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Ratnasiri K, Zheng H, Toh J, Yao Z, Duran V, Donato M, Roederer M, Kamath M, Todd JPM, Gagne M, Foulds KE, Francica JR, Corbett KS, Douek DC, Seder RA, Einav S, Blish CA, Khatri P. Systems immunology of transcriptional responses to viral infection identifies conserved antiviral pathways across macaques and humans. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113706. [PMID: 38294906 PMCID: PMC10915397 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral pandemics and epidemics pose a significant global threat. While macaque models of viral disease are routinely used, it remains unclear how conserved antiviral responses are between macaques and humans. Therefore, we conducted a cross-species analysis of transcriptomic data from over 6,088 blood samples from macaques and humans infected with one of 31 viruses. Our findings demonstrate that irrespective of primate or viral species, there are conserved antiviral responses that are consistent across infection phase (acute, chronic, or latent) and viral genome type (DNA or RNA viruses). Leveraging longitudinal data from experimental challenges, we identify virus-specific response kinetics such as host responses to Coronaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae infections peaking 1-3 days earlier than responses to Filoviridae and Arenaviridae viral infections. Our results underscore macaque studies as a powerful tool for understanding viral pathogenesis and immune responses that translate to humans, with implications for viral therapeutic development and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalani Ratnasiri
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiaying Toh
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Veronica Duran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michele Donato
- Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Megha Kamath
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul M Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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2
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Sui B, Zheng J, Fu Z, Zhao L, Zhou M. TRIM72 restricts lyssavirus infection by inducing K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasome degradation of the matrix protein. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011718. [PMID: 38408103 PMCID: PMC10919858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family is the largest subfamily of E3 ubiquitin ligases, playing a crucial role in the antiviral process. In this study, we found that TRIM72, a member of the TRIM protein family, was increased in neuronal cells and mouse brains following rabies lyssavirus (RABV) infection. Over-expression of TRIM72 significantly reduced the viral titer of RABV in neuronal cells and mitigated the pathogenicity of RABV in mice. Furthermore, we found that TRIM72 over-expression effectively prevents the assembly and/or release of RABV. In terms of the mechanism, TRIM72 promotes the K48-linked ubiquitination of RABV Matrix protein (M), leading to the degradation of M through the proteasome pathway. TRIM72 directly interacts with M and the interaction sites were identified and confirmed through TRIM72-M interaction model construction and mutation analysis. Further investigation revealed that the degradation of M induced by TRIM72 was attributed to TRIM72's promotion of ubiquitination at site K195 in M. Importantly, the K195 site was found to be partially conserved among lyssavirus's M proteins, and TRIM72 over-expression induced the degradation of these lyssavirus M proteins. In summary, our study has uncovered a TRIM family protein, TRIM72, that can restrict lyssavirus replication by degrading M, and we have identified a novel ubiquitination site (K195) in lyssavirus M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Jin L, Sullivan HA, Zhu M, Lavin TK, Matsuyama M, Fu X, Lea NE, Xu R, Hou Y, Rutigliani L, Pruner M, Babcock KR, Ip JPK, Hu M, Daigle TL, Zeng H, Sur M, Feng G, Wickersham IR. Long-term labeling and imaging of synaptically connected neuronal networks in vivo using double-deletion-mutant rabies viruses. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:373-383. [PMID: 38212587 PMCID: PMC10849964 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Rabies-virus-based monosynaptic tracing is a widely used technique for mapping neural circuitry, but its cytotoxicity has confined it primarily to anatomical applications. Here we present a second-generation system for labeling direct inputs to targeted neuronal populations with minimal toxicity, using double-deletion-mutant rabies viruses. Viral spread requires expression of both deleted viral genes in trans in postsynaptic source cells. Suppressing this expression with doxycycline following an initial period of viral replication reduces toxicity to postsynaptic cells. Longitudinal two-photon imaging in vivo indicated that over 90% of both presynaptic and source cells survived for the full 12-week course of imaging. Ex vivo whole-cell recordings at 5 weeks postinfection showed that the second-generation system perturbs input and source cells much less than the first-generation system. Finally, two-photon calcium imaging of labeled networks of visual cortex neurons showed that their visual response properties appeared normal for 10 weeks, the longest we followed them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Heather A Sullivan
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mulangma Zhu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas K Lavin
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xin Fu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas E Lea
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ran Xu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - YuanYuan Hou
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luca Rutigliani
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maxwell Pruner
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelsey R Babcock
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacque Pak Kan Ip
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ian R Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Meng XY, Jiang QQ, Yu XD, Zhang QY, Ke F. Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) inhibits Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection through two distinct mechanisms. J Virol 2023; 97:e0122623. [PMID: 37861337 PMCID: PMC10688370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01226-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although a virus can regulate many cellular responses to facilitate its replication by interacting with host proteins, the host can also restrict virus infection through these interactions. In the present study, we showed that the host eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A), an essential protein in the translation machinery, interacted with two proteins of a fish rhabdovirus, Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), and inhibited virus infection via two different mechanisms: (i) inhibiting the formation of crucial viral protein complexes required for virus transcription and replication and (ii) promoting the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of viral protein. We also revealed the functional regions of eEF1A that are involved in the two processes. Such a host protein inhibiting a rhabdovirus infection in two ways is rarely reported. These findings provided new information for the interactions between host and fish rhabdovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yu Meng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Qi Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Naeli P, Zhang X, Snell PH, Chatterjee S, Kamran M, Ladak RJ, Orr N, Duchaine T, Sonenberg N, Jafarnejad SM. The SARS-CoV-2 protein NSP2 enhances microRNA-mediated translational repression. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261286. [PMID: 37732428 PMCID: PMC10617620 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses use microRNAs (miRNAs) to impair the host antiviral response and facilitate viral infection by expressing their own miRNAs or co-opting cellular miRNAs. miRNAs inhibit translation initiation of their target mRNAs by recruiting the GIGYF2-4EHP (or EIF4E2) translation repressor complex to the mRNA 5'-cap structure. We recently reported that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-encoded non-structural protein 2 (NSP2) interacts with GIGYF2. This interaction is critical for blocking translation of the Ifnb1 mRNA that encodes the cytokine interferon β, and thereby impairs the host antiviral response. However, it is not known whether NSP2 also affects miRNA-mediated silencing. Here, we demonstrate the pervasive augmentation of miRNA-mediated translational repression of cellular mRNAs by NSP2. We show that NSP2 interacts with argonaute 2 (AGO2), the core component of the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), via GIGYF2 and enhances the translational repression mediated by natural miRNA-binding sites in the 3' untranslated region of cellular mRNAs. Our data reveal an additional layer of the complex mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 and likely other coronaviruses manipulate the host gene expression program by co-opting the host miRNA-mediated silencing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Naeli
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Patric Harris Snell
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Susanta Chatterjee
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Reese Jalal Ladak
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Nick Orr
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Thomas Duchaine
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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6
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Li M, Zhu J, Li X, Luo TR, Liang J. Host Desmin Interacts with RABV Matrix Protein and Facilitates Virus Propagation. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020434. [PMID: 36851648 PMCID: PMC9964581 DOI: 10.3390/v15020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfilaments and microtubules, two crucial structures of cytoskeletal networks, are usurped by various viruses for their entry, egress, and/or intracellular trafficking, including the Rabies virus (RABV). Intermediate filaments (IFs) are the third major component of cytoskeletal filaments; however, little is known about the role of IFs during the RABV infection. Here, we identified the IF protein desmin as a novel host interactor with the RABV matrix protein, and we show that this physical interaction has a functional impact on the virus lifecycle. We found that the overexpression of desmin facilitates the RABV infection by increasing the progeny virus yield, and the suppression of endogenous desmin inhibits virus replication. Furthermore, we used confocal microscopy to observe that the RABV-M co-localizes with desmin in IF bundles in the BHK-21 cells. Lastly, we found that mice challenged with RABV displayed an enhanced expression of desmin in the brains of infected animals. These findings reveal a desmin/RABV-M interaction that positively regulates the virus infection and suggests that the RABV may utilize cellular IFs as tracks for the intracellular transport of viral components and efficient budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mengru Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (T.R.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (T.R.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingjing Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (T.R.L.); (J.L.)
