1
|
Del Toro I, Case MF, Karp AT, Slingsby JA, Staver AC. Carbon isotope trends across a century of herbarium specimens suggest CO 2 fertilization of C 4 grasses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:560-566. [PMID: 38812264 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 is changing the dynamics of tropical savanna vegetation. C3 trees and grasses are known to experience CO2 fertilization, whereas responses to CO2 by C4 grasses are more ambiguous. Here, we sample stable carbon isotope trends in herbarium collections of South African C4 and C3 grasses to reconstruct 13C discrimination. We found that C3 grasses showed no trends in 13C discrimination over the past century but that C4 grasses increased their 13C discrimination through time, especially since 1950. These changes were most strongly linked to changes in atmospheric CO2 rather than to trends in rainfall climatology or temperature. Combined with previously published evidence that grass biomass has increased in C4-dominated savannas, these trends suggest that increasing water-use efficiency due to CO2 fertilization may be changing C4 plant-water relations. CO2 fertilization of C4 grasses may thus be a neglected pathway for anthropogenic global change in tropical savanna ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isa Del Toro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Madelon F Case
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Allison T Karp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Environmental, Earth, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jasper A Slingsby
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment, and Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation Network, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - A Carla Staver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu YZ, Liu HT, Yang F, Li L, Schäufele R, Tcherkez G, Schnyder H, Gong XY. δ13C of bulk organic matter and cellulose reveal post-photosynthetic fractionation during ontogeny in C4 grass leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1451-1464. [PMID: 37943576 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The 13C isotope composition (δ13C) of leaf dry matter is a useful tool for physiological and ecological studies. However, how post-photosynthetic fractionation associated with respiration and carbon export influences δ13C remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of post-photosynthetic fractionation on δ13C of mature leaves of Cleistogenes squarrosa, a perennial C4 grass, in controlled experiments with different levels of vapour pressure deficit and nitrogen supply. With increasing leaf age class, the 12C/13C fractionation of leaf organic matter relative to the δ13C of atmosphere CO2 (ΔDM) increased while that of cellulose (Δcel) was almost constant. The divergence between ΔDM and Δcel increased with leaf age class, with a maximum value of 1.6‰, indicating the accumulation of post-photosynthetic fractionation. Applying a new mass balance model that accounts for respiration and export of photosynthates, we found an apparent 12C/13C fractionation associated with carbon export of -0.5‰ to -1.0‰. Different ΔDM among leaves, pseudostems, daughter tillers, and roots indicate that post-photosynthetic fractionation happens at the whole-plant level. Compared with ΔDM of old leaves, ΔDM of young leaves and Δcel are more reliable proxies for predicting physiological parameters due to the lower sensitivity to post-photosynthetic fractionation and the similar sensitivity in responses to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Hai Tao Liu
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe, Université d'Angers, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ubierna N, Holloway-Phillips MM, Wingate L, Ogée J, Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Using Carbon Stable Isotopes to Study C 3 and C 4 Photosynthesis: Models and Calculations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:163-211. [PMID: 38649572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotopes are a powerful tool to study photosynthesis. Initial applications consisted of determining isotope ratios of plant biomass using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, theoretical models relating C isotope values to gas exchange characteristics were introduced and tested against instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination. Beginning in the twenty-first century, laser absorption spectroscopes with sufficient precision for determining isotope mixing ratios became commercially available. This has allowed collection of large data sets at lower cost and with unprecedented temporal resolution. More data and accompanying knowledge have permitted refinement of 13C discrimination model equations, but often at the expense of increased model complexity and difficult parametrization. This chapter describes instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination, provides recommendations for experimental setup, and presents a thorough compilation of equations available to researchers. We update our previous 2018 version of this chapter by including recently improved descriptions of (photo)respiratory processes and associated fractionations. We discuss the capabilities and limitations of the diverse 13C discrimination model equations and provide guidance for selecting the model complexity needed for different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Meisha-Marika Holloway-Phillips
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmendsorf, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liao Z, Li P, Zhou J, Li W, Jiang HS. Different photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization strategies in the heteroblastic leaves of an aquatic plant Ottelia ovalifolia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1142848. [PMID: 37035085 PMCID: PMC10081514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of the heteroblastic aquatic plant Ottelia ovalifolia faces submerged and aerial environments during its life history. However, the acclimation of the submerged leaves and floating leaves to these two environments in morphology, physiology, and biochemistry remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the acclimation of the CO2-concentrating mechanisms in these two types of leaves. We found that the submerged leaves were longer, narrower, and thinner than the floating leaves, which increased the specific surface area of the leaves and lead to better absorption of the inorganic carbon underwater. Meanwhile, the floating leaves absorbed atmospheric CO2 directly through the stomata to acclimate to the aerial environment. Both the leaf types had the ability to use HCO 3 - , but the capacity in submerged leaves was stronger than that in floating leaves. The extracellular carbonic anhydrase and anion exchanger were responsible for the HCO 3 - use in both types of leaves. The higher ratio of chlorophyll a/b and content of anthocyanin in floating leaves than that in submerged leaves indicated that the acclimation of aerial and submerged photosynthesis depended on changes in the photosynthetic pigments. Based on the stable carbon isotope ratio, key enzyme activities of the C4 pathway indicated that submerged leaves might have the ability to perform C4 metabolism while floating leaves only performed C3 metabolism. In summary, O. ovalifolia acclimates to submerged and aerial environments through changes in morphology, physiology, and biochemistry during different growth stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuying Liao
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jingzhe Zhou
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for Ecology, College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Hong Sheng Jiang
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trevisan F, Tiziani R, Hall RD, Cesco S, Mimmo T. δ 13C as a tool for iron and phosphorus deficiency prediction in crops. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e487. [PMID: 36950260 PMCID: PMC10027435 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many studies proposed the use of stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) as a predictor of abiotic stresses in plants, considering only drought and nitrogen deficiency without further investigating the impact of other nutrient deficiencies, that is, phosphorus (P) and/or iron (Fe) deficiencies. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the δ13C of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) plants suffering from P, Fe, and combined P/Fe deficiencies during a two-week period using an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer. Simultaneously, plant physiological status was monitored with an infra-red gas analyzer. Results show clear contrasting time-, treatment-, species-, and tissue-specific variations. Furthermore, physiological parameters showed limited correlation with δ13C shifts, highlighting that the plants' δ13C, does not depend solely on photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation/discrimination (Δ). Hence, the use of δ13C as a predictor is highly discouraged due to its inability to detect and discern different nutrient stresses, especially when combined stresses are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Trevisan
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of BolzanoBolzanoItaly
| | - Raphael Tiziani
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of BolzanoBolzanoItaly
| | - Robert D. Hall
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Business Unit BioscienceWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of BolzanoBolzanoItaly
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of BolzanoBolzanoItaly
- Competence Centre of Plant HealthFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBolzanoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma WT, Yu YZ, Wang X, Gong XY. Estimation of intrinsic water-use efficiency from δ 13C signature of C 3 leaves: Assumptions and uncertainty. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1037972. [PMID: 36714771 PMCID: PMC9877432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope composition (δ13C) has been widely used to estimate the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of plants in ecosystems around the world, providing an ultimate record of the functional response of plants to climate change. This approach relies on established relationships between leaf gas exchange and isotopic discrimination, which are reflected in different formulations of 13C-based iWUE models. In the current literature, most studies have utilized the simple, linear equation of photosynthetic discrimination to estimate iWUE. However, recent studies demonstrated that using this linear model for quantitative studies of iWUE could be problematic. Despite these advances, there is a scarcity of review papers that have comprehensively reviewed the theoretical basis, assumptions, and uncertainty of 13C-based iWUE models. Here, we 1) present the theoretical basis of 13C-based iWUE models: the classical model (iWUEsim), the comprehensive model (iWUEcom), and the model incorporating mesophyll conductance (iWUEmes); 2) discuss the limitations of the widely used iWUEsim model; 3) and make suggestions on the application of the iWUEmes model. Finally, we suggest that a mechanistic understanding of mesophyll conductance associated effects and post-photosynthetic fractionation are the bottlenecks for improving the 13C-based estimation of iWUE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oh ZG, Askey B, Gunn LH. Red Rubiscos and opportunities for engineering green plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:520-542. [PMID: 36055563 PMCID: PMC9833100 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nature's vital, but notoriously inefficient, CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco often limits the growth of photosynthetic organisms including crop species. Form I Rubiscos comprise eight catalytic large subunits and eight auxiliary small subunits and can be classified into two distinct lineages-'red' and 'green'. While red-type Rubiscos (Form IC and ID) are found in rhodophytes, their secondary symbionts, and certain proteobacteria, green-type Rubiscos (Form IA and IB) exist in terrestrial plants, chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, and other proteobacteria. Eukaryotic red-type Rubiscos exhibit desirable kinetic properties, namely high specificity and high catalytic efficiency, with certain isoforms outperforming green-type Rubiscos. However, it is not yet possible to functionally express a high-performing red-type Rubisco in chloroplasts to boost photosynthetic carbon assimilation in green plants. Understanding the molecular and evolutionary basis for divergence between red- and green-type Rubiscos could help us to harness the superior CO2-fixing power of red-type Rubiscos. Here we review our current understanding about red-type Rubisco distribution, biogenesis, and sequence-structure, and present opportunities and challenges for utilizing red-type Rubisco kinetics towards crop improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo Oh
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bryce Askey
