1
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Yadav AS, Hong L, Klees PM, Kiss A, Petit M, He X, Barrios IM, Heeney M, Galang AMD, Smith RS, Boudaoud A, Roeder AH. Growth directions and stiffness across cell layers determine whether tissues stay smooth or buckle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.22.549953. [PMID: 37546730 PMCID: PMC10401922 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.22.549953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
From smooth to buckled, nature exhibits organs of various shapes and forms. How cellular growth patterns produce smooth organ shapes such as leaves and sepals remains unclear. Here we show that unidirectional growth and comparable stiffness across both epidermal layers of Arabidopsis sepals are essential for smoothness. We identified a mutant with ectopic ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2 (AS2) expression on the outer epidermis. Our analysis reveals that ectopic AS2 expression causes outer epidermal buckling at early stages of sepal development, due to conflicting growth directions and unequal epidermal stiffnesses. Aligning growth direction and increasing stiffness of the outer epidermis restores smoothness. Furthermore, buckling influences auxin efflux transporter protein PIN-FORMED 1 polarity to generate outgrowth in the later stages, suggesting that buckling is sufficient to initiate outgrowths. Our findings suggest that in addition to molecular cues influencing tissue mechanics, tissue mechanics can also modulate molecular signals, giving rise to well-defined shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avilash S. Yadav
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lilan Hong
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Patrick M. Klees
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Annamaria Kiss
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Petit
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Xi He
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Iselle M. Barrios
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michelle Heeney
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anabella Maria D. Galang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Arezki Boudaoud
- LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Adrienne H.K. Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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2
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Kanahama T, Sato M. Mechanics-based classification rule for plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308319120. [PMID: 37801474 PMCID: PMC10576094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308319120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The height of thick and solid plants, such as woody plants, is proportional to two-thirds of the power of their diameter at breast height. However, this rule cannot be applied to herbaceous plants that are thin and soft because the mechanisms supporting their bodies are fundamentally different. This study aims to clarify the rigidity control mechanism resulting from turgor pressure caused by internal water in herbaceous plants to formulate the corresponding scaling law. We modeled a herbaceous plant as a cantilever with the ground side as a fixed end, and the greatest height was formulated considering the axial tension force from the turgor pressure. The scaling law describing the relationship between the height and diameter in terms of the turgor pressure was theoretically derived. Moreover, we proposed a plant classification rule based on stress distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohya Kanahama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-8628, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sato
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-8628, Japan
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3
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Rigidity control mechanism by turgor pressure in plants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2063. [PMID: 36739460 PMCID: PMC9899264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bodies of herbaceous plants are slender, thin, and soft. These plants support their bodies through the action of turgor pressure associated with their internal water stores. The purpose of this study was to apply the principles of structural mechanics to clarify the underlying mechanism of rigidity control that is responsible for turgor pressure in plants and the reason behind the self-supporting ability of herbaceous plants. We modeled a plant a horizontally oriented thin-walled cylindrical cantilever with closed ends enclosing a cavity filled with water that is acted on by its own weight and by internal tension generated through turgor pressure. We derived an equation describing the plant's consequent deflection, introducing a dimensionless parameter to express the decrease in deflection associated with the action of turgor pressure. We found that the mechanical and physical characteristics of herbaceous plants that would appear to be counter-productive from a superficial perspective increase the deflection decreasing effect of turgor pressure.
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4
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Korniyenko VO, Kalaev VN. Impact of Natural Climate Factors on Mechanical Stability and Failure Rate in Silver Birch Trees in the City of Donetsk. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425522070150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Lin Y, Hyyppä J. Towards 3D basic theories of plant forms. Commun Biol 2022; 5:703. [PMID: 35835949 PMCID: PMC9283379 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allometric, metabolic, and biomechanical theories are the critical foundations for scientifically deciphering plant forms. Their concrete laws, however, are found to deviate for plenty of plant specimens. This phenomenon has not been extensively studied, due to technical restrictions. This bottleneck now can be overcome by the state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) mapping technologies, such as fine-scale terrestrial laser scanning. On these grounds, we proposed to reexamine the basic theories regarding plant forms, and then, we case validated the feasibility of upgrading them into 3D modes. As an in-time enlightening of 3D revolutionizing the related basic subject, our theoretical prospect further sorted out the potential challenges as the cutting points for advancing its future exploration, which may enable 3D reconstruction of the basic theories of plant forms and even boost life science. In this Perspective, the authors discuss how state-of-the-art three-dimensional mapping technologies such as fine-scale terrestrial laser scanning can help us understand the theories of plant forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Juha Hyyppä
- Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, FI-02430, Masala, Finland
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6
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Higham TE, Schmitz L, Niklas KJ. The evolution of mechanical properties of conifer and angiosperm woods. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac103. [PMID: 35762654 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The material properties of the cells and tissues of an organism dictate, to a very large degree, the ability of the organism to cope with mechanical stress induced by externally applied forces. It is, therefore, critical to understand how these properties differ across diverse species and how they have evolved. Herein, a large data base (N = 84 species) for the mechanical properties of wood samples measured at biologically natural moisture contents (i.e., "green wood") was analyzed to determine the extent to which these properties are correlated across phylogenetically diverse tree species, to determine if a phylogenetic pattern of trait values exists, and, if so, to assess whether the rate of trait evolution varies across the phylogeny. The phylogenetic comparative analyses presented here confirm previous results that critical material properties are significantly correlated with one another and with wood density. Although the rates of trait evolution of angiosperms and gymnosperms (i.e., conifers) are similar, the material properties of both clades evolved in distinct selective regimes that are phenotypically manifested in lower values across all material properties in gymnosperms. This observation may be related to the structural differences between gymnosperm and angiosperm wood such as the presence of vessels in angiosperms. Explorations of rate heterogeneity indicate high rates of trait evolution in wood density in clades within both conifers and angiosperms (e.g., Pinus and Shorea). Future analyses are warranted using additional data given these preliminary results, especially because there is ample evidence of convergent evolution in the material properties of conifers and angiosperm wood that appear to experience similar ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, 925 N. Mills Avenue, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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7
