1
|
Qu L, Zhong M, Duan F, Li X, Yang J, Zhou Q, Tang D, He R, Liu X, Zhao X. The PHYB-FOF2-VOZ2 module functions to fine-tune flowering in response to changes in light quality by modulating FLC expression in Arabidopsis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100922. [PMID: 38616490 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Proper timing of flowering under different environmental conditions is critical for plant propagation. Light quality is a pivotal environmental cue that plays a critical role in flowering regulation. Plants tend to flower late under light with a high red (R)/far-red (FR) light ratio but early under light with a low R/FR light ratio. However, how plants fine-tune flowering in response to changes in light quality is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that F-box of Flowering 2 (FOF2), an autonomous pathway-related regulator, physically interacts with VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER 1 and 2 (VOZ1 and VOZ2), which are direct downstream factors of the R/FR light receptor phytochrome B (PHYB). We show that PHYB physically interacts with FOF2, mediates stabilization of the FOF2 protein under FR light and end-of-day FR light, and enhances FOF2 binding to VOZ2, which leads to degradation of VOZ2 by SCFFOF2 E3 ligase. By contrast, PHYB mediates degradation of FOF2 protein under R light and end-of-day R light. Genetic interaction studies demonstrated that FOF2 functions downstream of PHYB to promote FLC expression and inhibit flowering under both high R/FR light and simulated shade conditions, processes that are partially dependent on VOZ proteins. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel mechanism whereby plants fine-tune flowering time through a PHYB-FOF2-VOZ2 module that modulates FLC expression in response to changes in light quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Qu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Feifei Duan
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xinmei Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dongying Tang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Reqing He
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sénéchal F, Robinson S, Van Schaik E, Trévisan M, Saxena P, Reinhardt D, Fankhauser C. Pectin methylesterification state and cell wall mechanical properties contribute to neighbor proximity-induced hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e584. [PMID: 38646567 PMCID: PMC11033045 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants growing with neighbors compete for light and consequently increase the growth of their vegetative organs to enhance access to sunlight. This response, called shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), involves photoreceptors such as phytochromes as well as phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs), which regulate the expression of growth-mediating genes. Numerous cell wall-related genes belong to the putative targets of PIFs, and the importance of cell wall modifications for enabling growth was extensively shown in developmental models such as dark-grown hypocotyl. However, the contribution of the cell wall in the growth of de-etiolated seedlings regulated by shade cues remains poorly established. Through analyses of mechanical and biochemical properties of the cell wall coupled with transcriptomic analysis of cell wall-related genes from previously published data, we provide evidence suggesting that cell wall modifications are important for neighbor proximity-induced elongation. Further analysis using loss-of-function mutants impaired in the synthesis and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers corroborated this. We focused on the cgr2cgr3 double mutant that is defective in methylesterification of homogalacturonan (HG)-type pectins. By following hypocotyl growth kinetically and spatially and analyzing the mechanical and biochemical properties of cell walls, we found that methylesterification of HG-type pectins was required to enable global cell wall modifications underlying neighbor proximity-induced hypocotyl growth. Collectively, our work suggests that plant competition for light induces changes in the expression of numerous cell wall genes to enable modifications in biochemical and mechanical properties of cell walls that contribute to neighbor proximity-induced growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode BuildingUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Present address:
UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, Plant Biology and InnovationUniversity of Picardie Jules VerneAmiensFrance
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Present address:
The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Evert Van Schaik
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
- Present address:
University of Applied Sciences LeidenLeidenNetherlands
| | - Martine Trévisan
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode BuildingUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Prashant Saxena
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode BuildingUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Present address:
James Watt School of EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode BuildingUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Favre P, van Schaik E, Schorderet M, Yerly F, Reinhardt D. Regulation of tissue growth in plants - A mathematical modeling study on shade avoidance response in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1285655. [PMID: 38486850 PMCID: PMC10938469 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1285655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plant growth is a plastic phenomenon controlled both by endogenous genetic programs and by environmental cues. The embryonic stem, the hypocotyl, is an ideal model system for the quantitative study of growth due to its relatively simple geometry and cellular organization, and to its essentially unidirectional growth pattern. The hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana has been studied particularly well at the molecular-genetic level and at the cellular level, and it is the model of choice for analysis of the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), a growth reaction that allows plants to compete with neighboring plants for light. During SAS, hypocotyl growth is controlled primarily by the growth hormone auxin, which stimulates cell expansion without the involvement of cell division. Methods We assessed hypocotyl growth at cellular resolution in Arabidopsis mutants defective in auxin transport and biosynthesis and we designed a mathematical auxin transport model based on known polar and non-polar auxin transporters (ABCB1, ABCB19, and PINs) and on factors that control auxin homeostasis in the hypocotyl. In addition, we introduced into the model biophysical properties of the cell types based on precise cell wall measurements. Results and Discussion Our model can generate the observed cellular growth patterns based on auxin distribution along the hypocotyl resulting from production in the cotyledons, transport along the hypocotyl, and general turnover of auxin. These principles, which resemble the features of mathematical models of animal morphogen gradients, allow to generate robust shallow auxin gradients as they are expected to exist in tissues that exhibit quantitative auxin-driven tissue growth, as opposed to the sharp auxin maxima generated by patterning mechanisms in plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Favre
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Evert van Schaik
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Yerly
- Haute école d’ingénierie et d’architecture Fribourg, Haute Ecole Spécialisée de Suisse Occidentale (HES-SO), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hur YS, Oh J, Kim N, Kim S, Son O, Kim J, Um JH, Ji Z, Kim MH, Ko JH, Ohme-Takagi M, Choi G, Cheon CI. Arabidopsis transcription factor TCP13 promotes shade avoidance syndrome-like responses by directly targeting a subset of shade-responsive gene promoters. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:241-257. [PMID: 37824096 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
TCP13 belongs to a subgroup of TCP transcription factors implicated in the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), but its exact role remains unclear. Here, we show that TCP13 promotes the SAS-like response by enhancing hypocotyl elongation and suppressing flavonoid biosynthesis as a part of the incoherent feed-forward loop in light signaling. Shade is known to promote the SAS by activating PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF)-auxin signaling in plants, but we found no evidence in a transcriptome analysis that TCP13 activates PIF-auxin signaling. Instead, TCP13 mimics shade by activating the expression of a subset of shade-inducible and cell elongation-promoting SAUR genes including SAUR19, by direct targeting of their promoters. We also found that TCP13 and PIF4, a molecular proxy for shade, repress the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes by directly targeting both shared and distinct sets of biosynthetic gene promoters. Together, our results indicate that TCP13 promotes the SAS-like response by directly targeting a subset of shade-responsive genes without activating the PIF-auxin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jeonghwa Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Namuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sunghan Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Ora Son
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Um
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Zuowei Ji
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Min-Ha Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Choong-Ill Cheon
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deivanai S, Sng BJR, Van Vu K, Shibu TSM, Jang IC, Ramachandran S. EMS-induced mutagenesis in Choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis) and selection for low light tolerance using abiotic stress indices. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:581. [PMID: 37985970 PMCID: PMC10662144 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choy Sum (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis), grown in a controlled environment, is vulnerable to changes in indoor light quality and displays distinct photo-morphogenesis responses. The scarcity of Choy Sum germplasm for indoor cultivation necessitates the development of new cultivars. Hence, this study attempted to develop mutants through chemical mutagenesis and select low-light-tolerant mutants by using abiotic stress tolerance indices. RESULTS A mutant population of Choy Sum created using 1.5% ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) at 4 h was manually pollinated to obtain the M2 generation. 154 mutants with reduced hypocotyl length were initially isolated from 3600 M2 seedlings screened under low light (R: FR = 0.5). Five mutants that showed reduced plant height at mature stages were selected and screened directly for shade tolerance in the M3 generation. Principal component analysis based on phenotypic data distinguished the M3 mutants from the wild type. Abiotic stress tolerance indices such as relative stress index (RSI), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield stability index (YSI), and stress resistance index (SRI) showed significant (P < 0.05), and positive associations with leaf yield under shade. M3-12-2 was selected as a shade-tolerant mutant based on high values of STI, YSI, and SRI with low values for tolerance (TOL) and stress susceptibility index (SSI). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that mutation breeding can be used to create dominant mutants in Choy Sum. Furthermore, we show that screening for low light and selection based on abiotic tolerance indices allowed the identification of mutants with high resilience under shade. This method should apply to developing new cultivars in other crop plants that can be suitable for controlled environments with stable yield performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Deivanai
- School of Applied Sciences, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Ave 9, Singapore, 738964 , Singapore.