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Stutz SS, Bernacchi CJ, Boyd RA, Ort DR, Long SP. Increased bundle-sheath leakiness of CO 2 during photosynthetic induction shows a lack of coordination between the C 4 and C 3 cycles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1661-1675. [PMID: 36098668 PMCID: PMC9827928 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Use of a complete dynamic model of NADP-malic enzyme C4 photosynthesis indicated that, during transitions from dark or shade to high light, induction of the C4 pathway was more rapid than that of C3 , resulting in a predicted transient increase in bundle-sheath CO2 leakiness (ϕ). Previously, ϕ has been measured at steady state; here we developed a new method, coupling a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscope with a gas-exchange system to track ϕ in sorghum and maize through the nonsteady-state condition of photosynthetic induction. In both species, ϕ showed a transient increase to > 0.35 before declining to a steady state of 0.2 by 1500 s after illumination. Average ϕ was 60% higher than at steady state over the first 600 s of induction and 30% higher over the first 1500 s. The transient increase in ϕ, which was consistent with model prediction, indicated that capacity to assimilate CO2 into the C3 cycle in the bundle sheath failed to keep pace with the rate of dicarboxylate delivery by the C4 cycle. Because nonsteady-state light conditions are the norm in field canopies, the results suggest that ϕ in these major crops in the field is significantly higher and energy conversion efficiency lower than previous measured values under steady-state conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Samantha S. Stutz
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Carl J. Bernacchi
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- USDA‐ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Ryan A. Boyd
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Donald R. Ort
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Stephen P. Long
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YQUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blankenagel S, Eggels S, Frey M, Grill E, Bauer E, Dawid C, Fernie AR, Haberer G, Hammerl R, Barbosa Medeiros D, Ouzunova M, Presterl T, Ruß V, Schäufele R, Schlüter U, Tardieu F, Urbany C, Urzinger S, Weber APM, Schön CC, Avramova V. Natural alleles of the abscisic acid catabolism gene ZmAbh4 modulate water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in maize. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3860-3872. [PMID: 35792867 PMCID: PMC9520448 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Altering plant water use efficiency (WUE) is a promising approach for achieving sustainable crop production in changing climate scenarios. Here, we show that WUE can be tuned by alleles of a single gene discovered in elite maize (Zea mays) breeding material. Genetic dissection of a genomic region affecting WUE led to the identification of the gene ZmAbh4 as causative for the effect. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ZmAbh4 inactivation increased WUE without growth reductions in well-watered conditions. ZmAbh4 encodes an enzyme that hydroxylates the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and initiates its catabolism. Stomatal conductance is regulated by ABA and emerged as a major link between variation in WUE and discrimination against the heavy carbon isotope (Δ13C) during photosynthesis in the C4 crop maize. Changes in Δ13C persisted in kernel material, which offers an easy-to-screen proxy for WUE. Our results establish a direct physiological and genetic link between WUE and Δ13C through a single gene with potential applications in maize breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Frey
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Erwin Grill
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Eva Bauer
- Campus Office, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 22, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Georg Haberer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richard Hammerl
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - David Barbosa Medeiros
- Central Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Victoria Ruß
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Grassland, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 12, 85654 Freising, Germany
| | - Urte Schlüter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Francois Tardieu
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), Place Viala, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Urbany
- KWS SAAT SE, Grimsehlstraße 31, 37555 Einbeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Urzinger
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Chris-Carolin Schön
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
DiMario RJ, Giuliani R, Ubierna N, Slack AD, Cousins AB, Studer AJ. Lack of leaf carbonic anhydrase activity eliminates the C 4 carbon-concentrating mechanism requiring direct diffusion of CO 2 into bundle sheath cells. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1382-1397. [PMID: 35233800 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) performs the first enzymatic step of C4 photosynthesis by catalysing the reversible hydration of dissolved CO2 that diffuses into mesophyll cells from intercellular airspaces. This CA-catalysed reaction provides the bicarbonate used by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to generate products that flow into the C4 carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). It was previously demonstrated that the Zea mays ca1ca2 double mutant lost 97% of leaf CA activity, but there was little difference in the growth phenotype under ambient CO2 partial pressures (pCO2 ). We hypothesise that since CAs are among the fastest enzymes, minimal activity from a third CA, CA8, can provide the inorganic carbon needed to drive C4 photosynthesis. We observed that removing CA8 from the maize ca1ca2 background resulted in plants that had 0.2% of wild-type leaf CA activity. These ca1ca2ca8 plants had reduced photosynthetic parameters and could only survive at elevated pCO2 . Photosynthetic and carbon isotope analysis combined with modelling of photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination was used to determine if ca1ca2ca8 plants had a functional C4 cycle or were relying on direct CO2 diffusion to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase within bundle sheath cells. The results suggest that leaf CA activity in ca1ca2ca8 plants was not sufficient to sustain the C4 CCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J DiMario
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Rita Giuliani
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Nerea Ubierna
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron D Slack
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony J Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Parma DF, Vaz MGMV, Falquetto P, Silva JC, Clarindo WR, Westhoff P, van Velzen R, Schlüter U, Araújo WL, Schranz ME, Weber APM, Nunes-Nesi A. New Insights Into the Evolution of C 4 Photosynthesis Offered by the Tarenaya Cluster of Cleomaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:756505. [PMID: 35116048 PMCID: PMC8803641 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cleomaceae is closely related to Brassicaceae and includes C3, C3-C4, and C4 species. Thus, this family represents an interesting system for studying the evolution of the carbon concentrating mechanism. However, inadequate genetic information on Cleomaceae limits their research applications. Here, we characterized 22 Cleomaceae accessions [3 genera (Cleoserrata, Gynandropsis, and Tarenaya) and 11 species] in terms of genome size; molecular phylogeny; as well as anatomical, biochemical, and photosynthetic traits. We clustered the species into seven groups based on genome size. Interestingly, despite clear differences in genome size (2C, ranging from 0.55 to 1.3 pg) in Tarenaya spp., this variation was not consistent with phylogenetic grouping based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker, suggesting the occurrence of multiple polyploidy events within this genus. Moreover, only G. gynandra, which possesses a large nuclear genome, exhibited the C4 metabolism. Among the C3-like species, we observed intra- and interspecific variation in nuclear genome size as well as in biochemical, physiological, and anatomical traits. Furthermore, the C3-like species had increased venation density and bundle sheath cell size, compared to C4 species, which likely predisposed the former lineages to C4 photosynthesis. Accordingly, our findings demonstrate the potential of Cleomaceae, mainly members of Tarenaya, in offering novel insights into the evolution of C4 photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele F. Parma
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G. M. V. Vaz
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Falquetto
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jéssica C. Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Philipp Westhoff
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robin van Velzen
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Urte Schlüter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wagner L. Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - M. Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sorgini CA, Roberts LM, Sullivan M, Cousins AB, Baxter I, Studer AJ. The genetic architecture of leaf stable carbon isotope composition in Zea mays and the effect of transpiration efficiency on leaf elemental accumulation. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6321231. [PMID: 34544133 PMCID: PMC8661388 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
With increased demand on freshwater resources for agriculture, it is imperative that more water-use efficient crops are developed. Leaf stable carbon isotope composition, δ13C, is a proxy for transpiration efficiency and a possible tool for breeders, but the underlying mechanisms effecting δ13C in C4 plants are not known. It has been suggested that differences in specific leaf area (SLA), which potentially reflects variation in internal CO2 diffusion, can impact leaf δ13C. Furthermore, although it is known that water movement is important for elemental uptake, it is not clear how manipulation of transpiration for increased water-use efficiency may impact nutrient accumulation. Here, we characterize the genetic architecture of leaf δ13C and test its relationship to SLA and the ionome in five populations of maize. Five significant QTL for leaf δ13C were identified, including novel QTL as well as some that were identified previously in maize kernels. One of the QTL regions contains an Erecta-like gene, the ortholog of which has been shown to regulate transpiration efficiency and leaf δ13C in Arabidopsis. QTL for δ13C were located in the same general chromosome region, but slightly shifted, when comparing data from two different years. Our data does not support a relationship between δ13C and SLA, and of the 19 elements analyzed, only a weak correlation between molybdenum and δ13C was detected. Together these data add to the genetic understanding of leaf δ13C in maize and suggest that improvements to plant water use may be possible without significantly influencing elemental homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Sorgini
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lucas M Roberts
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Madsen Sullivan
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ivan Baxter
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Anthony J Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Adnew GA, Hofmann MEG, Pons TL, Koren G, Ziegler M, Lourens LJ, Röckmann T. Leaf scale quantification of the effect of photosynthetic gas exchange on Δ 47 of CO 2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14023. [PMID: 34234170 PMCID: PMC8263724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The clumped isotope composition (Δ47, the anomaly of the mass 47 isotopologue relative to the abundance expected from a random isotope distribution) of CO2 has been suggested as an additional tracer for gross CO2 fluxes. However, the effect of photosynthetic gas exchange on Δ47 has not been directly determined and two indirect/conceptual studies reported contradicting results. In this study, we quantify the effect of photosynthetic gas exchange on Δ47 of CO2 using leaf cuvette experiments with one C4 and two C3 plants. The experimental results are supported by calculations with a leaf cuvette model. Our results demonstrate the important roles of the Δ47 value of CO2 entering the leaf, kinetic fractionation as CO2 diffuses into, and out of the leaf and CO2–H2O isotope exchange with leaf water. We experimentally confirm the previously suggested dependence of Δ47 of CO2 in the air surrounding a leaf on the stomatal conductance and back-diffusion flux. Gas exchange can enrich or deplete the Δ47 of CO2 depending on the Δ47 of CO2 entering the leaf and the fraction of CO2 exchanged with leaf water and diffused back to the atmosphere, but under typical ambient conditions, it will lead to a decrease in Δ47.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Agmuas Adnew