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Coupel‐Ledru A, Pallas B, Delalande M, Segura V, Guitton B, Muranty H, Durel C, Regnard J, Costes E. Tree architecture, light interception and water-use related traits are controlled by different genomic regions in an apple tree core collection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:209-226. [PMID: 35023155 PMCID: PMC9305758 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tree architecture shows large genotypic variability, but how this affects water-deficit responses is poorly understood. To assess the possibility of reaching ideotypes with adequate combinations of architectural and functional traits in the face of climate change, we combined high-throughput field phenotyping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on an apple tree (Malus domestica) core-collection. We used terrestrial light detection and ranging (T-LiDAR) scanning and airborne multispectral and thermal imagery to monitor tree architecture, canopy shape, light interception, vegetation indices and transpiration on 241 apple cultivars submitted to progressive field soil drying. GWAS was performed with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-by-SNP and multi-SNP methods. Large phenotypic and genetic variability was observed for all traits examined within the collection, especially canopy surface temperature in both well-watered and water deficit conditions, suggesting control of water loss was largely genotype-dependent. Robust genomic associations revealed independent genetic control for the architectural and functional traits. Screening associated genomic regions revealed candidate genes involved in relevant pathways for each trait. We show that multiple allelic combinations exist for all studied traits within this collection. This opens promising avenues to jointly optimize tree architecture, light interception and water use in breeding strategies. Genotypes carrying favourable alleles depending on environmental scenarios and production objectives could thus be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Coupel‐Ledru
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Benoît Pallas
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Magalie Delalande
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Vincent Segura
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Baptiste Guitton
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Hélène Muranty
- IRHSSFR QuaSaVUniversité d’Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE49000AngersFrance
| | - Charles‐Eric Durel
- IRHSSFR QuaSaVUniversité d’Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE49000AngersFrance
| | - Jean‐Luc Regnard
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Evelyne Costes
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
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8
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Sierra-de-Grado R, Pando V, Voltas J, Zas R, Majada J, Climent J. Straightening the crooked: intraspecific divergence of stem posture control and associated trade-offs in a model conifer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1222-1235. [PMID: 34865003 PMCID: PMC8866635 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the straightening capacity of the stem is key for light capture and mechanical stability in forest trees, little is known about its adaptive implications. Assuming that stem straightening is costly, trade-offs are expected with competing processes such as growth, maintenance, and defence. We established a manipulative experiment in a common garden of Pinus pinaster including provenances typically showing either straight-stemmed or crooked-stemmed phenotypes. We imposed a bending up to 35º on plants aged 9 years of both provenance groups and followed the straightening kinetics and shoot elongation after releasing. Eight months later, we destructively assessed biomass partitioning, reaction wood, wood microdensity, xylem reserve carbohydrates, and phloem secondary metabolites. The experimental bending and release caused significant, complex changes with a marked difference between straight- and crooked-type plants. The straight-type recovered verticality faster and to a higher degree and developed more compression wood, while displaying a transitory delay in shoot elongation, reducing resource allocation to defence and maintaining the levels of non-structural carbohydrates compared with the crooked type. This combination of responses indicates the existence of intraspecific divergence in the reaction to mechanical stresses that may be related to different adaptive phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Sierra-de-Grado
- ETSIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentin Pando
- ETSIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo 28, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Juan Majada
- CETEMAS, Pumarabule s/n, Carbayín, 33936 Asturias, Spain
| | - Jose Climent
- iuFOR, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Forestales (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Kanahama T, Sato M. Mathematical modelling to determine the greatest height of trees. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2039. [PMID: 35132088 PMCID: PMC8821560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the critical height of a column whose weight varies vertically in order to obtain a simple scaling law for a tree where the weight distribution considered. We modelled trees as cantilevers that were fixed to the ground and formulated a self-buckling problem for various weight distributions. A formula for calculating the critical height was derived in a simple form that did not include special functions. We obtained a theoretical clarification of the effect of the weight distribution of heavy columns on the buckling behaviour. A widely applicable scaling law for trees was obtained. We found that an actual tree manages to distribute the weight of its trunk and branches along its vertical extent in a manner that adequately secures its critical height. The method and findings of this study are applicable to a wide range of fields, such as the simplification of complicated buckling problems and the study of tree shape quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohya Kanahama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sato
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
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10