| | - Benny Jian Rong Sng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Kien Van Vu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Thankaraj Salammal Maria Shibu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brooks CJ, Atamian HS, Harmer SL. Multiple light signaling pathways control solar tracking in sunflowers. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002344. [PMID: 37906610 PMCID: PMC10617704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunflowers are famous for their ability to track the sun throughout the day and then reorient at night to face east the following morning. This occurs by differential growth patterns, with the east sides of stems growing more during the day and the west sides of stems growing more at night. This process, termed heliotropism, is generally believed to be a specialized form of phototropism; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. To better understand heliotropism, we compared gene expression patterns in plants undergoing phototropism in a controlled environment and in plants initiating and maintaining heliotropic growth in the field. We found the expected transcriptome signatures of phototropin-mediated phototropism in sunflower stems bending towards monochromatic blue light. Surprisingly, the expression patterns of these phototropism-regulated genes are quite different in heliotropic plants. Most genes rapidly induced during phototropism display only minor differences in expression across solar tracking stems. However, some genes that are both rapidly induced during phototropism and are implicated in growth responses to foliar shade are rapidly induced on the west sides of stems at the onset of heliotropism, suggesting a possible role for red light photoreceptors in solar tracking. To test the involvement of different photoreceptor signaling pathways in heliotropism, we modulated the light environment of plants initiating solar tracking. We found that depletion of either red and far-red light or blue light did not hinder the initiation or maintenance of heliotropism in the field. Together, our results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of heliotropism is distinct from phototropin-mediated phototropism and likely involves inputs from multiple light signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Brooks
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hagop S. Atamian
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Harmer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao H, Huang X, Yang Z, Li F, Ge X. Synergistic optimization of crops by combining early maturation with other agronomic traits. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1178-1191. [PMID: 37208203 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many newly created early maturing varieties exhibit poor stress resistance and low yield, whereas stress-resistant varieties are typically late maturing. For this reason, the polymerization of early maturity and other desired agronomic qualities requires overcoming the negative connection between early maturity, multi-resistance, and yield, which presents a formidable challenge in current breeding techniques. We review the most salient constraints of early maturity breeding in current crop planting practices and the molecular mechanisms of different maturation timeframes in diverse crops from their origin center to production areas. We explore current breeding tactics and the future direction of crop breeding and the issues that must be resolved to accomplish the polymerization of desirable traits in light of the current obstacles and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xianzhong Huang
- Center for Crop Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100 Xinjiang, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya 572000, Hainan, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100 Xinjiang, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya 572000, Hainan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma A, Pridgeon AJ, Liu W, Segers F, Sharma B, Jenkins GI, Franklin KA. ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and HY5 HOMOLOGUE (HYH) maintain shade avoidance suppression in UV-B. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1394-1407. [PMID: 37243898 PMCID: PMC10953383 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in red to far-red ratio (R:FR) provide plants with an unambiguous signal of vegetational shade and are monitored by phytochrome photoreceptors. Plants integrate this information with other environmental cues to determine the proximity and density of encroaching vegetation. Shade-sensitive species respond to reductions in R:FR by initiating a suite of developmental adaptations termed shade avoidance. These include the elongation of stems to facilitate light foraging. Hypocotyl elongation is driven by increased auxin biosynthesis promoted by PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIF) 4, 5 and 7. UV-B perceived by the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) photoreceptor rapidly inhibits shade avoidance, in part by suppressing PIF4/5 transcript accumulation and destabilising PIF4/5 protein. Here, we show that longer-term inhibition of shade avoidance is sustained by ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) and HY5 HOMOLOGUE (HYH), which regulate transcriptional reprogramming of genes involved in hormone signalling and cell wall modification. HY5 and HYH are elevated in UV-B and suppress the expression of XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLUCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE (XTH) genes involved in cell wall loosening. They additionally increase expression GA2-OXIDASE1 (GA2ox1) and GA2ox2, encoding gibberellin catabolism enzymes that act redundantly to stabilise the PIF-inhibiting DELLA proteins. UVR8 therefore regulates temporally distinct signalling pathways to first rapidly inhibit and subsequently maintain suppression of shade avoidance following UV-B exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Ashley J. Pridgeon
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Francisca Segers
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Bhavana Sharma
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Gareth I. Jenkins
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Keara A. Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TQUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kusuma P, Bugbee B. On the contrasting morphological response to far-red at high and low photon fluxes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1185622. [PMID: 37332690 PMCID: PMC10274578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1185622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants compete for sunlight and have evolved to perceive shade through both relative increases in the flux of far-red photons (FR; 700 to 750 nm) and decreases in the flux of all photons (intensity). These two signals interact to control stem elongation and leaf expansion. Although the interacting effects on stem elongation are well quantified, responses for leaf expansion are poorly characterized. Here we report a significant interaction between far-red fraction and total photon flux. Extended photosynthetic photon flux density (ePPFD; 400 to 750 nm) was maintained at three levels (50/100, 200 and 500 µmol m-2 s-1), each with a range of 2 to 33% FR. Increasing FR increased leaf expansion in three cultivars of lettuce at the highest ePPFD but decreased expansion at the lowest ePPFD. This interaction was attributed to differences in biomass partitioning between leaves and stems. Increased FR favored stem elongation and biomass partitioning to stems at low ePPFD and favored leaf expansion at high ePPFD. In cucumber, leaf expansion was increased with increasing percent FR under all ePPFD levels showing minimal interaction. The interactions (and lack thereof) have important implications for horticulture and warrant further study for plant ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kusuma
- Department of Plant Sciences, Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Horvath DP, Doherty CJ, Desai J, Clark N, Anderson JV, Chao WS. Weed-induced changes in the maize root transcriptome reveal transcription factors and physiological processes impacted early in crop-weed interactions. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad013. [PMID: 37228420 PMCID: PMC10202722 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new paradigm suggests weeds primarily reduce crop yield by altering crop developmental and physiological processes long before the weeds reduce resources through competition. Multiple studies have implicated stress response pathways are activated when crops such as maize are grown in close proximity with weeds during the first 4-8 weeks of growth-the point at which weeds have their greatest impact on subsequent crop yields. To date, these studies have mostly focused on the response of above-ground plant parts and have not examined the early signal transduction processes associated with maize root response to weeds. To investigate the impact of signals from a below-ground competitor on the maize root transcriptome when most vulnerable to weed pressure, a system was designed to expose maize to only below-ground signals. Gene set enrichment analyses identified over-represented ontologies associated with oxidative stress signalling throughout the time of weed exposure, with additional ontologies associated with nitrogen use and transport and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling, and defence responses being enriched at later time points. Enrichment of promoter motifs indicated over-representation of sequences known to bind FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE 1 (FAR1), several AP2/ERF transcription factors and others. Likewise, co-expression networks were identified using Weighted-Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) and Spatiotemporal Clustering and Inference of Omics Networks (SC-ION) algorithms. WGCNA highlighted the potential roles of several transcription factors including a MYB 3r-4, TB1, WRKY65, CONSTANS-like5, ABF3, HOMEOBOX 12, among others. These studies also highlighted the role of several specific proteins involved in ABA signalling as being important for the initiation of the early response of maize to weeds. SC-ION highlighted potential roles for NAC28, LOB37, NAC58 and GATA2 transcription factors, among many others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen J Doherty
- Metabolism and Disease Molecular and Systems Biology, North Carolina State University, 120 Broughton Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jigar Desai
- Wave Life Sciences, 733 Concord Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Natalie Clark
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Merkin Building, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - James V Anderson
- Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, USDA-ARS-ETSARC, 1616 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Wun S Chao
- Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, USDA-ARS-ETSARC, 1616 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saha S, Purkayastha S, K N, Ganguly S, Das S, Ganguly S, Sinha Mahapatra N, Bhattacharya K, Das D, Saha AK, Biswas T, Bhattacharyya PK, Bhattacharyya S. Rice ( Oryza sativa) alleviates photosynthesis and yield loss by limiting specific leaf weight under low light intensity. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:267-276. [PMID: 36624487 DOI: 10.1071/fp22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The physiological mechanisms of shade tolerance and trait plasticity variations under shade remain poorly understood in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Twenty-five genotypes of rice were evaluated under open and shade conditions. Various parameters to identify variations in the plasticity of these traits in growth irradiance were measured. We found wide variations in specific leaf weight (SLW) and net assimilation rate measured at 400µmolm-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; referred to as A 400 ) among the genotypes. Under shade, tolerant genotypes maintained a high rate of net photosynthesis by limiting specific leaf weight accompanied by increased intercellular CO2 concentration (C i ) compared with open-grown plants. On average, net photosynthesis was enhanced by 20% under shade, with a range of 2-30%. Increased accumulation of biomass under shade was observed, but it showed no correlation with photosynthetic plasticity. Chlorophyll a /b ratio also showed no association with photosynthetic rate and yield. Analysis of variance showed that 11%, 16%, and 37% of the total variance of A 400 , SLW, and C i were explained due to differences in growth irradiance. SLW and A 400 plasticity in growth irradiance was associated with yield loss alleviation with R 2 values of 0.37 and 0.16, respectively. Biomass accumulation was associated with yield loss alleviation under shade, but no correlation was observed between A 400 and leaf-N concentration. Thus, limiting specific leaf weight accompanied by increased C i rather than leaf nitrogen concentration might have allowed rice genotypes to maintain a high net photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area and high yield under shade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoumik Saha