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Magdalena E G Hofmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Picarro B.V., 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand Koren
- Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ziegler
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas J Lourens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jaikumar NS, Stutz SS, Fernandes SB, Leakey ADB, Bernacchi CJ, Brown PJ, Long SP. Can improved canopy light transmission ameliorate loss of photosynthetic efficiency in the shade? An investigation of natural variation in Sorghum bicolor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4965-4980. [PMID: 33914063 PMCID: PMC8219039 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that maximum quantum yield of CO2 assimilation (Φ CO2,max,app) declines in lower canopies of maize and miscanthus, a maladaptive response to self-shading. These observations were limited to single genotypes, leaving it unclear whether the maladaptive shade response is a general property of this C4 grass tribe, the Andropogoneae. We explored the generality of this maladaptation by testing the hypothesis that erect leaf forms (erectophiles), which allow more light into the lower canopy, suffer less of a decline in photosynthetic efficiency than drooping leaf (planophile) forms. On average, Φ CO2,max,app declined 27% in lower canopy leaves across 35 accessions, but the decline was over twice as great in planophiles than in erectophiles. The loss of photosynthetic efficiency involved a decoupling between electron transport and assimilation. This was not associated with increased bundle sheath leakage, based on 13C measurements. In both planophiles and erectophiles, shaded leaves had greater leaf absorptivity and lower activities of key C4 enzymes than sun leaves. The erectophile form is considered more productive because it allows a more effective distribution of light through the canopy to support photosynthesis. We show that in sorghum, it provides a second benefit, maintenance of higher Φ CO2,max,app to support efficient use of that light resource.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil S Jaikumar
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Samantha S Stutz
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Samuel B Fernandes
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Worne S, Lacey JH, Barr C, Schulz C, Leng MJ. Assessment of bias in carbon isotope composition of organic leaf matter due to pre-analysis milling methods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021:e9134. [PMID: 34087023 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stable isotope analysis of leaf material has many applications including assessment of plant water-use efficiency and palaeoclimatology. To facilitate interpretations of small shifts in the carbon isotope composition (δ13 C) of leaves, accurate and repeatable results are required. Pre-sample homogenisation is essential to ensure a representative sample is analysed, but can also introduce error. METHODS We investigate how different grinding methods (freezer-milling and ball-milling) affect the carbon content and δ13 C of tree leaves from a wetland in Queensland, Australia, commenting on how increased temperature, sample contamination, sample loss or poor homogenisation may impact results. RESULTS No alteration of leaf δ13 C is observed due to different milling methods, although there may be a significant increase in %C of samples processed using ball-milling. CONCLUSIONS We suggest %C variability is possibly due to contamination from abraded plastic vials or insufficient homogenisation during ball-milling, with no significant impact on δ13 C. Overall, we suggest that intermittent ball-milling may be the best solution to reduce costs, preparation time and use of liquid nitrogen, aiming to achieve complete homogenisation using the shortest possible duration of milling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Worne
- British Geological Survey, National Environmental Isotope Facility, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Jack H Lacey
- British Geological Survey, National Environmental Isotope Facility, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Cameron Barr
- Department of Geography, Environment and Population, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Cameron Schulz
- Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Melanie J Leng
- British Geological Survey, National Environmental Isotope Facility, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Eggels S, Blankenagel S, Schön CC, Avramova V. The carbon isotopic signature of C 4 crops and its applicability in breeding for climate resilience. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1663-1675. [PMID: 33575820 PMCID: PMC8205923 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Carbon isotope discrimination is a promising trait for indirect screening for improved water use efficiency of C4 crops. In the context of a changing climate, drought is one of the major factors limiting plant growth and yield. Hence, breeding efforts are directed toward improving water use efficiency (WUE) as a key factor in climate resilience and sustainability of crop production. As WUE is a complex trait and its evaluation is rather resource consuming, proxy traits, which are easier to screen and reliably reflect variation in WUE, are needed. In C3 crops, a trait established to be indicative for WUE is the carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of plant material, which reflects the preferential assimilation of the lighter carbon isotope 12C over 13C during photosynthesis. In C4 crops, carbon fixation is more complex and δ13C thus depends on many more factors than in C3 crops. Recent physiological and genetic studies indicate a correlation between δ13C and WUE also in C4 crops, as well as a colocalization of quantitative trait loci for the two traits. Moreover, significant intraspecific variation as well as a medium to high heritability of δ13C has been shown in some of the main C4 crops, such as maize, sorghum and sugarcane, indicating its potential for indirect selection and breeding. Further research on physiological, genetic and environmental components influencing δ13C is needed to support its application in improving WUE and making C4 crops resilient to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Eggels
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sonja Blankenagel
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Chris-Carolin Schön
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Avramova
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang H, Zhou Y, Liu TQ, Yin XJ, Lin L, Lin Q, Wang DZ. Initiation of efficient C 4 pathway in response to low ambient CO 2 during the bloom period of a marine dinoflagellate. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:3196-3211. [PMID: 33938118 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are important primary producers and major causative agents of harmful algal blooms in the global ocean. Despite the great ecological significance, the photosynthetic carbon acquisition by dinoflagellates is still poorly understood. The pathways of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in a marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense under both in situ and laboratory-simulated bloom conditions were investigated using a combination of metaproteomics, qPCR, stable carbon isotope and targeted metabolomics approaches. A rapid consumption of dissolved CO2 to generate high biomass was observed as the bloom proceeded. The carbon assimilation genes and proteins including intracellular carbonic anhydrase 2, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and RubisCO as well as their enzyme activities were all highly expressed at the low CO2 level, indicating that C4 photosynthetic pathway functioned in the blooming P. donghaiense cells. Furthermore, δ13 C values and content of C4 compound (malate) significantly increased with the decreasing CO2 concentration. The transition from C3 to C4 pathway minimizes the internal CO2 leakage and guarantees efficient carbon fixation at the low CO2 level. This study demonstrates the existence of C4 photosynthetic pathway in a marine dinoflagellate and reveals its important complementary role to assist carbon assimilation for cell proliferation during the bloom period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Youping Zhou
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Tian-Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xi-Jie Yin
- Laboratory of Marine & Coastal Geology, MNR Third Institute of Oceanology, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Danila FR, Thakur V, Chatterjee J, Bala S, Coe RA, Acebron K, Furbank RT, von Caemmerer S, Quick WP. Bundle sheath suberisation is required for C 4 photosynthesis in a Setaria viridis mutant. Commun Biol 2021; 4:254. [PMID: 33637850 PMCID: PMC7910553 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis provides an effective solution for overcoming the catalytic inefficiency of Rubisco. The pathway is characterised by a biochemical CO2 concentrating mechanism that operates across mesophyll and bundle sheath (BS) cells and relies on a gas tight BS compartment. A screen of a mutant population of Setaria viridis, an NADP-malic enzyme type C4 monocot, generated using N-nitroso-N-methylurea identified a mutant with an amino acid change in the gene coding region of the ABCG transporter, a step in the suberin synthesis pathway. Here, Nile red staining, TEM, and GC/MS confirmed the alteration in suberin deposition in the BS cell wall of the mutant. We show that this has disrupted the suberin lamellae of BS cell wall and increased BS conductance to CO2 diffusion more than two-fold in the mutant. Consequently, BS CO2 partial pressure is reduced and CO2 assimilation was impaired in the mutant. Our findings provide experimental evidence that a functional suberin lamellae is an essential anatomical feature for efficient C4 photosynthesis in NADP-ME plants like S. viridis and have implications for engineering strategies to ensure future food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence R Danila
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
| | - Vivek Thakur
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jolly Chatterjee
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Soumi Bala
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Robert A Coe
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Kelvin Acebron
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - William Paul Quick
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kejžar J, Jagodic Hudobivnik M, Nečemer M, Ogrinc N, Masten Rutar J, Poklar Ulrih N. Characterization of Algae Dietary Supplements Using Antioxidative Potential, Elemental Composition, and Stable Isotopes Approach. Front Nutr 2021; 7:618503. [PMID: 33614692 PMCID: PMC7892597 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.618503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements based on algae, known for their nutritional value and bioactive properties, are popular products among consumers today. While commercial algal products are regarded safe by numerous studies, information about the production and origin of such products is scarce. In addition, dietary supplements are not as strictly regulated as food and medicinal drugs. We characterized different algal products (kelps: Laminariales, Spirulina spp., Chlorella spp., and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae), obtained on Slovenian market, based on their elemental composition (X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry), antioxidative potential [DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, total phenolic content], and stable isotope values [carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S); elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) method]. Antioxidative potential is consistent among products of the same type, with A. flos-aquae samples having 4.4 times higher antioxidative potential compared to Chlorella spp. and 2.7 times higher compared to Spirulina spp. Levels of toxic trace elements (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead) are below the maximum allowed values and as such do not pose risk to consumers' health. Samples of Spirulina spp. have relatively high δ15N (7.4 ‰ ± 4.4‰) values, which indicate use of organic nitrogen sources in certain samples. Likewise, different elemental composition and isotopic ratios of stable elements (C, N, and S) for the samples with Spirulina spp. or Chlorella spp. are the consequence of using different nutrient sources and algae-growing techniques. Statistical analysis (principal component analysis) has confirmed that all tested A. flos-aquae samples originate from the same source, supposedly Klamath Lake (Oregon, USA). Hawaiian Spirulina pacifica can also be differentiated from all the other samples because of its characteristically high metal content (iron, manganese, zinc, cobalt, nickel, vanadium). Chlorella spp. and Spirulina spp. require further analyses with larger number of samples, as differentiation is not possible based on results of this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kejžar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Marijan Nečemer