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Arsić J, Stojanović M, Petrovičová L, Noyer E, Milanović S, Světlík J, Horáček P, Krejza J. Increased wood biomass growth is associated with lower wood density in Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. saplings growing under elevated CO2. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259054. [PMID: 34679119 PMCID: PMC8535391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased substantially since the industrial revolution began, and physiological responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations reportedly alter the biometry and wood structure of trees. Additionally, soil nutrient availability may play an important role in regulating these responses. Therefore, in this study, we grew 288 two-year-old saplings of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) in lamellar glass domes for three years to evaluate the effects of CO2 concentrations and nutrient supply on above- and belowground biomass, wood density, and wood structure. Elevated CO2 increased above- and belowground biomass by 44.3% and 46.9%, respectively. However, under elevated CO2 treatment, sapling wood density was markedly lower (approximately 1.7%), and notably wider growth rings-and larger, more efficient conduits leading to increased hydraulic conductance-were observed. Moreover, despite the vessels being larger in saplings under elevated CO2, the vessels were significantly fewer (p = 0.023). No direct effects of nutrient supply were observed on biomass growth, wood density, or wood structure, except for a notable decrease in specific leaf area. These results suggest that, although fewer and larger conduits may render the xylem more vulnerable to embolism formation under drought conditions, the high growth rate in sessile oak saplings under elevated CO2 is supported by an efficient vascular system and may increase biomass production in this tree species. Nevertheless, the decreased mechanical strength, indicated by low density and xylem vulnerability to drought, may lead to earlier mortality, offsetting the positive effects of elevated CO2 levels in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Arsić
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marko Stojanović
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Petrovičová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Estelle Noyer
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Slobodan Milanović
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Světlík
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Horáček
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Hartmann FP, Tinturier E, Julien JL, Leblanc-Fournier N. Between Stress and Response: Function and Localization of Mechanosensitive Ca 2+ Channels in Herbaceous and Perennial Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11043. [PMID: 34681698 PMCID: PMC8538497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, how plants sense and respond to mechanical stress has become a flourishing field of research. The pivotal role of mechanosensing in organogenesis and acclimation was demonstrated in various plants, and links are emerging between gene regulatory networks and physical forces exerted on tissues. However, how plant cells convert physical signals into chemical signals remains unclear. Numerous studies have focused on the role played by mechanosensitive (MS) calcium ion channels MCA, Piezo and OSCA. To complement these data, we combined data mining and visualization approaches to compare the tissue-specific expression of these genes, taking advantage of recent single-cell RNA-sequencing data obtained in the root apex and the stem of Arabidopsis and the Populus stem. These analyses raise questions about the relationships between the localization of MS channels and the localization of stress and responses. Such tissue-specific expression studies could help to elucidate the functions of MS channels. Finally, we stress the need for a better understanding of such mechanisms in trees, which are facing mechanical challenges of much higher magnitudes and over much longer time scales than herbaceous plants, and we mention practical applications of plant responsiveness to mechanical stress in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P. Hartmann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.T.); (J.-L.J.)
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12
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Higham TE, Ferry LA, Schmitz L, Irschick DJ, Starko S, Anderson PSL, Bergmann PJ, Jamniczky HA, Monteiro LR, Navon D, Messier J, Carrington E, Farina SC, Feilich KL, Hernandez LP, Johnson MA, Kawano SM, Law CJ, Longo SJ, Martin CH, Martone PT, Rico-Guevara A, Santana SE, Niklas KJ. Linking ecomechanical models and functional traits to understand phenotypic diversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:860-873. [PMID: 34218955 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical principles and laws determine the set of possible organismal phenotypes. Constraints arising from development, the environment, and evolutionary history then yield workable, integrated phenotypes. We propose a theoretical and practical framework that considers the role of changing environments. This 'ecomechanical approach' integrates functional organismal traits with the ecological variables. This approach informs our ability to predict species shifts in survival and distribution and provides critical insights into phenotypic diversity. We outline how to use the ecomechanical paradigm using drag-induced bending in trees as an example. Our approach can be incorporated into existing research and help build interdisciplinary bridges. Finally, we identify key factors needed for mass data collection, analysis, and the dissemination of models relevant to this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Lara A Ferry
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, 925 N. Mills Avenue, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Duncan J Irschick
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Samuel Starko
- Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Philip S L Anderson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Philip J Bergmann
- Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leandro R Monteiro
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense. Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, cep 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Dina Navon
- Human Genetics Institute of NJ, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Julie Messier
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emily Carrington
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stacy C Farina
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Kara L Feilich
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - L Patricia Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Michele A Johnson
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Sandy M Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chris J Law
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Mammalogy and Division of Paleontology, Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Sarah J Longo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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13
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Driesen E, De Proft M, Saeys W. Soil Moisture Levels Affect the Anatomy and Mechanical Properties of Basil Stems ( Ocimum basilicum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10071320. [PMID: 34203566 PMCID: PMC8309113 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As plants would benefit from adjusting and optimizing their architecture to changing environmental stimuli, ensuring a strong and healthy plant, it was hypothesized that different soil moisture levels would affect xylem and collenchyma development in basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Marian) stems. Four different irrigation set-points (20, 30, 40 and 50% VWC), corresponding respectively to pF values of 1.95, 1.65, 1.30 and 1.15, were applied. Basil plants grown near the theoretical wilting point (pF 2) had a higher xylem vessel frequency and lower mean vessel diameter, promoting water transport under drought conditions. Cultivation at low soil moisture also impacted the formation of collenchyma in the apical stem segments, providing mechanical and structural support to these fast-growing stems and vascular tissues. The proportion of collenchyma area was significantly lower for the pF1.15 treatment (9.25 ± 3.24%) compared to the pF1.95 and pF1.30 treatments (16.04 ± 1.83% and 13.28 ± 1.38%, respectively). Higher fractions of collenchyma resulted in a higher mechanical stem strength against bending. Additionally, tracheids acted as the major support tissues in the basal stem segments. These results confirm that the available soil moisture impacts mechanical stem strength and overall plant quality of basil plants by impacting xylem and collenchyma development during cultivation, ensuring sufficient mechanical support to the fast-growing stem and to the protection of the vascular tissues. To our knowledge, this study is the first to compare the mechanical and anatomical characteristics of plant stems cultivated at different soil moisture levels.
