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Man Y, Zhang Y, Chen L, Zhou J, Bu Y, Zhang X, Li X, Li Y, Jing Y, Lin J. The VAMP-associated protein VAP27-1 plays a crucial role in plant resistance to ER stress by modulating ER-PM contact architecture in Arabidopsis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100929. [PMID: 38678366 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane (PM) form ER-PM contact sites (EPCSs) that allow the ER and PM to exchange materials and information. Stress-induced disruption of protein folding triggers ER stress, and the cell initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to resist the stress. However, whether EPCSs play a role in ER stress in plants remains unclear. VESICLE-ASSOCIATED MEMBRANE PROTEIN (VAMP)-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 27-1 (VAP27-1) functions in EPCS tethering and is encoded by a family of 10 genes (VAP27-1-10) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we used CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing to obtain a homozygous vap27-1 vap27-3 vap27-4 (vap27-1/3/4) triple mutant lacking three of the key VAP27 family members in Arabidopsis. The vap27-1/3/4 mutant exhibits defects in ER-PM connectivity and EPCS architecture, as well as excessive UPR signaling. We further showed that relocation of VAP27-1 to the PM mediates specific VAP27-1-related EPCS remodeling and expansion under ER stress. Moreover, the spatiotemporal dynamics of VAP27-1 at the PM increase ER-PM connectivity and enhance Arabidopsis resistance to ER stress. In addition, we revealed an important role for intracellular calcium homeostasis in the regulation of UPR signaling. Taken together, these results broaden our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ER stress and UPR signaling in plants, providing additional clues for improving plant broad-spectrum resistance to different stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Man
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Linghui Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yufen Bu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanping Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jinxing Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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2
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Hu X, Cheng J, Lu M, Fang T, Zhu Y, Li Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Guo Y, Yang S, Gong Z. Ca 2+-independent ZmCPK2 is inhibited by Ca 2+-dependent ZmCPK17 during drought response in maize. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1313-1333. [PMID: 38751035 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Calcium oscillations are induced by different stresses. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs) are one major group of the plant calcium decoders that are involved in various processes including drought response. Some CPKs are calcium-independent. Here, we identified ZmCPK2 as a negative regulator of drought resistance by screening an overexpression transgenic maize pool. We found that ZmCPK2 does not bind calcium, and its activity is mainly inhibited during short term abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, and dynamically changed in prolonged treatment. Interestingly, ZmCPK2 interacts with and is inhibited by calcium-dependent ZmCPK17, a positive regulator of drought resistance, which is activated by ABA. ZmCPK17 could prevent the nuclear localization of ZmCPK2 through phosphorylation of ZmCPK2T60. ZmCPK2 interacts with and phosphorylates and activates ZmYAB15, a negative transcriptional factor for drought resistance. Our results suggest that drought stress-induced Ca2+ can be decoded directly by ZmCPK17 that inhibits ZmCPK2, thereby promoting plant adaptation to water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinkui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Minmin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tingting Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yujuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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3
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Wang J, Bollier N, Buono RA, Vahldick H, Lin Z, Feng Q, Hudecek R, Jiang Q, Mylle E, Van Damme D, Nowack MK. A developmentally controlled cellular decompartmentalization process executes programmed cell death in the Arabidopsis root cap. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:941-962. [PMID: 38085063 PMCID: PMC7615778 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental cellular process crucial to development, homeostasis, and immunity in multicellular eukaryotes. In contrast to our knowledge on the regulation of diverse animal cell death subroutines, information on execution of PCD in plants remains fragmentary. Here, we make use of the accessibility of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root cap to visualize the execution process of developmentally controlled PCD. We identify a succession of selective decompartmentalization events and ion fluxes as part of the terminal differentiation program that is orchestrated by the NO APICAL MERISTEM, ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA ACTIVATING FACTOR, CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (NAC) transcription factor SOMBRERO. Surprisingly, the breakdown of the large central vacuole is a relatively late and variable event, preceded by an increase of intracellular calcium levels and acidification, release of mitochondrial matrix proteins, leakage of nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum lumina, and release of fluorescent membrane reporters into the cytosol. In analogy to animal apoptosis, the plasma membrane remains impermeable for proteins during and after PCD execution. Elevated intracellular calcium levels and acidification are sufficient to trigger cell death execution specifically in terminally differentiated root cap cells, suggesting that these ion fluxes act as PCD-triggering signals. This detailed information on the cellular processes occurring during developmental PCD in plants is a pivotal prerequisite for future research into the molecular mechanisms of cell death execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Norbert Bollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rafael Andrade Buono
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Vahldick
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zongcheng Lin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qiangnan Feng
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Hudecek
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qihang Jiang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K. Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Binci F, Offer E, Crosino A, Sciascia I, Kleine-Vehn J, Genre A, Giovannetti M, Navazio L. Spatially and temporally distinct Ca2+ changes in Lotus japonicus roots orient fungal-triggered signalling pathways towards symbiosis or immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:605-619. [PMID: 37712520 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants activate an immune or symbiotic response depending on the detection of distinct signals from root-interacting microbes. Both signalling cascades involve Ca2+ as a central mediator of early signal transduction. In this study, we combined aequorin- and cameleon-based methods to dissect the changes in cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ concentration caused by different chitin-derived fungal elicitors in Lotus japonicus roots. Our quantitative analyses highlighted the dual character of the evoked Ca2+ responses taking advantage of the comparison between different genetic backgrounds: an initial Ca2+ influx, dependent on the LysM receptor CERK6 and independent of the common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP), is followed by a second CSSP-dependent and CERK6-independent phase, that corresponds to the well-known perinuclear/nuclear Ca2+ spiking. We show that the expression of immunity marker genes correlates with the amplitude of the first Ca2+ change, depends on elicitor concentration, and is controlled by Ca2+ storage in the vacuole. Our findings provide an insight into the Ca2+-mediated signalling mechanisms discriminating plant immunity- and symbiosis-related pathways in the context of their simultaneous activation by single fungal elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Binci
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Offer
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Crosino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Sciascia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology II, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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5
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Zhang T, Bai L, Guo Y. SCAB1 coordinates sequential Ca 2+ and ABA signals during osmotic stress induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:1-18. [PMID: 38153680 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress caused by drought is a detrimental threat to plant growth and agricultural productivity due to limited water availability. Stomata are gateways of transpiration and gas exchange, the swift adjustment of stomatal aperture has a strong influence on plant drought resistance. Despite intensive investigations of stomatal closure during drought stress in past decades, little is known about how sequential signals are integrated during complete processes. Here, we discovered that the rapid Ca2+ signaling and subsequent abscisic acid (ABA) signaling contribute to the kinetics of both F-actin reorganizations and stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana, while STOMATAL CLOSURE-RELATED ACTIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (SCAB1) is the molecular switch for this entire process. During the early stage of osmotic shock responses, swift elevated calcium signaling promotes SCAB1 phosphorylation through calcium sensors CALCIUM DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE3 (CPK3) and CPK6. The phosphorylation restrained the microfilament binding affinity of SCAB1, which bring about the F-actin disassembly and stomatal closure initiation. As the osmotic stress signal continued, both the kinase activity of CPK3 and the phosphorylation level of SCAB1 attenuated significantly. We further found that ABA signaling is indispensable for these attenuations, which presumably contributed to the actin filament reassembly process as well as completion of stomatal closure. Notably, the dynamic changes of SCAB1 phosphorylation status are crucial for the kinetics of stomatal closure. Taken together, our results support a model in which SCAB1 works as a molecular switch, and directs the microfilament rearrangement through integrating the sequentially generated Ca2+ and ABA signals during osmotic stress induced stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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6
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Chen J, Li L, Kim JH, Neuhäuser B, Wang M, Thelen M, Hilleary R, Chi Y, Wei L, Venkataramani K, Exposito-Alonso M, Liu C, Keck J, Barragan AC, Schwab R, Lutz U, Pei ZM, He SY, Ludewig U, Weigel D, Zhu W. Small proteins modulate ion-channel-like ACD6 to regulate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4386-4397.e9. [PMID: 37995686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The multi-pass transmembrane protein ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6) is an immune regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana with an unclear biochemical mode of action. We have identified two loci, MODULATOR OF HYPERACTIVE ACD6 1 (MHA1) and its paralog MHA1-LIKE (MHA1L), that code for ∼7 kDa proteins, which differentially interact with specific ACD6 variants. MHA1L enhances the accumulation of an ACD6 complex, thereby increasing the activity of the ACD6 standard allele for regulating plant growth and defenses. The intracellular ankyrin repeats of ACD6 are structurally similar to those found in mammalian ion channels. Several lines of evidence link increased ACD6 activity to enhanced calcium influx, with MHA1L as a direct regulator of ACD6, indicating that peptide-regulated ion channels are not restricted to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Chen
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mingyu Wang
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Michael Thelen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Yuan Chi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Luyang Wei
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kavita Venkataramani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moises Exposito-Alonso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chang Liu
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jakob Keck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Cristina Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schwab
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lutz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhen-Ming Pei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sheng-Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wangsheng Zhu
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Ghosh S, Dahiya M, Kumar A, Bheri M, Pandey GK. Calcium imaging: a technique to monitor calcium dynamics in biological systems. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1777-1811. [PMID: 38222278 PMCID: PMC10784449 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a multifaceted signaling molecule that acts as an important second messenger. During the course of evolution, plants and animals have developed Ca2+ signaling in order to respond against diverse stimuli, to regulate a large number of physiological and developmental pathways. Our understanding of Ca2+ signaling and its components in physiological phenomena ranging from lower to higher organisms, and from single cell to multiple tissues has grown exponentially. The generation of Ca2+ transients or signatures for various stress factor is a well-known mechanism adopted in plant and animal systems. However, the decoding of such remarkable signatures is an uphill task and is always an interesting goal for the scientific community. In the past few decades, studies on the concentration and dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ are significantly increasing and have become a trend in modern biology. The advancement in approaches from Ca2+ binding dyes to in vivo Ca2+ imaging through the use of Ca2+ biosensors to achieve spatio-temporal resolution in micro and milliseconds range, provide us phenomenal opportunities to study live cell Ca2+ imaging or dynamics. Here, we describe the usage, improvement and advancement of Ca2+ based dyes, genetically encoded probes and sensors to achieve extraordinary Ca2+ imaging in plants and animals. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Ghosh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Monika Dahiya
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
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8
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Ocampo-Hernández B, Gutiérrez Mireles ER, Gutiérrez-Aguilar M. Morphology and permeability transitions in plant mitochondria: Different aspects of the same event? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148586. [PMID: 35772521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitochondria are sensitive organelles affected by changing environmental stressors. Upon heat shock or the presence of reactive oxygen species, plant mitochondria undergo in vivo morphological derangements associated with the extensively characterized opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Nevertheless, the classic mitochondrial permeability transition is known to be triggered by calcium overload causing mitochondrial swelling and dysfunction. Here we review evidence concerning calcium handling, permeability transition and mitochondrial impairments in plants, supporting the notion that the mitochondrial morphology transition is an in vivo indicator of the permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ocampo-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, México
| | - Emilia R Gutiérrez Mireles
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, México
| | - Manuel Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, México.