- Department of Low and Medium Energy Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasmina Masten Rutar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rudov A, Mashkour M, Djamali M, Akhani H. A Review of C 4 Plants in Southwest Asia: An Ecological, Geographical and Taxonomical Analysis of a Region With High Diversity of C 4 Eudicots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:546518. [PMID: 33304357 PMCID: PMC7694577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.546518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Southwest Asia is climatically and topographically a highly diverse region in the xeric belt of the Old World. Its diversity of arid habitats and climatic conditions acted as an important area for the evolution and diversification of up to 20 (of 38 known) independent Eudicot C4 origins. Some of these lineages present unique evolutionary strategies like single-cell functioning C4 and C3-C4 switching mechanisms. The high diversity of C4 taxa in Southwest (SW) Asia is also related to the presence of seven phytogeographic zones including the Irano-Turanian region as a center of diversification of many Caryophyllales lineages and the Somali-Masai region (Southern Oman and Yemen) as a center of diversification for C4 Monocots. Nevertheless, the C4 flora of SW Asia has not received detailed attention. This paper presents a comprehensive review of all known C4 species in the area based on a literature survey, own floristic observations, as well as taxonomic, phylogenetic and herbarium data, and δ13C-isotope ratio analysis. The resulting checklist includes a total number of 923 (861 native, of which 141 endemic, and 62 introduced) C4 species, composed of 350 Eudicots and 509 Monocots, most of which are therophytic and hemicryptophytic xerophytes with pluriregional and Irano-Turanian distribution. Two hundred thirty-nine new δ13C-isotope ratios of C4 and C3 plants, as well as some taxonomic changes are presented. An analysis of the distribution of the three main C4 plant families (Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae) in the region in relation to climatic variables indicates that the increase of C4 species follows more or less a latitudinal gradient similar to global patterns, while separate taxonomic groups seem to depend on specific factors as continentality (Chenopodiaceae), average annual temperature (Cyperaceae), and the presence of summer precipitation (Poaceae). An increase of C4 Eudicots in W-E direction even in similar longitudinal belts is explained by a combination of edaphic and climatic conditions. The provided data should encourage a deeper interest in the evolution of C4 lineages in SW Asia and their adaptation to ecological and climatical conditions and awaken interest in the importance of local C4 crops, the conservation of threatened C4 taxa, and awareness of human impacts on the rapid environmental changes in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rudov
- Halophytes and C4 Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mashkour
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE/ UMR7209)—CNRS (Centre national de Recherche Scientifique) et MNHN (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle), Paris, France
| | - Morteza Djamali
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie (IMBE/UMR7263), Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Hossein Akhani
- Halophytes and C4 Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sonawane BV, Cousins AB. Mesophyll CO 2 conductance and leakiness are not responsive to short- and long-term soil water limitations in the C 4 plant Sorghum bicolor. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1590-1602. [PMID: 32438487 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Breeding economically important C4 crops for enhanced whole-plant water-use efficiency (WUEplant ) is needed for sustainable agriculture. WUEplant is a complex trait and an efficient phenotyping method that reports on components of WUEplant , such as intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi , the rate of leaf CO2 assimilation relative to water loss via stomatal conductance), is needed. In C4 plants, theoretical models suggest that leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13 C), when the efficiency of the CO2 -concentrating mechanism (leakiness, ϕ) remains constant, can be used to screen for WUEi . The limited information about how ϕ responds to water limitations confines the application of δ13 C for WUEi screening of C4 crops. The current research aimed to test the response of ϕ to short- or long-term moderate water limitations, and the relationship of δ13 C with WUEi and WUEplant , by addressing potential mesophyll CO2 conductance (gm ) and biochemical limitations in the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor. We demonstrate that gm and ϕ are not responsive to short- or long-term water limitations. Additionally, δ13 C was not correlated with gas-exchange estimates of WUEi under short- and long-term water limitations, but showed a significant negative relationship with WUEplant . The observed association between the δ13 C and WUEplant suggests an intrinsic link of δ13 C with WUEi in this C4 plant, and can potentially be used as a screening tool for WUEplant in sorghum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb V Sonawane
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ellsworth PZ, Feldman MJ, Baxter I, Cousins AB. A genetic link between leaf carbon isotope composition and whole-plant water use efficiency in the C 4 grass Setaria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1234-1248. [PMID: 31968138 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic selection for whole-plant water use efficiency (yield per transpiration; WUEplant ) in any crop-breeding programme requires high-throughput phenotyping of component traits of WUEplant such as intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi ; CO2 assimilation rate per stomatal conductance). Measuring WUEi by gas exchange measurements is laborious and time consuming and may not reflect an integrated WUEi over the life of the leaf. Alternatively, leaf carbon stable isotope composition (δ13 Cleaf ) has been suggested as a potential time-integrated proxy for WUEi that may provide a tool to screen for WUEplant . However, a genetic link between δ13 Cleaf and WUEplant in a C4 species has not been well established. Therefore, to determine if there is a genetic relationship in a C4 plant between δ13 Cleaf and WUEplant under well watered and water-limited growth conditions, a high-throughput phenotyping facility was used to measure WUEplant in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population created between the C4 grasses Setaria viridis and S. italica. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for δ13 Cleaf were found and co-localized with transpiration, biomass accumulation, and WUEplant . Additionally, WUEplant for each of the δ13 Cleaf QTL allele classes was negatively correlated with δ13 Cleaf , as would be predicted when WUEi influences WUEplant . These results demonstrate that δ13 Cleaf is genetically linked to WUEplant , likely to be through their relationship with WUEi , and can be used as a high-throughput proxy to screen for WUEplant in these C4 species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Z Ellsworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Max J Feldman
- Donald Danforth Plant Sciences Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ivan Baxter
- Donald Danforth Plant Sciences Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Serrano-Romero EA, Cousins AB. Cold acclimation of mesophyll conductance, bundle-sheath conductance and leakiness in Miscanthus × giganteus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1594-1606. [PMID: 32112409 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cold acclimations of mesophyll conductance (gm ), bundle-sheath conductance (gbs ) and the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) of C4 plants have not been well studied. Here, we estimated the temperature response of gm , gbs and leakiness (ϕ), the amount of concentrated CO2 that escapes the bundle-sheath cells, for the chilling-tolerant C4 plant Miscanthus × giganteus grown at 14 and 25°C. To estimate these parameters, we combined the C4 -enzyme-limited photosynthesis model and the Δ13 C discrimination model. These combined models were parameterised using in vitro activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (PPDK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc). Cold-grown Miscanthus plants increased in vitro activities of RuBisCO and PPDK but decreased PEPc activity compared with warm-grown plants. Mesophyll conductance and gbs responded strongly to measurement temperatures but did not differ between plants from the two growth temperatures. Furthermore, modelling showed that ϕ increased with measurement temperatures for both cold-grown and warm-grown plants, but was only marginally larger in cold-grown compared with warm-grown plants. Our results in Miscanthus support that gm and gbs are unresponsive to growth temperature and that the CCM is able to acclimate to cold through increased activity of PPDK and RuBisCO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hussain T, Koyro HW, Zhang W, Liu X, Gul B, Liu X. Low Salinity Improves Photosynthetic Performance in Panicum antidotale Under Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:481. [PMID: 32547567 PMCID: PMC7273886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salinity and drought are two often simultaneously occurring abiotic stresses that limit the production of food crops worldwide. This study aimed to distinguish between the separate and combined impacts of drought and salinity on the plant response. Panicum antidotale was cultivated in a greenhouse under the following growth conditions: control, 100 mM NaCl (100) and 300 mM NaCl (300) salinity, drought (D; 30% irrigation), and two combinations of salinity and drought (100 + D and 300 + D). The growth response was as follows: 0 ≈ 100 > 100 + D > > D ≈ 300 ≈ 300 + D. Growth correlated directly with photosynthesis. The net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, transpiration, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration, and triose phosphate utilization protein (e.g., phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) were highest in the control and declined most at 300 + D, while 100 + D performed significantly better as compared to drought. Maximum and actual photosystem II (PSII) efficiencies, along with photochemical quenching during light harvesting, resemble the plant growth and contemporary CO2/H2O gas exchange parameters in the given treatments. Plant improves water use efficiency under salt and drought treatments, which reflects the high water conservation ability of Panicum. Our findings indicate that the combination of low salinity with drought was able to minimize the deleterious effects of drought alone on growth, chlorophyll content, cell integrity, photosynthesis, leaf water potential, and water deficit. This synergetic effect demonstrates the positive role of Na+ and Cl- in carbon assimilation and osmotic adjustment. In contrast, the combination of high salinity and drought enforced the negative response of plants in comparison to single stress, demonstrating the antagonistic impact of water availability and ion toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Hussain
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hans-Werner Koyro
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bilquees Gul
- Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Watson-Lazowski A, Papanicolaou A, Koller F, Ghannoum O. The transcriptomic responses of C 4 grasses to subambient CO 2 and low light are largely species specific and only refined by photosynthetic subtype. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1170-1184. [PMID: 31651067 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three subtypes of C4 photosynthesis exist (NADP-ME, NAD-ME and PEPCK), each known to be beneficial under specific environmental conditions. However, the influence of photosynthetic subtype on transcriptomic plasticity, as well as the genes underpinning this variability, remain largely unknown. Here, we comprehensively investigate the responses of six C4 grass species, spanning all three C4 subtypes, to two controlled environmental stresses: low light (200 µmol m-2 sec-1 ) and glacial CO2 (subambient; 180 ppm). We identify a susceptibility within NADP-ME species to glacial CO2 . Notably, although glacial CO2 phenotypes could be tied to C4 subtype, biochemical and transcriptomic responses to glacial CO2 were largely species specific. Nevertheless, we were able to identify subtype specific subsets of significantly differentially expressed transcripts which link resource acquisition and allocation to NADP-ME species susceptibility to glacial CO2 . Here, low light phenotypes were comparable across species with no clear subtype response, while again, transcriptomic responses to low light were largely species specific. However, numerous functional similarities were noted within the transcriptomic responses to low light, suggesting these responses are functionally relatively conserved. Additionally, PEPCK species exhibited heightened regulation of transcripts related to metabolism in response to both stresses, likely tied to their C4 metabolic pathway. These results highlight the influence that both species and subtype can have on plant responses to abiotic stress, building on our mechanistic understanding of acclimation within C4 grasses and highlighting avenues for future crop improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Watson-Lazowski