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Autran D, Bassel GW, Chae E, Ezer D, Ferjani A, Fleck C, Hamant O, Hartmann FP, Jiao Y, Johnston IG, Kwiatkowska D, Lim BL, Mahönen AP, Morris RJ, Mulder BM, Nakayama N, Sozzani R, Strader LC, ten Tusscher K, Ueda M, Wolf S. What is quantitative plant biology? QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e10. [PMID: 37077212 PMCID: PMC10095877 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative plant biology is an interdisciplinary field that builds on a long history of biomathematics and biophysics. Today, thanks to high spatiotemporal resolution tools and computational modelling, it sets a new standard in plant science. Acquired data, whether molecular, geometric or mechanical, are quantified, statistically assessed and integrated at multiple scales and across fields. They feed testable predictions that, in turn, guide further experimental tests. Quantitative features such as variability, noise, robustness, delays or feedback loops are included to account for the inner dynamics of plants and their interactions with the environment. Here, we present the main features of this ongoing revolution, through new questions around signalling networks, tissue topology, shape plasticity, biomechanics, bioenergetics, ecology and engineering. In the end, quantitative plant biology allows us to question and better understand our interactions with plants. In turn, this field opens the door to transdisciplinary projects with the society, notably through citizen science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Autran
- DIADE, University of Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - George W. Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daphne Ezer
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Fleck
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, École normale supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon (UCBL), Lyon, France
- Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Author for correspondence: O. Hamant and A. P. Mahönen, E-mail: ,
| | | | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Boon L. Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ari Pekka Mahönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard J. Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Bela M. Mulder
- Department of Living Matter, Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Nakayama
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaUSA
| | - Lucia C. Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MissouriUSA
| | - Kirsten ten Tusscher
- Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Minako Ueda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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A Numerical Approach to Estimate Natural Frequency of Trees with Variable Properties. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11090915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Free vibration analysis of a Euler-Bernoulli tapered column was conducted using the finite element method to identify the vibration modes of an equivalent tree structure under a specified set of conditions. A non-prismatic elastic circular column of height L was analysed, taking distributed self-weight into account. Various scenarios were considered: column taper, base fixity, radial and longitudinal stiffness (E) and density (ρ) and crown mass. The effect on the first natural frequency was assessed in each case. Validation against closed form solutions of benchmark problems was conducted satisfactorily. The results show that column taper, base fixity and E/ρ ratio are particularly important for this problem. Comparison of predictions with field observations of natural sway frequency for almost 700 coniferous and broadleaved trees from the published literature showed that the model worked well for coniferous trees, but less well for broadleaved trees with their more complicated crown architecture. Overall, the current study provides an in-depth numerical investigation of material properties, geometric properties and boundary conditions to create further understanding of vibration behaviour in trees.
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16
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Bauer U, Poppinga S, Müller UK. Mechanical Ecology-Taking Biomechanics to the Field. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:820-828. [PMID: 32275745 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis Interdisciplinary research can have strong and surprising synergistic effects, leading to rapid knowledge gains. Equally important, it can help to reintegrate fragmented fields across increasingly isolated specialist sub-disciplines. However, the lack of a common identifier for research "in between fields" can make it difficult to find relevant research outputs and network effectively. We illustrate and address this issue for the emerging interdisciplinary hotspot of "mechanical ecology," which we define here as the intersection of quantitative biomechanics and field ecology at the organism level. We show that an integrative approach crucially advances our understanding in both disciplines by (1) putting biomechanical mechanisms into a biologically meaningful ecological context and (2) addressing the largely neglected influence of mechanical factors in organismal and behavioral ecology. We call for the foundation of knowledge exchange platforms such as meeting symposia, special issues in journals, and focus groups dedicated to mechanical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Bauer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ulrike K Müller
- Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
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17
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Moulia B, Bastien R, Chauvet-Thiry H, Leblanc-Fournier N. Posture control in land plants: growth, position sensing, proprioception, balance, and elasticity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3467-3494. [PMID: 31305901 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of the atmosphere by land plants was a major evolutionary step. The mechanisms that allow for vertical growth through air and the establishment and control of a stable erect habit are just starting to be understood. A key mechanism was found to be continuous posture control to counterbalance the mechanical and developmental challenges of maintaining a growing upright structure. An interdisciplinary systems biology approach was invaluable in understanding the underlying principles and in designing pertinent experiments. Since this discovery previously held views of gravitropic perception had to be reexamined and this has led to the description of proprioception in plants. In this review, we take a purposefully pedagogical approach to present the dynamics involved from the cellular to whole-plant level. We show how the textbook model of how plants sense gravitational force has been replaced by a model of position sensing, a clinometer mechanism that involves both passive avalanches and active motion of statoliths, granular starch-filled plastids, in statocytes. Moreover, there is a transmission of information between statocytes and other specialized cells that sense the degree of organ curvature and reset asymmetric growth to straighten and realign the structure. We give an overview of how plants have used the interplay of active posture control and elastic sagging to generate a whole range of spatial displays during their life cycles. Finally, a position-integrating mechanism has been discovered that prevents directional plant growth from being disrupted by wind-induced oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Renaud Bastien