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7
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Abstract
Cortical circuit tracing using modified rabies virus can identify input neurons making direct monosynaptic connections onto neurons of interest. However, challenges remain in our ability to establish the cell type identity of rabies-labeled input neurons. While transcriptomics may offer an avenue to characterize inputs, the extent of rabies-induced transcriptional changes in distinct neuronal cell types remains unclear, and whether these changes preclude characterization of rabies-infected neurons according to established transcriptomic cell types is unknown. We used single-nucleus RNA sequencing to survey the gene expression profiles of rabies-infected neurons and assessed their correspondence with established transcriptomic cell types. We demonstrated that when using transcriptome-wide RNA profiles, rabies-infected cortical neurons can be transcriptomically characterized despite global and cell-type-specific rabies-induced transcriptional changes. Notably, we found differential modulation of neuronal marker gene expression, suggesting that caution should be taken when attempting to characterize rabies-infected cells with single genes or small gene sets.
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8
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Dubey AR, Jagtap YA, Kumar P, Patwa SM, Kinger S, Kumar A, Singh S, Prasad A, Jana NR, Mishra A. Biochemical strategies of E3 ubiquitin ligases target viruses in critical diseases. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:161-182. [PMID: 34520596 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are known to cause various diseases in human and also infect other species such as animal plants, fungi, and bacteria. Replication of viruses depends upon their interaction with hosts. Human cells are prone to such unwanted viral infections. Disintegration and reconstitution require host machinery and various macromolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins are invaded by viral particles. E3 ubiquitin ligases are known for their specific function, that is, recognition of their respective substrates for intracellular degradation. Still, we do not understand how ubiquitin proteasome system-based enzymes E3 ubiquitin ligases do their functional interaction with different viruses. Whether E3 ubiquitin ligases help in the elimination of viral components or viruses utilize their molecular capabilities in their intracellular propagation is not clear. The first time our current article comprehends fundamental concepts and new insights on the different viruses and their interaction with various E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. In this review, we highlight the molecular pathomechanism of viruses linked with E3 Ubiquitin Ligases dependent mechanisms. An enhanced understanding of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase-mediated removal of viral proteins may open new therapeutic strategies against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur R Dubey
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yuvraj A Jagtap
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Som M Patwa
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sumit Kinger
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Nihar R Jana
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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9
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Abstract
Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that use cell proteins to take the control of the cell functions in order to accomplish their life cycle. Studying the viral-host interactions would increase our knowledge of the viral biology and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Studies on pathogenesis mechanisms of lyssaviruses, which are the causative agents of rabies, have revealed some important host protein partners for viral proteins, especially for most studied species, i.e. RABV. In this review article, the key physical lyssavirus-host protein interactions, their contributions to rabies infection, and their exploitation are discussed to improve the knowledge about rabies pathogenesis.
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10
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Girardi E, Pfeffer S, Baumert TF, Majzoub K. Roadblocks and fast tracks: How RNA binding proteins affect the viral RNA journey in the cell. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 111:86-100. [PMID: 32847707 PMCID: PMC7443355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As obligate intracellular parasites with limited coding capacity, RNA viruses rely on host cells to complete their multiplication cycle. Viral RNAs (vRNAs) are central to infection. They carry all the necessary information for a virus to synthesize its proteins, replicate and spread and could also play essential non-coding roles. Regardless of its origin or tropism, vRNA has by definition evolved in the presence of host RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs), which resulted in intricate and complicated interactions with these factors. While on one hand some host RBPs recognize vRNA as non-self and mobilize host antiviral defenses, vRNA must also co-opt other host RBPs to promote viral infection. Focusing on pathogenic RNA viruses, we will review important scenarios of RBP-vRNA interactions during which host RBPs recognize, modify or degrade vRNAs. We will then focus on how vRNA hijacks the largest ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) in the cell, the ribosome, to selectively promote the synthesis of its proteins. We will finally reflect on how novel technologies are helping in deepening our understanding of vRNA-host RBPs interactions, which can be ultimately leveraged to combat everlasting viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Girardi
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sebastien Pfeffer
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France; Pole Hépatodigestif, Institut Hopitalo-universitaire, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Majzoub
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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11
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Zandi F, Khalaj V, Goshadrou F, Meyfour A, Gholami A, Enayati S, Mehranfar M, Rahmati S, Kheiri EV, Badie HG, Vaziri B. Rabies virus matrix protein targets host actin cytoskeleton: a protein-protein interaction analysis. Pathog Dis 2020; 79:6027507. [PMID: 33289839 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional matrix protein (M) of rabies virus (RABV) plays essential roles in the pathogenesis of rabies infection. Identification of M protein interacting partners in target hosts could help to elucidate the biological pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this virus. In this study, two-dimensional Far-western blotting (2D-Far-WB) technique was applied to find possible matrix protein partners in the rat brainstem. Recombinant RABV M was expressed in Pichia pastoris and was partially purified. Subsequently, 2D-Far-WB-determined six rat brainstem proteins interacted with recombinant M proteins that were identified by mass spectrometry. Functional annotation by gene ontology analysis determined these proteins were involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission processes, metabolic process and cell morphogenesis-cytoskeleton organization. The interaction of viral M protein with selected host proteins in mouse Neuro-2a cells infected with RABV was verified by super-resolution confocal microscopy. Molecular docking simulations also demonstrated the formation of RABV M complexes. However, further confirmation with co-immunoprecipitation was only successful for M-actin cytoplasmic 1 interaction. Our study revealed actin cytoplasmic 1 as a binding partner of M protein, which might have important role(s) in rabies pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zandi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1971653313, Iran
| | - Vahid Khalaj
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Goshadrou
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1971653313, Iran
| | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717413, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, 16635-148, Iran
| | - Alireza Gholami
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Somayeh Enayati
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mehranfar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Saman Rahmati
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Gholamipour Badie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
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12
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Vaccinia Virus as a Master of Host Shutoff Induction: Targeting Processes of the Central Dogma and Beyond. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050400. [PMID: 32455727 PMCID: PMC7281567 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of host cell proteins is adversely inhibited in many virus infections, whereas viral proteins are efficiently synthesized. This phenomenon leads to the accumulation of viral proteins concurrently with a profound decline in global host protein synthesis, a phenomenon often termed “host shutoff”. To induce host shutoff, a virus may target various steps of gene expression, as well as pre- and post-gene expression processes. During infection, vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype poxvirus, targets all major processes of the central dogma of genetics, as well as pre-transcription and post-translation steps to hinder host cell protein production. In this article, we review the strategies used by VACV to induce host shutoff in the context of strategies employed by other viruses. We elaborate on how VACV induces host shutoff by targeting host cell DNA synthesis, RNA production and processing, mRNA translation, and protein degradation. We emphasize the topics on VACV’s approaches toward modulating mRNA processing, stability, and translation during infection. Finally, we propose avenues for future investigations, which will facilitate our understanding of poxvirus biology, as well as fundamental cellular gene expression and regulation mechanisms.