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Shampa Purkayastha
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Nimitha K
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Sebantee Ganguly
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhadeep Das
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Shamba Ganguly
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilanjan Sinha Mahapatra
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Kriti Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibakar Das
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Arup K Saha
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Tirthankar Biswas
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Prabir K Bhattacharyya
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Somnath Bhattacharyya
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Unit, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, PIN 741252, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lyu X, Mu R, Liu B. Shade avoidance syndrome in soybean and ideotype toward shade tolerance. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:31. [PMID: 37313527 PMCID: PMC10248688 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) in soybean can have destructive effects on yield, as essential carbon resources reserved for yield are diverted to the petiole and stem for exaggerated elongation, resulting in lodging and susceptibility to disease. Despite numerous attempts to reduce the unfavorable impacts of SAS for the development of cultivars suitable for high-density planting or intercropping, the genetic bases and fundamental mechanisms of SAS remain largely unclear. The extensive research conducted in the model plant Arabidopsis provides a framework for understanding the SAS in soybean. Nevertheless, recent investigations suggest that the knowledge obtained from model Arabidopsis may not be applicable to all processes in soybean. Consequently, further efforts are required to identify the genetic regulators of SAS in soybean for molecular breeding of high-yield cultivars suitable for density farming. In this review, we present an overview of the recent developments in SAS studies in soybean and suggest an ideal planting architecture for shade-tolerant soybean intended for high-yield breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Lyu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruolan Mu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Park Y, Runkle ES. Spectral-conversion film potential for greenhouses: Utility of green-to-red photons conversion and far-red filtration for plant growth. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281996. [PMID: 36821557 PMCID: PMC9949677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although green (G, 500 to 600 nm) and far-red (FR, 700 to 800 nm) light play important roles in regulating plant growth and development, they are often considered less useful at stimulating photosynthesis than red (R, 600 to 700 nm) and blue (B, 400 to 500 nm) light. Based on this perception, approaches to modifying the transmission of greenhouse glazing materials include (1) conversion of G photons from sunlight into R photons and (2) exclusion of the near-infrared (>700 nm) fraction of sunlight. We evaluated these approaches using simulated scenarios with light-emitting diodes to determine how partial and complete substitution of G with R light and exclusion of FR light affected the growth of lettuce and tomato grown indoors. The substitution of G with R light had little or no effect on fresh and dry mass of tomato. However, with the presence of FR light, fresh and dry mass of lettuce increased by 22-26% as G light was increasingly substituted with R light. In tomato, excluding FR inhibited plant height, leaf area, and dry mass by 60-71%, 10-37%, and 20-44%, respectively. Similarly, in lettuce, excluding FR inhibited plant diameter, leaf length, and dry mass by 15-23%, 23-33%, or 28-48%, respectively. We conclude that the spectral conversion of G-to-R photons can promote plant growth in at least some crop species, such as lettuce, while the exclusion of FR decreases crop growth and yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Park
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erik S. Runkle
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cao J, Yuan J, Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhang B, Shi X, Niu R, Lin F. Multi-layered roles of BBX proteins in plant growth and development. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:1. [PMID: 37676379 PMCID: PMC10442040 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Light and phytohormone are external and internal cues that regulate plant growth and development throughout their life cycle. BBXs (B-box domain proteins) are a group of zinc finger proteins that not only directly govern the transcription of target genes but also associate with other factors to create a meticulous regulatory network to precisely regulate numerous aspects of growth and developmental processes in plants. Recent studies demonstrate that BBXs play pivotal roles in light-controlled plant growth and development. Besides, BBXs have been documented to regulate phytohormone-mediated physiological procedures. In this review, we summarize and highlight the multi-faced role of BBXs, with a focus in photomorphogenesis, photoperiodic flowering, shade avoidance, abiotic stress, and phytohormone-mediated growth and development in plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiale Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Beihong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Rui Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fang Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vilasboa J, Da Costa CT, Fett-Neto AG. Environmental Modulation of Mini-Clonal Gardens for Cutting Production and Propagation of Hard- and Easy-to-Root Eucalyptus spp. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3281. [PMID: 36501321 PMCID: PMC9740115 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Clonal Eucalyptus propagation is essential for various industry sectors. It requires cuttings to successfully develop adventitious roots (ARs). Environmental conditions are influential on AR development and may be altered to modulate the productivity of hard-to-root clones. The current knowledge gap in research on the physiological patterns underlying commercial-scale propagation results hinders the design of novel strategies. This study aimed to identify patterns of variation in AR-relevant parameters in contrasting seasons and species with distinct rooting performances. E. dunnii and E. ×urograndis (hard- (hardR) and easy-to-root (easyR), respectively) mini-stumps were subjected to light modulation treatments and to mini-tunnel use (MT) for a year. The treatment impact on the branching and rooting rates was recorded. The carbohydrate content, AR-related gene expression, and mineral nutrition profiles of cuttings from the control (Ctrl) and treated mini-stumps were analyzed. Light treatments were often detrimental to overall productivity, while MTs had a positive effect during summer, when it altered the cutting leaf nutrient profiles. Species and seasonality played large roles in all the assessed parameters. E. ×urograndis was particularly susceptible to seasonality, and its overall superior performance correlated with changes in its gene expression profile from excision to AR formation. These patterns indicate fundamental differences between easyR and hardR clones that contribute to the design of data-driven management strategies aiming to enhance propagation protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnatan Vilasboa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Cibele T. Da Costa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Arthur G. Fett-Neto
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saini K, Dwivedi A, Ranjan A. High temperature restricts cell division and leaf size by coordination of PIF4 and TCP4 transcription factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2380-2397. [PMID: 35880840 PMCID: PMC9706436 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High ambient temperature suppresses Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) rosette leaf area and elongates the stem and petiole. While the mechanism underlying the temperature-induced elongation response has been extensively studied, the genetic basis of temperature regulation of leaf size is largely unknown. Here, we show that warm temperature inhibits cell proliferation in Arabidopsis leaves, resulting in fewer cells compared to the control condition. Cellular phenotyping and genetic and biochemical analyses established the key roles of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) and TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF4 (TCP4) transcription factors in the suppression of Arabidopsis leaf area under high temperature by a reduction in cell number. We show that temperature-mediated suppression of cell proliferation requires PIF4, which interacts with TCP4 and regulates the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor KIP-RELATED PROTEIN1 (KRP1) to control leaf size under high temperature. Warm temperature induces binding of both PIF4 and TCP4 to the KRP1 promoter. PIF4 binding to KRP1 under high temperature is TCP4 dependent as TCP4 regulates PIF4 transcript levels under high temperature. We propose a model where a warm temperature-mediated accumulation of PIF4 in leaf cells promotes its binding to the KRP1 promoter in a TCP4-dependent way to regulate cell production and leaf size. Our finding of high temperature-mediated transcriptional upregulation of KRP1 integrates a developmental signal with an environmental signal that converges on a basal cell regulatory process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditi Dwivedi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gottlieb R, Gruntman M. Can plants integrate information on above-ground competition in their directional responses below ground? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:763-771. [PMID: 36001107 PMCID: PMC9670743 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Light competition can induce varying above-ground responses in plants. However, very little is known regarding the effect of above-ground light competition cues on plant responses below ground. Here we asked whether light competition cues that indicate the occurrence and direction of neighbours above ground might affect directional root placemat. METHODS In a common-garden experiment, we examined the integrated responses of the annual procumbent plant Portulaca oleracea to light competition cues and soil nutrient distribution. Soil nutrients were distributed either uniformly or in patches, and light competition was simulated using a transparent green filter, which was spatially located either in the same or opposite direction of the soil nutrient patch. KEY RESULTS As predicted, root proliferation of P. oleracea increased in the direction of the enriched soil patches but was homogenously distributed under the uniform nutrient distribution. Interestingly, root distribution was also affected by the light competition cue and increased in its direction regardless of the location of the soil patches. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide initial support to the idea that below-ground plant responses to competition might also be regulated by above-ground neighbour cues, highlighting the need to further investigate the combined effects of both above- and below-ground competition cues on root behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gottlieb