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, Australia
| | - Fiona Koller
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen S, Zhang K, Jha RK, Ma L. Impact of atrazine concentration on bioavailability and apparent isotope fractionation in Gram-negative Rhizobium sp. CX-Z. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113614. [PMID: 31761577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of micropollutants has become an established method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of biodegradation in the field. However, many of environmental factors may have an influence on the observed isotope fractionation. Herein, we investigate the impact of substrate concentration on the observed enrichment factor derived from Rayleigh plot of batch laboratory experiments conducted to measure the atrazine carbon isotope fractionation of Rhizobium sp. CX-Z subjected to the different initial concentration level of atrazine. The Rayleigh plot (changes in bulk concentration vs. isotopic composition) derived from batch experiments shown divergence from the linear relation towards the end of degradation, confirming bioavailability of atrazine changed along with the decay of substrate concentration, consequently, influenced the isotope fractionation and lowered the observed enrichment factor. When microbial degradation is coupled to a mass transfer step limiting the bioavailability of substrate, the observed enrichment factor displays a dependence on initial atrazine concentration. Observed enrichment factors (ε) (absolute value) derived from the low concentration (i.e. 9.5 μM) are below 3.5‰ to the value of -5.4‰ determined at high bioavailability (membrane-free cells). The observed enrichment factor depended significantly on the atrazine concentration, indicating the concentration level and the bioavailability of a substrate in realistic environments should be considered during the assessment of microbial degradation or in situ bioremediation based on compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rohit Kumar Jha
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cousins AB, Mullendore DL, Sonawane BV. Recent developments in mesophyll conductance in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:816-830. [PMID: 31960507 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The conductance of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the substomatal cavities to the initial sites of CO2 fixation (gm ) can significantly reduce the availability of CO2 for photosynthesis. There have been many recent reviews on: (i) the importance of gm for accurately modelling net rates of CO2 assimilation, (ii) on how leaf biochemical and anatomical factors influence gm , (iii) the technical limitation of estimating gm , which cannot be directly measured, and (iv) how gm responds to long- and short-term changes in growth and measurement environmental conditions. Therefore, this review will highlight these previous publications but will attempt not to repeat what has already been published. We will instead initially focus on the recent developments on the two-resistance model of gm that describe the potential of photorespiratory and respiratory CO2 released within the mitochondria to diffuse directly into both the chloroplast and the cytosol. Subsequently, we summarize recent developments in the three-dimensional (3-D) reaction-diffusion models and 3-D image analysis that are providing new insights into how the complex structure and organization of the leaf influences gm . Finally, because most of the reviews and literature on gm have traditionally focused on C3 plants we review in the final sections some of the recent developments, current understanding and measurement techniques of gm in C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. These plants have both specialized leaf anatomy and either a spatially or temporally separated CO2 concentrating mechanisms (C4 and CAM, respectively) that influence how we interpret and estimate gm compared with a C3 plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Daniel L Mullendore
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Balasaheb V Sonawane
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Loo WT, Dudaniec RY, Kleindorfer S, Cavanaugh CM. An inter-island comparison of Darwin's finches reveals the impact of habitat, host phylogeny, and island on the gut microbiome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226432. [PMID: 31834908 PMCID: PMC6910665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Darwin's finch species in the Galapagos Archipelago are an iconic adaptive radiation that offer a natural experiment to test for the various factors that influence gut microbiome composition. The island of Floreana has the longest history of human settlement within the archipelago and offers an opportunity to compare island and habitat effects on Darwin's finch microbiomes. In this study, we compare gut microbiomes in Darwin's finch species on Floreana Island to test for effects of host phylogeny, habitat (lowlands, highlands), and island (Floreana, Santa Cruz). We used 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing of fecal samples to assess the gut microbiome composition of Darwin's finches, complemented by analyses of stable isotope values and foraging data to provide ecological context to the patterns observed. Overall bacterial composition of the gut microbiome demonstrated co-phylogeny with Floreana hosts, recapitulated the effect of habitat and diet, and showed differences across islands. The finch phylogeny uniquely explained more variation in the microbiome than did foraging data. Finally, there were interaction effects for island × habitat, whereby the same Darwin's finch species sampled on two islands differed in microbiome for highland samples (highland finches also had different diets across islands) but not lowland samples (lowland finches across islands had comparable diet). Together, these results corroborate the influence of phylogeny, age, diet, and sampling location on microbiome composition and emphasize the necessity for comprehensive sampling given the multiple factors that influence the gut microbiome in Darwin's finches, and by extension, in animals broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley T. Loo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachael Y. Dudaniec
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Kleindorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Konrad Lorenz Research Center for Behaviour and Cognition and Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (SK); (CC)
| | - Colleen M. Cavanaugh
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SK); (CC)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Giuliani R, Karki S, Covshoff S, Lin HC, Coe RA, Koteyeva NK, Evans MA, Quick WP, von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT, Hibberd JM, Edwards GE, Cousins AB. Transgenic maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase alters leaf-atmosphere CO 2 and 13CO 2 exchanges in Oryza sativa. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:153-167. [PMID: 31325077 PMCID: PMC6848035 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The engineering process of C4 photosynthesis into C3 plants requires an increased activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in the cytosol of leaf mesophyll cells. The literature varies on the physiological effect of transgenic maize (Zea mays) PEPC (ZmPEPC) leaf expression in Oryza sativa (rice). Therefore, to address this issue, leaf-atmosphere CO2 and 13CO2 exchanges were measured, both in the light (at atmospheric O2 partial pressure of 1.84 kPa and at different CO2 levels) and in the dark, in transgenic rice expressing ZmPEPC and wild-type (WT) plants. The in vitro PEPC activity was 25 times higher in the PEPC overexpressing (PEPC-OE) plants (~20% of maize) compared to the negligible activity in WT. In the PEPC-OE plants, the estimated fraction of carboxylation by PEPC (β) was ~6% and leaf net biochemical discrimination against 13CO2[Formula: see text] was ~ 2‰ lower than in WT. However, there were no differences in leaf net CO2 assimilation rates (A) between genotypes, while the leaf dark respiration rates (Rd) over three hours after light-dark transition were enhanced (~ 30%) and with a higher 13C composition [Formula: see text] in the PEPC-OE plants compared to WT. These data indicate that ZmPEPC in the PEPC-OE rice plants contributes to leaf carbon metabolism in both the light and in the dark. However, there are some factors, potentially posttranslational regulation and PEP availability, which reduce ZmPEPC activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Giuliani
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Shanta Karki
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lin
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Robert A Coe
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Nuria K Koteyeva
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Street 2, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376
| | - Marc A Evans
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-3113, USA
| | - W Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gerald E Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dehigaspitiya P, Milham P, Ash GJ, Arun-Chinnappa K, Gamage D, Martin A, Nagasaka S, Seneweera S. Exploring natural variation of photosynthesis in a site-specific manner: evolution, progress, and prospects. PLANTA 2019; 250:1033-1050. [PMID: 31254100 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific changes of photosynthesis, a relatively new concept, can be used to improve the productivity of critical food crops to mitigate the foreseen food crisis. Global food security is threatened by an increasing population and the effects of climate change. Large yield improvements were achieved in major cereal crops between the 1950s and 1980s through the Green Revolution. However, we are currently experiencing a significant decline in yield progress. Of the many approaches to improved cereal yields, exploitation of the mode of photosynthesis has been intensely studied. Even though the C4 pathway is considered the most efficient, mainly because of the carbon concentrating mechanisms around the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, which minimize photorespiration, much is still unknown about the specific gene regulation of this mode of photosynthesis. Most of the critical cereal crops, including wheat and rice, are categorized as C3 plants based on the photosynthesis of major photosynthetic organs. However, recent findings raise the possibility of different modes of photosynthesis occurring at different sites in the same plant and/or in plants grown in different habitats. That is, it seems possible that efficient photosynthetic traits may be expressed in specific organs, even though the major photosynthetic pathway is C3. Knowledge of site-specific differences in photosynthesis, coupled with site-specific regulation of gene expression, may therefore hold a potential to enhance the yields of economically important C3 crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Milham
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Gavin J Ash
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Kiruba Arun-Chinnappa
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Dananjali Gamage
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Anke Martin
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hanthana Road, Kandy, 20000, Central, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cano FJ, Sharwood RE, Cousins AB, Ghannoum O. The role of leaf width and conductances to CO 2 in determining water use efficiency in C 4 grasses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1280-1295. [PMID: 31087798 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants achieve higher photosynthesis (An ) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) than C3 plants, but processes underpinning the variability in An and iWUE across the three C4 subtypes remain unclear, partly because we lack an integrated framework for quantifying the contribution of diffusional and biochemical limitations to C4 photosynthesis. We exploited the natural diversity among C4 grasses to develop an original mathematical approach for estimating eight key processes of C4 photosynthesis and their relative limitations to An . We also developed a new formulation to estimate mesophyll conductance (gm ) based on actual hydration rates of CO2 by carbonic anhydrases. We found a positive relationship between gm and iWUE and an inverse correlation with gsw among C4 grasses. We also revealed subtype-specific regulatory processes of iWUE that may be related to known anatomical traits characterising each C4 subtype. Leaf width was an important determinant of iWUE and showed significant correlations with key limitations of An , especially among NADP-ME species. In conclusion, incorporating leaf width in breeding trials may unlock new opportunities for C4 crops because the revealed negative relationship between leaf width and iWUE may translate into higher crop and canopy WUE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cano