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13
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Luo J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Zhang B, Mo M, Tian Q, Zhao J, Mei M, Guo X. The Deoptimization of Rabies Virus Matrix Protein Impacts Viral Transcription and Replication. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010004. [PMID: 31861477 PMCID: PMC7019236 DOI: 10.3390/v12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) matrix (M) protein plays several important roles during RABV infection. Although previous studies have assessed the functions of M through gene rearrangements, this interferes with the position of other viral proteins. In this study, we attenuated M expression through deoptimizing its codon usage based on codon pair bias in RABV. This strategy more objectively clarifies the role of M during virus infection. Codon-deoptimized M inhibited RABV replication during the early stages of infection, but enhanced viral titers at later stages. Codon-deoptimized M also inhibited genome synthesis at early stage of infection and increased the RABV transcription rates. Attenuated M through codon deoptimization enhanced RABV glycoprotein expression following RABV infection in neuronal cells, but had no influence on the cell-to-cell spread of RABV. In addition, codon-deoptimized M virus induced higher levels of apoptosis compared to the parental RABV. These results indicate that codon-deoptimized M increases glycoprotein expression, providing a foundation for further investigation of the role of M during RABV infection.
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14
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Kim MS, Kim KH. Genetically engineered viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:11-15. [PMID: 31622675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) has been one of the major causes of mortality in a wide range of freshwater and marine fishes worldwide. Although various types of vaccines have been tried to prevent VHSV disease in cultured fishes, there are still no commercial vaccines. Reverse genetics have made it possible to change a certain regions on viral genome in accordance with the requirements of a research. Various types of VHSV mutants have been generated through the reverse genetic method, and most of them were recovered to investigate the virulence mechanisms of VHSV. In the reverse genetically generated VHSV mutants-based vaccines, high protective efficacies of attenuated VHSVs and single-cycle VHSV particles have been reported. Furthermore, the application of VHSV for the delivery tools of heterologous antigens including not only fish pathogens but also mammalian pathogens has been studied. As not much research has been conducted on VHSV mutants-based vaccines, more studies on the enhancement of immunogenicity, vaccine administration routes, safety to environments are needed for the practical use in aquaculture farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Department of Integrative Bio-industrial Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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15
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Status of antiviral therapeutics against rabies virus and related emerging lyssaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 35:1-13. [PMID: 30753961 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) constitutes a major social and economic burden associated with 60 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although pre-exposure and post-exposure treatment options are available, they are efficacious only when initiated before the onset of clinical symptoms. Aggravating the problem, the current RABV vaccine does not cross-protect against the emerging zoonotic phylogroup II lyssaviruses. A requirement for an uninterrupted cold chain and high cost of the immunoglobulin component of rabies prophylaxis generate an unmet need for the development of RABV-specific antivirals. We discuss desirable anti-RABV drug profiles, past efforts to address the problem and inhibitor candidates identified, and examine how the rapidly expanding structural insight into RABV protein organization has illuminated novel druggable target candidates and paved the way to structure-aided drug optimization. Special emphasis is given to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex as a promising target for direct-acting broad-spectrum RABV inhibitors.
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16
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Øvergård AC, Hamre LA, Grotmol S, Nilsen F. Salmon louse rhabdoviruses: Impact on louse development and transcription of selected Atlantic salmon immune genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 86:86-95. [PMID: 29747070 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is commonly infected by one or two vertically transmitted Lepeophtheirus salmonis rhabdoviruses (LsRVs). As shown in the present study, the viruses have limited effect on louse survival, developmental rate and fecundity. Since the LsRVs were confirmed to be present in the louse salivary glands, the salmon cutaneous immune response towards LsRV positive and negative lice was analyzed. In general, L. salmonis increased the expression of IL1β, IL8 and IL4/13A at the attachment site, in addition to the non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor protein 1 (NCCRP-1). Interestingly, LsRV free lice induced a higher skin expression of IL1β, IL8, and NCCRP-1 than the LsRV infected lice. The inflammatory response is important for louse clearance, and the present results suggest that the LsRVs can be beneficial for the louse by dampening inflammation. Further research is, however; needed to ascertain whether this is a direct modulatory effect of secreted virions, or if virus replication is altering the level of louse salivary gland proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lars Are Hamre
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Frank Nilsen
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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17
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Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Thachamvally R, Tripathi BN, Barua S, Kashyap SK, Maherchandani S, Kumar N. Role of MAPK/MNK1 signaling in virus replication. Virus Res 2018; 253:48-61. [PMID: 29864503 PMCID: PMC7114592 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are known to exploit cellular signaling pathways. MAPK is a major cell signaling pathway activated by diverse group of viruses. MNK1 regulates both cap-dependent and IRES-mediated mRNA translation. This review discuss the role of MAPK, particularly the role of MNK1 in virus replication.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; they heavily depend on the host cell machinery to effectively replicate and produce new progeny virus particles. Following viral infection, diverse cell signaling pathways are initiated by the cells, with the major goal of establishing an antiviral state. However, viruses have been shown to exploit cellular signaling pathways for their own effective replication. Genome-wide siRNA screens have also identified numerous host factors that either support (proviral) or inhibit (antiviral) virus replication. Some of the host factors might be dispensable for the host but may be critical for virus replication; therefore such cellular factors may serve as targets for development of antiviral therapeutics. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a major cell signaling pathway that is known to be activated by diverse group of viruses. MAPK interacting kinase 1 (MNK1) has been shown to regulate both cap-dependent and internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES)-mediated mRNA translation. In this review we have discuss the role of MAPK in virus replication, particularly the role of MNK1 in replication and translation of viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Riyesh Thachamvally
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
| | - Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India.
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18
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Battling for Ribosomes: Translational Control at the Forefront of the Antiviral Response. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1965-1992. [PMID: 29746850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the early stages of infection, gaining control of the cellular protein synthesis machinery including its ribosomes is the ultimate combat objective for a virus. To successfully replicate, viruses unequivocally need to usurp and redeploy this machinery for translation of their own mRNA. In response, the host triggers global shutdown of translation while paradoxically allowing swift synthesis of antiviral proteins as a strategy to limit collateral damage. This fundamental conflict at the level of translational control defines the outcome of infection. As part of this special issue on molecular mechanisms of early virus-host cell interactions, we review the current state of knowledge regarding translational control during viral infection with specific emphasis on protein kinase RNA-activated and mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated mechanisms. We also describe recent technological advances that will allow unprecedented insight into how viruses and host cells battle for ribosomes.