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Michal Gruntman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang YX, Niu YQ, Wang XF, Wang ZH, Wang ML, Yang J, Wang YG, Zhang WJ, Song ZP, Li LF. Phenotypic and transcriptomic responses of the shade-grown species Panax ginseng to variable light conditions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:749-762. [PMID: 35961674 PMCID: PMC9670753 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elucidating how plant species respond to variable light conditions is important to understand the ecological adaptation to heterogeneous natural habitats. Plant performance and its underlying gene regulatory network have been well documented in sun-grown plants. However, the phenotypic and molecular responses of shade-grown plants under variable light conditions have remained largely unclear. METHODS We assessed the differences in phenotypic performance between Panax ginseng (shade-grown) and Arabidopsis thaliana (sun-grown) under sunlight, shade and deep-shade conditions. To further address the molecular bases underpinning the phenotypic responses, we compared time-course transcriptomic expression profiling and candidate gene structures between the two species. KEY RESULTS Our results show that, compared with arabidopsis, ginseng plants not only possess a lower degree of phenotypic plasticity among the three light conditions, but also exhibit higher photosynthetic efficiency under shade and deep-shade conditions. Further comparisons of the gene expression and structure reveal that differential transcriptional regulation together with increased copy number of photosynthesis-related genes (e.g. electron transfer and carbon fixation) may improve the photosynthetic efficiency of ginseng plants under the two shade conditions. In contrast, the inactivation of phytochrome-interacting factors (i.e. absent and no upregulation of the PIF genes) are potentially associated with the observed low degree of phenotypic plasticity of ginseng plants under variable light conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into how shade-grown plants respond to variable light conditions. Candidate genes related to shade adaptation in ginseng provide valuable genetic resources for future molecular breeding of high-density planting crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu-Qian Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Meng-Li Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu-Guo Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wen-Ju Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin-Feng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aphalo PJ, Sadras VO. Explaining pre-emptive acclimation by linking information to plant phenotype. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5213-5234. [PMID: 34915559 PMCID: PMC9440433 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We review mechanisms for pre-emptive acclimation in plants and propose a conceptual model linking developmental and evolutionary ecology with the acquisition of information through sensing of cues and signals. The idea is that plants acquire much of the information in the environment not from individual cues and signals but instead from their joint multivariate properties such as correlations. If molecular signalling has evolved to extract such information, the joint multivariate properties of the environment must be encoded in the genome, epigenome, and phenome. We contend that multivariate complexity explains why extrapolating from experiments done in artificial contexts into natural or agricultural systems almost never works for characters under complex environmental regulation: biased relationships among the state variables in both time and space create a mismatch between the evolutionary history reflected in the genotype and the artificial growing conditions in which the phenotype is expressed. Our model can generate testable hypotheses bridging levels of organization. We describe the model and its theoretical bases, and discuss its implications. We illustrate the hypotheses that can be derived from the model in two cases of pre-emptive acclimation based on correlations in the environment: the shade avoidance response and acclimation to drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor O Sadras
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao J, Shi X, Chen L, Chen Q, Tian X, Ai L, Zhao H, Yang C, Yan L, Zhang M. Genetic and transcriptome analyses reveal the candidate genes and pathways involved in the inactive shade-avoidance response enabling high-density planting of soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:973643. [PMID: 35991396 PMCID: PMC9382032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.973643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-density planting is a major way to improve crop yields. However, shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS) is a major factor limiting increased planting density. First Green Revolution addressed grass lodging problem by using dwarf/semi-dwarf genes. However, it is not suitable for soybean, which bear seeds on stalk and whose seed yield depends on plant height. Hence, mining shade-tolerant germplasms and elucidating the underlying mechanism could provide meaningful resources and information for high-yield breeding. Here, we report a high-plant density-tolerant soybean cultivar, JiDou 17, which exhibited an inactive SAS (iSAS) phenotype under high-plant density or low-light conditions at the seedling stage. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analysis using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population showed that this iSAS phenotype is related to a major QTL, named shade-avoidance response 1 (qSAR1), which was detected. The mapping region was narrowed by a haplotype analysis into a 554 kb interval harboring 44 genes, including 4 known to be key regulators of the SAS network and 4 with a variance response to low-light conditions between near isogenic line (NIL) stems. Via RNA-seq, we identified iSAS-specific genes based on one pair of near isogenic lines (NILs) and their parents. The iSAS-specific genes expressed in the stems were significantly enriched in the "proteasomal protein catabolic" process and the proteasome pathway, which were recently suggested to promote the shade-avoidance response by enhancing PIF7 stability. Most iSAS-specific proteasome-related genes were downregulated under low-light conditions. The expression of genes related to ABA, CK, and GA significantly varied between the low- and normal-light conditions. This finding is meaningful for the cloning of genes that harbor beneficial variation(s) conferring the iSAS phenotype fixed in domestication and breeding practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lijuan Ai
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Long Yan
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengchen Zhang
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thongtip A, Mosaleeyanon K, Korinsak S, Toojinda T, Darwell CT, Chutimanukul P, Chutimanukul P. Promotion of seed germination and early plant growth by KNO 3 and light spectra in Ocimum tenuiflorum using a plant factory. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6995. [PMID: 35488043 PMCID: PMC9054764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant factory with artificial light (PFAL) is a novel cultivation system of agriculture technology for crop production under controlled-environment conditions. However, there are a number of issues relating to low quality of seed germination and seedling vigor that lead to decreased crop yields. The present study investigates the optimal KNO3 concentration for seed germination, and the influence of different light spectra on early plant growth in holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) under a PFAL system. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of KNO3 concentration (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) on germination of seeds primed for 24 h under white Light emitting diodes (LED). Results show that sowing holy basil seeds in 0.4% KNO3 enhanced seed germination percentage (GP) and germination index (GI), while decreasing mean germination time (MGT). Experiment 2 investigated the effect of four light spectra on seed germination and early plant growth by sowing with 0 and 0.4% KNO3 and germinating for 15 days continuously under different monochromatic light settings: white, red, green and blue in PFAL. It was found that the green spectrum positively affected shoot and root length, and also decreased shortened MGT at 0 and 0.4% KNO3 when compared with other light treatments. Additionally, pre-cultivated seedlings under the green spectrum showed significant improvement in the early plant growth for all holy basil varieties at 15 days after transplanting by promoting stem length, stem diameter, plant width, fresh weights of shoot and root, and dry weights of shoot and root. These findings could be useful in developing seed priming and light treatments to enhance seed germination and seedling quality of holy basil resulting in increased crop production under PFAL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Thongtip
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kriengkrai Mosaleeyanon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Siripar Korinsak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Clive Terence Darwell
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Preuk Chutimanukul
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Panita Chutimanukul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zeps M, Kondratovičs T, Grigžde E, Jansons Ā, Zeltiņš P, Samsone I, Matisons R. Plantlet Anatomy of Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Hybrid Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. × Populus tremula L.) Shows Intraspecific Reactions to Illumination In Vitro. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081097. [PMID: 35448825 PMCID: PMC9024933 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Micropropagation of forest reproductive material is becoming an increasingly important tool of climate-smart forest management, whose efficiency is depending on artificial illumination, which in turn can have species-specific effects. To improve the energy-efficiency of micropropagation, light emitting diodes (LED) are becoming more popular; however, they emit light of narrow spectral composition, synergic effects of which can alter plantlet development. Regarding the in vitro cultures of trees, such effects have been scarcely studied. In this study, three clones of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and three clones of hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. × Populus tremula L.) from the eastern Baltic region were tested. The responses of leaf and stem anatomy of in vitro cultures to three LED light illumination treatments differing by spectral composition and to illumination by fluorescent tubes were estimated by linear (mixed) models. The studied light treatments had non-interacted effects on stomata density and on the secondary xylem cell wall in the stem of silver birch and in the stomata length, stem radius, and phloem width of hybrid aspen. Furthermore, clone-specific responses to illumination were observed for number of chloroplasts and phloem width of silver birch and for leaf thickness and xylem cell wall thickness of hybrid aspen, implying different mechanisms of shade avoidance. In general, the responses of plantlet anatomy differed according to the width of the light spectrum in case of LED, as well as for fluorescent tubes. Considering the legacy effects of early development of plantlets, adaptability of illumination in terms of spectral composition according to the requirements of genotypes appear highly beneficial for micropropagation of sustainable forest reproductive material.