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9
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Quantitative Analysis of Plant Cytosolic Calcium Signals in Response to Water Activated by Low-Power Non-Thermal Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810752. [PMID: 36142664 PMCID: PMC9506352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma technology is increasingly being applied in the plant biology field. Despite the variety of beneficial effects of plasma-activated water (PAW) on plants, information about the mechanisms of PAW sensing by plants is still limited. In this study, in order to link PAW perception to the positive downstream responses of plants, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings expressing the Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin in the cytosol were challenged with water activated by low-power non-thermal plasma generated by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) source. PAW sensing by plants resulted in the occurrence of cytosolic Ca2+ signals, whose kinetic parameters were found to strictly depend on the operational conditions of the plasma device and thus on the corresponding mixture of chemical species contained in the PAW. In particular, we highlighted the effect on the intracellular Ca2+ signals of low doses of DBD-PAW chemicals and also presented the effects of consecutive plant treatments. The results were discussed in terms of the possibility of using PAW-triggered Ca2+ signatures as benchmarks to accurately modulate the chemical composition of PAW in order to induce environmental stress resilience in plants, thus paving the way for further applications in agriculture.
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10
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Guo J, He J, Dehesh K, Cui X, Yang Z. CamelliA-based simultaneous imaging of Ca2+ dynamics in subcellular compartments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2253-2271. [PMID: 35218352 PMCID: PMC8968278 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a universal second messenger, calcium (Ca2+) transmits specific cellular signals via a spatiotemporal signature generated from its extracellular source and internal stores. Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the generation of a Ca2+ signature is hampered by limited tools for simultaneously monitoring dynamic Ca2+ levels in multiple subcellular compartments. To overcome the limitation and to further improve spatiotemporal resolutions, we have assembled a molecular toolset (CamelliA lines) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that enables simultaneous and high-resolution monitoring of Ca2+ dynamics in multiple subcellular compartments through imaging different single-colored genetically encoded calcium indicators. We uncovered several Ca2+ signatures in three types of Arabidopsis cells in response to internal and external cues, including rapid oscillations of cytosolic Ca2+ and apical plasma membrane Ca2+ influx in fast-growing Arabidopsis pollen tubes, the spatiotemporal relationship of Ca2+ dynamics in four subcellular compartments of root epidermal cells challenged with salt, and a shockwave-like Ca2+ wave propagating in laser-wounded leaf epidermis. These observations serve as a testimony to the wide applicability of the CamelliA lines for elucidating the subcellular sources contributing to the Ca2+ signatures in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Guo
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
| | - Jiangman He
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
| | - Xinping Cui
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, 92521 California, USA
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11
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Kulichová K, Pieters J, Kumar V, Honys D, Hafidh S. A Plastid-Bound Ankyrin Repeat Protein Controls Gametophyte and Early Embryo Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:767339. [PMID: 35350296 PMCID: PMC8958021 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.767339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Proplastids are essential precursors for multi-fate plastid biogenesis, including chloroplast differentiation, a powerhouse for photosynthesis in plants. Arabidopsis ankyrin repeat protein (AKRP, AT5G66055) is a plastid-localized protein with a putative function in plastid differentiation and morphogenesis. Loss of function of akrp leads to embryo developmental arrest. Whether AKRP is critical pre-fertilization has remained unresolved. Here, using reverse genetics, we report a new allele, akrp-3, that exhibited a reduced frequency of mutant embryos (<13%) compared to previously reported alleles. akrp-3 affected both male and female gametophytes resulting in reduced viability, incompetence in pollen tube attraction, altered gametic cell fate, and embryo arrest that were depleted of chlorophyll. AKRP is widely expressed, and the AKRP-GFP fusion localized to plastids of both gametophytes, in isolated chloroplast and co-localized with a plastid marker in pollen and pollen tubes. Cell-type-specific complementation of akrp-3 hinted at the developmental timing at which AKRP might play an essential role. Our findings provide a plausible insight into the crucial role of AKRP in the differentiation of both gametophytes and coupling embryo development with chlorophyll synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Kulichová
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Janto Pieters
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Plant Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Said Hafidh
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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12
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Cortese E, Moscatiello R, Pettiti F, Carraretto L, Baldan B, Frigerio L, Vothknecht UC, Szabo I, De Stefani D, Brini M, Navazio L. Monitoring calcium handling by the plant endoplasmic reticulum with a low-Ca 2+ -affinity targeted aequorin reporter. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1014-1027. [PMID: 34837294 PMCID: PMC9299891 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Precise measurements of dynamic changes in free Ca2+ concentration in the lumen of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have been lacking so far, despite increasing evidence for the contribution of this intracellular compartment to Ca2+ homeostasis and signalling in the plant cell. In the present study, we targeted an aequorin chimera with reduced Ca2+ affinity to the ER membrane and facing the ER lumen. To this aim, the cDNA for a low-Ca2+ -affinity aequorin variant (AEQmut) was fused to the nucleotide sequence encoding a non-cleavable N-terminal ER signal peptide (fl2). The correct targeting of fl2-AEQmut was confirmed by immunocytochemical analyses in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings. An experimental protocol well-established in animal cells - consisting of ER Ca2+ depletion during photoprotein reconstitution followed by ER Ca2+ refilling - was applied to carry out ER Ca2+ measurements in planta. Rapid and transient increases of the ER luminal Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]ER ) were recorded in response to different environmental stresses, displaying stimulus-specific Ca2+ signatures. The comparative analysis of ER and chloroplast Ca2+ dynamics indicates a complex interplay of these organelles in shaping cytosolic Ca2+ signals during signal transduction events. Our data highlight significant differences in basal [Ca2+ ]ER and Ca2+ handling by plant ER compared to the animal counterpart. The set-up of an ER-targeted aequorin chimera extends and complements the currently available toolkit of organelle-targeted Ca2+ indicators by adding a reporter that improves our quantitative understanding of Ca2+ homeostasis in the plant endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cortese
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadova35131Italy
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Baldan
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadova35131Italy
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadova35123Italy
| | | | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Plant Cell BiologyInstitute of Cellular and Molecular BotanyUniversity of BonnBonnD‐53115Germany
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadova35131Italy
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadova35123Italy
| | - Diego De Stefani
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadova35131Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadova35131Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadova35131Italy
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadova35123Italy
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13
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Xu T, Niu J, Jiang Z. Sensing Mechanisms: Calcium Signaling Mediated Abiotic Stress in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:925863. [PMID: 35769297 PMCID: PMC9234572 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.925863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses. The sensing of environmental cues and the transduction of stress signals into intracellular signaling are initial events in the cellular signaling network. As a second messenger, Ca2+ links environmental stimuli to different biological processes, such as growth, physiology, and sensing of and response to stress. An increase in intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) is a common event in most stress-induced signal transduction pathways. In recent years, significant progress has been made in research related to the early events of stress signaling in plants, particularly in the identification of primary stress sensors. This review highlights current advances that are beginning to elucidate the mechanisms by which abiotic environmental cues are sensed via Ca2+ signals. Additionally, this review discusses important questions about the integration of the sensing of multiple stress conditions and subsequent signaling responses that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfei Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonghao Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhonghao Jiang,
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14
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Yao P, Vanneste S, Navazio L, Van Breusegem F, Stael S. Chemical Perturbation of Chloroplast Ca 2+ Dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures and Seedlings. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2494:149-158. [PMID: 35467206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2297-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling is part of universal signal transduction pathways to respond to external and internal stimuli or stress and in plants plays a central role in chloroplasts, such as in the regulation of photosynthetic enzymes or the transition from light to dark. Only recently, the underlying molecular machinery, e.g., transporters and channels that enable chloroplast Ca2+ fluxes, has started to be elucidated. However, chemical tools to specifically perturb these chloroplast Ca2+ fluxes are largely lacking. Here, we describe an efficient aequorin-based system in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell cultures to screen for chemicals that alter light-to-dark-induced chloroplast stroma Ca2+ signals. Subsequently, the effect of the hits on chloroplast Ca2+ signals is validated in Arabidopsis seedlings. The research lays a foundation for the identification of novel proteins involved in Ca2+ transport in chloroplast stroma under light-to-dark transition and for investigating the interaction of chloroplast Ca2+ signaling with photosynthesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Yao