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19
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Dengue Virus Selectively Annexes Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Translation Machinery as a Strategy for Co-opting Host Cell Protein Synthesis. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01766-17. [PMID: 29321322 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01766-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary question in dengue virus (DENV) biology is the molecular strategy for recruitment of host cell protein synthesis machinery. Here, we combined cell fractionation, ribosome profiling, and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the subcellular organization of viral genome translation and replication as well as host cell translation and its response to DENV infection. We report that throughout the viral life cycle, DENV plus- and minus-strand RNAs were highly partitioned to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), identifying the ER as the primary site of DENV translation. DENV infection was accompanied by an ER compartment-specific remodeling of translation, where ER translation capacity was subverted from host transcripts to DENV plus-strand RNA, particularly at late stages of infection. Remarkably, translation levels and patterns in the cytosol compartment were only modestly affected throughout the experimental time course of infection. Comparisons of ribosome footprinting densities of the DENV plus-strand RNA and host mRNAs indicated that DENV plus-strand RNA was only sparsely loaded with ribosomes. Combined, these observations suggest a mechanism where ER-localized translation and translational control mechanisms, likely cis encoded, are used to repurpose the ER for DENV virion production. Consistent with this view, we found ER-linked cellular stress response pathways commonly associated with viral infection, namely, the interferon response and unfolded protein response, to be only modestly activated during DENV infection. These data support a model where DENV reprograms the ER protein synthesis and processing environment to promote viral survival and replication while minimizing the activation of antiviral and proteostatic stress response pathways.IMPORTANCE DENV, a prominent human health threat with no broadly effective or specific treatment, depends on host cell translation machinery for viral replication, immune evasion, and virion biogenesis. The molecular mechanism by which DENV commandeers the host cell protein synthesis machinery and the subcellular organization of DENV replication and viral protein synthesis is poorly understood. Here, we report that DENV has an almost exclusively ER-localized life cycle, with viral replication and translation largely restricted to the ER. Surprisingly, DENV infection largely affects only ER-associated translation, with relatively modest effects on host cell translation in the cytosol. DENV RNA translation is very inefficient, likely representing a strategy to minimize disruption of ER proteostasis. Overall these findings demonstrate that DENV has evolved an ER-compartmentalized life cycle; thus, targeting the molecular signatures and regulation of the DENV-ER interaction landscape may reveal strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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20
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The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E binds to classical swine fever virus NS5A and facilitates viral replication. Virology 2018; 515:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Subramani C, Nair VP, Anang S, Mandal SD, Pareek M, Kaushik N, Srivastava A, Saha S, Shalimar, Nayak B, Ranjith-Kumar CT, Surjit M. Host-Virus Protein Interaction Network Reveals the Involvement of Multiple Host Processes in the Life Cycle of Hepatitis E Virus. mSystems 2018; 3:e00135-17. [PMID: 29404423 PMCID: PMC5781259 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00135-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of host-pathogen interactions is central to understand the life cycle of a pathogen and devise specific therapeutic strategies. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are key mediators of host-pathogen interactions. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis in humans. Recent reports also demonstrate its extrahepatic manifestations in the brain. Toward understanding the molecular details of HEV life cycle, we screened human liver and fetal brain cDNA libraries to identify the host interaction partners of proteins encoded by genotype 1 HEV and constructed the virus-host PPI network. Analysis of the network indicated a role of HEV proteins in modulating multiple host biological processes such as stress and immune responses, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, energy and iron metabolism, and protein translation. Further investigations revealed the presence of multiple host translation regulatory factors in the viral translation/replication complex. Depletion of host translation factors such as eIF4A2, eIF3A, and RACK1 significantly reduced the viral replication, whereas eIF2AK4 depletion had no effect. These findings highlight the ingenuity of the pathogen in manipulating the host machinery to its own benefit, a clear understanding of which is essential for the identification of strategic targets and development of specific antivirals against HEV. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a pathogen that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Owing to the lack of an efficient laboratory model, the life cycle of the virus is poorly understood. During the course of infection, interactions between the viral and host proteins play essential roles, a clear understanding of which is essential to decode the life cycle of the virus. In this study, we identified the direct host interaction partners of all HEV proteins and generated a PPI network. Our functional analysis of the HEV-human PPI network reveals a role of HEV proteins in modulating multiple host biological processes such as stress and immune responses, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, energy and iron metabolism, and protein translation. Further investigations revealed an essential role of several host factors in HEV replication. Collectively, the results from our study provide a vast resource of PPI data from HEV and its human host and identify the molecular components of the viral translation/replication machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandru Subramani
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vidya P. Nair
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Saumya Anang
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Madhu Pareek
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Kaushik
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Akriti Srivastava
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gautam Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gautam Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - C. T. Ranjith-Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Milan Surjit
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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22
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Pan W, Song D, He W, Lu H, Lan Y, Li H, Gao F, Zhao K. EIF3i affects vesicular stomatitis virus growth by interacting with matrix protein. Vet Microbiol 2017; 212:59-66. [PMID: 29173589 PMCID: PMC7117458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
VSV M protein interacts with the i subunit of eIF3. The region of M that interacts with eIF3i is located within the 122- to -181 amino acids. M–eIF3i interaction affects VSV growth.
The matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) performs multiple functions during viral genome replication and virion production and is involved in modulating multiple host signaling pathways that favor virus replication. To perform numerous functions within infected cells, the M protein needs to recruit cellular partners. To better understand the role of M during VSV replication, we looked for interacting partners by using the two-hybrid system. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit i (eIF3i) was identified to be an M-binding partner, and this interaction was validated by GST pull-down and laser confocal assays. Through a mutagenesis analysis, we found that some mutants of M between amino acids 122 and 181 impaired but did not completely abolish the M–eIF3i interaction. Furthermore, the knockdown of eIF3i by RNA interference decreased viral replication and transcription in the early stages but led to increase in later stages. VSV transcription was increased at 4 h post-infection but was not changed at 8 and 12 h post-infection after the over-expression of eIF3i. Finally, we also demonstrated that VSV could inhibit the activity of Akt1 and that the knockdown of eIF3i inhibited the expression of the ISGs regulated by phospho-Akt1. These results indicated that eIF3i may affect VSV growth by regulating the host antiviral response in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yungang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Life-Long Genetic and Functional Access to Neural Circuits Using Self-Inactivating Rabies Virus. Cell 2017; 170:382-392.e14. [PMID: 28689641 PMCID: PMC5509544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Neural networks are emerging as the fundamental computational unit of the brain and it is becoming progressively clearer that network dysfunction is at the core of a number of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, our ability to target specific networks for functional or genetic manipulations remains limited. Monosynaptically restricted rabies virus facilitates the anatomical investigation of neural circuits. However, the inherent cytotoxicity of the rabies largely prevents its implementation in long-term functional studies and the genetic manipulation of neural networks. To overcome this limitation, we developed a self-inactivating ΔG-rabies virus (SiR) that transcriptionally disappears from the infected neurons while leaving permanent genetic access to the traced network. SiR provides a virtually unlimited temporal window for the study of network dynamics and for the genetic and functional manipulation of neural circuits in vivo without adverse effects on neuronal physiology and circuit function. Self-inactivating rabies virus (SiR) provides life-long access to neural networks SiR has no adverse effects on neuronal physiology and network computations SiR allows open-ended Ca2+ imaging of network activity and functional intervention SiR allows generation of circuit-specific knockouts
