1
|
Wang Z, Zhang T, Wang X, Zhai J, He L, Ma S, Zuo Q, Zhang G, Guo Y. Association between circulatory complement activation and hypertensive renal damage: a case-control study. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2365396. [PMID: 38874150 PMCID: PMC11182054 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2365396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the potential importance of complement system activation, with particular emphasis on the complement alternative pathway (AP), in the pathogenesis of hypertensive renal damage. METHODS Serum complement C3, complement Factor H (CFH) and AP activation were assessed in 66 participants with established essential hypertension with renal damage (RD). Fifty-nine patients with age- and sex-matched essential hypertension without renal damage (NRD) and 58 healthy participants (normal) were selected. RESULTS Our study revealed that C3 and AP50 continuously increased from normal to NRD to RD (p < 0.05, respectively), while CFH was significantly lower than that in NRD and healthy participants (p < 0.05, respectively). After multifactorial logistic regression analysis corrected for confounders, elevated serum C3 (p = 0.001) and decreased CFH (p < 0.001) were found to be independent risk factors for hypertension in healthy participants; elevated serum C3 (p = 0.034), elevated AP50 (p < 0.001), decreased CFH (p < 0.001), increased age (p = 0.011) and increased BMI (p = 0.013) were found to be independent risk factors for the progression of hypertension to hypertensive renal damage; elevated serum C3 (p = 0.017), elevated AP50 (p = 0.023), decreased CFH (p = 0.005) and increased age (p = 0.041) were found to be independent risk factors for the development of hypertensive renal damage in healthy participants. CONCLUSION Abnormal activation of complement, particularly complement AP, may be a risk factor for the development and progression of hypertensive renal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Wang
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Postgraduate, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Jianlong Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lili He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qingjuan Zuo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yifang Guo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Locatelli M, Rottoli D, Mahmoud R, Abbate M, Corna D, Cerullo D, Tomasoni S, Remuzzi G, Zoja C, Benigni A, Macconi D. Endothelial Glycocalyx of Peritubular Capillaries in Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy: A Target of ACE Inhibitor-Induced Kidney Microvascular Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16543. [PMID: 38003732 PMCID: PMC10671403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritubular capillary rarefaction is a recurrent aspect of progressive nephropathies. We previously found that peritubular capillary density was reduced in BTBR ob/ob mice with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. In this model, we searched for abnormalities in the ultrastructure of peritubular capillaries, with a specific focus on the endothelial glycocalyx, and evaluated the impact of treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi). Mice were intracardially perfused with lanthanum to visualise the glycocalyx. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed endothelial cell abnormalities and basement membrane thickening in the peritubular capillaries of BTBR ob/ob mice compared to wild-type mice. Remodelling and focal loss of glycocalyx was observed in lanthanum-stained diabetic kidneys, associated with a reduction in glycocalyx components, including sialic acids, as detected through specific lectins. ACEi treatment preserved the endothelial glycocalyx and attenuated the ultrastructural abnormalities of peritubular capillaries. In diabetic mice, peritubular capillary damage was associated with an enhanced tubular expression of heparanase, which degrades heparan sulfate residues of the glycocalyx. Heparanase was also detected in renal interstitial macrophages that expressed tumor necrosis factor-α. All these abnormalities were mitigated by ACEi. Our findings suggest that, in experimental diabetic nephropathy, preserving the endothelial glycocalyx is important in order to protect peritubular capillaries from damage and loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy; (M.L.); (D.R.); (R.M.); (M.A.); (D.C.); (D.C.); (S.T.); (G.R.); (C.Z.); (D.M.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Drożdż D, Drożdż M, Wójcik M. Endothelial dysfunction as a factor leading to arterial hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:2973-2985. [PMID: 36409370 PMCID: PMC10432334 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension remains the main cause of cardiovascular complications leading to increased mortality. The discoveries of recent years underline the important role of endothelial dysfunction (ED) in initiating the development of arterial hypertension. The endothelium lines the interior of the entire vascular system in the body and acts as a physical barrier between blood and tissues. Substances and mediators produced by the endothelium exhibit antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Oxidative stress and inflammation are conditions that damage the endothelium and shift endothelial function from vasoprotective to vasoconstrictive, prothrombotic, and pro-apoptotic functions. A dysfunctional endothelium contributes to the development of hypertension and further cardiovascular complications. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of ED-associated hypertension. New technologies provide tools to identify pathological changes in the structure and function of the endothelium. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) contributes to the development of arterial hypertension and should be considered in therapeutic strategies for children with hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Drożdż
