 resulted in higher grain yield, whereas an increase in temperature reduced grain yield, in both crops. An increase in CO2 was unable to compensate for the negative impact of an increase in temperature on biomass and yield of wheat and rice. Yields of wheat and rice were decreased by 10-12% and 17-35%, respectively, under the combination of elevated CO2 and temperature. The number of filled grains per unit area was the most important yield component accounting for the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature in wheat and rice. Our data showed complex treatment effects on the interplay between preheading duration, nitrogen uptake, tillering, leaf area index, and radiation-use efficiency, and thus on yield components and yield. Nitrogen uptake before heading was crucial in minimizing yield loss due to climate change in both crops. For rice, however, a breeding strategy to increase grain number per m(2) and % filled grains (or to reduce spikelet sterility) at high temperature is also required to prevent yield reduction under conditions of global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Cai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Rd Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700, AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700, AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shuaiqi He
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Rd Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Wenyu Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Rd Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Chuanfei Si
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Rd Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700, AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Weihong Luo
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Rd Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Rd Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yingtian Xie
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Rd Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Rd Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Genxing Pan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Rd Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yin X, Struik PC. Constraints to the potential efficiency of converting solar radiation into phytoenergy in annual crops: from leaf biochemistry to canopy physiology and crop ecology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015. [PMID: 26224881 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A new simple framework was proposed to quantify the efficiency of converting incoming solar radiation into phytoenergy in annual crops. It emphasizes the need to account for (i) efficiency gain when scaling up from the leaf level to the canopy level, and (ii) efficiency loss due to incomplete canopy closure during early and late phases of the crop cycle. Equations are given to estimate losses due to the constraints in various biochemical or physiological steps. For a given amount of daily radiation, a longer daytime was shown to increase energy use efficiency, because of the convex shape of the photosynthetic light response. Due to the higher cyclic electron transport, C4 leaves were found to have a lower energy loss via non-photochemical quenching, compared with C3 leaves. This contributes to the more linear light response in C4 than in C3 photosynthesis. Because of this difference in the curvature of the light response, canopy-to-leaf photosynthesis ratio, benefit from the optimum acclimation of the leaf nitrogen profile in the canopy, and productivity gain from future improvements in leaf photosynthetic parameters and canopy architecture were all shown to be higher in C3 than in C4 species. The indicative efficiency of converting incoming solar radiation into phytoenergy is ~2.2 and 3.0% in present C3 and C4 crops, respectively, when grown under well-managed conditions. An achievable efficiency via future genetic improvement was estimated to be as high as 3.6 and 4.1% for C3 and C4 crops, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun J, Sun J, Feng Z. Modelling photosynthesis in flag leaves of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) considering the variation in photosynthesis parameters during development. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:1036-1044. [PMID: 32480743 DOI: 10.1071/fp15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry (FvCB) model of photosynthesis has been widely used to estimate the photosynthetic C flux of plants under different growth conditions. However, the seasonal fluctuation of some photosynthesis parameters (e.g. the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vcmax), the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) and internal mesophyll conductance to CO2 transport (gm)) is not considered in the FvCB model. In this study, we investigated the patterns of the FvCB parameters during flag leaf development based on measured photosynthesis-intercellular CO2 curves in two cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Parameterised seasonal patterns of photosynthesis parameters in the FvCB model have subsequently been applied in order to predict the photosynthesis of flag leaves. The results indicate that the Gaussian curve characterises the dynamic patterns of Vcmax, Jmax and gm well. Compared with the model with fixed photosynthesis parameter values, updating the FvCB model by considering seasonal changes in Vcmax and Jmax during flag leaf development slightly improved predictions of photosynthesis. However, if the updated FvCB model incorporated the seasonal patterns of Vcmax and Jmax, and also of gm, predictions of photosynthesis was improved a lot, matching well with the measurements (R2=0.87, P<0.0001). This suggests that the dynamics of photosynthesis parameters, particularly gm, play an important role in estimating the photosynthesis rate of winter wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | | | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Perdomo JA, Conesa MÀ, Medrano H, Ribas-Carbó M, Galmés J. Effects of long-term individual and combined water and temperature stress on the growth of rice, wheat and maize: relationship with morphological