Collapse
|
23
|
Saha H, Kaloterakis N, Harvey JA, Van der Putten WH, Biere A. Effects of Light Quality on Colonization of Tomato Roots by AMF and Implications for Growth and Defense. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070861. [PMID: 35406841 PMCID: PMC9002964 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial soil microbes can enhance plant growth and defense, but the extent to which this occurs depends on the availability of resources, such as water and nutrients. However, relatively little is known about the role of light quality, which is altered during shading, resulting a low red: far-red ratio (R:FR) of light. We examined how low R:FR light influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)-mediated changes in plant growth and defense using Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and the insect herbivore Chrysodeixis chalcites. We also examined effects on third trophic level interactions with the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. Under low R:FR light, non-mycorrhizal plants activated the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), resulting in enhanced biomass production. However, mycorrhizal inoculation decreased stem elongation in shaded plants, thus counteracting the plant’s SAS response to shading. Unexpectedly, activation of SAS under low R:FR light did not increase plant susceptibility to the herbivore in either non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal plants. AMF did not significantly affect survival or growth of caterpillars and parasitoids but suppressed herbivore-induced expression of jasmonic acid-signaled defenses genes under low R:FR light. These results highlight the context-dependency of AMF effects on plant growth and defense and the potentially adverse effects of AMF under shading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haymanti Saha
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-645036538
| | - Nikolaos Kaloterakis
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 2, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. Van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 2, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang D, Dawadi B, Qu J, Ye J. Light-Engineering Technology for Enhancing Plant Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:805614. [PMID: 35251062 PMCID: PMC8891579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.805614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect vector-borne diseases are a major constraint to a wide variety of crops. Plants integrate environmental light and internal signalings to defend dual stresses both from the vector insects and vector-transmitted pathogens. In this review, we highlight a studies that demonstrate how light regulates plants deploying mechanisms against vector-borne diseases. Four major host defensive pathways involved in the host defense network against multiple biotic stresses are reviewed: innate immunity, phytohormone signaling, RNA interference, and protein degradation. The potential with light-engineering technology with light emitting diodes (LEDs) and genome engineering technology for fine-tuning crop defense and yield are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bishnu Dawadi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Colombo M, Montazeaud G, Viader V, Ecarnot M, Prosperi J, David J, Fort F, Violle C, Freville H. A genome‐wide analysis suggests pleiotropic effects of Green Revolution genes on shade avoidance in wheat. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1594-1604. [PMID: 36330302 PMCID: PMC9624089 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A classic example of phenotypic plasticity in plants is the suit of phenotypic responses induced by a change in the ratio of red to far-red light (R∶FR) as a result of shading, also known as the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). While the adaptive consequences of this syndrome have been extensively discussed in natural ecosystems, how SAS varies within crop populations and how SAS evolved during crop domestication and breeding remain poorly known. In this study, we grew a panel of 180 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) genotypes spanning diversity from wild, early domesticated, and elite genetic compartments under two light treatments: low R:FR light (shaded treatment) and high R:FR light (unshaded treatment). We first quantified the genetic variability of SAS, here measured as a change in plant height at the seedling stage. We then dissected the genetic basis of this variation through genome-wide association mapping. Genotypes grown in shaded conditions were taller than those grown under unshaded conditions. Interaction between light quality and genotype did not affect plant height. We found six QTLs affecting plant height. Three significantly interacted with light quality among which the well-known Rht1 gene introgressed in elite germplasm during the Green Revolution. Interestingly at three loci, short genotypes systematically expressed reduced SAS, suggesting a positive genetic correlation between plant height and plant height plasticity. Overall, our study sheds light on the evolutionary history of crops and illustrates the relevance of genetic approaches to tackle agricultural challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Colombo
- AGAP Univ Montpellier CIRAD, INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France
- CEFE Univ. Montpellier Institut Agro CNRS EPHE, IRD Univ Valéry Montpellier France
| | - Germain Montazeaud
- AGAP Univ Montpellier CIRAD, INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France
- CEFE Univ. Montpellier Institut Agro CNRS EPHE, IRD Univ Valéry Montpellier France
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Veronique Viader
- AGAP Univ Montpellier CIRAD, INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | - Martin Ecarnot
- AGAP Univ Montpellier CIRAD, INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | | | - Jacques David
- AGAP Univ Montpellier CIRAD, INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | - Florian Fort
- CEFE Univ. Montpellier Institut Agro CNRS EPHE, IRD Univ Valéry Montpellier France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE Univ. Montpellier CNRS EPHE, IRD Univ Valéry Montpellier France
| | - Helene Freville
- AGAP Univ Montpellier CIRAD, INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bhatt U, Sharma S, Kumar D, Soni V. Impact of streetlights on physiology, biochemistry and diversity of urban bryophyte: a case study on moss Semibarbula orientalis. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The use of artificial light at night is a very basic symbol of urbanization and has distorted many ecological, biochemical and physiological phenomena in plants, which have settled for millions of years in the biological system. Continuous illumination of light significantly alters the circadian rhythm of all organisms. The present study was focused to understand the effects of continuous light (CL) on the biochemistry and physiology of moss Semibarbula orientalis. It was observed that H2O2 accumulation and activities of chlorophyllase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes significantly enhanced in plants growing under streetlights. Similarly, plants under CL showed a marked reduction in photosynthetic performance. Specific fluxes (ABS/RC, TR/RC, ET/RC), phenomenological fluxes (ABS/CS, TR/CS, ET/CS), density of photosystem-II, quantum yield of photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentration markedly declined in plants growing under streetlights. Depletion in performance indices (PIcs and PIabs) and primary and secondary photochemistry [PHIO/(1 − PHIO) and PSIO/(1 − PSIO)] were also noticed, which indicated failure of adaptive strategies of photosystem-II, resulting in the loss of biomass of S. orientalis. Biomass decline is also shown by a decrease in coverage, which reduces the bryophyte species richness of the chosen locations. Present studies clearly indicate that artificial light at night drastically affects the moss population. The reduction in the dominating species, S. orientalis, improves species evenness and results in a slow growth rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upma Bhatt
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shubhangani Sharma
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vineet Soni
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang S, Zhou D. Architectural plasticity in response to population density in
Abutilon theophrasti
(Malvaceae). Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- College of Forestry, Forest Ecology Research Center Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Dao‐Wei Zhou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Jin J, Zhao M, Gao T, Jing T, Zhang N, Wang J, Zhang X, Huang J, Schwab W, Song C. Amplification of early drought responses caused by volatile cues emitted from neighboring plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:243. [PMID: 34782598 PMCID: PMC8593122 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to survive in dynamic environments. Plants can communicate via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to warn neighboring plants of threats. In most cases, VOCs act as positive regulators of plant defense. However, the communication and role of volatiles in response to drought stress are poorly understood. Here, we showed that tea plants release numerous VOCs. Among them, methyl salicylate (MeSA), benzyl alcohol, and phenethyl alcohol markedly increased under drought stress. Interestingly, further experiments revealed that drought-induced MeSA lowered the abscisic acid (ABA) content in neighboring plants by reducing 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) gene expression, resulting in inhibition of stomatal closure and ultimately decreasing early drought tolerance in neighboring plants. Exogenous application of ABA reduced the wilting of tea plants caused by MeSA exposure. Exposure of Nicotiana benthamiana to MeSA also led to severe wilting, indicating that the ability of drought-induced MeSA to reduce early drought tolerance in neighboring plants may be conserved in other plant species. Taken together, these results provide evidence that drought-induced volatiles can reduce early drought tolerance in neighboring plants and lay a novel theoretical foundation for optimizing plant density and spacing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xianchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jin Huang
- Biotechnology Institute, Chengdu Newsun Crop Science Co., Ltd, 610212, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gallé Á, Czékus Z, Tóth L, Galgóczy L, Poór P. Pest and disease management by red light. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3197-3210. [PMID: 34191305 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Light is essential for plant life. It provides a source of energy through photosynthesis and regulates plant growth and development and other cellular processes, such as by controlling the endogenous circadian clock. Light intensity, quality, duration and timing are all important determinants of plant responses, especially to biotic stress. Red light can positively influence plant defence mechanisms against different pathogens, but the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon is not fully understood. Therefore, we reviewed the impact of red light on plant biotic stress responses against viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes, with a focus on the physiological effects of red light treatment and hormonal crosstalk under biotic stress in plants. We found evidence suggesting that exposing plants to red light increases levels of salicylic acid (SA) and induces SA signalling mediating the production of reactive oxygen species, with substantial differences between species and plant organs. Such changes in SA levels could be vital for plants to survive infections. Therefore, the application of red light provides a multidimensional aspect to developing innovative and environmentally friendly approaches to plant and crop disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Gallé
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Liliána Tóth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Meristematic Connectome: A Cellular Coordinator of Plant Responses to Environmental Signals? Cells 2021; 10:cells10102544. [PMID: 34685524 PMCID: PMC8533771 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress in tree roots induces the production of reaction wood (RW) and the formation of new branch roots, both functioning to avoid anchorage failure and limb damage. The vascular cambium (VC) is the factor responsible for the onset of these responses as shown by their occurrence when all primary tissues and the root tips are removed. The data presented confirm that the VC is able to evaluate both the direction and magnitude of the mechanical forces experienced before coordinating the most fitting responses along the root axis whenever and wherever these are necessary. The coordination of these responses requires intense crosstalk between meristematic cells of the VC which may be very distant from the place where the mechanical stress is first detected. Signaling could be facilitated through plasmodesmata between meristematic cells. The mechanism of RW production also seems to be well conserved in the stem and this fact suggests that the VC could behave as a single structure spread along the plant body axis as a means to control the relationship between the plant and its environment. The observation that there are numerous morphological and functional similarities between different meristems and that some important regulatory mechanisms of meristem activity, such as homeostasis, are common to several meristems, supports the hypothesis that not only the VC but all apical, primary and secondary meristems present in the plant body behave as a single interconnected structure. We propose to name this structure “meristematic connectome” given the possibility that the sequence of meristems from root apex to shoot apex could represent a pluricellular network that facilitates long-distance signaling in the plant body. The possibility that the “meristematic connectome” could act as a single structure active in adjusting the plant body to its surrounding environment throughout the life of a plant is now proposed.