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Chair of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Monika Drożdż
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Chair of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wójcik
- Deapartment of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Chair of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu H, Song YY, Li XH. Early diabetic kidney disease: Focus on the glycocalyx. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:460-480. [PMID: 37273258 PMCID: PMC10236994 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is sharply increasing worldwide. Microalbuminuria is the primary clinical marker used to identify DKD, and its initiating step in diabetes is glomerular endothelial cell dysfunction, particularly glycocalyx impairment. The glycocalyx found on the surface of glomerular endothelial cells, is a dynamic hydrated layer structure composed of pro-teoglycans, glycoproteins, and some adsorbed soluble components. It reinforces the negative charge barrier, transduces the shear stress, and mediates the interaction of blood corpuscles and podocytes with endothelial cells. In the high-glucose environment of diabetes, excessive reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines can damage the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) both directly and indirectly, which induces the production of microalbuminuria. Further research is required to elucidate the role of the podocyte glycocalyx, which may, together with endothelial cells, form a line of defense against albumin filtration. Interestingly, recent research has confirmed that the negative charge barrier function of the glycocalyx found in the glomerular basement membrane and its repulsion effect on albumin is limited. Therefore, to improve the early diagnosis and treatment of DKD, the potential mechanisms of EG degradation must be analyzed and more responsive and controllable targets must be explored. The content of this review will provide insights for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Yun Song
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Hetta HF, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Batiha GES. Heparanase is the possible link between monkeypox and Covid-19: robust candidature in the mystic and present perspective. AMB Express 2023; 13:13. [PMID: 36705773 PMCID: PMC9880376 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endoglycosidase cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) and this contributes to the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. HS cleaved by HPSE induces activation of autophagy and formation of autophagosommes which facilitate binding of HPSE to the HS and subsequent release of growth factors. The interaction between HPSE and HS triggers releases of chemokines and cytokines which affect inflammatory response and cell signaling pathways with development of hyperinflammation, cytokine storm (CS) and coagulopathy. HPSE expression is induced by both SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox virus (MPXV) leading to induction release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic events. Co-infection of MPX with SARS-CoV-2 may occur as we facing many outbreaks of MPX cases during Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, targeting of HPSE by specific inhibitors may reduce the risk of complications in both SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV infections. Taken together, HPSE could be a potential link between MPX with SARS-CoV-2 in Covid-19 era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770 Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van der Velden AIM, van den Berg BM, van den Born BJ, Galenkamp H, Ijpelaar DHT, Rabelink TJ. Ethnic differences in urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and heparanase-1 levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the HELIUS study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2022; 10:10/6/e003003. [PMID: 36564084 PMCID: PMC9791388 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to investigate ethnic differences in two urinary inflammatory markers in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 55 Dutch, 127 South-Asian Surinamese, 92 African Surinamese, 62 Ghanaian, 74 Turkish and 88 Moroccan origin participants with T2DM from the HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting study. Using linear regression analyses, we investigated differences in urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and heparanase-1 (HPSE-1) levels across ethnic minorities compared with Dutch. Associations between the urinary markers and albuminuria (albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR)) was investigated per ethnicity. RESULTS Urinary MCP-1 levels were higher in the Moroccan participants (0.15 log ng/mmol, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.26) compared with Dutch after multiple adjustments. Urinary HPSE-1 levels were lower in the African Surinamese and Ghanaian participants compared with the Dutch, with a difference of -0.16 log mU/mmol (95% CI -0.29 to -0.02) in African Surinamese and -0.16 log mU/mmol (95% CI -0.31 to -0.00) in Ghanaian after multiple adjustments. In all ethnic groups except the Dutch and Ghanaian participants, MCP-1 was associated with ACR. This association remained strongest after multiple adjustment in South-Asian and African Surinamese participants, with an increase in log ACR of 1.03% (95% CI 0.58 to 1.47) and 1.23% (95% CI 0.52 to 1.94) if log MCP-1 increased 1%. Only in the Dutch participants, an association between HPSE-1 and ACR was found, with increase in log ACR of 0.40% (95% CI 0.04 to 0.76) if log HPSE-1 increased 1%. CONCLUSIONS We found ethnic differences in urinary MCP-1 and HPSE-1 levels, in a multi-ethnic cohort of participants with T2DM. In addition, we found ethnic differences in the association of MCP-1 and HPSE-1 levels with albuminuria. These findings suggest differences in renal inflammation across ethnic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk I M van der Velden