and physiological acclimation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:149-165. [PMID: 25348109 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the long-term individual and combined effects of high temperature (HT) and water deficit (WD) stress on plant growth, leaf gas-exchange and water use efficiency in cultivars of the three most important crops worldwide, rice, wheat and maize. Total plant biomass (Bt ) accumulation decreased under all treatments, being the combined HT-WD treatment the most detrimental in all three species. Although decreases in Bt correlated with adjustments in biomass allocation patterns (i.e. the leaf area ratio), most of the variation observed in Bt was explained by changes in leaf gas exchange parameters. Thus, integrated values of leaf carbon balance obtained from daily course measurements of photosynthesis and respiration were better predictors of plant growth than the instantaneous measurements of leaf gas exchange. Leaf water use efficiency, assessed both by gas exchange and carbon isotope measurements, was negatively correlated with Bt under WD, but not under the combined WD and HT treatment. A comparative analysis of the negative effects of single and combined stresses on the main parameters showed an additive component for WD and HT in rice and maize, in contrast to wheat. Overall, the results of the specific cultivars included in the study suggest that the species native climate plays a role shaping the species acclimation potential to the applied stresses. In this regard, wheat, originated in a cold climate, was the most affected species, which foretells a higher affectation of this crop due to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alejandro Perdomo
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
| | - Miquel À Conesa
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
| | - Hipólito Medrano
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbó
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ellsworth DS, Crous KY, Lambers H, Cooke J. Phosphorus recycling in photorespiration maintains high photosynthetic capacity in woody species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1142-56. [PMID: 25311401 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf photosynthetic CO2 responses can provide insight into how major nutrients, such as phosphorus (P), constrain leaf CO2 assimilation rates (Anet). However, triose-phosphate limitations are rarely employed in the classic photosynthesis model and it is uncertain as to what extent these limitations occur in field situations. In contrast to predictions from biochemical theory of photosynthesis, we found consistent evidence in the field of lower Anet in high [CO2] and low [O2 ] than at ambient [O2 ]. For 10 species of trees and shrubs across a range of soil P availability in Australia, none of them showed a positive response of Anet at saturating [CO2] (i.e. Amax) to 2 kPa O2. Three species showed >20% reductions in Amax in low [O2], a phenomenon potentially explained by orthophosphate (Pi) savings during photorespiration. These species, with largest photosynthetic capacity and Pi > 2 mmol P m(-2), rely the most on additional Pi made available from photorespiration rather than species growing in P-impoverished soils. The results suggest that rarely used adjustments to a biochemical photosynthesis model are useful for predicting Amax and give insight into the biochemical limitations of photosynthesis rates at a range of leaf P concentrations. Phosphate limitations to photosynthetic capacity are likely more common in the field than previously considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Galmés J, Kapralov MV, Copolovici LO, Hermida-Carrera C, Niinemets Ü. Temperature responses of the Rubisco maximum carboxylase activity across domains of life: phylogenetic signals, trade-offs, and importance for carbon gain. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:183-201. [PMID: 25515770 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature response of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalytic properties directly determines the CO2 assimilation capacity of photosynthetic organisms as well as their survival in environments with different thermal conditions. Despite unquestionable importance of Rubisco, the comprehensive analysis summarizing temperature responses of Rubisco traits across lineages of carbon-fixing organisms is lacking. Here, we present a review of the temperature responses of Rubisco carboxylase specific activity (c(cat)(c)) within and across domains of life. In particular, we consider the variability of temperature responses, and their ecological, physiological, and evolutionary controls. We observed over two-fold differences in the energy of activation (ΔH(a)) among different groups of photosynthetic organisms, and found significant differences between C3 plants from cool habitats, C3 plants from warm habitats and C4 plants. According to phylogenetically independent contrast analysis, ΔH(a) was not related to the species optimum growth temperature (T growth), but was positively correlated with Rubisco specificity factor (S(c/o)) across all organisms. However, when only land plants were analyzed, ΔH(a) was positively correlated with both T(growth) and S(c/o), indicating different trends for these traits in plants versus unicellular aquatic organisms, such as algae and bacteria. The optimum temperature (T(opt)) for k(cat)(c) correlated with S(c/o) for land plants and for all organisms pooled, but the effect of T growth on T(opt) was driven by species phylogeny. The overall phylogenetic signal was significant for all analyzed parameters, stressing the importance of considering the evolutionary framework and accounting for shared ancestry when deciphering relationships between Rubisco kinetic parameters. We argue that these findings have important implications for improving global photosynthesis models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Galmés