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Völkner C, Holzner LJ, Day PM, Ashok AD, de Vries J, Bölter B, Kunz HH. Two plastid POLLUX ion channel-like proteins are required for stress-triggered stromal Ca2+release. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2110-2125. [PMID: 34618095 PMCID: PMC8644588 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two decades ago, large cation currents were discovered in the envelope membranes of Pisum sativum L. (pea) chloroplasts. The deduced K+-permeable channel was coined fast-activating chloroplast cation channel but its molecular identity remained elusive. To reveal candidates, we mined proteomic datasets of isolated pea envelopes. Our search uncovered distant members of the nuclear POLLUX ion channel family. Since pea is not amenable to molecular genetics, we used Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize the two gene homologs. Using several independent approaches, we show that both candidates localize to the chloroplast envelope membrane. The proteins, designated PLASTID ENVELOPE ION CHANNELS (PEC1/2), form oligomers with regulator of K+ conductance domains protruding into the intermembrane space. Heterologous expression of PEC1/2 rescues yeast mutants deficient in K+ uptake. Nuclear POLLUX ion channels cofunction with Ca2+ channels to generate Ca2+ signals, critical for establishing mycorrhizal symbiosis and root development. Chloroplasts also exhibit Ca2+ transients in the stroma, probably to relay abiotic and biotic cues between plastids and the nucleus via the cytosol. Our results show that pec1pec2 loss-of-function double mutants fail to trigger the characteristic stromal Ca2+ release observed in wild-type plants exposed to external stress stimuli. Besides this molecular abnormality, pec1pec2 double mutants do not show obvious phenotypes. Future studies of PEC proteins will help to decipher the plant's stress-related Ca2+ signaling network and the role of plastids. More importantly, the discovery of PECs in the envelope membrane is another critical step towards completing the chloroplast ion transport protein inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Völkner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Lorenz Josef Holzner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Philip M Day
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Amra Dhabalia Ashok
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, 37077 Göttingen,Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Genome Science, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, 37077 Göttingen,Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Genome Science, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Göttingen,Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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16
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Cortese E, Settimi AG, Pettenuzzo S, Cappellin L, Galenda A, Famengo A, Dabalà M, Antoni V, Navazio L. Plasma-Activated Water Triggers Rapid and Sustained Cytosolic Ca 2+ Elevations in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112516. [PMID: 34834879 PMCID: PMC8622995 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that water activated by plasma discharge, termed as plasma-activated water (PAW), can promote plant growth and enhance plant defence responses. Nevertheless, the signalling pathways activated in plants in response to PAW are still largely unknown. In this work, we analysed the potential involvement of calcium as an intracellular messenger in the transduction of PAW by plants. To this aim, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings stably expressing the bioluminescent Ca2+ reporter aequorin in the cytosol were challenged with PAW generated by a plasma torch. Ca2+ measurement assays demonstrated the induction by PAW of rapid and sustained cytosolic Ca2+ elevations in Arabidopsis seedlings. The dynamics of the recorded Ca2+ signals were found to depend upon different parameters, such as the operational conditions of the torch, PAW storage, and dilution. The separate administration of nitrate, nitrite, and hydrogen peroxide at the same doses as those measured in the PAW did not trigger any detectable Ca2+ changes, suggesting that the unique mixture of different reactive chemical species contained in the PAW is responsible for the specific Ca2+ signatures. Unveiling the signalling mechanisms underlying plant perception of PAW may allow to finely tune its generation for applications in agriculture, with potential advantages in the perspective of a more sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cortese
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessio G. Settimi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.G.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Silvia Pettenuzzo
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Luca Cappellin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Galenda
- CNR Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (A.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessia Famengo
- CNR Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (A.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Manuele Dabalà
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.G.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Vanni Antoni
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy;
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Via Orto Botanico 15, 35123 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Tian X, Wang X, Li Y. Myosin XI-B is involved in the transport of vesicles and organelles in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1145-1161. [PMID: 34559914 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The movement of organelles and vesicles in pollen tubes depends on F-actin. However, the molecular mechanism through which plant myosin XI drives the movement of organelles is still controversial, and the relationship between myosin XI and vesicle movement in pollen tubes is also unclear. In this study, we found that the siliques of the myosin xi-b/e mutant were obviously shorter than those of the wild-type (WT) and that the seed set of the mutant was severely deficient. The pollen tube growth of myosin xi-b/e was significantly inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching showed that the velocity of vesicle movement in the pollen tube tip of the myosin xi-b/e mutant was lower than that of the WT. It was also found that peroxisome movement was significantly inhibited in the pollen tubes of the myosin xi-b/e mutant, while the velocities of the Golgi stack and mitochondrial movement decreased relatively less in the pollen tubes of the mutant. The endoplasmic reticulum streaming in the pollen tube shanks was not significantly different between the WT and the myosin xi-b/e mutant. In addition, we found that myosin XI-B-GFP colocalized obviously with vesicles and peroxisomes in the pollen tubes of Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results indicate that myosin XI-B may bind mainly to vesicles and peroxisomes, and drive their movement in pollen tubes. These results also suggest that the mechanism by which myosin XI drives organelle movement in plant cells may be evolutionarily conserved compared with other eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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18
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Grenzi M, Resentini F, Vanneste S, Zottini M, Bassi A, Costa A. Illuminating the hidden world of calcium ions in plants with a universe of indicators. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:550-571. [PMID: 35237821 PMCID: PMC8491032 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The tools available to carry out in vivo analysis of Ca2+ dynamics in plants are powerful and mature technologies that still require the proper controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, South Korea
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Bassi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
- Author for communication:
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19
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Lee HJ, Seo PJ. Ca 2+talyzing Initial Responses to Environmental Stresses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:849-870. [PMID: 33706981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved stress-sensing machineries that initiate rapid adaptive environmental stress responses. Cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) is the most prominent second messenger that couples extracellular signals with specific intracellular responses. Essential early events that generate a cytosolic Ca2+ spike in response to environmental stress are starting to emerge. We review sensory machineries, including ion channels and transporters, which perceive various stress stimuli and allow cytosolic Ca2+ influx. We highlight integrative roles of Ca2+ channels in plant responses to various environmental stresses, as well as possible interplay of Ca2+ with other early signaling components, which facilitates signal propagation for systemic spread and spatiotemporal variations in respect to external cues. The early Ca2+ signaling schemes inspire the identification of additional stress sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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20
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Winkler J, Mylle E, De Meyer A, Pavie B, Merchie J, Grones P, Van Damme D. Visualizing protein-protein interactions in plants by rapamycin-dependent delocalization. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1101-1117. [PMID: 33793859 PMCID: PMC7612334 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is crucial for understanding biological processes. Many PPI tools are available, yet only some function within the context of a plant cell. Narrowing down even further, only a few tools allow complex multi-protein interactions to be visualized. Here, we present a conditional in vivo PPI tool for plant research that meets these criteria. Knocksideways in plants (KSP) is based on the ability of rapamycin to alter the localization of a bait protein and its interactors via the heterodimerization of FKBP and FRB domains. KSP is inherently free from many limitations of other PPI systems. This in vivo tool does not require spatial proximity of the bait and prey fluorophores and it is compatible with a broad range of fluorophores. KSP is also a conditional tool and therefore the visualization of the proteins in the absence of rapamycin acts as an internal control. We used KSP to confirm previously identified interactions in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Furthermore, the scripts that we generated allow the interactions to be quantified at high throughput. Finally, we demonstrate that KSP can easily be used to visualize complex multi-protein interactions. KSP is therefore a versatile tool with unique characteristics and applications that complements other plant PPI methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Winkler
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas De Meyer
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Merchie
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Grones