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B J van den Born
- Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike Galenkamp
- Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC-Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne H T Ijpelaar
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heparanase Increases Podocyte Survival and Autophagic Flux after Adriamycin-Induced Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012691. [PMID: 36293542 PMCID: PMC9604275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) is enriched with heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, which contribute to its permselectivity. The endoglycosidase heparanase cleaves HS and hence appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of kidney injury and glomerulonephritis. We have recently reported, nonetheless, that heparanase overexpression preserved glomerular structure and kidney function in an experimental model of Adriamycin-induced nephropathy. To elucidate mechanisms underlying heparanase function in podocytes-key GFB cells, we utilized a human podocyte cell line and transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase. Notably, podocytes overexpressing heparanase (H) demonstrated significantly higher survival rates and viability after exposure to Adriamycin or hydrogen peroxide, compared with mock-infected (V) podocytes. Immunofluorescence staining of kidney cryo-sections and cultured H and V podocytes as well as immunoblotting of proteins extracted from cultured cells, revealed that exposure to toxic injury resulted in a significant increase in autophagic flux in H podocytes, which was reversed by the heparanase inhibitor, Roneparstat (SST0001). Heparanase overexpression was also associated with substantial transcriptional upregulation of autophagy genes BCN1, ATG5, and ATG12, following Adriamycin treatment. Moreover, cleaved caspase-3 was attenuated in H podocytes exposed to Adriamycin, indicating lower apoptotic cell death in H vs. V podocytes. Collectively, these findings suggest that in podocytes, elevated levels of heparanase promote cytoprotection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Foote CA, Soares RN, Ramirez-Perez FI, Ghiarone T, Aroor A, Manrique-Acevedo C, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA. Endothelial Glycocalyx. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3781-3811. [PMID: 35997082 PMCID: PMC10214841 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rogerio N. Soares
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aboolian A, Urner S, Roden M, Jha JC, Jandeleit-Dahm K. Diabetic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Novel Treatment Possibilities. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 274:269-307. [PMID: 35318511 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the microvascular complications of diabetes is diabetic kidney disease (DKD), often leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD) in which patients require costly dialysis or transplantation. The silent onset and irreversible progression of DKD are characterized by a steady decline of the estimated glomerular filtration rate, with or without concomitant albuminuria. The diabetic milieu allows the complex pathophysiology of DKD to enter a vicious cycle by inducing the synthesis of excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. As no cure is available, intensive research is required to develop novel treatments possibilities. This chapter provides an overview of the important pathomechanisms identified in diabetic kidney disease, the currently established therapies, as well as recently developed novel therapeutic strategies in DKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ara Aboolian
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sofia Urner
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jay Chandra Jha
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang C, Wang Z, Zhang W. The potential role of complement alternative pathway activation in hypertensive renal damage. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:797-804. [PMID: 35473318 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221091986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive renal damage is a common secondary kidney disease caused by poor control of blood pressure. Recent evidence has revealed abnormal activation of the complement alternative pathway (AP) in hypertensive patients and animal models and that this phenomenon is related to hypertensive renal damage. Conditions in the setting of hypertension, including high renin concentration, reduced binding of factor H to the glomerular basement membrane, and abnormal local synthesis of complement proteins, potentially promote the AP activation in the kidney. The products of the AP activation promote the phenotypic transition of mesangial cells and tubular cells, attack endothelial cells and recruit immunocytes to worsen hypertensive renal damage. The effects of complement inhibition on hypertensive renal damage are contradictory. Although clinical data support the use of C5 monoclonal antibody in malignant hypertension, pharmacological inhibition in hypertensive animals provides little benefit to kidney function. Therefore, the role of the complement AP in the pathogenesis of hypertensive renal damage and the value of complement inhibition in hypertensive renal damage treatment must be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongjian Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee SB, Park B, Hong KW, Jung DH. Genome-Wide Association of New-Onset Hypertension According to Renin Concentration: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Cohort Study. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9040104. [PMID: 35448080 PMCID: PMC9025963 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a crucial regulator of vascular resistance and blood volume in the body. This study aimed to examine the genetic predisposition of the plasma renin concentration influencing future hypertension incidence. Based on the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Cohort dataset, 5211 normotensive individuals at enrollment were observed over 12 years, categorized into the low-renin and high-renin groups. We conducted genome-wide association studies for the total, low-renin, and high-renin groups. Among the significant SNPs, the lead SNPs of each locus were focused on for further interpretation. The effect of genotypes was determined by logistic regression analysis between controls and new-onset hypertension, after adjusting for potential confounding variables. During a mean follow-up period of 7.6 years, 1704 participants (32.7%) developed hypertension. The low-renin group showed more incidence rates of new-onset hypertension (35.3%) than the high-renin group (26.5%). Among 153 SNPs in renin-related gene regions, two SNPs (rs11726091 and rs8137145) showed an association in the high-renin group, four SNPs (rs17038966, rs145286444, rs2118663, and rs12336898) in the low-renin group, and three SNPs (rs1938859, rs7968218, and rs117246401) in the total population. Most significantly, the low-renin SNP rs12336898 in the SPTAN1 gene, closely related to vascular wall remodeling, was associated with the development of hypertension (p-value = 1.3 × 10−6). We found the candidate genetic polymorphisms according to blood renin concentration. Our results might be a valuable indicator for hypertension risk prediction and preventive measure, considering renin concentration with genetic susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bum Lee
- Severance Check-up, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin-si 16995, Korea;
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si 26426, Korea
| | - Byoungjin Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hosptal, Yongin-si 16995, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Won Hong
- Healthcare R&D Division, Theragen Bio Co., Ltd., Ganggyo-ro 145, Suwon-si 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-W.H.); (D.-H.J.)
| | - Dong-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hosptal, Yongin-si 16995, Korea;
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-W.H.); (D.-H.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Increased Heparanase Levels in Urine during Acute Puumala Orthohantavirus Infection Are Associated with Disease Severity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030450. [PMID: 35336857 PMCID: PMC8954369 DOI: 10.3390/v14030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Old–world orthohantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), characterized by acute kidney injury (AKI) with transient proteinuria. It seems plausible that proteinuria during acute HFRS is mediated by the disruption of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) due to vascular leakage, a hallmark of orthohantavirus–caused diseases. However, direct infection of endothelial cells by orthohantaviruses does not result in increased endothelial permeability, and alternative explanations for vascular leakage and diminished GFB function are necessary. Vascular integrity is partly dependent on an intact endothelial glycocalyx, which is susceptible to cleavage by heparanase (HPSE). To understand the role of glycocalyx degradation in HFRS–associated proteinuria, we investigated the levels of HPSE in urine and plasma during acute, convalescent and recovery stages of HFRS caused by Puumala orthohantavirus. HPSE levels in urine during acute HFRS were significantly increased and strongly associated with the severity of AKI and other markers of disease severity. Furthermore, increased expression of HPSE was detected in vitro in orthohantavirus–infected podocytes, which line the outer surfaces of glomerular capillaries. Taken together, these findings suggest the local activation of HPSE in the kidneys of orthohantavirus–infected patients with the potential to disrupt the endothelial glycocalyx, leading to increased protein leakage through the GFB, resulting in high amounts of proteinuria.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mayfosh AJ, Nguyen TK, Hulett MD. The Heparanase Regulatory Network in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11096. [PMID: 34681753 PMCID: PMC8541136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a structural framework that has many important physiological functions which include maintaining tissue structure and integrity, serving as a barrier to invading pathogens, and acting as a reservoir for bioactive molecules. This cellular scaffold is made up of various types of macromolecules including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs comprise a protein core linked to the complex glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS), the remodeling of which is important for many physiological processes such as wound healing as well as pathological processes including cancer metastasis. Turnover of HS is tightly regulated by a single enzyme capable of cleaving HS side chains: heparanase. Heparanase upregulation has been identified in many inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, fibrosis, and cancer, where it has been shown to play multiple roles in processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Heparanase expression and activity are tightly regulated. Understanding the regulation of heparanase and its downstream targets is attractive for the development of treatments for these diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the regulators of heparanase as well as the enzyme's downstream gene and protein targets, and implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyce J. Mayfosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Tien K. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Mark D. Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Regulator of Fibrotic Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062996. [PMID: 33804258 PMCID: PMC7999025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx, the gel layer covering the endothelium, is composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adsorbed plasma proteins. This structure modulates vessels’ mechanotransduction, vascular permeability, and leukocyte adhesion. Thus, it regulates several physiological and pathological events. In the present review, we described the mechanisms that disturb glycocalyx stability such as reactive oxygen species, matrix metalloproteinases, and heparanase. We then focused our attention on the role of glycocalyx degradation in the induction of profibrotic events and on the possible pharmacological strategies to preserve this delicate structure.
Collapse
|
15
|
Korakas E, Ikonomidis I, Markakis K, Raptis A, Dimitriadis G, Lambadiari V. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Key Mediator of Albumin Handling and the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:619-631. [PMID: 31889495 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666191224120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a complex mesh of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and other soluble components, which cover the vascular endothelium. It plays an important role in many physiological processes including vascular permeability, transduction of shear stress and interaction of blood cells and other molecules with the vascular wall. Its complex structure makes its precise assessment challenging, and many different visualization techniques have been used with varying results. Diabetes, one of the main disease models where disorders of the glycocalyx are present, causes degradation of the glycocalyx through a variety of molecular pathways and especially through oxidative stress due to the action of reactive oxygen species. As the glycocalyx has been primarily studied in the glomerular endothelium, more evidence points towards a vital role in albumin handling and, consequently, in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the maintenance or restoration of the integrity of the glycocalyx seems a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we consider the structural and functional capacities of the endothelial glycocalyx, the available methods for its evaluation, the mechanisms through which diabetes leads to glycocalyx degradation and albuminuria, and possible treatment options targeting the glycocalyx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Second Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Buijsers B, Yanginlar C, de Nooijer A, Grondman I, Maciej-Hulme ML, Jonkman I, Janssen NAF, Rother N, de Graaf M, Pickkers P, Kox M, Joosten LAB, Nijenhuis T, Netea MG, Hilbrands L, van de Veerdonk FL, Duivenvoorden R, de Mast Q, van der Vlag J. Increased Plasma Heparanase Activity in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575047. [PMID: 33123154 PMCID: PMC7573491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports suggest a role of endothelial dysfunction and loss of endothelial barrier function in COVID-19. It is well established that the endothelial glycocalyx-degrading enzyme heparanase contributes to vascular leakage and inflammation. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) serve as an inhibitor of heparanase. We hypothesize that heparanase contributes to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and that heparanase may be inhibited by LMWH. To test this hypothesis, heparanase activity and heparan sulfate levels were measured in plasma of healthy controls (n = 10) and COVID-19 patients (n = 48). Plasma heparanase activity and heparan sulfate levels were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients. Heparanase activity was associated with disease severity including the need for intensive care, lactate dehydrogenase levels, and creatinine levels. Use of prophylactic LMWH in non-ICU patients was associated with a reduced heparanase activity. Since there is no other clinically applied heparanase inhibitor currently available, therapeutic treatment of COVID-19 patients with low molecular weight heparins should be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baranca Buijsers
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cansu Yanginlar
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Aline de Nooijer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Inge Grondman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marissa L. Maciej-Hulme
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Inge Jonkman
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nico A. F. Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nils Rother
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark de Graaf