- ARC Centre of Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- ARC Centre of Translational Photosynthesis and Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2753, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tooulakou G, Nikolopoulos D, Dotsika E, Orkoula MG, Kontoyannis CG, Liakopoulos G, Klapa MI, Karabourniotis G. Changes in size and composition of pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.) calcium oxalate crystals under CO 2 starvation conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:862-872. [PMID: 30238994 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The functional role(s) of plant calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals are still poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that crystals function as dynamic carbon pools whose decomposition could provide CO2 to photosynthesis when stomata are closed (e.g. under drought conditions) and CO2 starvation conditions may be created within the mesophyll. This biochemical process, named as 'alarm photosynthesis', can become crucial for plant survival under adverse conditions. Here, we study crystal decomposition under controlled CO2 starvation conditions (either in the shoot or in the root) to obtain a better insight into the process of crystal formation and function. Hydroponically grown pigweed plants were kept in CO2 -free air and/or CO2 -free nutrient medium for 9 days. Crystal volume was monitored daily, and carbon stable isotope composition (δ13 C) and Fourier transformation Raman spectra were obtained at the end of the experiment. A considerable reduction in the leaf crystal volume was observed in shoot-CO2 -starved plants at the end of the experiment. The smallest crystals were isolated from the plants in which carbon was excluded from both the shoot and the root and contained potassium nitrate. Crystal δ13 C of CO2 -starved plants was altered in a predicted way. Specifically, it depended on the average calculated isotope fractionation of all carbon fixation processes considered to be contributing in each experimental treatment. The results of the present study confirmed the correlation between CO2 starvation conditions and the CaOx crystal decomposition. Inorganic carbon fixed in the root may represent a major carbon source for CaOx formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Tooulakou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 118 55, Greece
- Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras 265 04, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 118 55, Greece
| | - Elissavet Dotsika
- Stable Isotope and Radiocarbon Units, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 153 10, Greece
| | - Malvina G Orkoula
- Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras 265 04, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras 265 04, Greece
| | - Christos G Kontoyannis
- Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras 265 04, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras 265 04, Greece
| | - Georgios Liakopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 118 55, Greece
| | - Maria I Klapa
- Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras 265 04, Greece
| | - George Karabourniotis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 118 55, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Giuliani R, Karki S, Covshoff S, Lin HC, Coe RA, Koteyeva NK, Quick WP, Von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT, Hibberd JM, Edwards GE, Cousins AB. Knockdown of glycine decarboxylase complex alters photorespiratory carbon isotope fractionation in Oryza sativa leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2773-2786. [PMID: 30840760 PMCID: PMC6506765 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of reduced glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) activity on leaf atmosphere CO2 and 13CO2 exchange was tested in transgenic Oryza sativa with the GDC H-subunit knocked down in leaf mesophyll cells. Leaf measurements on transgenic gdch knockdown and wild-type plants were carried out in the light under photorespiratory and low photorespiratory conditions (i.e. 18.4 kPa and 1.84 kPa atmospheric O2 partial pressure, respectively), and in the dark. Under approximately current ambient O2 partial pressure (18.4 kPa pO2), the gdch knockdown plants showed an expected photorespiratory-deficient phenotype, with lower leaf net CO2 assimilation rates (A) than the wild-type. Additionally, under these conditions, the gdch knockdown plants had greater leaf net discrimination against 13CO2 (Δo) than the wild-type. This difference in Δo was in part due to lower 13C photorespiratory fractionation (f) ascribed to alternative decarboxylation of photorespiratory intermediates. Furthermore, the leaf dark respiration rate (Rd) was enhanced and the 13CO2 composition of respired CO2 (δ13CRd) showed a tendency to be more depleted in the gdch knockdown plants. These changes in Rd and δ13CRd were due to the amount and carbon isotopic composition of substrates available for dark respiration. These results demonstrate that impairment of the photorespiratory pathway affects leaf 13CO2 exchange, particularly the 13C decarboxylation fractionation associated with photorespiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Giuliani
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shanta Karki
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lin
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Robert A Coe
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Nuria K Koteyeva
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - W Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Susanne Von Caemmerer
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerald E Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu L, Zhang Y, Xia H, Fan S, Song J, Lv X, Kong L. Photosynthetic characteristics of non-foliar organs in main C 3 cereals. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:226-239. [PMID: 30221359 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in non-foliar organs plays an important role in crop growth and productivity, and it has received considerable research attention in recent years. However, compared with the capability of photosynthetic CO2 fixation in leaves, the distinct attributes of photosynthesis in the non-foliar organs of wheat (a C3 species) are unclear. This review presents a comprehensive examination of the photosynthetic characteristics of non-foliar organs in wheat. Compared with leaves, non-foliar organs had a higher capacity to refix respired CO2 , higher tolerance to environmental stresses and slower terminal senescence after anthesis. Additionally, whether C4 photosynthetic metabolism exists in the non-foliar organs of wheat is discussed, as is the advantage of photosynthesis in non-foliar organs during times of abiotic stress. Introducing the photosynthesis-related genes of C4 plants into wheat, which are specifically expressed in non-foliar organs, can be a promising approach for improving wheat productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yunxiu Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Haiyong Xia
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xuemei Lv
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lingan Kong
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen S, Zhang K, Jha RK, Chen C, Yu H, Liu Y, Ma L. Isotope fractionation in atrazine degradation reveals rate-limiting, energy-dependent transport across the cell membrane of gram-negative rhizobium sp. CX-Z. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:857-864. [PMID: 30856501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the biological mass transfer of organic contaminants like atrazine, the cellular membrane limits bioavailability of pesticides. We aimed to illustrate the roles of cellular membrane physiology and substrate uptake (e.g., passive diffusion and energy-dependent transport) on the limitations of bioavailability in atrazine biodegradation by Gram-negative strain Rhizobium sp. CX-Z. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis revealed energy-dependent transport across cellular membrane led to bioavailability limitations in atrazine biotransformation. Carbon isotope fractionation (ε(C) = -1.8 ± 0.3‰) was observed and significantly smaller in atrazine biodegradation by Rhizobium sp. CX-Z than that expected in acid hydrolysis (ε(C) = -4.8 ± 0.4‰) and hydrolysis by the pure enzyme TrzN (ε(C) = -5.0 ± 0.2‰). However, isotope fractionation was restored in membrane-free cells of Rhizobium sp. CX-Z (ε(C) = -5.4 ± 0.2‰) where no cellular membrane limits substrate uptake. When respiratory chain was inhibited by rotenone, the pseudo-first order kinetic rate constants (0.08 ± 0.03 h-1, 0.09 ± 0.03 h-1) was observed to be statistically less than in the control group (0.23 ± 0.02 h-1, 0.33 ± 0.02 h-1), demonstrating that energy-dependent transport dominated atrazine transfer across the cellular membrane. Therefore, our results revealed energy-dependent transport across cellular membrane existing in Gram-negative strain Rhizobium sp. CX-Z determines bioavailability of atrazine in biotransformation process even at high concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rohit Kumar Jha
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Twohey RJ, Roberts LM, Studer AJ. Leaf stable carbon isotope composition reflects transpiration efficiency in Zea mays. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:475-484. [PMID: 30351458 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for food production and predicted climate change scenarios highlight the need for improvements in crop sustainability. The efficient use of water will become increasingly important for rain-fed agricultural crops even in fertile regions that have historically received ample precipitation. Improvements in water-use efficiency in Zea mays have been limited, and warrant a renewed effort aided by molecular breeding approaches. Progress has been constrained by the difficulty of measuring water-use in a field environment. The stable carbon isotope composition (δ13 C) of the leaf has been proposed as an integrated signature of carbon fixation with a link to stomatal conductance. However, additional factors affecting leaf δ13 C exist, and a limited number of studies have explored this trait in Z. mays. Here we present an extensive characterization of leaf δ13 C in Z. mays. Significant variation in leaf δ13 C exists across diverse lines of Z. mays, which we show to be heritable across several environments. Furthermore, we examine temporal and spatial variation in leaf δ13 C to determine the optimum sampling time to maximize the use of leaf δ13 C as a trait. Finally, our results demonstrate the relationship between transpiration and leaf δ13 C in the field and the greenhouse. Decreasing transpiration and soil moisture are associated with decreasing leaf δ13 C. Taken together these results outline a strategy for using leaf δ13 C and reveal its usefulness as a measure of transpiration efficiency under well-watered conditions rather than a predictor of performance under drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Twohey
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lucas M Roberts
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Anthony J Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Avramova V, Meziane A, Bauer E, Blankenagel S, Eggels S, Gresset S, Grill E, Niculaes C, Ouzunova M, Poppenberger B, Presterl T, Rozhon W, Welcker C, Yang Z, Tardieu F, Schön CC. Carbon isotope composition, water use efficiency, and drought sensitivity are controlled by a common genomic segment in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:53-63. [PMID: 30244394 PMCID: PMC6320357 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A genomic segment on maize chromosome 7 influences carbon isotope composition, water use efficiency, and leaf growth sensitivity to drought, possibly by affecting stomatal properties. Climate change is expected to decrease water availability in many agricultural production areas around the globe. Therefore, plants with improved ability to grow under water deficit are urgently needed. We combined genetic, phenomic, and physiological approaches to understand the relationship between growth, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and carbon isotope composition in maize (Zea mays L.). Using near-isogenic lines derived from a maize introgression library, we analysed the effects of a genomic region previously identified as affecting carbon isotope composition. We show stability of trait expression over several years of field trials and demonstrate in the phenotyping platform Phenodyn that the same genomic region also influences the sensitivity of leaf growth to evaporative demand and soil water potential. Our results suggest that the studied genomic region affecting carbon isotope discrimination also harbours quantitative trait loci playing a role in maize drought sensitivity possibly via stomatal behaviour and development. We propose that the observed phenotypes collectively originate from altered stomatal conductance, presumably via abscisic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Avramova