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniёl Van Damme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Höhner R, Day PM, Zimmermann SE, Lopez LS, Krämer M, Giavalisco P, Correa Galvis V, Armbruster U, Schöttler MA, Jahns P, Krueger S, Kunz HH. Stromal NADH supplied by PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE3 is crucial for photosynthetic performance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:142-167. [PMID: 33779763 PMCID: PMC8154072 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During photosynthesis, electrons travel from light-excited chlorophyll molecules along the electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) to form NADPH, which fuels the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle (CBBC). To allow photosynthetic reactions to occur flawlessly, a constant resupply of the acceptor NADP is mandatory. Several known stromal mechanisms aid in balancing the redox poise, but none of them utilizes the structurally highly similar coenzyme NAD(H). Using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as a C3-model, we describe a pathway that employs the stromal enzyme PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE 3 (PGDH3). We showed that PGDH3 exerts high NAD(H)-specificity and is active in photosynthesizing chloroplasts. PGDH3 withdrew its substrate 3-PGA directly from the CBBC. As a result, electrons become diverted from NADPH via the CBBC into the separate NADH redox pool. pgdh3 loss-of-function mutants revealed an overreduced NADP(H) redox pool but a more oxidized plastid NAD(H) pool compared to wild-type plants. As a result, photosystem I acceptor side limitation increased in pgdh3. Furthermore, pgdh3 plants displayed delayed CBBC activation, changes in nonphotochemical quenching, and altered proton motive force partitioning. Our fluctuating light-stress phenotyping data showed progressing photosystem II damage in pgdh3 mutants, emphasizing the significance of PGDH3 for plant performance under natural light environments. In summary, this study reveals an NAD(H)-specific mechanism in the stroma that aids in balancing the chloroplast redox poise. Consequently, the stromal NAD(H) pool may provide a promising target to manipulate plant photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Höhner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Philip M Day
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Sandra E Zimmermann
- Biocenter University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Science, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Laura S Lopez
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Moritz Krämer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | | | - Viviana Correa Galvis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Ute Armbruster
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Stephan Krueger
- Biocenter University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Science, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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22
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De Vriese K, Nguyen L, Stael S, Audenaert D, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. The Screening for Novel Inhibitors of Auxin-Induced Ca 2+ Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2213:89-98. [PMID: 33270195 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0954-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+-based second messenger signaling is used by many signal perception mechanisms to modulate specific cellular responses. The well-characterized phytohormone auxin elicits a very rapid Ca2+ signal, but the molecular players involved in auxin-induced Ca2+ signaling are still largely unknown. The complicated and often redundant nature of the plant Ca2+ signaling machinery makes the use of mutants and transgenic lines a painstaking process, which makes a pharmacological approach an attractive alternative to study these processes. Here, we describe the development and utilization of a screening assay that can be used to probe a compound library for inhibitors of auxin-induced Ca2+ entry in plant cell suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Long Nguyen
- Screening Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Audenaert
- Screening Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Zhao M, Chen J, Jin H, Qi Z. Extracellular Ca 2+ induces desensitized cytosolic Ca 2+ rise sensitive to phospholipase C inhibitor which suppresses root growth with Ca 2+ dependence. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 252:153190. [PMID: 32688165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) is an essential element for all organisms. In animal cells, the plasma membrane-localized Ca receptor CaSR coupled to a phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent signaling cascade monitors extracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]ext) and responds with increases in cytosolic calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]cyt). Plant roots encounter variable soil conditions, but how they sense changes in [Ca2+]ext is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that increasing [Ca2+]ext evokes a transient increase in [Ca2+] in the cytosol, mitochondria, and nuclei of Arabidopsis thaliana root cells. These increases were strongly desensitized to repeat applications of [Ca2+]ext, a typical feature of receptor-mediated cellular signaling in animal and plant cells. Treatment with gadolinium (Gd3+), a CaSR activator in animal cells, induced concentration-dependent increases in [Ca2+]cyt in roots, which showed self-desensitization and cross-desensitization to [Ca2+]ext-induced increases in [Ca2+]cyt (EICC). EICC was sensitive to extracellular H+, K+, Na+, and Mg2+ levels. Treatment with the PLC inhibitor neomycin suppressed EICC and Ca accumulation in roots. The inhibitory effect of neomycin on root elongation was fully rescued by increasing [Ca2+]ext but not [Mg2+] or [K+] in the growth medium. These results suggest that [Ca2+]ext and the movement of Ca2+ into the cytosol of plant roots are regulated by a receptor-mediated signaling pathway involving PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010071, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulatory and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010071, PR China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010071, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulatory and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010071, PR China
| | - Huiqing Jin
- Research Centre for Horticultural Science and Technology of Hohhot, Hohhot, 010020, PR China
| | - Zhi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010071, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulatory and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010071, PR China.
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24
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Medina-Puche L, Tan H, Dogra V, Wu M, Rosas-Diaz T, Wang L, Ding X, Zhang D, Fu X, Kim C, Lozano-Duran R. A Defense Pathway Linking Plasma Membrane and Chloroplasts and Co-opted by Pathogens. Cell 2020; 182:1109-1124.e25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Basu D, Haswell ES. The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel MSL10 Potentiates Responses to Cell Swelling in Arabidopsis Seedlings. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2716-2728.e6. [PMID: 32531281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to respond to unanticipated increases in volume is a fundamental property of cells, essential for cellular integrity in the face of osmotic challenges. Plants must manage cell swelling during flooding, rehydration, and pathogen invasion-but little is known about the mechanisms by which this occurs. It has been proposed that plant cells could sense and respond to cell swelling through the action of mechanosensitive ion channels. Here, we characterize a new assay to study the effects of cell swelling on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and to test the contributions of the mechanosensitive ion channel MscS-like10 (MSL10). The assay incorporates both cell wall softening and hypo-osmotic treatment to induce cell swelling. We show that MSL10 is required for several previously demonstrated responses to hypo-osmotic shock, including a cytoplasmic calcium transient within the first few seconds, accumulation of ROS within the first 30 min, and increased transcript levels of mechano-inducible genes within 60 min. We also show that cell swelling induces programmed cell death within 3 h in a MSL10-dependent manner. Finally, we show that MSL10 is unable to potentiate cell swelling-induced death when phosphomimetic residues are introduced into its soluble N terminus. Thus, MSL10 functions as a phospho-regulated membrane-based sensor that connects the perception of cell swelling to a downstream signaling cascade and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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26
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Moroz N, Tanaka K. FlgII-28 Is a Major Flagellin-Derived Defense Elicitor in Potato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:247-255. [PMID: 31644369 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-19-0164-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first layer of plant immunity is deployed by recognition of pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs) and induction of early stress responses. Flagellin is the major protein component of the flagellum. Flagellin-derived peptide fragments such as Flg22, a short active peptide derived from the highly conserved part of the N-terminal region, are recognized as PAMPs by a specific perception system present in most higher plants. Some bacteria evade the plant recognition system by altering the Flg22 region in the flagellin. Instead, a small subset of plants (i.e., solanaceous plants) can sense these bacteria by recognizing a second region, termed FlgII-28. The function of FlgII-28 has been well-documented in tomato but not in potato plants. Here, we investigated the effect of FlgII-28 on several defense responses in potato. Cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) elevation is an early defense response upon pathogenic infection. We generated transgenic potato plants expressing aequorin, a nontoxic Ca2+-activated photoprotein. The results showed that FlgII-28 induced strong cytosolic Ca2+ elevation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the response was attenuated when a Ca2+ channel blocker was added. In addition, the FlgII-28-triggered cytosolic Ca2+ elevation was shown to subsequently promote extracellular alkalinization, reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and transcriptional reprogramming of defense-related genes in potato. Interestingly, all tested defense responses caused by FlgII-28 were significantly stronger than those caused by Flg22, suggesting that FlgII-28 acts as a primary flagellar PAMP to elicit multiple defense responses in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Moroz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
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27
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Navazio L, Formentin E, Cendron L, Szabò I. Chloroplast Calcium Signaling in the Spotlight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:186. [PMID: 32226434 PMCID: PMC7081724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Calcium has long been known to regulate the metabolism of chloroplasts, concerning both light and carbon reactions of photosynthesis, as well as additional non photosynthesis-related processes. In addition to undergo Ca2+ regulation, chloroplasts can also influence the overall Ca2+ signaling pathways of the plant cell. Compelling evidence indicate that chloroplasts can generate specific stromal Ca2+ signals and contribute to the fine tuning of cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling in response to different environmental stimuli. The recent set up of a toolkit of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators, targeted to different chloroplast subcompartments (envelope, stroma, thylakoids) has helped to unravel the participation of chloroplasts in intracellular Ca2+ handling in resting conditions and during signal transduction. Intra-chloroplast Ca2+ signals have been demonstrated to occur in response to specific environmental stimuli, suggesting a role for these plant-unique organelles in transducing Ca2+-mediated stress signals. In this mini-review we present current knowledge of stimulus-specific intra-chloroplast Ca2+ transients, as well as recent advances in the identification and characterization of Ca2+-permeable channels/transporters localized at chloroplast membranes. In particular, the potential role played by cMCU, a chloroplast-localized member of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) family, as component of plant environmental sensing is discussed in detail, taking into account some specific structural features of cMCU. In summary, the recent molecular identification of some players of chloroplast Ca2+ signaling has opened new avenues in this rapidly developing field and will hopefully allow a deeper understanding of the role of chloroplasts in shaping physiological responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elide Formentin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Cendron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ildikò Szabò,