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Scott TP, Nel LH. Subversion of the Immune Response by Rabies Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8080231. [PMID: 27548204 PMCID: PMC4997593 DOI: 10.3390/v8080231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has affected mankind for several centuries and is one of the oldest known zoonoses. It is peculiar how little is known regarding the means by which rabies virus (RABV) evades the immune response and kills its host. This review investigates the complex interplay between RABV and the immune system, including the various means by which RABV evades, or advantageously utilizes, the host immune response in order to ensure successful replication and spread to another host. Different factors that influence immune responses—including age, sex, cerebral lateralization and temperature—are discussed, with specific reference to RABV and the effects on host morbidity and mortality. We also investigate the role of apoptosis and discuss whether it is a detrimental or beneficial mechanism of the host’s response to infection. The various RABV proteins and their roles in immune evasion are examined in depth with reference to important domains and the downstream effects of these interactions. Lastly, an overview of the means by which RABV evades important immune responses is provided. The research discussed in this review will be important in determining the roles of the immune response during RABV infections as well as to highlight important therapeutic target regions and potential strategies for rabies treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence P Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Louis H Nel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Ghanem A, Conzelmann KK. G gene-deficient single-round rabies viruses for neuronal circuit analysis. Virus Res 2016; 216:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang J, Han Q, Song Y, Chen Q, Xia X. Analysis of Subcellular Prefoldin 1 Redistribution During Rabies Virus Infection. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e24757. [PMID: 26421138 PMCID: PMC4584118 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.24757v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rabies virus (RABV) is one of the old deadly zoonotic viruses. It attacks the central nervous system and causes acute encephalitis in humans and animals. Host factors are known to be essential for virus infection and replication in cells. The identification of the key host factors required for RABV infection may provide important information on RABV replication and may provide new potential targets for RABV drug discovery. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the change in the subcellular distribution and expression of the host protein Prefoldin subunit 1 (PFDN1) in RABV-infected cells and the viral expression of plasmids in the transfected cells. Materials and Methods: Mouse Neuro-2a (N2a) cells were infected by RABV or transfected with the plasmids of the nucleoprotein (N) and/or phosphoprotein (P) gene of RABV. The subcellular distribution of PFDN1 was analyzed by confocal microscopy, and the transcription levels of PFDN1 in the N and/or P gene of the RABV-transfected or RABV-infected N2a cells were assessed via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Confocal microscopy showed that PFDN1 was colocalized with the N protein of RABV in the infected N2a cells and was mainly recruited to the characteristic Negri-Body-Like (NBL) structures in the cytoplasm, as well as the cotransfection of the N and P genes of RABV. The transcription of PFDN1 in the RABV-infected N2a cells was upregulated, whereas the transfection of the N and/or P genes did not result in the upregulation of PFDN1. Conclusions: The results of this work demonstrated that the subcellular distribution of PFDN1 was altered in the RABV-infected N2a cells and colocalized with the N protein of RABV in the NBL structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Zhang
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Zhang J, Ye C, Ruan X, Zan J, Xu Y, Liao M, Zhou J. The chaperonin CCTα is required for efficient transcription and replication of rabies virus. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 58:590-9. [PMID: 25082455 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Negri bodies (NBs) are formed in the cytoplasm of rabies virus (RABV)-infected cells and are accompanied by a number of host factors to NBs, in which replication and transcription occur. Here, it was found that chaperonin containing TCP-1 subunit alpha (CCTα) relocalizes to NBs in RABV-infected cells, and that cotransfection of nucleo- and phospho-proteins of RABV is sufficient to recruit CCTα to the NBs' structure. Inhibition of CCTα expression by specific short hairpin RNA knockdown inhibited the replication and transcription of RABV. Therefore, this study showed that the host factor CCTα is associated with RABV infection and is very likely required for efficient virus transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058; State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003; Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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Zhang J, Jin Z, Sun T, Jiang Y, Han Q, Song Y, Chen Q, Xia X. Prokaryotic Expression, Purification, and Polyclonal Antibody Production of a Truncated Recombinant Rabies Virus L Protein. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 13:18-24. [PMID: 28959286 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies virus (RABV) is a deadly neurotropic virus that causes the disease of rabies in humans and animals. L protein is one of the large structural protein of rabies virus, which displays multiple enzymatic activities, and is required for viral transcription and replication. OBJECTIVES A truncated L protein of Rabies virus is being cloned, expressed and purified to produce relevant polyclonal antibody. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gene fragment of L protein of RABV was subcloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET- 28a and transformed into E. coli Rosetta DE3 host strain. The recombinant L protein of RABV was expressed and characterized by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis using anti-his tag antibody. Mice were immunized with the purified recombinant L protein, the reaction of the anti-serum was checked by immunofluorescence and dot-blot, respectively. RESULTS The results of PCR and sequencing confirmed that the fragment of L gene of RABV was successfully cloned into the expression vector. The expression of recombinant L protein fragment induced by IPTG was confirmed by the band of 43 kDa in SDS-PAGE and western blot. The antiserum of purified L protein immunized mice was reacted with RABV infected N2a cells and suckling mouse brain tissue lysates. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that the recombinant L protein produced by pET-28a vector was very successful, and the purified L protein could efficiently induce the antibody response in mice. The antiserum could recognize the virus in RABV infected cells and tissue very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Zhang
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Zian Jin
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
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Cassone BJ, Cisneros Carter FM, Michel AP, Stewart LR, Redinbaugh MG. Genetic insights into Graminella nigrifrons Competence for maize fine streak virus infection and transmission. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113529. [PMID: 25420026 PMCID: PMC4242632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most plant-infecting rhabdoviruses are transmitted by one or a few closely related insect species. Additionally, intraspecific differences in transmission efficacy often exist among races/biotypes within vector species and among strains within a virus species. The black-faced leafhopper, Graminella nigrifrons, is the only known vector of the persistent propagative rhabdovirus Maize fine streak virus (MFSV). Only a small percentage of leafhoppers are capable of transmitting the virus, although the mechanisms underlying vector competence are not well understood. METHODOLOGY RNA-Seq was carried out to explore transcript expression changes and sequence variation in G. nigrifrons and MFSV that may be associated with the ability of the vector to acquire and transmit the virus. RT-qPCR assays were used to validate differential transcript accumulation. RESULTS/SIGNIFICANCE Feeding on MFSV-infected maize elicited a considerable transcriptional response in G. nigrifrons, with increased expression of cytoskeleton organization and immunity transcripts in infected leafhoppers. Differences between leafhoppers capable of transmitting MFSV, relative to non-transmitting but infected leafhoppers were more limited, which may reflect difficulties discerning between the two groups and/or the likelihood that the transmitter phenotype results from one or a few genetic differences. The ability of infected leafhoppers to transmit MFSV did not appear associated with virus transcript accumulation in the infected leafhoppers or sequence polymorphisms in the viral genome. However, the non-structural MFSV 3 gene was expressed at unexpectedly high levels in infected leafhoppers, suggesting it plays an active role in the infection of the insect host. The results of this study begin to define the functional roles of specific G. nigrifrons and MFSV genes in the viral transmission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Cassone
- United States Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service, Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research Unit, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fiorella M. Cisneros Carter
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Michel
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lucy R. Stewart
- United States Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service, Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research Unit, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Margaret G. Redinbaugh
- United States Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service, Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research Unit, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
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Hershey JWB. The role of eIF3 and its individual subunits in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:792-800. [PMID: 25450521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Specific individual subunits of eIF3 are elevated or reduced in numerous human tumors, and their ectopic overexpression in immortal cells can result in malignant transformation. The structure and assembly of eIF3 and its role in promoting mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi binding to the ribosome during the initiation phase of protein synthesis are described. Methods employed to detect altered levels of eIF3 subunits in cancers are critically evaluated in order to conclude rigorously that such subunits may cause malignant transformation. Strong evidence is presented that the individual overexpression of eIF3 subunits 3a, 3b, 3c, 3h, 3i and 3m may cause malignant transformation, whereas underexpression of subunits 3e and 3f may cause a similar outcome. Possible mechanisms to explain the malignant phenotypes are examined. The involvement of eIF3 in cancer reinforces the view that translational control plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, and provides new targets for the development of therapeutic agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translation and Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W B Hershey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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31
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Gene order rearrangement of the M gene in the rabies virus leads to slower replication. Virusdisease 2014; 25:365-71. [PMID: 25674605 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix protein (M) is one of only five genes in the RV genome and is an important multifunctional protein. Besides to allow for the release of newly replicated virions pairing with G, the M protein also functions in virus replication, pathogenicity, and host cell apoptosis. The goal of present study is to generate recombinant viruses with M gene rearranged, thus laying the foundation for further exploring what will happen when the gene for M is relocated on the RV single-strand RNA. We used rHEP-Flury, an attenuated virus that remains virulent for less than 3 days in sucking mice, to reshuffle the M gene, using an approach that leaves the other viral nucleotide sequence intact. Two viruses with translocated M genes (N1M2 and N1M4) were recovered from each of the rearranged cDNAs, whose gene order is 3'-N-M-P-G-L-5' and 3'-N-P-G-M-L-5' respectively. The growth dynamics of these viruses showed slower replication than the wild-type virus in multiple-step growth curves, but they can grow to a comparable titer in tests of single-step growth curves. Further experimentation with these rearranged viruses will provide insights into the relationships between genome structure and virus phenotypes.