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Adel Meziane
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Bauer
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sonja Blankenagel
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Stella Eggels
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gresset
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Erwin Grill
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudiu Niculaes
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Claude Welcker
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - François Tardieu
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Chris-Carolin Schön
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lundgren MR, Dunning LT, Olofsson JK, Moreno-Villena JJ, Bouvier JW, Sage TL, Khoshravesh R, Sultmanis S, Stata M, Ripley BS, Vorontsova MS, Besnard G, Adams C, Cuff N, Mapaura A, Bianconi ME, Long CM, Christin PA, Osborne CP. C 4 anatomy can evolve via a single developmental change. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:302-312. [PMID: 30557904 PMCID: PMC6849723 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait that boosts productivity in warm environments. Paradoxically, it evolved independently in numerous plant lineages, despite requiring specialised leaf anatomy. The anatomical modifications underlying C4 evolution have previously been evaluated through interspecific comparisons, which capture numerous changes besides those needed for C4 functionality. Here, we quantify the anatomical changes accompanying the transition between non‐C4 and C4 phenotypes by sampling widely across the continuum of leaf anatomical traits in the grass Alloteropsis semialata. Within this species, the only trait that is shared among and specific to C4 individuals is an increase in vein density, driven specifically by minor vein development that yields multiple secondary effects facilitating C4 function. For species with the necessary anatomical preconditions, developmental proliferation of veins can therefore be sufficient to produce a functional C4 leaf anatomy, creating an evolutionary entry point to complex C4 syndromes that can become more specialised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie R Lundgren
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Luke T Dunning
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jill K Olofsson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jose J Moreno-Villena
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jacques W Bouvier
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Roxana Khoshravesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stefanie Sultmanis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Brad S Ripley
- Botany Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa
| | - Maria S Vorontsova
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Guillaume Besnard
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ENSFEA, UPS, IRD, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Adams
- Botany Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Cuff
- Northern Territory Herbarium, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT, 0831, Australia
| | | | - Matheus E Bianconi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Christine M Long
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia
| | - Pascal-Antoine Christin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Salesse-Smith CE, Sharwood RE, Busch FA, Kromdijk J, Bardal V, Stern DB. Overexpression of Rubisco subunits with RAF1 increases Rubisco content in maize. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:802-810. [PMID: 30287949 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco catalyses a rate-limiting step in photosynthesis and has long been a target for improvement due to its slow turnover rate. An alternative to modifying catalytic properties of Rubisco is to increase its abundance within C4 plant chloroplasts, which might increase activity and confer a higher carbon assimilation rate. Here, we overexpress the Rubisco large (LS) and small (SS) subunits with the Rubisco assembly chaperone RUBISCO ASSEMBLY FACTOR 1 (RAF1). While overexpression of LS and/or SS had no discernable impact on Rubisco content, addition of RAF1 overexpression resulted in a >30% increase in Rubisco content. Gas exchange showed a 15% increase in CO2 assimilation (ASAT) in UBI-LSSS-RAF1 transgenic plants, which correlated with increased fresh weight and in vitro Vcmax calculations. The divergence of Rubisco content and assimilation could be accounted for by the Rubisco activation state, which decreased up to 23%, suggesting that Rubisco activase may be limiting Vcmax, and impinging on the realization of photosynthetic potential from increased Rubisco content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Voznesenskaya EV, Koteyeva NK, Cousins A, Edwards GE. Diversity in structure and forms of carbon assimilation in photosynthetic organs in Cleome (Cleomaceae). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:983-999. [PMID: 32290998 DOI: 10.1071/fp17323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in different organs of Cleome was analysed in four species known to have differences in leaf photosynthesis: Cleome africana Botsch. (C3), Cleome paradoxa R.Br. (C3-C4 intermediate), Cleome angustifolia Forssk. and Cleome gynandra L. (C4). The chlorophyll content, carbon isotope composition, stomatal densities, anatomy, levels and compartmentation of some key photosynthetic enzymes, and the form and function of photosynthesis were determined in different organs of these species. In the three xerophytes, C. africana, C. paradoxa, and C. angustifolia, multiple organs contribute to photosynthesis (cotyledons, leaves, petioles, stems and pods) which is considered important for their survival under arid conditions. In C. africana, all photosynthetic organs have C3 photosynthesis. In C. paradoxa, cotyledons, leaves, stems and petioles have C3-C4 type features. In C. angustifolia, the pods have C3 photosynthesis, whereas all other organs have C4 photosynthesis with Kranz anatomy formed by a continuous, dual layer of chlorenchyma cells. In the subtropical C4 species C. gynandra, cotyledons, leaves, and pods develop C4 photosynthesis, with Kranz anatomy around individual veins; but not in stems and petioles which have limited function of photosynthesis. The diversity in forms and the capacity of photosynthesis in organs of these species to contribute to their carbon economy is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Voznesenskaya
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nuria K Koteyeva
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Asaph Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Gerald E Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
To improve sustainability of agriculture, high yielding crop varieties with improved water use efficiency (WUE) are needed. Despite the feasibility of assessing WUE using different measurement techniques, breeding for WUE and high yield is a major challenge. Factors influencing the trait under field conditions are complex, including different scenarios of water availability. Plants with C3 photosynthesis are able to moderately increase WUE by restricting transpiration, resulting in higher intrinsic WUE (iWUE) at the leaf level. However, reduced CO2 uptake negatively influences photosynthesis and possibly growth and yield as well. The negative correlation of growth and WUE could be partly disconnected in model plant species with implications for crops. In this paper, we discuss recent insights obtained for Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) and the potential to translate the findings to C3 and C4 crops. Our data on Zea mays (L.) lines subjected to progressive drought show that there is potential for improvements in WUE of the maize line B73 at the whole plant level (WUEplant). However, changes in iWUE of B73 and Arabidopsis reduced the assimilation rate relatively more in maize. The trade-off observed in the C4 crop possibly limits the effectiveness of approaches aimed at improving iWUE but not necessarily efforts to improve WUEplant.
Collapse
|
42
|
Sonawane BV, Sharwood RE, Whitney S, Ghannoum O. Shade compromises the photosynthetic efficiency of NADP-ME less than that of PEP-CK and NAD-ME C4 grasses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3053-3068. [PMID: 29659931 PMCID: PMC5972597 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The high energy cost and apparently low plasticity of C4 photosynthesis compared with C3 photosynthesis may limit the productivity and distribution of C4 plants in low light (LL) environments. C4 photosynthesis evolved numerous times, but it remains unclear how different biochemical subtypes perform under LL. We grew eight C4 grasses belonging to three biochemical subtypes [NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP-CK)] under shade (16% sunlight) or control (full sunlight) conditions and measured their photosynthetic characteristics at both low and high light. We show for the first time that LL (during measurement or growth) compromised the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) to a greater extent in NAD-ME than in PEP-CK or NADP-ME C4 grasses by virtue of a greater increase in carbon isotope discrimination (∆P) and bundle sheath CO2 leakiness (ϕ), and a greater reduction in photosynthetic quantum yield (Φmax). These responses were partly explained by changes in the ratios of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)/initial Rubisco activity and dark respiration/photosynthesis (Rd/A). Shade induced a greater photosynthetic acclimation in NAD-ME than in NADP-ME and PEP-CK species due to a greater Rubisco deactivation. Shade also reduced plant dry mass to a greater extent in NAD-ME and PEP-CK relative to NADP-ME grasses. In conclusion, LL compromised the co-ordination of the C4 and C3 cycles and, hence, the efficiency of the CCM to a greater extent in NAD-ME than in PEP-CK species, while CCM efficiency was less impacted by LL in NADP-ME species. Consequently, NADP-ME species are more efficient at LL, which could explain their agronomic and ecological dominance relative to other C4 grasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb V Sonawane
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Spencer Whitney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kolbe AR, Studer AJ, Cousins AB. Biochemical and transcriptomic analysis of maize diversity to elucidate drivers of leaf carbon isotope composition. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:489-500. [PMID: 32290988 DOI: 10.1071/fp17265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope discrimination is used to study CO2 diffusion, substrate availability for photosynthesis, and leaf biochemistry, but the intraspecific drivers of leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in C4 species are not well understood. In this study, the role of photosynthetic enzymes and post-photosynthetic fractionation on δ13C (‰) was explored across diverse maize inbred lines. A significant 1.3‰ difference in δ13C was observed between lines but δ13C did not correlate with in vitro leaf carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity. RNA-sequencing was used to identify potential differences in post-photosynthetic metabolism that would influence δ13C; however, no correlations were identified that would indicate significant differences in post-photosynthetic fractionation between lines. Variation in δ13C has been observed between C4 subtypes, but differential expression of NADP-ME and PEP-CK pathways within these lines did not correlate with δ13C. However, co-expression network analysis provided novel evidence for isoforms of C4 enzymes and putative transporters. Together, these data indicate that diversity in maize δ13C cannot be fully explained by variation in CA, PEPC, or Rubisco activity or gene expression. The findings further emphasise the need for future work exploring the influence of stomatal sensitivity and mesophyll conductance on δ13C in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Kolbe