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hugo Chauvet-Thiry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IUSTI, Marseille, France
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18
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Thibaut B. Three-dimensional printing, muscles, and skeleton: mechanical functions of living wood. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3453-3466. [PMID: 30957846 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wood is well defined as an engineering material. However, living wood in the tree is often regarded only as a passive skeleton consisting of a sophisticated pipe system for the ascent of sap and a tree-like structure made of a complex material to resist external forces. There are two other active key roles of living wood in the field of biomechanics: (i) additive manufacturing of the whole structure by cell division and expansion, and (ii) a 'muscle' function of living fibres or tracheids generating forces at the sapwood periphery. The living skeleton representing most of the sapwood is a mere accumulation of dead tracheids and libriform fibres after their programmed cell death. It keeps a record of the two active roles of living wood in its structure, chemical composition, and state of residual stresses. Models and field experiments define four biomechanical traits based on stem geometry and parameters of wood properties resulting from additive manufacturing and force generation. Geometric parameters resulting from primary and secondary growth play the larger role. Passive wood properties are only secondary parameters, while dissymmetric force generation is key for movement, posture control, and tree reshaping after accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Thibaut
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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19
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Nelson N, Stubbs CJ, Larson R, Cook DD. Measurement accuracy and uncertainty in plant biomechanics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3649-3658. [PMID: 31301144 PMCID: PMC6650135 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
All scientific measurements are affected to some degree by both systematic and random errors. The quantification of these errors supports correct interpretation of data, thus supporting scientific progress. Absence of information regarding reliability and accuracy can slow scientific progress, and can lead to a reproducibility crisis. Here we consider both measurement theory and plant biomechanics literature. Drawing from measurement theory literature, we review techniques for assessing both the accuracy and uncertainty of a measurement process. In our survey of plant biomechanics literature, we found that direct assessment of measurement accuracy and uncertainty is not yet common. The advantages and disadvantages of efforts to quantify measurement accuracy and uncertainty are discussed. We conclude with recommended best practices for improving the scientific rigor in plant biomechanics through attention to the issues of measurement accuracy and uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Nelson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Ryan Larson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Douglas D Cook
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Subedi SC, Ross MS, Sah JP, Redwine J, Baraloto C. Trait‐based community assembly pattern along a forest succession gradient in a seasonally dry tropical forest. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh C. Subedi
- Department of Earth and Environment Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
| | - Michael S. Ross
- Department of Earth and Environment Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
- Southeast Environmental Research Center Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
| | - Jay P. Sah
- Southeast Environmental Research Center Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
| | - Jed Redwine
- Everglades National Park National Park Service Homestead Florida 33034 USA
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
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21
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Noyer E, Fournier M, Constant T, Collet C, Dlouhá J. Biomechanical control of beech pole verticality (Fagus sylvatica) before and after thinning: theoretical modelling and ground-truth data using terrestrial LiDAR. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:187-198. [PMID: 30742709 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Thinning is a frequent disturbance in managed forests, especially to increase radial growth. Due to buckling and bending risk associated with height and mass growth, tree verticality is strongly constrained in slender trees growing in dense forests and poor light conditions. Tree verticality is controlled by uprighting movements implemented from local curvatures induced by wood maturation stresses and/or eccentric radial growth. This study presents the first attempt to compare the real uprighting movements in mature trees using a theoretical model of posture control. METHODS Stem lean and curvature were measured by Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner (TLS) technology before and 6 years after thinning and compared to unthinned control poles. Measures for several tree and wood traits were pooled together to implement a widely used biomechanical model of tree posture control. Changes in observed stem lean were then compared with the model predictions, and discrepancies were reviewed. KEY RESULTS Even under a highly constrained environment, most control poles were able to counterbalance gravitational curvature and avoid sagging. Thinning stimulated uprighting movements. The theoretical uprighting curvature rate increased just after thinning, then slowed after 2 years, likely due to the stem diameter increase. The biomechanical model overestimated the magnitude of uprighting. CONCLUSIONS Most suppressed beech poles maintain a constant lean angle, and uprighting movements occur after thinning, indicating that stem lean is plastic in response to light conditions. Acclimation of posture control to other changes in growth condition should be investigated, and lean angles should be measured in forest inventories as an indicator of future wood quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Noyer
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Xylogenesis and Biomass Allocation, CzechGlobe - Global Change Research Institute, 60300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mériem Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Thiéry Constant
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Collet
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jana Dlouhá
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France
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22
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Dlouhá J, Alméras T, Beauchêne J, Clair B, Fournier M. Biophysical dependences among functional wood traits. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dlouhá
- Université de LorraineAgroParisTech, Inra, Silva Nancy France
| | | | - Jacques Beauchêne
- CIRAD, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAUniversité des Antilles, Université de Guyane Kourou France
| | - Bruno Clair
- LMGC, CNRSUniversité de Montpellier Montpellier France