Collapse
|
32
|
Schmalstig JG, Jainandan K. Green light attenuates blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement in Arabidopsis and Landoltia punctata. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1525-1539. [PMID: 34458978 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Chloroplast movement to the anticlinal walls in excess light, referred to as chloroplast avoidance movement, is one strategy to prevent high light damage. Chloroplast avoidance movement is mediated by the blue-light photoreceptor phototropin. Since some blue-light effects are reversed by green light, we investigated the effect of green wavelengths on chloroplast avoidance. METHODS Chloroplast position was visualized via microscopy and by transmission of red light through the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Landoltia punctata (duckweed). RESULTS Green light reduced blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement but only when green light was presented simultaneously with blue light. Green light alone had no effect on chloroplast position. An action spectrum for green-light attenuation of chloroplast avoidance in duckweed revealed peaks at 510, 550, and 590 nm. Blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement in three Arabidopsis mutants with reduced nonphotochemical quenching, npq1, npq4, and npq7 was not affected by green light. CONCLUSIONS The action spectrum does not conform to any known photoreceptor. The lack of a green-light response in the npq mutants of Arabidopsis suggests a possible role for the xanthophyll cycle or a signal from the chloroplast in control of chloroplast avoidance movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy G Schmalstig
- Department of Biology, 1000 Holt Ave, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, 32789, USA
| | - Kenneth Jainandan
- Department of Biology, 1000 Holt Ave, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, 32789, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zheng LW, Ma SJ, Zhou T, Yue CP, Hua YP, Huang JY. Genome-wide identification of Brassicaceae B-BOX genes and molecular characterization of their transcriptional responses to various nutrient stresses in allotetraploid rapeseed. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:288. [PMID: 34167468 PMCID: PMC8223294 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-box (BBX) genes play important roles in plant growth regulation and responses to abiotic stresses. The plant growth and yield production of allotetraploid rapeseed is usually hindered by diverse nutrient stresses. However, no systematic analysis of Brassicaceae BBXs and the roles of BBXs in the regulation of nutrient stress responses have not been identified and characterized previously. RESULTS In this study, a total of 536 BBXs were identified from nine brassicaceae species, including 32 AtBBXs, 66 BnaBBXs, 41 BoBBXs, 43 BrBBXs, 26 CrBBXs, 81 CsBBXs, 52 BnBBXs, 93 BjBBXs, and 102 BcBBXs. Syntenic analysis showed that great differences in the gene number of Brassicaceae BBXs might be caused by genome duplication. The BBXs were respectively divided into five subclasses according to their phylogenetic relationships and conserved domains, indicating their diversified functions. Promoter cis-element analysis showed that BBXs probably participated in diverse stress responses. Protein-protein interactions between BnaBBXs indicated their functions in flower induction. The expression profiles of BnaBBXs were investigated in rapeseed plants under boron deficiency, boron toxicity, nitrate limitation, phosphate shortage, potassium starvation, ammonium excess, cadmium toxicity, and salt stress conditions using RNA-seq data. The results showed that different BnaBBXs showed differential transcriptional responses to nutrient stresses, and some of them were simultaneously responsive to diverse nutrient stresses. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the findings investigated in this study provided rich resources for studying Brassicaceae BBX gene family and enriched potential clues in the genetic improvement of crop stress resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-wei Zheng
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Sheng-jie Ma
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Cai-peng Yue
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Ying-peng Hua
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Jin-yong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Brych A, Haas FB, Parzefall K, Panzer S, Schermuly J, Altmüller J, Engelsdorf T, Terpitz U, Rensing SA, Kiontke S, Batschauer A. Coregulation of gene expression by White collar 1 and phytochrome in Ustilago maydis. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 152:103570. [PMID: 34004340 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis encodes ten predicted light-sensing proteins. The biological functions of only a few of them are elucidated. Among the characterized ones are two DNA-photolyases and two rhodopsins that act as DNA-repair enzymes or green light-driven proton pumps, respectively. Here we report on the role of two other photoreceptors in U. maydis, namely White collar 1 (Wco1) and Phytochrome 1 (Phy1). We show that they bind flavins or biliverdin as chromophores, respectively. Both photoreceptors undergo a photocycle in vitro. Wco1 is the dominant blue light receptor in the saprophytic phase, controlling all of the 324 differentially expressed genes in blue light. U. maydis also responds to red and far-red light. However, the number of red or far-red light-controlled genes is less compared to blue light-regulated ones. Moreover, most of the red and far-red light-controlled genes not only depend on Phy1 but also on Wco1, indicating partial coregulation of gene expression by both photoreceptors. GFP-fused Wco1 is preferentially located in the nucleus, Phy1 in the cytosol, thus providing no hint that these photoreceptors directly interact or operate within the same complex. This is the first report on a functional characterization and coaction of White collar 1 and phytochrome orthologs in basidiomycetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brych
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian B Haas
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Cell Biology, Marburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Parzefall
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Panzer
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jeanette Schermuly
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Cell Biology, Marburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Kiontke
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li S, van der Werf W, Zhu J, Guo Y, Li B, Ma Y, Evers JB. Estimating the contribution of plant traits to light partitioning in simultaneous maize/soybean intercropping. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3630-3646. [PMID: 33608704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial configuration and plant phenotypic plasticity contribute to increased light capture in relay intercropping, but there is little information on whether these factors also increase light capture in simultaneous intercropping. We developed and validated a three-dimensional functional-structural plant model to simulate light capture in maize and soybean sole crops and intercrop scenarios, using species traits observed in sole crops and intercrops. The intercrop maize phenotype had 2% greater light capture than the sole crop phenotype in a pure stand. The soybean intercrop phenotype had 5-10% lower light capture than the sole crop phenotype in a pure stand. The intercrop configuration increased the light capture of maize by 29% and reduced the light capture of soybean by 42%, compared with the light capture expected from sole crops. However, intercrop configuration only marginally affected total light capture by the intercrop system (+1%). Testing of individual soybean plant traits revealed that plasticity in leaf dimensions was the main reason for differences in light capture by soybean in simulated sole crops and intercrops. The results of this study illustrate a major shift of light capture from shorter species (soybean) to the taller component (maize) in a simultaneous strip intercrop. Plastic plant traits modulate this overall effect, but only marginally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangwei Li
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen 6700 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen 6700 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Junqi Zhu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Marlborough Research Centre, PO Box 845, Blenheim 7240, New Zealand
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuntao Ma
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jochem B Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen 6700 AK, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Swathy PS, Kiran KR, Joshi MB, Mahato KK, Muthusamy A. He-Ne laser accelerates seed germination by modulating growth hormones and reprogramming metabolism in brinjal. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7948. [PMID: 33846419 PMCID: PMC8042036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant’s ability to maximize seed germination, growth, and photosynthetic productivity depends on its aptitude to sense, evaluate, and respond to the quality, quantity, and direction of the light. Among diverse colors of light possessing different wavelengths and red light shown to have a high impact on the photosynthetic and growth responses of the plants. The use of artificial light sources where the quality, intensity, and duration of exposure can be controlled would be an efficient method to increase the efficiency of the crop plants. The coherent, collimated, and monochromatic properties of laser light sources enabled as biostimulator compared to the normal light. The present study was attempted to use the potential role of the He–Ne laser as a bio-stimulator device to improve the germination and growth of brinjal and to investigate the possible interactions of plant and laser photons. A substantial enhancement was observed in germination index, germination time and seed vigor index of laser-irradiated than control groups. The enhanced germination rate was correlated with higher GA content and its biosynthetic genes whereas decreased ABA content and its catabolic genes and GA/ABA ratio were noted in laser-irradiated groups during seed germination than control groups. Further the expression of phytochrome gene transcripts, PhyA and PhyB1 were upregulated in laser-irradiated seedlings which correlate with enhanced seed germination than control. Elevated levels of primary metabolites were noted in the early stages of germination whereas modulation of secondary metabolites was observed in later growth. Consequently, significantly increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate was perceived in laser-irradiated seedlings compare with control. The current study showed hormone and phytochrome-mediated mechanisms of seed germination in laser-irradiated groups along with the enhanced photosynthetic rate, primary and secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puthanvila Surendrababu Swathy
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kodsara Ramachandra Kiran
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Krishna Kishore Mahato
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Annamalai Muthusamy
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Smith JD, Johnson BI, Mescher MC, De Moraes CM. A plant parasite uses light cues to detect differences in host-plant proximity and architecture. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1142-1150. [PMID: 33277710 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight filtered by green plant tissue becomes diminished in its ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (R:FR). Some parasitic plants exploit this change by growing towards regions of low R:FR to locate host plants. In principle, variation in R:FR can also convey ecologically relevant information about host proximity or architecture. Here, we demonstrate that the parasitic vine Cuscuta epilinum Weihe (Convolvulaceae) can distinguish fine-scale differences in R:FR associated with differences in the proximity and shape of potential host plants. We conducted dual-choice experiments by placing parasite seedlings between targets, including low R:FR fields manipulated via LED lighting and pairs of model plants exhibiting realistic R and FR reflectance but differing in proximity or shape. Seedlings consistently distinguished between low-R:FR fields of differing intensity. Furthermore, they exhibited preferences for nearer plant models versus identical models placed 4 cm further away and between same-sized models exhibiting shape differences. Our results indicate that parasites can discriminate minute differences in R:FR signatures corresponding to host factors (proximity and shape) that impact seedling survival. This keen sensory ability underpins the parasite's sophisticated foraging behaviour and highlights the broader importance of light cues in plant ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Smith