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28
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Ma L, Ye J, Yang Y, Lin H, Yue L, Luo J, Long Y, Fu H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen L, Kudla J, Wang Y, Han S, Song CP, Guo Y. The SOS2-SCaBP8 Complex Generates and Fine-Tunes an AtANN4-Dependent Calcium Signature under Salt Stress. Dev Cell 2019; 48:697-709.e5. [PMID: 30861376 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signals act as universal second messengers that trigger many cellular processes in animals and plants, but how specific calcium signals are generated is not well understood. In this study, we determined that AtANN4, a putative calcium-permeable transporter, and its interacting proteins, SCaBP8 and SOS2, generate a calcium signal under salt stress, which initially activates the SOS pathway, a conserved mechanism that modulates ion homeostasis in plants under salt stress. After activation, SCaBP8 promotes the interaction of protein kinase SOS2 with AtANN4, which enhances its phosphorylation by SOS2. This phosphorylation of AtANN4 further increases its interaction with SCaBP8. Both the interaction with and phosphorylation of AtANN4 repress its activity and alter calcium transients and signatures in HEK cells and plants. Our results reveal how downstream targets are required to create a specific calcium signal via a negative feedback regulatory loop, thereby enhancing our understanding of the regulation of calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiamin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huixin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lili Yue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haiqi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell Secretion and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Secretion and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Joerg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Youjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475001, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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29
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Cutolo E, Parvin N, Ruge H, Pirayesh N, Roustan V, Weckwerth W, Teige M, Grieco M, Larosa V, Vothknecht UC. The High Light Response in Arabidopsis Requires the Calcium Sensor Protein CAS, a Target of STN7- and STN8-Mediated Phosphorylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:974. [PMID: 31417591 PMCID: PMC6682602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins contributes to photoacclimation responses in photosynthetic organisms, enabling the fine-tuning of light harvesting under changing light conditions and promoting the onset of photoprotective processes. However, the precise functional role of many of the described phosphorylation events on thylakoid proteins remains elusive. The calcium sensor receptor protein (CAS) has previously been indicated as one of the targets of the state transition kinase 8 (STN8). Here we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, CAS is also phosphorylated by the state transition kinase 7 (STN7), as well as by another, so-far unknown, Ca2+-dependent kinase. Phosphoproteomics analysis and in vitro phosphorylation assays on CAS variants identified the phylogenetically conserved residues Thr-376, Ser-378, and Thr-380 as the major phosphorylation sites of the STN kinases. Spectroscopic analyses of chlorophyll fluorescence emission at 77K further showed that, while the cas mutant is not affected in state transition, it displays a persistent strong excitation of PSI under high light exposure, similar to the phenotype previously observed in other mutants defective in photoacclimation mechanisms. Together with the observation of a strong concomitant phosphorylation of light harvesting complex II (LHCII) and photosynthetic core proteins under high irradiance in the cas mutant this suggests a role for CAS in the STN7/STN8/TAP38 network of phosphorylation-mediated photoacclimation processes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cutolo
- Plant Cell Biology, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nargis Parvin
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institut für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften und Ressourcenschutz, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning Ruge
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niloufar Pirayesh
- Plant Cell Biology, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valentin Roustan
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michele Grieco
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Veronique Larosa
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Plant Cell Biology, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Teardo E, Carraretto L, Moscatiello R, Cortese E, Vicario M, Festa M, Maso L, De Bortoli S, Calì T, Vothknecht UC, Formentin E, Cendron L, Navazio L, Szabo I. A chloroplast-localized mitochondrial calcium uniporter transduces osmotic stress in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:581-588. [PMID: 31182842 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are integral to sensing biotic and abiotic stress in plants, but their role in transducing Ca2+-mediated stress signals remains poorly understood1,2. Here we identify cMCU, a member of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) family, as an ion channel mediating Ca2+ flux into chloroplasts in vivo. Using a toolkit of aequorin reporters targeted to chloroplast stroma and the cytosol in cMCU wild-type and knockout lines, we provide evidence that stress-stimulus-specific Ca2+ dynamics in the chloroplast stroma correlate with expression of the channel. Fast downstream signalling events triggered by osmotic stress, involving activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) MAPK3 and MAPK6, and the transcription factors MYB60 and ethylene-response factor 6 (ERF6), are influenced by cMCU activity. Relative to wild-type plants, cMCU knockouts display increased resistance to long-term water deficit and improved recovery on rewatering. Modulation of stromal Ca2+ in specific processing of stress signals identifies cMCU as a component of plant environmental sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Teardo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Enrico Cortese
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Vicario
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Maso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Elide Formentin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Laura Cendron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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31
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De Vriese K, Himschoot E, Dünser K, Nguyen L, Drozdzecki A, Costa A, Nowack MK, Kleine-Vehn J, Audenaert D, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Identification of Novel Inhibitors of Auxin-Induced Ca 2+ Signaling via a Plant-Based Chemical Screen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:480-496. [PMID: 30737267 PMCID: PMC6501068 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many signal perception mechanisms are connected to Ca2+-based second messenger signaling to modulate specific cellular responses. The well-characterized plant hormone auxin elicits a very rapid Ca2+ signal. However, the cellular targets of auxin-induced Ca2+ are largely unknown. Here, we screened a biologically annotated chemical library for inhibitors of auxin-induced Ca2+ entry in plant cell suspensions to better understand the molecular mechanism of auxin-induced Ca2+ and to explore the physiological relevance of Ca2+ in auxin signal transduction. Using this approach, we defined a set of diverse, small molecules that interfere with auxin-induced Ca2+ entry. Based on annotated biological activities of the hit molecules, we found that auxin-induced Ca2+ signaling is, among others, highly sensitive to disruption of membrane proton gradients and the mammalian Ca2+ channel inhibitor bepridil. Whereas protonophores nonselectively inhibited auxin-induced and osmotic stress-induced Ca2+ signals, bepridil specifically inhibited auxin-induced Ca2+ We found evidence that bepridil severely alters vacuolar morphology and antagonized auxin-induced vacuolar remodeling. Further exploration of this plant-tailored collection of inhibitors will lead to a better understanding of auxin-induced Ca2+ entry and its relevance for auxin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ellie Himschoot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Long Nguyen
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Drozdzecki
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominique Audenaert
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 21985 Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Lenzoni G, Knight MR. Increases in Absolute Temperature Stimulate Free Calcium Concentration Elevations in the Chloroplast. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:538-548. [PMID: 30517735 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to sense increases in temperature to be able to adapt their physiology and development to survive; however, the mechanisms of heat perception are currently relatively poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that in response to elevated temperature, the free calcium concentration of the stroma of chloroplasts increases. This response is specific to the chloroplast, as no corresponding increase in calcium is seen in the cytosol. The chloroplast calcium response is dose dependent above a threshold. The magnitude of this calcium response is dependent upon absolute temperature, not the rate of heating. This response is dynamic: repeated stimulation leads to rapid attenuation of the response, which can be overcome by sensitization at a higher temperature. More long-term acclimation to different temperatures resets the basal sensitivity of the system, such that plants acclimated to lower temperatures are more sensitive than those acclimated to higher temperatures. The heat-induced chloroplast calcium response was partially dependent upon the calcium-sensing receptor CAS which has been shown previously to regulate other chloroplast calcium signaling responses. Taken together, our data demonstrate the ability of chloroplasts to sense absolute high temperature and produce commensurately quantitative stromal calcium response, the magnitude of which is a function of both current temperature and stress history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Lenzoni
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Marc R Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