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAUniversité des Antilles, Université de Guyane Kourou France
| | - Meriem Fournier
- Université de LorraineAgroParisTech, Inra, Silva Nancy France
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23
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Jagels R, Equiza MA, Maguire DA, Cirelli D. Do tall tree species have higher relative stiffness than shorter species? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1617-1630. [PMID: 30299545 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY In 1757 Leonhard Euler demonstrated that to avoid bending tall columns needed to be stiffer but not stronger than shorter columns of equal diameter and material density. Many researchers have concluded that trees have a fixed stiffness to basic density ratio, and therefore, trees adjust for increasing height by adding mass to adjust stem form. But the wood science literature points to considerable variance in stiffness with respect to green wood density. METHODS Using the vast global repository of green wood mechanical properties, we compared relative stiffness and relative strength between taller and shorter species. For North American trees, we examined stem moisture distribution. KEY RESULTS For all regions of the world, taller species on average possessed greater stiffness, but not strength, than shorter species of equal basic specific gravity. We looked for a possible universal mechanism that might allow taller tree species to adjust stiffness without affecting xylem specific gravity and concluded that the evidence points to a decrease in cellulose microfibril angle in structural cell walls combined with possible increases in holocellulose percentage. The evidence is strongest for conifers. We also showed that tall conifers have the ability to adjust the distribution of xylem moisture to maximize conduction while minimizing column load. CONCLUSIONS Our research reveals that taller trees have developed internal stem adjustments to minimize diameter increase while attaining ever-greater heights, thus enabling these taller species to reduce energy expended on biomass accumulation while gaining greater access to solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jagels
- University of Maine, School of Forest Resources, Orono, Maine, 04469-5755, USA
| | - Maria A Equiza
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2R3, Canada
| | - Douglas A Maguire
- Oregon State University, Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Damian Cirelli
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2R3, Canada
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24
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Shah DU, Reynolds TPS, Ramage MH. The strength of plants: theory and experimental methods to measure the mechanical properties of stems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4497-4516. [PMID: 28981787 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
From the stems of agricultural crops to the structural trunks of trees, studying the mechanical behaviour of plant stems is critical for both commerce and science. Plant scientists are also increasingly relying on mechanical test data for plant phenotyping. Yet there are neither standardized methods nor systematic reviews of current methods for the testing of herbaceous stems. We discuss the architecture of plant stems and highlight important micro- and macrostructural parameters that need to be controlled and accounted for when designing test methodologies, or that need to be understood in order to explain observed mechanical behaviour. Then, we critically evaluate various methods to test structural properties of stems, including flexural bending (two-, three-, and four-point bending) and axial loading (tensile, compressive, and buckling) tests. Recommendations are made on best practices. This review is relevant to fundamental studies exploring plant biomechanics, mechanical phenotyping of plants, and the determinants of mechanical properties in cell walls, as well as to application-focused studies, such as in agro-breeding and forest management projects, aiming to understand deformation processes of stem structures. The methods explored here can also be extended to other elongated, rod-shaped organs (e.g. petioles, midribs, and even roots).
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshil U Shah
- Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, 1-5 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge CB2 1PX, UK
| | - Thomas P S Reynolds
- Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, 1-5 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge CB2 1PX, UK
| | - Michael H Ramage
- Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, 1-5 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge CB2 1PX, UK
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25
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MacFarlane DW, Kane B. Neighbour effects on tree architecture: functional trade‐offs balancing crown competitiveness with wind resistance. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Kane
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
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26
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Mihai LA, Alayyash K, Wyatt H. The optimal density of cellular solids in axial tension. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:701-713. [PMID: 28387165 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1292352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For cellular bodies with uniform cell size, wall thickness, and shape, an important question is whether the same volume of material has the same effect when arranged as many small cells or as fewer large cells. To answer this question, for finite element models of periodic structures of Mooney-type material with different structural geometry and subject to large strain deformations, we identify a nonlinear elastic modulus as the ratio between the mean effective stress and the mean effective strain in the solid cell walls, and show that this modulus increases when the thickness of the walls increases, as well as when the number of cells increases while the volume of solid material remains fixed. Since, under the specified conditions, this nonlinear elastic modulus increases also as the corresponding mean stress increases, either the mean modulus or the mean stress can be employed as indicator when the optimum wall thickness or number of cells is sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Angela Mihai
- a School of Mathematics , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | | | - Hayley Wyatt
- a School of Mathematics , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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27
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Abstract
Mathematical biology occupies a special place at the interface between the physical, mathematical and life sciences. Is this interface merely a meeting point for dabblers venturing out of their own proper domains to work on problems of mutual interest? Or is it an incipient science in its own right, with its own particular character, principles, and practices? The past century has seen vast advances in the application of mathematical and physical ideas and techniques to biological problems, in the process transforming many of them almost beyond recognition. Nonetheless, the question of a biomathematics as a new kind of science remains open, despite several fascinating, if sometimes problematic, attempts.