- Agricultural and Environmental Education, Milton Hershey School, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beth I Johnson
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Huber M, Nieuwendijk NM, Pantazopoulou CK, Pierik R. Light signalling shapes plant-plant interactions in dense canopies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1014-1029. [PMID: 33047350 PMCID: PMC8049026 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing at high densities interact via a multitude of pathways. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms and functional consequences of plant architectural responses initiated by light cues that occur in dense vegetation. We will review the current state of knowledge about shade avoidance, as well as its possible applications. On an individual level, plants perceive neighbour-associated changes in light quality and quantity mainly with phytochromes for red and far-red light and cryptochromes and phototropins for blue light. Downstream of these photoreceptors, elaborate signalling and integration takes place with the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS, several hormones and other regulators. This signalling leads to the shade avoidance responses, consisting of hyponasty, stem and petiole elongation, apical dominance and life cycle adjustments. Architectural changes of the individual plant have consequences for the plant community, affecting canopy structure, species composition and population fitness. In this context, we highlight the ecological, evolutionary and agricultural importance of shade avoidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Huber
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Anten NPR, Chen BJW. Detect thy family: Mechanisms, ecology and agricultural aspects of kin recognition in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1059-1071. [PMID: 33522615 PMCID: PMC8048686 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon that organisms can distinguish genetically related individuals from strangers (i.e., kin recognition) and exhibit more cooperative behaviours towards their relatives (i.e., positive kin discrimination) has been documented in a wide variety of organisms. However, its occurrence in plants has been considered only recently. Despite the concerns about some methodologies used to document kin recognition, there is sufficient evidence to state that it exists in plants. Effects of kin recognition go well beyond reducing resource competition between related plants and involve interactions with symbionts (e.g., mycorrhizal networks). Kin recognition thus likely has important implications for evolution of plant traits, diversity of plant populations, ecological networks and community structures. Moreover, as kin selection may result in less competitive traits and thus greater population performance, it holds potential promise for crop breeding. Exploration of these evo-ecological and agricultural implications requires adequate control and measurements of relatedness, sufficient replication at genotypic level and comprehensive measurements of performance/fitness effects of kin discrimination. The primary questions that need to be answered are: when, where and by how much positive kin discrimination improves population performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels P. R. Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bin J. W. Chen
- College of Biology and the EnvironmentNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pantazopoulou CK, Bongers FJ, Pierik R. Reducing shade avoidance can improve Arabidopsis canopy performance against competitors. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1130-1141. [PMID: 33034378 PMCID: PMC8048483 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants that grow in high density communities activate shade avoidance responses to consolidate light capture by individuals. Although this is an evolutionary successful strategy, it may not enhance performance of the community as a whole. Resources are invested in shade responses at the expense of other organs and light penetration through the canopy is increased, allowing invading competitors to grow better. Here we investigate if suppression of shade avoidance responses would enhance group performance of a monoculture community that is invaded by a competitor. Using different Arabidopsis genotypes, we show that suppression of shade-induced upward leaf movement in the pif7 mutant increases the pif7 communal performance against invaders as compared to a wild-type canopy. The invaders were more severely suppressed and the community grew larger as compared to wild type. Using computational modelling, we show that leaf angle variations indeed strongly affect light penetration and growth of competitors that invade the canopy. Our data thus show that modifying specific shade avoidance aspects can improve plant community performance. These insights may help to suppress weeds in crop stands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Franca J. Bongers
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Roeber VM, Bajaj I, Rohde M, Schmülling T, Cortleven A. Light acts as a stressor and influences abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:645-664. [PMID: 33190307 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light is important for plants as an energy source and a developmental signal, but it can also cause stress to plants and modulates responses to stress. Excess and fluctuating light result in photoinhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation around photosystems II and I, respectively. Ultraviolet light causes photodamage to DNA and a prolongation of the light period initiates the photoperiod stress syndrome. Changes in light quality and quantity, as well as in light duration are also key factors impacting the outcome of diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Short day or shady environments enhance thermotolerance and increase cold acclimation. Similarly, shade conditions improve drought stress tolerance in plants. Additionally, the light environment affects the plants' responses to biotic intruders, such as pathogens or insect herbivores, often reducing growth-defence trade-offs. Understanding how plants use light information to modulate stress responses will support breeding strategies to enhance crop stress resilience. This review summarizes the effect of light as a stressor and the impact of the light environment on abiotic and biotic stress responses. There is a special focus on the role of the different light receptors and the crosstalk between light signalling and stress response pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venja M Roeber
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ishita Bajaj
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareike Rohde
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Slattery RA, Ort DR. Perspectives on improving light distribution and light use efficiency in crop canopies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:34-48. [PMID: 33631812 PMCID: PMC8133579 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant stands in nature differ markedly from most seen in modern agriculture. In a dense mixed stand, plants must vie for resources, including light, for greater survival and fitness. Competitive advantages over surrounding plants improve fitness of the individual, thus maintaining the competitive traits in the gene pool. In contrast, monoculture crop production strives to increase output at the stand level and thus benefits from cooperation to increase yield of the community. In choosing plants with higher yields to propagate and grow for food, humans may have inadvertently selected the best competitors rather than the best cooperators. Here, we discuss how this selection for competitiveness has led to overinvestment in characteristics that increase light interception and, consequently, sub-optimal light use efficiency in crop fields that constrains yield improvement. Decades of crop canopy modeling research have provided potential strategies for improving light distribution in crop canopies, and we review the current progress of these strategies, including balancing light distribution through reducing pigment concentration. Based on recent research revealing red-shifted photosynthetic pigments in algae and photosynthetic bacteria, we also discuss potential strategies for optimizing light interception and use through introducing alternative pigment types in crops. These strategies for improving light distribution and expanding the wavelengths of light beyond those traditionally defined for photosynthesis in plant canopies may have large implications for improving crop yield and closing the yield gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Slattery
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Departments of Plant Biology & Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lyu X, Cheng Q, Qin C, Li Y, Xu X, Ji R, Mu R, Li H, Zhao T, Liu J, Zhou Y, Li H, Yang G, Chen Q, Liu B. GmCRY1s modulate gibberellin metabolism to regulate soybean shade avoidance in response to reduced blue light. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:298-314. [PMID: 33249237 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is an important legume crop that displays the classic shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), including exaggerated stem elongation, which leads to lodging and yield reduction under density farming conditions. Here, we compared the effects of two shade signals, low red light to far-red light ratio (R:FR) and low blue light (LBL), on soybean status and revealed that LBL predominantly induces excessive stem elongation. We used CRISPR-Cas9-engineered Gmcry mutants to investigate the functions of seven cryptochromes (GmCRYs) in soybean and found that the four GmCRY1s overlap in mediating LBL-induced SAS. Light-activated GmCRY1s increase the abundance of the bZIP transcription factors STF1 and STF2, which directly upregulate the expression of genes encoding GA2 oxidases to deactivate GA1 and repress stem elongation. Notably, GmCRY1b overexpression lines displayed multiple agronomic advantages over the wild-type control under both dense planting and intercropping conditions. Our study demonstrates the integration of GmCRY1-mediated signals with the GA metabolic pathway in the regulation of LBL-induced SAS in soybean. It also provides a promising option for breeding lodging-resistant, high-yield soybean cultivars in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Lyu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qican Cheng
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chao Qin
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Xu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ronghuan Ji
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ruolan Mu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhao
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R China
| | - Qingshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R China
| | - Bin Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yu KMJ, McKinley B, Rooney WL, Mullet JE. High planting density induces the expression of GA3-oxidase in leaves and GA mediated stem elongation in bioenergy sorghum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:46. [PMID: 33420129 PMCID: PMC7794234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The stems of bioenergy sorghum hybrids at harvest are > 4 m long, contain > 40 internodes and account for ~ 80% of harvested biomass. In this study, bioenergy sorghum hybrids were grown at four planting densities (~ 20,000 to 132,000 plants/ha) under field conditions for 60 days to investigate the impact shading has on stem growth and biomass accumulation. Increased planting density induced a > 2-fold increase in sorghum internode length and a ~ 22% decrease in stem diameter, a typical shade avoidance response. Shade-induced internode elongation was due to an increase in cell length and number of cells spanning the length of internodes. SbGA3ox2 (Sobic.003G045900), a gene encoding the last step in GA biosynthesis, was expressed ~ 20-fold higher in leaf collar tissue of developing phytomers in plants grown at high vs. low density. Application of GA3 to bioenergy sorghum increased plant height, stem internode length, cell length and the number of cells spanning internodes. Prior research showed that sorghum plants lacking phytochrome B, a key photoreceptor involved in shade signaling, accumulated more GA1 and displayed shade avoidance phenotypes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing planting density induces expression of GA3-oxidase in leaf collar tissue, increasing synthesis of GA that stimulates internode elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Man Jasmine Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - Brian McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - William L Rooney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - John E Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Favero DS, Lambolez A, Sugimoto K. Molecular pathways regulating elongation of aerial plant organs: a focus on light, the circadian clock, and temperature. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:392-420. [PMID: 32986276 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organs such as hypocotyls and petioles rapidly elongate in response to shade and temperature cues, contributing to adaptive responses that improve plant fitness. Growth plasticity in these organs is achieved through a complex network of molecular signals. Besides conveying information from the environment, this signaling network also transduces internal signals, such as those associated with the circadian clock. A number of studies performed in Arabidopsis hypocotyls, and to a lesser degree in petioles, have been informative for understanding the signaling networks that regulate elongation of aerial plant organs. In particular, substantial progress has been made towards understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate responses to light, the circadian clock, and temperature. Signals derived from these three stimuli converge on the BAP module, a set of three different types of transcription factors that interdependently promote gene transcription and growth. Additional key positive regulators of growth that are also affected by environmental cues include the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA) E3 ubiquitin ligase proteins. In this review we summarize the key signaling pathways that regulate the growth of hypocotyls and petioles, focusing specifically on molecular mechanisms important for transducing signals derived from light, the circadian clock, and temperature. While it is clear that similarities abound between the signaling networks at play in these two organs, there are also important differences between the mechanisms regulating growth in hypocotyls and petioles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Favero