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Deparment of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luuk Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is defined as a deregulated wound-healing process characterized by a progressive accumulation of fibrous tissue and by reduced remodeling that can lead to the loss of functionality of the affected organ. This pathological process is quite common in several parenchymal organs such as kidneys, liver, and lungs and represents a real health emergency in developed western countries since a real anti-fibrotic therapy is not yet available in most cases. Heparanase (HPSE), which is the enzyme that cuts off the side chains of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, appears to be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of fibrosis in all these organs, even if with different mechanisms. Here we discuss how the interplay between HPSE and components of the immune and inflammatory responses can activate recruitment, proliferation, and activation of myofibroblasts which represent the main cell type responsible for the deposition of fibrous matrix. Finally, bearing in mind that once the activity of HPSE is inhibited no other molecule is able to perform the same function, it is desirable that this enzyme could prove to be a suitable pharmacological target in anti-fibrotic therapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Heparanase: Cloning, Function and Regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:189-229. [PMID: 32274711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, we mark the 20th anniversary of the cloning of the human heparanase gene. Heparanase remains the only known enzyme to cleave heparan sulfate, which is an abundant component of the extracellular matrix. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms underlying heparanase expression and activity is critical to understanding its role in healthy and pathological settings. This chapter provides a historical account of the race to clone the human heparanase gene, describes the intracellular and extracellular function of the enzyme, and explores the various mechanisms regulating heparanase expression and activity at the gene, transcript, and protein level.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abassi Z, Goligorsky MS. Heparanase in Acute Kidney Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:685-702. [PMID: 32274732 PMCID: PMC7369981 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have brought about fledgling realization of the role played by heparanase in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases including kidney diseases and, specifically, acute kidney injury. Human heparanase-1 is critically and uniquely engaged in cleavage of heparan sulfate, an integral part of glycocalyx and extracellular matrix where it harbors distinct growth factors, cytokines, and other biologically active molecules. The enzyme is induced and activated in acute kidney injury regardless of its causes, ischemic, nephrotoxic, septic or transplantation-related. This event unleashes a host of sequelae characteristic of the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury, such as induction and reinforcement of innate immune responses, predisposition to thrombosis, activation of monocytes/macrophages and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, thus setting up the stage for future fibrotic complications and development of chronic kidney disease. We briefly discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies of inhibiting heparanase, as well as the diagnostic value of detecting products of heparanase activity for prognostication and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - M S Goligorsky
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
van der Vlag J, Buijsers B. Heparanase in Kidney Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:647-667. [PMID: 32274730 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary filtration of blood occurs in the glomerulus in the kidney. Destruction of any of the layers of the glomerular filtration barrier might result in proteinuric disease. The glomerular endothelial cells and especially its covering layer, the glycocalyx, play a pivotal role in development of albuminuria. One of the main sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is heparan sulfate. The endoglycosidase heparanase degrades heparan sulfate, thereby affecting glomerular barrier function, immune reactivity and inflammation. Increased expression of glomerular heparanase correlates with loss of glomerular heparan sulfate in many glomerular diseases. Most importantly, heparanase knockout in mice prevented the development of albuminuria after induction of experimental diabetic nephropathy and experimental glomerulonephritis. Therefore, heparanase could serve as a pharmacological target for glomerular diseases. Several factors that regulate heparanase expression and activity have been identified and compounds aiming to inhibit heparanase activity are currently explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology (480), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Baranca Buijsers
- Department of Nephrology (480), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The kidney harbours different types of endothelia, each with specific structural and functional characteristics. The glomerular endothelium, which is highly fenestrated and covered by a rich glycocalyx, participates in the sieving properties of the glomerular filtration barrier and in the maintenance of podocyte structure. The microvascular endothelium in peritubular capillaries, which is also fenestrated, transports reabsorbed components and participates in epithelial cell function. The endothelium of large and small vessels supports the renal vasculature. These renal endothelia are protected by regulators of thrombosis, inflammation and complement, but endothelial injury (for example, induced by toxins, antibodies, immune cells or inflammatory cytokines) or defects in factors that provide endothelial protection (for example, regulators of complement or angiogenesis) can lead to acute or chronic renal injury. Moreover, renal endothelial cells can transition towards a mesenchymal phenotype, favouring renal fibrosis and the development of chronic kidney disease. Thus, the renal endothelium is both a target and a driver of kidney and systemic cardiovascular complications. Emerging therapeutic strategies that target the renal endothelium may lead to improved outcomes for both rare and common renal diseases.