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28
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Zhang Y, Tang L, Liu X, Liu L, Cao W, Zhu Y. Modeling the leaf angle dynamics in rice plant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171890. [PMID: 28207799 PMCID: PMC5313149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf angle between stem and sheath (SSA) is an important rice morphological trait. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a dynamic SSA model under different nitrogen (N) rates for selected rice cultivars. The time-course data of SSA were collected in three years, and a dynamic SSA model was developed for different main stem leaf ranks under different N rates for two selected rice cultivars. SSA increased with tiller age. The SSA of the same leaf rank increased with increase in N rate. The maximum SSA increased with leaf rank from the first to the third leaf, then decreased from the third to the final leaf. The relationship between the maximum SSA and leaf rank on main stem could be described with a linear piecewise function. The change of SSA with thermal time (TT) was described by a logistic equation. A variety parameter (the maximum SSA of the 3rd leaf on main stem) and a nitrogen factor were introduced to quantify the effect of cultivar and N rate on SSA. The model was validated against data collected from both pot and field experiments. The relative root mean square error (RRMSE) was 11.56% and 14.05%, respectively. The resulting models could be used for virtual rice plant modeling and plant-type design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhang
- Computer Engineering School, Weifang University, Weifang, P. R. China
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Liang Tang
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Leilei Liu
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weixing Cao
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Bonnesoeur V, Constant T, Moulia B, Fournier M. Forest trees filter chronic wind-signals to acclimate to high winds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:850-860. [PMID: 26790391 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Controlled experiments have shown that trees acclimate thigmomorphogenetically to wind-loads by sensing their deformation (strain). However, the strain regime in nature is exposed to a full spectrum of winds. We hypothesized that trees avoid overreacting by responding only to winds which bring information on local climate and/or wind exposure. Additionally, competition for light dependent on tree social status also likely affects thigmomorphogenesis. We monitored and manipulated quantitatively the strain regimes of 15 pairs of beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees of contrasting social status in an acclimated stand, and quantified the effects of these regimes on the radial growth over a vegetative season. Trees exposed to artificial bending, the intensity of which corresponds to the strongest wind-induced strains, enhanced their secondary growth by at least 80%. Surprisingly, this reaction was even greater - relatively - for suppressed trees than for dominant ones. Acclimated trees did not sense the different types of wind events in the same way. Daily wind speed peaks due to thermal winds were filtered out. Thigmomorphogenesis was therefore driven by intense storms. Thigmomorphogenesis is also likely to be involved in determining social status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Bonnesoeur
- UMR 1092 LERFOB, INRA, Champenoux, 54280, France
- UMR 1092 LERFOB, AgroParisTech, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Thiéry Constant
- UMR 1092 LERFOB, INRA, Champenoux, 54280, France
- UMR 1092 LERFOB, AgroParisTech, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
- UMR 547 PIAF, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, 63100, France
| | - Meriem Fournier
- UMR 1092 LERFOB, INRA, Champenoux, 54280, France
- UMR 1092 LERFOB, AgroParisTech, Nancy, 54000, France
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Gardiner B, Berry P, Moulia B. Review: Wind impacts on plant growth, mechanics and damage. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 245:94-118. [PMID: 26940495 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Land plants have adapted to survive under a range of wind climates and this involve changes in chemical composition, physical structure and morphology at all scales from the cell to the whole plant. Under strong winds plants can re-orientate themselves, reconfigure their canopies, or shed needles, leaves and branches in order to reduce the drag. If the wind is too strong the plants oscillate until the roots or stem fail. The mechanisms of root and stem failure are very similar in different plants although the exact details of the failure may be different. Cereals and other herbaceous crops can often recover after wind damage and even woody plants can partially recovery if there is sufficient access to water and nutrients. Wind damage can have major economic impacts on crops, forests and urban trees. This can be reduced by management that is sensitive to the local site and climatic conditions and accounts for the ability of plants to acclimate to their local wind climate. Wind is also a major disturbance in many plant ecosystems and can play a crucial role in plant regeneration and the change of successional stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Gardiner
- INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France; Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33170, Gradignan, France; Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, EH25 9SY, Scotland, UK.
| | - Peter Berry
- ADAS High Mowthorpe, Duggleby, Malton, North Yorkshire YO17 8BP, UK
| | - Bruno Moulia
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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31
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Masselter T, Haushahn T, Fink S, Speck T. Biomechanics of selected arborescent and shrubby monocotyledons. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1602-1619. [PMID: 28144511 PMCID: PMC5238658 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Main aims of the study are a deepened understanding of the mechanically relevant (ultra-)structures and the mechanical behaviour of various arborescent and shrubby monocotyledons and obtaining the structure-function relationships of different structurally conspicuous parts in Dracaena marginata stems. The stems of five different "woody" monocotyledon species were dissected and the mechanical properties of the most noticeable tissues in the five monocotyledons and, additionally, of individual vascular bundles in D. marginata, were tested under tensile stress. Results for Young's moduli and density of these tissues were assessed as well as the area, critical strain, Young's modulus and tensile strength of the vascular bundles in Dracaena marginata. These analyses allowed for generating a model for the mechanical interaction of tissues and vascular bundles of the stem in D. marginata as well as filling major "white spots" in property charts for biological materials. Additionally we shortly discuss the potential significance of such studies for the development of branched and unbranched bio-inspired fibre-reinforced materials and structures with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Masselter
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Tobias Haushahn
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Samuel Fink
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Roussel JR, Clair B. Evidence of the late lignification of the G-layer in Simarouba tension wood, to assist understanding how non-G-layer species produce tensile stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1366-77. [PMID: 26427915 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To recover verticality after disturbance, angiosperm trees produce 'tension wood' allowing them to bend actively. The driving force of the tension has been shown to take place in the G-layer, a specific unlignified layer of the cell wall observed in most temperate species. However, in tropical rain forests, the G-layer is often absent and the mechanism generating the forces to reorient trees remains unclear. A study was carried out on tilted seedlings, saplings and adult Simarouba amara Aubl. trees-a species known to not produce a G-layer. Microscopic observations were done on sections of normal and tension wood after staining or observed under UV light to assess the presence/absence of lignin. We showed that S. amara produces a cell-wall layer with all of the characteristics typical of G-layers, but that this G-layer can be observed only as a temporary stage of the cell-wall development because it is masked by a late lignification. Being thin and lignified, tension wood fibres cannot be distinguished from normal wood fibres in the mature wood of adult trees. These observations indicate that the mechanism generating the high tensile stress in tension wood is likely to be the same as that in species with a typical G-layer and also in species where the G-layer cannot be observed in mature cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Romain Roussel