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32
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Chandipura virus induces neuronal death through Fas-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway. J Virol 2013; 87:12398-406. [PMID: 24027318 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01864-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV; genus Vesiculovirus, family Rhabdoviridae) is an emerging tropical pathogen with a case fatality rate of 55 to 75% that predominantly affects children in the age group of 2 to 16 years. Although it has been established as a neurotropic virus causing encephalitis, the molecular pathology leading to neuronal death is unknown. The present study elucidates for the first time the mechanism of cell death in neurons after CHPV infection that answers the basic cause of CHPV-mediated neurodegeneration. Through various cell death assays in vitro and in vivo, a relationship between viral replication within neuron and neuronal apoptosis has been established. We report that expression of CHPV phosphoprotein increases up to 6 h postinfection and diminishes thereafter in neuronal cell lines, signifying the replicative phase of CHPV. Various analyses conducted during the investigation established that CHPV-infected neurons are undergoing apoptosis through an extrinsic pathway mediated through the Fas-associated death domain (FADD) following activation of caspase-8 and -3 and prominent cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Knocking down the expression of caspase-3, the final executioner of apoptosis, in a neuronal cell line by endoribonuclease-prepared small interfering RNA (siRNA) validated its pivotal role in CHPV-mediated neurodegeneration by showing reduction in apoptosis after CHPV infection.
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Walsh D, Mathews MB, Mohr I. Tinkering with translation: protein synthesis in virus-infected cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a012351. [PMID: 23209131 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and their replication requires host cell functions. Although the size, composition, complexity, and functions encoded by their genomes are remarkably diverse, all viruses rely absolutely on the protein synthesis machinery of their host cells. Lacking their own translational apparatus, they must recruit cellular ribosomes in order to translate viral mRNAs and produce the protein products required for their replication. In addition, there are other constraints on viral protein production. Crucially, host innate defenses and stress responses capable of inactivating the translation machinery must be effectively neutralized. Furthermore, the limited coding capacity of the viral genome needs to be used optimally. These demands have resulted in complex interactions between virus and host that exploit ostensibly virus-specific mechanisms and, at the same time, illuminate the functioning of the cellular protein synthesis apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Pollin R, Granzow H, Köllner B, Conzelmann KK, Finke S. Membrane and inclusion body targeting of lyssavirus matrix proteins. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:200-12. [PMID: 23046288 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lyssavirus matrix proteins (M) support virus budding and have accessory functions that may contribute to host cell manipulation and adaptation to specific hosts. Here, we show that rabies virus (RABV) and European Bat Lyssavirus Type 1 (EBLV-1) M proteins differ in targeting and accumulation at cellular membranes. In contrast to RABV M, EBLV-1 M expressed from authentic EBLV-1 or chimeric RABV accumulated at the Golgi apparatus. Chimeric M proteins revealed that Golgi association depends on the integrity of the entire EBLV-1 M protein. Since RABV and EBLV-1 M differ in the use of cellular membranes for particle formation, differential membrane targeting and transport of M might determine the site of virus production. Moreover, both RABV and EBLV-1 M were for the first time detected within the nucleus and in Negri body-like inclusions bodies. Whereas nuclear M may imply hitherto unknown functions of lyssavirus M in host cell manipulation, the presence of M in inclusion bodies may correlate with regulatory functions of M in virus RNA synthesis. The data strongly support a model in which targeting of lyssavirus M proteins to distinctintracellular sites is a key determinant of diverse features in lyssavirus replication, host adaptation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Pollin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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Guleria A, Kiranmayi M, Sreejith R, Kumar K, Sharma SK, Gupta S. Reviewing host proteins of Rhabdoviridae: possible leads for lesser studied viruses. J Biosci 2012; 36:929-37. [PMID: 22116291 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdoviridae, characterized by bullet-shaped viruses, is known for its diverse host range, which includes plants, arthropods, fishes and humans. Understanding the viral-host interactions of this family can prove beneficial in developing effective therapeutic strategies. The host proteins interacting with animal rhabdoviruses have been reviewed in this report. Several important host proteins commonly interacting with animal rhabdoviruses are being reported, some of which, interestingly, have molecular features, which can serve as potential antiviral targets. This review not only provides the generalized importance of the functions of animal rhabdovirus-associated host proteins for the first time but also compares them among the two most studied viruses, i.e. Rabies virus (RV) and Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV). The comparative data can be used for studying emerging viruses such as Chandipura virus (CHPV) and the lesser studied viruses such as Piry virus (PIRYV) and Isfahan virus (ISFV) of the Rhabdoviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guleria
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201 307, India
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Abstract
Although viruses encode many of the functions that are required for viral replication, they are completely reliant on the protein synthesis machinery that is present in their host cells. Recruiting cellular ribosomes to translate viral mRNAs represents a crucial step in the replication of all viruses. To ensure translation of their mRNAs, viruses use a diverse collection of strategies (probably pirated from their cellular hosts) to commandeer key translation factors that are required for the initiation, elongation and termination steps of translation. Viruses also neutralize host defences that seek to incapacitate the translation machinery in infected cells.
Viruses rely on the translation machinery of the host cell to produce the proteins that are essential for their replication. Here, Walsh and Mohr discuss the diverse strategies by which viruses subvert the host protein synthesis machinery and regulate the translation of viral mRNAs. Viruses are fully reliant on the translation machinery of their host cells to produce the polypeptides that are essential for viral replication. Consequently, viruses recruit host ribosomes to translate viral mRNAs, typically using virally encoded functions to seize control of cellular translation factors and the host signalling pathways that regulate their activity. This not only ensures that viral proteins will be produced, but also stifles innate host defences that are aimed at inhibiting the capacity of infected cells for protein synthesis. Remarkably, nearly every step of the translation process can be targeted by virally encoded functions. This Review discusses the diverse strategies that viruses use to subvert host protein synthesis functions and regulate mRNA translation in infected cells.