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Song SJ, Feng QN, Li CL, Li E, Liu Q, Kang H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Li S. A Tonoplast-Associated Calcium-Signaling Module Dampens ABA Signaling during Stomatal Movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1666-1678. [PMID: 29898977 PMCID: PMC6084651 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement, critical for photobiosynthesis, respiration, and stress responses, is regulated by many factors, among which abscisic acid (ABA) is critical. Early events of ABA signaling involve Ca2+ influx and an increase of cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt). Positive regulators of this process have been extensively studied, whereas negative regulators are obscure. ABA-induced stomatal closure involves K+ flux and vacuolar convolution. How these processes are connected with Ca2+ is not fully understood. We report that pat10-1, a null mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PROTEIN S-ACYL TRANSFERASE10 (PAT10), is hypersensitive to ABA-induced stomatal closure and vacuolar convolution. A similar phenotype was observed in cbl2;cbl3, the double mutant of CBL2 and CBL3, whose tonoplast association depends on PAT10. Functional loss of the PAT10-CBL2/CBL3 system resulted in enhanced Ca2+ influx and [Ca2+]cyt elevation. Promoting vacuolar K+ accumulation by overexpressing NHX2 suppressed ABA-hypersensitive stomatal closure and vacuolar convolution of the mutants, suggesting that PAT10-CBL2/CBL3 positively mediates vacuolar K+ accumulation. We have identified CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) that mediate CBL2/CBL3 signaling during ABA-induced stomatal movement. Functional loss of the PAT10-CBL2/3-CIPK9/17 system in guard cells enhanced drought tolerance. We propose that the tonoplast CBL-CIPK complexes form a signaling module that negatively regulates ABA signaling during stomatal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Chun-Long Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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Costa A, Navazio L, Szabo I. The contribution of organelles to plant intracellular Calcium signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4996169. [PMID: 29767757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is among the most important intracellular messengers in living organisms. Understanding of the players and dynamics of Ca2+ signalling pathways in plants may help to unravel the molecular basis of their exceptional flexibility to respond and to adapt to different stimuli. In the present review we focus on new tools that have recently revolutionized our view of organellar Ca2+ signalling as well as on the current knowledge regarding the pathways mediating Ca2+ fluxes across intracellular membranes. The contribution of organelles and cellular subcompartments to the orchestrated response via Ca2+ signalling within a cell is also discussed, underlining the fact that one of the greatest challenges in the field is the elucidation of how influx and efflux Ca2+ transporters/channels are regulated in a concerted manner to translate specific information into a Ca2+ signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Via Orto Botanico, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Via Orto Botanico, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Neurosciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. Bassi, Padova, Italy
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Sello S, Moscatiello R, Mehlmer N, Leonardelli M, Carraretto L, Cortese E, Zanella FG, Baldan B, Szabò I, Vothknecht UC, Navazio L. Chloroplast Ca 2+ Fluxes into and across Thylakoids Revealed by Thylakoid-Targeted Aequorin Probes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:38-51. [PMID: 29559589 PMCID: PMC5933129 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts require a fine-tuned control of their internal Ca2+ concentration, which is crucial for many aspects of photosynthesis and for other chloroplast-localized processes. Increasing evidence suggests that calcium regulation within chloroplasts also may influence Ca2+ signaling pathways in the cytosol. To investigate the involvement of thylakoids in Ca2+ homeostasis and in the modulation of chloroplast Ca2+ signals in vivo, we targeted the bioluminescent Ca2+ reporter aequorin as a YFP fusion to the lumen and the stromal surface of thylakoids in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Thylakoid localization of aequorin-based probes in stably transformed lines was confirmed by confocal microscopy, immunogold labeling, and biochemical analyses. In resting conditions in the dark, free Ca2+ levels in the thylakoid lumen were maintained at about 0.5 μm, which was a 3- to 5-fold higher concentration than in the stroma. Monitoring of chloroplast Ca2+ dynamics in different intrachloroplast subcompartments (stroma, thylakoid membrane, and thylakoid lumen) revealed the occurrence of stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals, characterized by unique kinetic parameters. Oxidative and salt stresses initiated pronounced free Ca2+ changes in the thylakoid lumen. Localized Ca2+ increases also were observed on the thylakoid membrane surface, mirroring transient Ca2+ changes observed for the bulk stroma, but with specific Ca2+ dynamics. Moreover, evidence was obtained for dark-stimulated intrathylakoid Ca2+ changes, suggesting a new scenario for light-to-dark-induced Ca2+ fluxes inside chloroplasts. Hence, thylakoid-targeted aequorin reporters can provide new insights into chloroplast Ca2+ storage and signal transduction. These probes represent novel tools with which to investigate the role of thylakoids in Ca2+ signaling networks within chloroplasts and plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, D-82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Leonardelli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, D-82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Carraretto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Cortese
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Baldan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy
| | - Ute C Vothknecht
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, D-82152 Munich, Germany
- Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy
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Zheng Y, Liao C, Zhao S, Wang C, Guo Y. The Glycosyltransferase QUA1 Regulates Chloroplast-Associated Calcium Signaling During Salt and Drought Stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:329-341. [PMID: 28007965 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) elevation induced by various signals is responsible for appropriate downstream responses. Through a genetic screen of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in stress-induced [Ca2+]cyt elevation, the glycosyltransferase QUASIMODO1 (QUA1) was identified as a regulator of [Ca2+]cyt in response to salt stress. Compared with the wild type, the qua1-4 mutant exhibited a dramatically greater increase in [Ca2+]cyt under NaCl treatment. Functional analysis showed that QUA1 is a novel chloroplast protein that regulates cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling. QUA1 was detected in chloroplast thylakoids, and the qua1-4 mutant exhibited irregularly stacked grana. The observed greater increase in [Ca2+]cyt was inhibited upon recovery of chloroplast function in the qua1-4 mutant. Further analysis showed that CAS, a thylakoid-localized calcium sensor, also displayed irregularly stacked grana, and the chloroplasts of the qua1-4 cas-1 double mutant were similar to those of cas-1 plants. In QUA1-overexpressing plants, the protein level of CAS was decreased, and CAS was readily degraded under osmotic stress. When CAS was silenced in the qua1-4 mutant, the large [Ca2+]cyt increase was blocked, and the higher expression of PLC3 and PLC4 was suppressed. Under osmotic stress, the qua1-4 mutant showed an even greater elevation in [Ca2+]cyt and was hypersensitive to drought stress. However, this sensitivity was inhibited when the increase in [Ca2+]cyt was repressed in the qua1-4 mutant. Collectively, our data indicate that QUA1 may function in chloroplast-dependent calcium signaling under salt and drought stresses. Additionally, CAS may function downstream of QUA1 to mediate these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zheng
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, China
| | - Chancan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, China
| | | | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
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Loro G, Wagner S, Doccula FG, Behera S, Weinl S, Kudla J, Schwarzländer M, Costa A, Zottini M. Chloroplast-Specific in Vivo Ca2+ Imaging Using Yellow Cameleon Fluorescent Protein Sensors Reveals Organelle-Autonomous Ca2+ Signatures in the Stroma. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2317-30. [PMID: 27252306 PMCID: PMC4972287 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, subcellular compartments such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and vacuoles have the capacity for Ca(2+) transport across their membranes to modulate the activity of compartmentalized enzymes or to convey specific cellular signaling events. In plants, it has been suggested that chloroplasts also display Ca(2+) regulation. So far, monitoring of stromal Ca(2+) dynamics in vivo has exclusively relied on using the luminescent Ca(2+) probe aequorin. However, this technique is limited in resolution and can only provide a readout averaged over chloroplast populations from different cells and tissues. Here, we present a toolkit of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Ca(2+) sensor lines expressing plastid-targeted FRET-based Yellow Cameleon (YC) sensors. We demonstrate that the probes reliably report in vivo Ca(2+) dynamics in the stroma of root plastids in response to extracellular ATP and of leaf mesophyll and guard cell chloroplasts during light-to-low-intensity blue light illumination transition. Applying YC sensing of stromal Ca(2+) dynamics to single chloroplasts, we confirm findings of gradual, sustained stromal Ca(2+) increases at the tissue level after light-to-low-intensity blue light illumination transitions, but monitor transient Ca(2+) spiking as a distinct and previously unknown component of stromal Ca(2+) signatures. Spiking was dependent on the availability of cytosolic Ca(2+) but not synchronized between the chloroplasts of a cell. In contrast, the gradual sustained Ca(2+) increase occurred independent of cytosolic Ca(2+), suggesting intraorganellar Ca(2+) release. We demonstrate the capacity of the YC sensor toolkit to identify novel, fundamental facets of chloroplast Ca(2+) dynamics and to refine the understanding of plastidial Ca(2+) regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Loro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (G.L., F.G.D., S.B., A.C.);Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, 35131 Padua, Italy (G.L., M.Z.);Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.We., J.K.);Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.Wa., M.S.); andInstitute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (G.L., F.G.D., S.B., A.C.);Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, 35131 Padua, Italy (G.L., M.Z.);Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.We., J.K.);Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.Wa., M.S.); andInstitute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Gandolfo Doccula
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (G.L., F.G.D., S.B., A.C.);Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, 35131 Padua, Italy (G.L., M.Z.);Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.We., J.K.);Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.Wa., M.S.); andInstitute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Smrutisanjita Behera
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (G.L., F.G.D., S.B., A.C.);Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, 35131 Padua, Italy (G.L., M.Z.);Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.We., J.K.);Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.Wa., M.S.); andInstitute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Stefan Weinl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (G.L., F.G.D., S.B., A.C.);Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, 35131 Padua, Italy (G.L., M.Z.);Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.We., J.K.);Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.Wa., M.S.); andInstitute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Joerg Kudla