- Research Group in Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yin X, Belay DW, van der Putten PEL, Struik PC. Accounting for the decrease of photosystem photochemical efficiency with increasing irradiance to estimate quantum yield of leaf photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 122:323-35. [PMID: 25149653 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Maximum quantum yield for leaf CO2 assimilation under limiting light conditions (Φ CO2LL) is commonly estimated as the slope of the linear regression of net photosynthetic rate against absorbed irradiance over a range of low-irradiance conditions. Methodological errors associated with this estimation have often been attributed either to light absorptance by non-photosynthetic pigments or to some data points being beyond the linear range of the irradiance response, both causing an underestimation of Φ CO2LL. We demonstrate here that a decrease in photosystem (PS) photochemical efficiency with increasing irradiance, even at very low levels, is another source of error that causes a systematic underestimation of Φ CO2LL. A model method accounting for this error was developed, and was used to estimate Φ CO2LL from simultaneous measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence on leaves using various combinations of species, CO2, O2, or leaf temperature levels. The conventional linear regression method under-estimated Φ CO2LL by ca. 10-15%. Differences in the estimated Φ CO2LL among measurement conditions were generally accounted for by different levels of photorespiration as described by the Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry model. However, our data revealed that the temperature dependence of PSII photochemical efficiency under low light was an additional factor that should be accounted for in the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Müller J, Eschenröder A, Christen O. LEAFC3-N photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and energy balance model: Finite mesophyll conductance, drought stress, stomata ratio, optimized solution algorithms, and code. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Chen TW, Henke M, de Visser PHB, Buck-Sorlin G, Wiechers D, Kahlen K, Stützel H. What is the most prominent factor limiting photosynthesis in different layers of a greenhouse cucumber canopy? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:677-88. [PMID: 24907313 PMCID: PMC4217677 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Maximizing photosynthesis at the canopy level is important for enhancing crop yield, and this requires insights into the limiting factors of photosynthesis. Using greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) as an example, this study provides a novel approach to quantify different components of photosynthetic limitations at the leaf level and to upscale these limitations to different canopy layers and the whole plant. METHODS A static virtual three-dimensional canopy structure was constructed using digitized plant data in GroIMP. Light interception of the leaves was simulated by a ray-tracer and used to compute leaf photosynthesis. Different components of photosynthetic limitations, namely stomatal (S(L)), mesophyll (M(L)), biochemical (B(L)) and light (L(L)) limitations, were calculated by a quantitative limitation analysis of photosynthesis under different light regimes. KEY RESULTS In the virtual cucumber canopy, B(L) and L(L) were the most prominent factors limiting whole-plant photosynthesis. Diffusional limitations (S(L) + M(L)) contributed <15% to total limitation. Photosynthesis in the lower canopy was more limited by the biochemical capacity, and the upper canopy was more sensitive to light than other canopy parts. Although leaves in the upper canopy received more light, their photosynthesis was more light restricted than in the leaves of the lower canopy, especially when the light condition above the canopy was poor. An increase in whole-plant photosynthesis under diffuse light did not result from an improvement of light use efficiency but from an increase in light interception. Diffuse light increased the photosynthesis of leaves that were directly shaded by other leaves in the canopy by up to 55%. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, maintaining biochemical capacity of the middle-lower canopy and increasing the leaf area of the upper canopy would be promising strategies to improve canopy photosynthesis in a high-wire cucumber cropping system. Further analyses using the approach described in this study can be expected to provide insights into the influences of horticultural practices on canopy photosynthesis and the design of optimal crop canopies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Wei Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Henke
- Department of Ecoinformatics, Biometrics and Forest Growth, Georg-August University of Gö ttingen, Gö ttingen, Germany
| | - Pieter H. B. de Visser
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Buck-Sorlin
- UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Centre d'Angers, 2 rue André le Nôtre 2, 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | | | - Katrin Kahlen
- Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Straße 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Hartmut Stützel
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Eppel A, Shaked R, Eshel G, Barak S, Rachmilevitch S. Low induction of non-photochemical quenching and high photochemical efficiency in the annual desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:544-58. [PMID: 24372077 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) plays a major role in photoprotection. Anastatica hierochuntica is an annual desert plant found in hot deserts. We compared A. hierochuntica to three other different species: Arabidopsis thaliana, Eutrema salsugineum and Helianthus annuus, which have different NPQ and photosynthetic capacities. Anastatica hierochuntica plants had very different induction kinetics of NPQ and, to a lesser extent, of photosystem II electron transport rate (PSII ETR), in comparison to all other plants species in the experiments. The major components of the unusual photosynthetic and photoprotective response in A. hierochuntica were: (1) Low NPQ at the beginning of the light period, at various light intensities and CO2 concentrations. The described low NPQ cannot be explained by low leaf absorbance or by low energy distribution to PSII, but was related to the de-epoxidation state of xanthophylls. (2) Relatively high PSII ETR at various CO2 concentrations in correlation with low NPQ. PSII ETR responded positively to the increase of CO2 concentrations. At low CO2 concentrations PSII ETR was mostly O2 dependent. At moderate and high CO2 concentrations the high PSII ETR in A. hierochuntica was accompanied by relatively high CO2 assimilation rates. We suggest that A. hierochuntica have an uncommon NPQ and PSII ETR response. These responses in A. hierochuntica might represent an adaptation to the short growing season of an annual desert plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Eppel