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Yao Y, Li J, Lu Z, Tong A, Wang W, Su X, Zhou Y, Mu B, Zhou S, Li X, Chen L, Gou L, Song H, Yang J, Wei Y. Proteomic analysis of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) response in hepatitis B virus-positive human hepatocelluar carcinoma cell line HepG2.2.15. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2004-12. [PMID: 21739463 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. In recent decades, significant progress toward understanding the molecular virology and pathogenesis of HBV infection has been made. In addition, multiple treatment modalities have been developed for persons with HBV infection. In the present study, we demonstrated that IL-4 inhibits the expression of hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen in a HBV stably transfected hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2.2.15). To reveal the anti-HBV mechanism of IL-4 by proteomics, 2-DE and MS technology were utilized to profile global changes in protein expression in HepG2.2.15 cells after IL-4 treatment. A total of 56 differentially expressed proteins were identified in IL-4-treated HepG2.2.15 cells. To find out the interaction of these changed proteins by bioinformatics, signaling network analysis with the STRING tool showed that the identified proteins are primarily involved in transcription and proteolysis. Taken together, these results offer valuable clues for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the IL-4-mediated anti-HBV response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P R China
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Leyrat C, Ribeiro EA, Gérard FCA, Ivanov I, Ruigrok RWH, Jamin M. Structure, interactions with host cell and functions of rhabdovirus phosphoprotein. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an incurable albeit preventable disease that remains an important human health issue, with the number of deaths exceeding 50,000 people each year. Its causative agent, the rabies virus, is a negative-sense RNA virus, the genome of which encodes five proteins. Three of these proteins, the nucleoprotein, the phosphoprotein (P) and the large protein, are required to synthesize viral RNA in an efficient and regulated manner. P plays multiple roles during the transcription and replication of the RNA genome. It acts as a noncatalytic cofactor of the large protein polymerase and it chaperones nucleoprotein. Recent structural characterizations of rabies virus P revealed that P forms elongated and flexible dimers and uncovered the structural basis of its modular organization, revealing the existence of two independent structured domains and two long intrinsically disordered regions. In addition, recent studies also revealed that P interacts with nucleocytoplasmic trafficking carriers and with the host cell cytoskeleton, probably allowing viral components to be transported within the host cell and blocking the innate immune response by inhibiting different steps of the interferon pathway. With multiple binding sites for different viral and cellular partners located in either its structured or disordered regions, P appears to be a flexible ‘hub’ protein that connects viral or cellular proteins and allows their assembly into multimolecular complexes. These new findings shed light on the mechanism of replication of the virus and on the intimate interactions between the virus and its host cell, and will also help to identify new targets for the development of antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Leyrat
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Euripedes A Ribeiro
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Francine CA Gérard
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Rob WH Ruigrok
- UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Generation and characterization of the human neutralizing antibody fragment Fab091 against rabies virus. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:329-37. [PMID: 21278782 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To transform the human anti-rabies virus glycoprotein (anti-RABVG) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) into a Fab fragment and to analyze its immunological activity. METHODS The Fab gene was amplified using overlap PCR and inserted into the vector pComb3XSS. The recombinant vector was then transformed into E coli Top10F' for expression and purification. The purified Fab was characterized using SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, indirect ELISA, competitive ELISA, and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN), respectively, and examined in a Kunming mouse challenge model in vivo. RESULTS A recombinant vector was constructed. The Fab was expressed in soluble form in E coli Top10F'. Specific binding of the Fab to rabies virus was confirmed by indirect ELISA and immunoprecipitation (IP). The neutralizing antibody titer of Fab was 10.26 IU/mL. The mouse group treated with both vaccine and human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)/Fab091 (32 IU/kg) showed protection against rabies, compared with the control group (P<0.05, Logrank test). CONCLUSION The antibody fragment Fab was shown to be a neutralizing antibody against RABVG. It can be used together with other monoclonal antibodies for post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies virus in future studies.
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Genomics and structure/function studies of Rhabdoviridae proteins involved in replication and transcription. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:149-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Rabies virus, the prototypical neurotropic virus, causes one of the most lethal zoonotic diseases. According to official estimates, over 55,000 people die of the disease annually, but this is probably a severe underestimation. A combination of virulence factors enables the virus to enter neurons at peripheral sites and travel through the spinal cord to the brain of the infected host, where it often induces aggression that facilitates the transfer of the virus to a new host. This Review summarizes the current knowledge of the replication cycle of rabies virus and virus- host cell interactions, both of which are fundamental elements in our quest to understand the life cycle of rabies virus and the pathogenesis of rabies.
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Kamitani W, Huang C, Narayanan K, Lokugamage KG, Makino S. A two-pronged strategy to suppress host protein synthesis by SARS coronavirus Nsp1 protein. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009; 16:1134-40. [PMID: 19838190 PMCID: PMC2784181 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The SARS coronavirus protein nsp1 can suppress host gene expression at a post-transcriptional level, with previous work showing a reduction in mRNA abundance. Now a direct effect on protein synthesis is revealed, as nsp1 modifies transcripts and also inactivates the 40S ribosomal subunit. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 protein suppresses host gene expression, including type I interferon production, by promoting host mRNA degradation and inhibiting host translation, in infected cells. We present evidence that nsp1 uses a novel, two-pronged strategy to inhibit host translation and gene expression. Nsp1 bound to the 40S ribosomal subunit and inactivated the translational activity of the 40S subunits. Furthermore, the nsp1–40S ribosome complex induced the modification of the 5′ region of capped mRNA template and rendered the template RNA translationally incompetent. Nsp1 also induced RNA cleavage in templates carrying the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) from encephalomyocarditis virus, but not in those carrying IRES elements from hepatitis C or cricket paralysis viruses, demonstrating that the nsp1-induced RNA modification was template-dependent. We speculate that the mRNAs that underwent the nsp1-mediated modification are marked for rapid turnover by the host RNA degradation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
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43
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Translation of mRNAs from vesicular stomatitis virus and vaccinia virus is differentially blocked in cells with depletion of eIF4GI and/or eIF4GII. J Mol Biol 2009; 394:506-21. [PMID: 19769989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytolytic viruses abrogate host protein synthesis to maximize the translation of their own mRNAs. In this study, we analyzed the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G requirement for translation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and vaccinia virus (VV) mRNAs in HeLa cells using two different strategies: eIF4G depletion by small interfering RNAs or cleavage of eIF4G by expression of poliovirus 2A protease. Depletion of eIF4GI or eIF4GII moderately inhibits cellular protein synthesis, whereas silencing of both factors has only a slightly higher effect. Under these conditions, the extent of VSV protein synthesis is similar to that of nondepleted control cells, whereas VV expression is substantially reduced. Similar results were obtained when eIF4E was depleted. On the other hand, eIF4G cleavage by poliovirus 2A protease strongly inhibits translation of VV protein expression, whereas translation directed by VSV mRNAs is not abrogated, even though VSV mRNAs are capped. Therefore, the requirement for eIF4F activity is different for VV and VSV, suggesting that the molecular mechanism by which their mRNAs initiate their translation is also different. Consistent with these findings, eIF4GI does not colocalize with ribosomes in VSV-infected cells, while eIF2alpha locates at perinuclear sites coincident with ribosomes.