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (G.L., F.G.D., S.B., A.C.);Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, 35131 Padua, Italy (G.L., M.Z.);Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.We., J.K.);Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.Wa., M.S.); andInstitute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (G.L., F.G.D., S.B., A.C.);Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, 35131 Padua, Italy (G.L., M.Z.);Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.We., J.K.);Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.Wa., M.S.); andInstitute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (G.L., F.G.D., S.B., A.C.);Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, 35131 Padua, Italy (G.L., M.Z.);Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.We., J.K.);Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.Wa., M.S.); andInstitute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (G.L., F.G.D., S.B., A.C.);Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy, 35131 Padua, Italy (G.L., M.Z.);Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.We., J.K.);Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany (S.Wa., M.S.); andInstitute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
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Wagner S, De Bortoli S, Schwarzländer M, Szabò I. Regulation of mitochondrial calcium in plants versus animals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3809-29. [PMID: 27001920 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) acts as an important cellular second messenger in eukaryotes. In both plants and animals, a wide variety of environmental and developmental stimuli trigger Ca(2+) transients of a specific signature that can modulate gene expression and metabolism. In animals, mitochondrial energy metabolism has long been considered a hotspot of Ca(2+) regulation, with a range of pathophysiology linked to altered Ca(2+) control. Recently, several molecular players involved in mitochondrial Ca(2+) signalling have been identified, including those of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter. Despite strong evidence for sophisticated Ca(2+) regulation in plant mitochondria, the picture has remained much less clear. This is currently changing aided by live imaging and genetic approaches which allow dissection of subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics and identification of the proteins involved. We provide an update on our current understanding in the regulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) and signalling by comparing work in plants and animals. The significance of mitochondrial Ca(2+) control is discussed in the light of the specific metabolic and energetic needs of plant and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sara De Bortoli
- Department of Biology and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Sello S, Perotto J, Carraretto L, Szabò I, Vothknecht UC, Navazio L. Dissecting stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals in amyloplasts and chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3965-74. [PMID: 26893493 PMCID: PMC4915524 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is used by plants as an intracellular messenger in the detection of and response to a plethora of environmental stimuli and contributes to a fine-tuned internal regulation. Interest in the role of different subcellular compartments in Ca(2+) homeostasis and signalling has been growing in recent years. This work has evaluated the potential participation of non-green plastids and chloroplasts in the plant Ca(2+) signalling network using heterotrophic and autotrophic cell suspension cultures from Arabidopsis thaliana plant lines stably expressing the bioluminescent Ca(2+) reporter aequorin targeted to the plastid stroma. Our results indicate that both amyloplasts and chloroplasts are involved in transient Ca(2+) increases in the plastid stroma induced by several environmental stimuli, suggesting that these two functional types of plastids are endowed with similar mechanisms for handling Ca(2+) A comparison of the Ca(2+) trace kinetics recorded in parallel in the plastid stroma, the surface of the outer membrane of the plastid envelope, and the cytosol indicated that plastids play an essential role in switching off different cytosolic Ca(2+) signals. Interestingly, a transient stromal Ca(2+) signal in response to the light-to-dark transition was observed in chloroplasts, but not amyloplasts. Moreover, significant differences in the amplitude of specific plastidial Ca(2+) changes emerged when the photosynthetic metabolism of chloroplasts was reactivated by light. In summary, our work highlights differences between non-green plastids and chloroplasts in terms of Ca(2+) dynamics in response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jennifer Perotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Carraretto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ute C Vothknecht
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Ruge H, Flosdorff S, Ebersberger I, Chigri F, Vothknecht UC. The calmodulin-like proteins AtCML4 and AtCML5 are single-pass membrane proteins targeted to the endomembrane system by an N-terminal signal anchor sequence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3985-96. [PMID: 27029353 PMCID: PMC4915527 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulins (CaMs) are important mediators of Ca(2+) signals that are found ubiquitously in all eukaryotic organisms. Plants contain a unique family of calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) that exhibit greater sequence variance compared to canonical CaMs. The Arabidopsis thaliana proteins AtCML4 and AtCML5 are members of CML subfamily VII and possess a CaM domain comprising the characteristic double pair of EF-hands, but they are distinguished from other members of this subfamily and from canonical CaMs by an N-terminal extension of their amino acid sequence. Transient expression of yellow fluorescent protein-tagged AtCML4 and AtCML5 under a 35S-promoter in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells revealed a spherical fluorescence pattern. This pattern was confirmed by transient expression in Arabidopsis protoplasts under the native promoter. Co-localization analyses with various endomembrane marker proteins suggest that AtCML4 and AtCML5 are localized to vesicular structures in the interphase between Golgi and the endosomal system. Further studies revealed AtCML5 to be a single-pass membrane protein that is targeted into the endomembrane system by an N-terminal signal anchor sequence. Self-assembly green fluorescent protein and protease protection assays support a topology with the CaM domain exposed to the cytosolic surface and not the lumen of the vesicles, indicating that AtCML5 could sense Ca(2+) signals in the cytosol. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that AtCML4 and AtCML5 are closely related paralogues originating from a duplication event within the Brassicaceae family. CML4/5-like proteins seem to be universally present in eudicots but are absent in some monocots. Together these results show that CML4/5-like proteins represent a flowering plant-specific subfamily of CMLs with a potential function in vesicle transport within the plant endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Ruge
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Sandra Flosdorff
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Ingo Ebersberger
- Department for Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fatima Chigri
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany Center for Integrated Protein Science (Munich) at the Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ute C Vothknecht
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany Center for Integrated Protein Science (Munich) at the Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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41
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Jiang G, Yin D, Zhao J, Chen H, Guo L, Zhu L, Zhai W. The rice thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase OsAPX8 functions in tolerance to bacterial blight. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26104. [PMID: 27185545 PMCID: PMC4868969 DOI: 10.1038/srep26104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) is a major H2O2-scavenging enzyme. To clarify its functions in tolerance to rice bacterial blight, we produced rice lines overexpressing and suppressing tAPX (OsAPX8). The overexpressing lines exhibited increased tolerance to bacterial pathogen. The RNA interference (RNAi) lines were considerably more sensitive than the control plant. Further analysis of the H2O2 content in these transgenic plants indicated that the H2O2 accumulation of OsAPX8-overexpressing plants was considerably less than that of wild-type and RNAi plants upon challenge with bacterial pathogen. Interestingly, H2O2 was the most important factor for the serious leaf dehydration and withering of rice without major resistance genes and was not the cause of hypersensitivity. It addition, wall tightening or loosening can occur according to the level of H2O2. In addition, OsAPX8 interacted with the susceptibility protein Os8N3/Xa13, and their binding repressed the reaction of OsAPX8 in tolerance to bacterial blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghuai Jiang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dedong Yin
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiying Zhao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lequn Guo
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenxue Zhai
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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42
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Carraretto L, Teardo E, Checchetto V, Finazzi G, Uozumi N, Szabo I. Ion Channels in Plant Bioenergetic Organelles, Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: From Molecular Identification to Function. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:371-395. [PMID: 26751960 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent technical advances in electrophysiological measurements, organelle-targeted fluorescence imaging, and organelle proteomics have pushed the research of ion transport a step forward in the case of the plant bioenergetic organelles, chloroplasts and mitochondria, leading to the molecular identification and functional characterization of several ion transport systems in recent years. Here we focus on channels that mediate relatively high-rate ion and water flux and summarize the current knowledge in this field, focusing on targeting mechanisms, proteomics, electrophysiology, and physiological function. In addition, since chloroplasts evolved from a cyanobacterial ancestor, we give an overview of the information available about cyanobacterial ion channels and discuss the evolutionary origin of chloroplast channels. The recent molecular identification of some of these ion channels allowed their physiological functions to be studied using genetically modified Arabidopsis plants and cyanobacteria. The view is emerging that alteration of chloroplast and mitochondrial ion homeostasis leads to organelle dysfunction, which in turn significantly affects the energy metabolism of the whole organism. Clear-cut identification of genes encoding for channels in these organelles, however, remains a major challenge in this rapidly developing field. Multiple strategies including bioinformatics, cell biology, electrophysiology, use of organelle-targeted ion-sensitive probes, genetics, and identification of signals eliciting specific ion fluxes across organelle membranes should provide a better understanding of the physiological role of organellar channels and their contribution to signaling pathways in plants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carraretto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Enrico Teardo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Finazzi
- UMR 5168 Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale (LPCV) CNRS/ UJF / INRA / CEA, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), CEA Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy.