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alice Lambolez
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 119-0033, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 119-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang N, van Westreenen A, He L, Evers JB, Anten NPR, Marcelis LFM. Light from below matters: Quantifying the consequences of responses to far-red light reflected upwards for plant performance in heterogeneous canopies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:102-113. [PMID: 32490539 PMCID: PMC7818183 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vegetation stands, plants receive red to far-red ratio (R:FR) signals of varying strength from all directions. However, plant responses to variations in R:FR reflected from below have been largely ignored despite their potential consequences for plant performance. Using a heterogeneous rose canopy, which consists of bent shoots down in the canopy and vertically growing upright shoots, we quantified upward far-red reflection by bent shoots and its consequences for upright shoot architecture. With a three-dimensional plant model, we assessed consequences of responses to R:FR from below for plant photosynthesis. Bent shoots reflected substantially more far-red than red light, causing reduced R:FR in light reflected upwards. Leaf inclination angles increased in upright shoots which received low R:FR reflected from below. The increased leaf angle led to an increase in simulated plant photosynthesis only when this low R:FR was reflected off their own bent shoots and not when it reflected off neighbour bent shoots. We conclude that plant response to R:FR from below is an under-explored phenomenon which may have contrasting consequences for plant performance depending on the type of vegetation or crop system. The responses are beneficial for performance only when R:FR is reflected by lower foliage of the same plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningyi Zhang
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Arian van Westreenen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lizhong He
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels P. R. Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hitz T, Graeff-Hönninger S, Munz S. Modelling of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Response to Blue Light Intensity in Controlled Environments. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121757. [PMID: 33322490 PMCID: PMC7764200 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Low photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) under shade is associated with low blue photon flux density (BPFD), which independent from PPFD can induce shade responses, e.g., elongation growth. In this study, the response of soybean to six levels of BPFD under constant PPFD from LED lighting was investigated with regard to morphology, biomass and photosynthesis to increase the knowledge for optimizing the intensity of BPFD for a speed breeding system. The results showed that low BPFD increased plant height, leaf area and biomass and decreased leaf mass ratio. Photosynthetic rate and internode diameter were not influenced. A functional structural plant model of soybean was calibrated with the experimental data. A response function for internode length to the perceived BPFD by the internodes was derived from simulations and integrated into the model. With the aim to optimize lighting for a speed breeding system, simulations with alternative lighting scenarios indicated that decreasing BPFD during the growth period and using different chamber material with a higher reflectance could reduce energy consumption by 7% compared to the experimental setup, while inducing short soybean plants.
Collapse
|
48
|
Song B, Zhao H, Dong K, Wang M, Wu S, Li S, Wang Y, Chen P, Jiang L, Tao Y. Phytochrome A inhibits shade avoidance responses under strong shade through repressing the brassinosteroid pathway in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1520-1534. [PMID: 33037720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In dense canopy, a reduction in red to far-red (R/FR) light ratio triggers shade avoidance responses (SARs) in Arabidopsis thaliana, a shade avoiding plant. Two red/far-red (R/FR) light photoreceptors, PHYB and PHYA, were reported to be key negative regulators of the SARs. PHYB represses the SARs under normal light conditions; however, the role of PHYA in the SARs remains elusive. We set up two shade conditions: Shade and strong Shade (s-Shade) with different R/FR ratios (0.7 and 0.1), which allowed us to observe phenotypes dominated by PHYB- and PHYA-mediated pathway, respectively. By comparing the hypocotyl growth under these two conditions with time, we found PHYA was predominantly activated in the s-Shade after prolonged shade treatment. We further showed that under s-Shade, PHYA inhibits hypocotyl elongation partially through repressing the brassinosteroid (BR) pathway. COP1 and PIF4,5 act downstream of PHYA. After prolonged shade treatment, the nuclear localization of COP1 was reduced, while the PIF4 protein level was much lower in the s-Shade than that in Shade. Both changes occurred in a PHYA-dependent manner. We propose that under deep canopy, the R/FR ratio is extremely low, which promotes the nuclear accumulation of PHYA. Activated PHYA reduces COP1 nuclear speckle, which may lead to changes of downstream targets, such as PIF4,5 and HY5. Together, these proteins regulate the BR pathway through modulating BES1/BZR1 and the expression of BR biosynthesis and BR target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Song
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Hongli Zhao
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Kangmei Dong
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Shujuan Wu
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Si Li
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Peirui Chen
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Liangrong Jiang
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li S, Hamani AKM, Si Z, Liang Y, Gao Y, Duan A. Leaf Gas Exchange of Tomato Depends on Abscisic Acid and Jasmonic Acid in Response to Neighboring Plants under Different Soil Nitrogen Regimes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1674. [PMID: 33260470 PMCID: PMC7759899 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
High planting density and nitrogen shortage are two important limiting factors for crop yield. Phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA), play important roles in plant growth. A pot experiment was conducted to reveal the role of ABA and JA in regulating leaf gas exchange and growth in response to the neighborhood of plants under different nitrogen regimes. The experiment included two factors: two planting densities per pot (a single plant or four competing plants) and two N application levels per pot (1 and 15 mmol·L-1). Compared to when a single plant was grown per pot, neighboring competition decreased stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (Tr) and net photosynthesis (Pn). Shoot ABA and JA and the shoot-to-root ratio increased in response to neighbors. Both gs and Pn were negatively related to shoot ABA and JA. In addition, N shortage stimulated the accumulation of ABA in roots, especially for competing plants, whereas root JA in competing plants did not increase in N15. Pearson's correlation coefficient (R2) of gs to ABA and gs to JA was higher in N1 than in N15. As compared to the absolute value of slope of gs to shoot ABA in N15, it increased in N1. Furthermore, the stomatal limitation and non-stomatal limitation of competing plants in N1 were much higher than in other treatments. It was concluded that the accumulations of ABA and JA in shoots play a coordinating role in regulating gs and Pn in response to neighbors; N shortage could intensify the impact of competition on limiting carbon fixation and plant growth directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (S.L.); (A.K.M.H.); (Z.S.); (Y.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Abdoul Kader Mounkaila Hamani
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (S.L.); (A.K.M.H.); (Z.S.); (Y.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhuanyun Si
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (S.L.); (A.K.M.H.); (Z.S.); (Y.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yueping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (S.L.); (A.K.M.H.); (Z.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (S.L.); (A.K.M.H.); (Z.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Aiwang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (S.L.); (A.K.M.H.); (Z.S.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu D, Zhang Y, Xiang J, Wang Y, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Chen H. Genetic analysis of rice seedling traits related to machine transplanting under different seeding densities. BMC Genet 2020; 21:133. [PMID: 33243137 PMCID: PMC7690112 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00952-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the diversity of rice varieties and cropping systems in China, the limitation of seeding density and seedling quality makes it hard to improve machine-transplanted efficiency. Previous studies have shown that indica and japonica varieties varied in machine transplanting efficiency and optimal seeding density. In this study, a RIL population derived from '9311' and 'Nipponbare' were performed to explore the seedling traits variations and the genetic mechanism under three seeding densities. RESULTS The parents and RIL population exhibited similar trends as the seeding density increased, including seedling height and first leaf sheath length increases, shoot dry weight and root dry weight decreases. Among the 37 QTLs for six traits detected under the three seeding densities, 12 QTLs were detected in both three seeding densities. Five QTL hotspots identified clustered within genomic regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 11. Specific QTLs such as qRDW1.1 and qFLSL5.1 were detected under low and high seeding densities, respectively. Detailed analysis the QTL regions identified under specific seeding densities revealed several candidate genes involved in phytohormones signals and abiotic stress responses. Whole-genome additive effects showed that '9311' contributed more loci enhancing trait performances than 'Nipponbare', indicating '9311' was more sensitive to the seeding density than 'Nipponbare'. The prevalence of negative epistasis effects indicated that the complementary two-locus homozygotes may not have marginal advantages over the means of the two parental genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the differences between indica rice and japonica rice seedling traits in response to seeding density. Several QTL hotspots involved in different traits and specific QTLs (such as qRDW1.1 and qFLSL5.1) in diverse seeding densities had been detected. Genome-wide additive and two-locus epistasis suggested a dynamic of the genetic control underlying different seeding densities. It was concluded that novel QTLs, additive and epistasis effects under specific seeding density would provide adequate information for rice seedling improvement during machine transplanting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Defeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huizhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|