- The Albert Katz School for Desert Studies, The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert for Desert Research, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion university of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Galeriu D, Melintescu A. Carbon-14 dynamics in rice: an extension of the ORYZA2000 model. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:187-202. [PMID: 24352528 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-14 ((14)C) is a radionuclide of major interest in nuclear power production. The Fukushima accident changed the public attitude on the use of nuclear energy all over the world. In terms of nuclear safety, the need of quality-assured radiological models was emphasized by many international organizations, and for models used by decision-makers (i.e. regulatory environmental models and radiological models), a moderate conservatism, transparency, relative simplicity and user friendliness are required. Because the interaction between crops and the environment is complex and regulated by many feedback mechanisms, however, these requirements are difficult to accomplish. The present study makes a step forward regarding the development of a robust model dealing with food contamination after a short-term accidental emission and considers a single crop species, rice (Oryza sativa), one of the most widely used rice species. Old and more recent experimental data regarding the carbon dynamics in rice plants are reviewed, and a well-established crop growth model, ORYZA2000, is used and adapted in order to assess the dynamics of (14)C in rice after a short-term exposure to (14)CO(2). Here, the model is used to investigate the role of the genotype, management and weather on the concentration of radiocarbon at harvest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Galeriu
- Life and Environmental Physics Department, "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., POB MG-6, 077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Feng X, Dietze M. Scale dependence in the effects of leaf ecophysiological traits on photosynthesis: Bayesian parameterization of photosynthesis models. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:1132-1144. [PMID: 23952643 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between leaf traits and carbon assimilation rates are commonly used to predict primary productivity at scales from the leaf to the globe. We addressed how the shape and magnitude of these relationships vary across temporal, spatial and taxonomic scales to improve estimates of carbon dynamics. Photosynthetic CO2 and light response curves, leaf nitrogen (N), chlorophyll (Chl) concentration and specific leaf area (SLA) of 25 grassland species were measured. In addition, C3 and C4 photosynthesis models were parameterized using a novel hierarchical Bayesian approach to quantify the effects of leaf traits on photosynthetic capacity and parameters at different scales. The effects of plant physiological traits on photosynthetic capacity and parameters varied among species, plant functional types and taxonomic scales. Relationships in the grassland biome were significantly different from the global average. Within-species variability in photosynthetic parameters through the growing season could be attributed to the seasonal changes of leaf traits, especially leaf N and Chl, but these responses followed qualitatively different relationships from the across-species relationship. The results suggest that one broad-scale relationship is not sufficient to characterize ecosystem condition and change at multiple scales. Applying trait relationships without articulating the scales may cause substantial carbon flux estimation errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Feng
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ho QT, Verboven P, Yin X, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. A microscale model for combined CO(2) diffusion and photosynthesis in leaves. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48376. [PMID: 23144870 PMCID: PMC3492360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of CO(2) in leaves was investigated by combining a 2-D, microscale CO(2) transport model with photosynthesis kinetics in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. The biophysical microscale model for gas exchange featured an accurate geometric representation of the actual 2-D leaf tissue microstructure and accounted for diffusive mass exchange of CO(2.) The resulting gas transport equations were coupled to the biochemical Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry model for photosynthesis. The combined model was evaluated using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements on wheat leaves. In general a good agreement between model predictions and measurements was obtained, but a discrepancy was observed for the mesophyll conductance at high CO(2) levels and low irradiance levels. This may indicate that some physiological processes related to photosynthesis are not incorporated in the model. The model provided detailed insight into the mechanisms of gas exchange and the effects of changes in ambient CO(2) concentration or photon flux density on stomatal and mesophyll conductance. It represents an important step forward to study CO(2) diffusion coupled to photosynthesis at the leaf tissue level, taking into account the leaf's actual microstructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tri Ho
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|