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Zandi F, Eslami N, Soheili M, Fayaz A, Gholami A, Vaziri B. Proteomics analysis of BHK-21 cells infected with a fixed strain of rabies virus. Proteomics 2009; 9:2399-407. [PMID: 19322775 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a neurotropic virus that causes a life threatening acute viral encephalitis. The complex relationship of rabies virus (RV) with the host leads to its replication and spreading toward the neural network, where viral pathogenic effects appeared as neuronal dysfunction. In order to better understand the molecular basis of this relationship, a proteomics study on baby hamster kidney cells infected with challenge virus standard strain of RV was performed. This cell line is an in vitro model for rabies infection and is commonly used for viral seed preparation. The direct effect of the virus on cellular protein machinery was investigated by 2-DE proteome mapping of infected versus control cells followed by LC-MS/MS identification. This analysis revealed significant changes in expression of 14 proteins, seven of these proteins were viral and the remaining were host proteins with different known functions: cytoskeletal (capping protein, vimentin), anti-oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase), regulatory (Stathmin), and protein synthesis (P0). Despite of limited changes appeared upon rabies infection, they present a set of interesting biochemical pathways for further investigation on viral-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zandi
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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45
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Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model to study host-pathogen interactions. Most studies so far have focused on extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. More recently, viruses have come to the front, and RNA interference was shown to play a critical role in the control of viral infections in drosophila. We review here our current knowledge on drosophila viruses. A diverse set of RNA viruses belonging to several families (Rhabdoviridae, Dicistroviridae, Birnaviridae, Reoviridae, Errantiviridae) has been reported in D. melanogaster. By contrast, no DNA virus has been recovered up to now. The drosophila viruses represent powerful tools to study virus-cell interactions in vivo. Analysis of the literature however reveals that for many of them, important gaps exist in our understanding of their replication cycle, genome organization, morphology or pathogenesis. The data obtained in the past few years on antiviral defense mechanisms in drosophila, which point to evolutionary conserved pathways, highlight the potential of the D. melanogaster model to study antiviral innate immunity and to better understand the complex interaction between arthropod-borne viruses and their insect vectors.
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Graham SC, Assenberg R, Delmas O, Verma A, Gholami A, Talbi C, Owens RJ, Stuart DI, Grimes JM, Bourhy H. Rhabdovirus matrix protein structures reveal a novel mode of self-association. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000251. [PMID: 19112510 PMCID: PMC2603668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) proteins of rhabdoviruses are multifunctional proteins essential for virus maturation and budding that also regulate the expression of viral and host proteins. We have solved the structures of M from the vesicular stomatitis virus serotype New Jersey (genus: Vesiculovirus) and from Lagos bat virus (genus: Lyssavirus), revealing that both share a common fold despite sharing no identifiable sequence homology. Strikingly, in both structures a stretch of residues from the otherwise-disordered N terminus of a crystallographically adjacent molecule is observed binding to a hydrophobic cavity on the surface of the protein, thereby forming non-covalent linear polymers of M in the crystals. While the overall topology of the interaction is conserved between the two structures, the molecular details of the interactions are completely different. The observed interactions provide a compelling model for the flexible self-assembly of the matrix protein during virion morphogenesis and may also modulate interactions with host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Graham
- Division of Structural Biology and Oxford Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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47
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang L, Smit-McBride Z, Pan X, Rheinhardt J, Hershey JWB. An oncogenic role for the phosphorylated h-subunit of human translation initiation factor eIF3. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24047-60. [PMID: 18544531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800956200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of protein synthesis has been implicated in oncogenesis through a mechanism whereby "weak" mRNAs encoding proteins involved in cell proliferation are strongly translated when the protein synthesis apparatus is activated. Previous work has determined that many cancer cells contain high levels of eIF3h, a protein subunit of translation initiation factor eIF3, and overexpression of eIF3h malignantly transforms immortal NIH-3T3 cells. This is a general feature of eIF3h, as high levels also affect translation, proliferation, and a number of malignant phenotypes of CHO-K1 and HeLa cells and, most significantly, of a primary prostate cell line. Furthermore, overexpressed eIF3h inhibits Myc-dependent induction of apoptosis of primary prostate cells. eIF3h appears to function through translation, as the initial appearance of overexpressed eIF3h in rapidly induced NIH-3T3 cells correlates tightly with the stimulation of protein synthesis and the generation of malignant phenotypes. This oncogenic potential of eIF3h is enhanced by phosphorylation at Ser(183). Finally, reduction of eIF3h levels in breast and prostate cancer cell lines by short interfering RNA methods reduces their rates of proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. The results provide compelling evidence that high eIF3h levels directly stimulate protein synthesis, resulting in the establishment and maintenance of the malignant state in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wang F, Bi X, Chen LM, Hew CL. ORF018R, a highly abundant virion protein from Singapore grouper iridovirus, is involved in serine/threonine phosphorylation and virion assembly. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1169-1178. [PMID: 18420794 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Iridovirus is an important pathogen causing serious diseases among wild, cultured and ornamental fish. Previous studies have shown that Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) contains 162 open reading frames (ORFs) from which 51 viral proteins have been confirmed by proteomics studies. ORF018R, which is conserved among vertebrate iridoviruses, is an abundant virion protein identified from SGIV. Here, immunofluorescence staining showed that ORF018R occurred at high abundance throughout SGIV-infected cells. The function of ORF018R was explored using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (asMOs). Knockdown of ORF018R expression resulted in a reduction in the expression of viral late genes, distortion of viral particle assembly and inhibition of SGIV infection in grouper embryonic cells. Western blotting with phosphoserine-specific antibody indicated that serine phosphorylation was significantly enhanced for proteins of molecular masss 17-32 kDa by SDS-PAGE when ORF018R expression was eliminated. These proteins were analysed further by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and numerous protein spots were found to shift to a lower pI and higher molecular mass as a result of the loss of ORF018R function. Five proteins with enhanced phosphorylation were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (TOF)-TOF mass spectrometry, including three viral proteins: ORF049L (dUTPase), ORF075R and ORF086R, and two host proteins: subunit 12 of eukaryotic translation factor 3 and natural killer enhancing factor. These findings suggest that ORF018R is involved in serine/threonine phosphorylation in SGIV-infected late-stage cells and plays an important role in expression of viral late genes and virion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 117543, Singapore
| | - Li Ming Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 117543, Singapore
| | - Choy-Leong Hew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 117543, Singapore
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Gholami A, Kassis R, Real E, Delmas O, Guadagnini S, Larrous F, Obach D, Prevost MC, Jacob Y, Bourhy H. Mitochondrial dysfunction in lyssavirus-induced apoptosis. J Virol 2008; 82:4774-84. [PMID: 18321977 PMCID: PMC2346764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02651-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are highly neurotropic viruses associated with neuronal apoptosis. Previous observations have indicated that the matrix proteins (M) of some lyssaviruses induce strong neuronal apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in this phenomenon is still unknown. We show that for Mokola virus (MOK), a lyssavirus of low pathogenicity, the M (M-MOK) targets mitochondria, disrupts the mitochondrial morphology, and induces apoptosis. Our analysis of truncated M-MOK mutants suggests that the information required for efficient mitochondrial targeting and dysfunction, as well as caspase-9 activation and apoptosis, is held between residues 46 and 110 of M-MOK. We used a yeast two-hybrid approach, a coimmunoprecipitation assay, and confocal microscopy to demonstrate that M-MOK physically associates with the subunit I of the cytochrome c (cyt-c) oxidase (CcO) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain; this is in contrast to the M of the highly pathogenic Thailand lyssavirus (M-THA). M-MOK expression induces a significant decrease in CcO activity, which is not the case with M-THA. M-MOK mutations (K77R and N81E) resulting in a similar sequence to M-THA at positions 77 and 81 annul cyt-c release and apoptosis and restore CcO activity. As expected, the reverse mutations, R77K and E81N, introduced in M-THA induce a phenotype similar to that due to M-MOK. These features indicate a novel mechanism for energy depletion during lyssavirus-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Gholami
- Unité Postulante de Recherche et d'Expertise Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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