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43
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Quantitative Analysis of Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP)-Induced Ca(2+) Transients in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1398:331-44. [PMID: 26867636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3356-3_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) is a secondary messenger involved in early signaling events triggered in response to a plethora of biotic and abiotic stimuli. In plants, environmental cues that induce cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation include touch, reactive oxygen species, cold shock, and salt or osmotic stress. Furthermore, Ca(2+) signaling has been implicated in early stages of plant-microbe interactions of both symbiotic and antagonistic nature. A long-standing hypothesis is that there is information encoded in the Ca(2+) signals (so-called Ca(2+) signatures) to enable plants to differentiate between these stimuli and to trigger the appropriate cellular response. Qualitative and quantitative measurements of Ca(2+) signals are therefore needed to dissect the responses of plants to their environment. Luminescence produced by the Ca(2+) probe aequorin upon Ca(2+) binding is a widely used method for the detection of Ca(2+) transients and other changes in Ca(2+) concentrations in cells or organelles of plant cells. In this chapter, using microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), such as the bacterial-derived flg22 or elf18 peptides as stimuli, a protocol for the quantitative measurements of Ca(2+) fluxes in apoaequorin-expressing seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana in 96-well format is described.
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44
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Wagner S, Behera S, De Bortoli S, Logan DC, Fuchs P, Carraretto L, Teardo E, Cendron L, Nietzel T, Füßl M, Doccula FG, Navazio L, Fricker MD, Van Aken O, Finkemeier I, Meyer AJ, Szabò I, Costa A, Schwarzländer M. The EF-Hand Ca2+ Binding Protein MICU Choreographs Mitochondrial Ca2+ Dynamics in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:3190-212. [PMID: 26530087 PMCID: PMC4682298 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant organelle function must constantly adjust to environmental conditions, which requires dynamic coordination. Ca(2+) signaling may play a central role in this process. Free Ca(2+) dynamics are tightly regulated and differ markedly between the cytosol, plastid stroma, and mitochondrial matrix. The mechanistic basis of compartment-specific Ca(2+) dynamics is poorly understood. Here, we studied the function of At-MICU, an EF-hand protein of Arabidopsis thaliana with homology to constituents of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter machinery in mammals. MICU binds Ca(2+) and localizes to the mitochondria in Arabidopsis. In vivo imaging of roots expressing a genetically encoded Ca(2+) sensor in the mitochondrial matrix revealed that lack of MICU increased resting concentrations of free Ca(2+) in the matrix. Furthermore, Ca(2+) elevations triggered by auxin and extracellular ATP occurred more rapidly and reached higher maximal concentrations in the mitochondria of micu mutants, whereas cytosolic Ca(2+) signatures remained unchanged. These findings support the idea that a conserved uniporter system, with composition and regulation distinct from the mammalian machinery, mediates mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in plants under in vivo conditions. They further suggest that MICU acts as a throttle that controls Ca(2+) uptake by moderating influx, thereby shaping Ca(2+) signatures in the matrix and preserving mitochondrial homeostasis. Our results open the door to genetic dissection of mitochondrial Ca(2+) signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Sara De Bortoli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - David C Logan
- Université d'Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Philippe Fuchs
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Luca Carraretto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Teardo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Cendron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Nietzel
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Magdalena Füßl
- Plant Proteomics Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Van Aken
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Plant Proteomics Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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45
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Li J, Liu J, Wang G, Cha JY, Li G, Chen S, Li Z, Guo J, Zhang C, Yang Y, Kim WY, Yun DJ, Schumaker KS, Chen Z, Guo Y. A chaperone function of NO CATALASE ACTIVITY1 is required to maintain catalase activity and for multiple stress responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:908-25. [PMID: 25700484 PMCID: PMC4558663 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Catalases are key regulators of reactive oxygen species homeostasis in plant cells. However, the regulation of catalase activity is not well understood. In this study, we isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, no catalase activity1-3 (nca1-3) that is hypersensitive to many abiotic stress treatments. The mutated gene was identified by map-based cloning as NCA1, which encodes a protein containing an N-terminal RING-finger domain and a C-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat-like helical domain. NCA1 interacts with and increases catalase activity maximally in a 240-kD complex in planta. In vitro, NCA1 interacts with CATALASE2 (CAT2) in a 1:1 molar ratio, and the NCA1 C terminus is essential for this interaction. CAT2 activity increased 10-fold in the presence of NCA1, and zinc ion binding of the NCA1 N terminus is required for this increase. NCA1 has chaperone protein activity that may maintain the folding of catalase in a functional state. NCA1 is a cytosol-located protein. Expression of NCA1 in the mitochondrion of the nca1-3 mutant does not rescue the abiotic stress phenotypes of the mutant, while expression in the cytosol or peroxisome does. Our results suggest that NCA1 is essential for catalase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Joon-Yung Cha
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju City 660-701, Korea
| | - Guannan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinghua Guo
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Caiguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju City 660-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju City 660-701, Korea
| | - Karen S Schumaker
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Zhongzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100193, China
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46
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Pendin D, Greotti E, Filadi R, Pozzan T. Spying on organelle Ca²⁺ in living cells: the mitochondrial point of view. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:39-45. [PMID: 25245340 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, the use of genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators (GECIs), derived from aequorin and green fluorescent protein, has profoundly transformed the study of Ca(2+) homeostasis in living cells leading to novel insights into functional aspects of Ca(2+) signalling. Particularly relevant for a deeper understanding of these key aspects of cell pathophysiology has been the possibility of imaging changes in Ca(2+) concentration not only in the cytoplasm, but also inside organelles. In this review, we will provide an overview of the ongoing developments in the use of GECIs, with particular focus on mitochondrially targeted probes. Indeed, due to recent advances in organelle Ca(2+) imaging with GECIs, mitochondria are now at the centre of renewed interest: they play key roles both in the physiology of the cell and in multiple pathological conditions relevant to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pendin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - E Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - R Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - T Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Orus 2, 35129, Padua, Italy
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47
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Yu Z, Taylor JL, He Y, Ni J. Enlightenment on the aequorin-based platform for screening Arabidopsis stress sensory channels related to calcium signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1057366. [PMID: 26336841 PMCID: PMC4883862 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1057366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Free calcium ions (Ca(2+)) are an important signal molecule in response to a large array of external stimuli encountered by plants. Using the aequorin-based Ca(2+) recording system, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the Ca(2+) responses to biotic or abiotic stresses in dicotyledonous Arabidopsis. However, due to the lack of a similar detection system, little information has been obtained from the monocotyledonous rice (Oryza sativa). Recombinant aequorin has been introduced into rice, and the Ca(2+) responses to NaCl and H2O2 in rice roots were characterized. Although rice calcium signal sensor research has just started, the transgenic rice expressing aequorin provides a good platform to study rice adapted to different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Jemma L Taylor
- School of Life Sciences; Gibbet Hill Campus; University of Warwick; Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Yue He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ni
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou, China
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48
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Maintz J, Cavdar M, Tamborski J, Kwaaitaal M, Huisman R, Meesters C, Kombrink E, Panstruga R. Comparative Analysis of MAMP-induced Calcium Influx in Arabidopsis Seedlings and Protoplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:1813-25. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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49
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Zhu X, Taylor A, Zhang S, Zhang D, Feng Y, Liang G, Zhu JK. Measuring spatial and temporal Ca2+ signals in Arabidopsis plants. J Vis Exp 2014:e51945. [PMID: 25226381 DOI: 10.3791/51945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental and environmental cues induce Ca(2+) fluctuations in plant cells. Stimulus-specific spatial-temporal Ca(2+) patterns are sensed by cellular Ca(2+) binding proteins that initiate Ca(2+) signaling cascades. However, we still know little about how stimulus specific Ca(2+) signals are generated. The specificity of a Ca(2+) signal may be attributed to the sophisticated regulation of the activities of Ca(2+) channels and/or transporters in response to a given stimulus. To identify these cellular components and understand their functions, it is crucial to use systems that allow a sensitive and robust recording of Ca(2+) signals at both the tissue and cellular levels. Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators that are targeted to different cellular compartments have provided a platform for live cell confocal imaging of cellular Ca(2+) signals. Here we describe instructions for the use of two Ca(2+) detection systems: aequorin based FAS (film adhesive seedlings) luminescence Ca(2+) imaging and case12 based live cell confocal fluorescence Ca(2+) imaging. Luminescence imaging using the FAS system provides a simple, robust and sensitive detection of spatial and temporal Ca(2+) signals at the tissue level, while live cell confocal imaging using Case12 provides simultaneous detection of cytosolic and nuclear Ca(2+) signals at a high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University;
| | | | - Shenyu Zhang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University
| | - Dayong Zhang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University; Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University; College of Environmental & Resource Science, Zhejiang University
| | - Gaimei Liang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University; Dryland Agriculture Research Centre, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University; Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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50
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Nomura H, Shiina T. Calcium signaling in plant endosymbiotic organelles: mechanism and role in physiology. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1094-1104. [PMID: 24574521 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that chloroplasts and mitochondria evoke specific Ca(2+) signals in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in a stress-dependent manner. The identification of Ca(2+) transporters and Ca(2+) signaling molecules in chloroplasts and mitochondria implies that they play roles in controlling not only intra-organellar functions, but also extra-organellar processes such as plant immunity and stress responses. It appears that organellar Ca(2+) signaling might be more important to plant cell functions than previously thought. This review briefly summarizes what is known about the molecular basis of Ca(2+) signaling in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironari Nomura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Gifu Women's University, 80 Taromaru, Gifu 501-2592, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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