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 701, 97387 Kourou, France
| | - Bruno Clair
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 701, 97387 Kourou, France
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Bastin JF, Fayolle A, Tarelkin Y, Van den Bulcke J, de Haulleville T, Mortier F, Beeckman H, Van Acker J, Serckx A, Bogaert J, De Cannière C. Wood Specific Gravity Variations and Biomass of Central African Tree Species: The Simple Choice of the Outer Wood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142146. [PMID: 26555144 PMCID: PMC4640573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Wood specific gravity is a key element in tropical forest ecology. It integrates many aspects of tree mechanical properties and functioning and is an important predictor of tree biomass. Wood specific gravity varies widely among and within species and also within individual trees. Notably, contrasted patterns of radial variation of wood specific gravity have been demonstrated and related to regeneration guilds (light demanding vs. shade-bearing). However, although being repeatedly invoked as a potential source of error when estimating the biomass of trees, both intraspecific and radial variations remain little studied. In this study we characterized detailed pith-to-bark wood specific gravity profiles among contrasted species prominently contributing to the biomass of the forest, i.e., the dominant species, and we quantified the consequences of such variations on the biomass. METHODS Radial profiles of wood density at 8% moisture content were compiled for 14 dominant species in the Democratic Republic of Congo, adapting a unique 3D X-ray scanning technique at very high spatial resolution on core samples. Mean wood density estimates were validated by water displacement measurements. Wood density profiles were converted to wood specific gravity and linear mixed models were used to decompose the radial variance. Potential errors in biomass estimation were assessed by comparing the biomass estimated from the wood specific gravity measured from pith-to-bark profiles, from global repositories, and from partial information (outer wood or inner wood). RESULTS Wood specific gravity profiles from pith-to-bark presented positive, neutral and negative trends. Positive trends mainly characterized light-demanding species, increasing up to 1.8 g.cm-3 per meter for Piptadeniastrum africanum, and negative trends characterized shade-bearing species, decreasing up to 1 g.cm-3 per meter for Strombosia pustulata. The linear mixed model showed the greater part of wood specific gravity variance was explained by species only (45%) followed by a redundant part between species and regeneration guilds (36%). Despite substantial variation in wood specific gravity profiles among species and regeneration guilds, we found that values from the outer wood were strongly correlated to values from the whole profile, without any significant bias. In addition, we found that wood specific gravity from the DRYAD global repository may strongly differ depending on the species (up to 40% for Dialium pachyphyllum). MAIN CONCLUSION Therefore, when estimating forest biomass in specific sites, we recommend the systematic collection of outer wood samples on dominant species. This should prevent the main errors in biomass estimations resulting from wood specific gravity and allow for the collection of new information to explore the intraspecific variation of mechanical properties of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bastin
- Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP264-2, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- BIOSE Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Ecole Régionale post-universitaire d’Aménagement et de gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropicaux, Kinshasa, DR Congo
- * E-mail:
| | - Adeline Fayolle
- BIOSE Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yegor Tarelkin
- Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP264-2, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- UGCT, University Ghent Centre for X-ray Tomography, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thales de Haulleville
- BIOSE Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Frederic Mortier
- UPR BSEF, CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Acker
- UGCT, University Ghent Centre for X-ray Tomography, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adeline Serckx
- Ecole Régionale post-universitaire d’Aménagement et de gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropicaux, Kinshasa, DR Congo
- Behavioural Biology Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Conservation Biology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- BIOSE Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Charles De Cannière
- Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP264-2, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Larjavaara M. Trees and shrubs differ biomechanically. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:499-500. [PMID: 26271688 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markku Larjavaara
- Viikki Tropical Resources Institute (VITRI), Department of Forest Sciences, PO Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Onoda Y, Schieving F, Anten NPR. A novel method of measuring leaf epidermis and mesophyll stiffness shows the ubiquitous nature of the sandwich structure of leaf laminas in broad-leaved angiosperm species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2487-99. [PMID: 25675956 PMCID: PMC4986859 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves commonly exhibit a thin, flat structure that facilitates a high light interception per unit mass, but may increase risks of mechanical failure when subjected to gravity, wind and herbivory as well as other stresses. Leaf laminas are composed of thin epidermis layers and thicker intervening mesophyll layers, which resemble a composite material, i.e. sandwich structure, used in engineering constructions (e.g. airplane wings) where high bending stiffness with minimum weight is important. Yet, to what extent leaf laminas are mechanically designed and behave as a sandwich structure remains unclear. To resolve this issue, we developed and applied a novel method to estimate stiffness of epidermis- and mesophyll layers without separating the layers. Across a phylogenetically diverse range of 36 angiosperm species, the estimated Young's moduli (a measure of stiffness) of mesophyll layers were much lower than those of the epidermis layers, indicating that leaf laminas behaved similarly to efficient sandwich structures. The stiffness of epidermis layers was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species, and strongly associated with cuticle thickness. The ubiquitous nature of sandwich structures in leaves across studied species suggests that the sandwich structure has evolutionary advantages as it enables leaves to be simultaneously thin and flat, efficiently capturing light and maintaining mechanical stability under various stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Onoda
- Section of Plant Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508TB Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Feike Schieving
- Section of Plant Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Section of Plant Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508TB Utrecht, The Netherlands Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Plourde BT, Boukili VK, Chazdon RL. Radial changes in wood specific gravity of tropical trees: inter‐ and intraspecific variation during secondary succession. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Plourde
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Vanessa K. Boukili
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
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Moulia B. Plant biomechanics and mechanobiology are convergent paths to flourishing interdisciplinary research. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4617-33. [PMID: 24193603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moulia
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR0547 PIAF (Unité Mixte de Recherche PIAF Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier), F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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