- School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 644236, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Anthony J Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Edward R. Madigan Laboratory 289, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 644236, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ubierna N, Gandin A, Cousins AB. The response of mesophyll conductance to short-term variation in CO2 in the C4 plants Setaria viridis and Zea mays. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1159-1170. [PMID: 29474683 PMCID: PMC6018935 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (gm) limits rates of C3 photosynthesis but little is known about its role in C4 photosynthesis. If gm were to limit C4 photosynthesis, it would likely be at low CO2 concentrations (pCO2). However, data on C4-gm across ranges of pCO2 are scarce. We describe the response of C4-gm to short-term variation in pCO2, at three temperatures in Setaria viridis, and at 25 °C in Zea mays. Additionally, we quantified the effect of finite gm calculations of leakiness (ϕ) and the potential limitations to photosynthesis imposed by stomata, mesophyll, and carbonic anhydrase (CA) across pCO2. In both species, gm increased with decreasing pCO2. Including a finite gm resulted in either no change or increased ϕ compared with values calculated with infinite gm depending on whether the observed 13C discrimination was high (Setaria) or low (Zea). Post-transitional regulation of the maximal PEP carboxylation rate and PEP regeneration limitation could influence estimates of gm and ϕ. At pCO2 below ambient, the photosynthetic rate was limited by CO2 availability. In this case, the limitation imposed by the mesophyll was similar or slightly lower than stomata limitation. At very low pCO2, CA further constrained photosynthesis. High gm could increase CO2 assimilation at low pCO2 and improve photosynthetic efficiency under situations when CO2 is limited, such as drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony Gandin
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zachleder V, Vítová M, Hlavová M, Moudříková Š, Mojzeš P, Heumann H, Becher JR, Bišová K. Stable isotope compounds - production, detection, and application. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:784-797. [PMID: 29355599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotopes are used in wide fields of application from natural tracers in biology, geology and archeology through studies of metabolic fluxes to their application as tracers in quantitative proteomics and structural biology. We review the use of stable isotopes of biogenic elements (H, C, N, O, S, Mg, Se) with the emphasis on hydrogen and its heavy isotope deuterium. We will discuss the limitations of enriching various compounds in stable isotopes when produced in living organisms. Finally, we overview methods for measuring stable isotopes, focusing on methods for detection in single cells in situ and their exploitation in modern biotechnologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilém Zachleder
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Vítová
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Hlavová
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Moudříková
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mojzeš
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kateřina Bišová
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ubierna N, Holloway-Phillips MM, Farquhar GD. Using Stable Carbon Isotopes to Study C 3 and C 4 Photosynthesis: Models and Calculations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1770:155-196. [PMID: 29978402 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7786-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotopes are a powerful tool to study photosynthesis. Initial applications consisted of determining isotope ratios of plant biomass using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, theoretical models relating C-isotope values to gas exchange characteristics were introduced and tested against instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination. Beginning in the twenty-first century, tunable diode laser spectroscopes with sufficient precision for determining isotope mixing ratios became commercially available. This has allowed collection of large data sets, at low cost and with unprecedented temporal resolution. With more data and accompanying knowledge, it has become apparent that there is a need for increased complexity in models and calculations. This chapter describes instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination, provides recommendations for experimental setup, and presents a thorough compilation of equations needed for different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | | | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Urban L, Aarrouf J, Bidel LPR. Assessing the Effects of Water Deficit on Photosynthesis Using Parameters Derived from Measurements of Leaf Gas Exchange and of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2068. [PMID: 29312367 PMCID: PMC5735977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit (WD) is expected to increase in intensity, frequency and duration in many parts of the world as a consequence of global change, with potential negative effects on plant gas exchange and growth. We review here the parameters that can be derived from measurements made on leaves, in the field, and that can be used to assess the effects of WD on the components of plant photosynthetic rate, including stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, photosynthetic capacity, light absorbance, and efficiency of absorbed light conversion into photosynthetic electron transport. We also review some of the parameters related to dissipation of excess energy and to rerouting of electron fluxes. Our focus is mainly on the techniques of gas exchange measurements and of measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF), either alone or combined. But we put also emphasis on some of the parameters derived from analysis of the induction phase of maximal ChlF, notably because they could be used to assess damage to photosystem II. Eventually we briefly present the non-destructive methods based on the ChlF excitation ratio method which can be used to evaluate non-destructively leaf contents in anthocyanins and flavonols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Urban
- UMR 95 Qualisud/Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes, Université d'Avignon, Avignon, France
| | - Jawad Aarrouf
- UMR 95 Qualisud/Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes, Université d'Avignon, Avignon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sonawane BV, Sharwood RE, von Caemmerer S, Whitney SM, Ghannoum O. Short-term thermal photosynthetic responses of C4 grasses are independent of the biochemical subtype. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5583-5597. [PMID: 29045727 PMCID: PMC5853683 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis evolved independently many times, resulting in multiple biochemical pathways; however, little is known about how these different pathways respond to temperature. We investigated the photosynthetic responses of eight C4 grasses belonging to three biochemical subtypes (NADP-ME, PEP-CK, and NAD-ME) to four leaf temperatures (18, 25, 32, and 40 °C). We also explored whether the biochemical subtype influences the thermal responses of (i) in vitro PEPC (Vpmax) and Rubisco (Vcmax) maximal activities, (ii) initial slope (IS) and CO2-saturated rate (CSR) derived from the A-Ci curves, and (iii) CO2 leakage out of the bundle sheath estimated from carbon isotope discrimination. We focussed on leakiness and the two carboxylases because they determine the coordination of the CO2-concentrating mechanism and are important for parameterizing the semi-mechanistic C4 photosynthesis model. We found that the thermal responses of Vpmax and Vcmax, IS, CSR, and leakiness varied among the C4 species independently of the biochemical subtype. No correlation was observed between Vpmax and IS or between Vcmax and CSR; while the ratios Vpmax/Vcmax and IS/CSR did not correlate with leakiness among the C4 grasses. Determining mesophyll and bundle sheath conductances in diverse C4 grasses is required to further elucidate how C4 photosynthesis responds to temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb V Sonawane
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond NSW, Australia
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Spencer M Whitney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Baruah KK, Bharali A, Mazumdar A, Jha G. Genotypic variation in carbon fixation, δ 13C fractionation and grain yield in seven wheat cultivars grown under well-watered conditions. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:809-819. [PMID: 32480609 DOI: 10.1071/fp17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biotic carbon (C) sequestration is currently being considered as a viable option for mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, in which photosynthesis plays a significant role. A field experiment was conducted between 2013 and 2015 to investigate the efficiency of seven modern wheat varieties for CO2 fixation, C partitioning, δ13C fractionation in the leaves, and grain yield. A strong correlation between flag leaf photosynthesis and stomatal density (r=0.891) was detected. Photosynthetic efficiency was highest in the variety WH-1021 (28.93µmolm-2s-1). Grain yield was influenced by biomass accumulation in the heads and these were significantly correlated (r=0.530). Our results show that upregulated biomass partitioning to the developing kernels of wheat was inversely proportional to biomass accumulation in the roots, and led to a higher grain yield. These results led us to conclude that identification of a wheat genotype like WH-1021 followed by WH-1080 and WH-711, with higher isotopic discrimination in the flag leaves, stomatal densities, water use and photosynthetic efficiencies along with higher grain yield, can contribute to sustainable agriculture in future climate change situation in India. A yield increment of 9-48% was recorded in WH-1021 over other six tested wheat varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Kumar Baruah
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam - 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashmita Bharali
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam - 784028, Assam, India
| | - Aninda Mazumdar
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula - 403004, Goa, India
| | - Gulshan Jha
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam - 784028, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rizal G, Karki S, Thakur V, Wanchana S, Alonso-Cantabrana H, Dionora J, Sheehy JE, Furbank R, von Caemmerer S, Quick WP. A sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) mutant with altered carbon isotope ratio. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640841 PMCID: PMC5480886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to engineer C4 photosynthetic traits into C3 plants such as rice demand an understanding of the genetic elements that enable C4 plants to outperform C3 plants. As a part of the C4 Rice Consortium’s efforts to identify genes needed to support C4 photosynthesis, EMS mutagenized sorghum populations were generated and screened to identify genes that cause a loss of C4 function. Stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of leaf dry matter has been used to distinguishspecies with C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways. Here, we report the identification of a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) mutant with a low δ13C characteristic. A mutant (named Mut33) with a pale phenotype and stunted growth was identified from an EMS treated sorghum M2 population. The stable carbon isotope analysis of the mutants showed a decrease of 13C uptake capacity. The noise of random mutation was reduced by crossing the mutant and its wildtype (WT). The back-cross (BC1F1) progenies were like the WT parent in terms of 13C values and plant phenotypes. All the BC1F2 plants with low δ13C died before they produced their 6th leaf. Gas exchange measurements of the low δ13C sorghum mutants showed a higher CO2 compensation point (25.24 μmol CO2.mol-1air) and the maximum rate of photosynthesis was less than 5μmol.m-2.s-1. To identify the genetic determinant of this trait, four DNA pools were isolated; two each from normal and low δ13C BC1F2 mutant plants. These were sequenced using an Illumina platform. Comparison of allele frequency of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the pools with contrasting phenotype showed that a locus in Chromosome 10 between 57,941,104 and 59,985,708 bps had an allele frequency of 1. There were 211 mutations and 37 genes in the locus, out of which mutations in 9 genes showed non-synonymous changes. This finding is expected to contribute to future research on the identification of the causal factor differentiating C4 from C3 species that can be used in the transformation of C3 to C4 plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Rizal
- C4 Rice Center, IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - Shanta Karki
- C4 Rice Center, IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines
- Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Vivek Thakur
- C4 Rice Center, IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Hugo Alonso-Cantabrana
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Jacque Dionora
- C4 Rice Center, IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - John E. Sheehy
- C4 Rice Center, IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Furbank
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - William Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Center, IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|