Collapse
|
22
|
Endothelial Toxicity of High Glucose and its by-Products in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100578. [PMID: 31590361 PMCID: PMC6833015 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of renal endothelial cells play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of diabetic kidney disease. High glucose per se, as well as glucose by-products, induce endothelial dysfunction in both large vessels and the microvasculature. Toxic glucose by-products include advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a group of modified proteins and/or lipids that become glycated after exposure to sugars, and glucose metabolites produced via the polyol pathway. These glucose-related endothelio-toxins notably induce an alteration of the glomerular filtration barrier by increasing the permeability of glomerular endothelial cells, altering endothelial glycocalyx, and finally, inducing endothelial cell apoptosis. The glomerular endothelial dysfunction results in albuminuria. In addition, high glucose and by-products impair the endothelial repair capacities by reducing the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of renal endothelial toxicity of high glucose/glucose by-products, which encompass changes in synthesis of growth factors like TGF-β and VEGF, induction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and reduction of NO bioavailability. We finally present potential therapies to reduce endothelial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
23
|
Butler MJ, Ramnath R, Kadoya H, Desposito D, Riquier-Brison A, Ferguson JK, Onions KL, Ogier AS, ElHegni H, Coward RJ, Welsh GI, Foster RR, Peti-Peterdi J, Satchell SC. Aldosterone induces albuminuria via matrix metalloproteinase-dependent damage of the endothelial glycocalyx. Kidney Int 2018; 95:94-107. [PMID: 30389198 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone contributes to end-organ damage in heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Mineralocorticoid-receptor inhibitors limit activation of the receptor by aldosterone and slow disease progression, but side effects, including hyperkalemia, limit their clinical use. Damage to the endothelial glycocalyx (a luminal biopolymer layer) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and albuminuria, but to date no one has investigated whether the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is affected by aldosterone. In vitro, human glomerular endothelial cells exposed to 0.1 nM aldosterone and 145 mMol NaCl exhibited reduced cell surface glycocalyx components (heparan sulfate and syndecan-4) and disrupted shear sensing consistent with damage of the glycocalyx. In vivo, administration of 0.6 μg/g/d of aldosterone (subcutaneous minipump) and 1% NaCl drinking water increased glomerular matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity, reduced syndecan 4 expression, and caused albuminuria. Intravital multiphoton imaging confirmed that aldosterone caused damage of the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx and increased the glomerular sieving coefficient for albumin. Targeting matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 with a specific gelatinase inhibitor preserved the glycocalyx, blocked the rise in glomerular sieving coefficient, and prevented albuminuria. Together these data suggest that preservation of the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx may represent a novel strategy for limiting the pathological effects of aldosterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butler
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Raina Ramnath
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dorinne Desposito
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joanne K Ferguson
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karen L Onions
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna S Ogier
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hesham ElHegni
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard J Coward
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
An X, Zhang M, Zhou S, Lu T, Chen Y, Yao L. Xiao-Shen-Formula, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Improves Glomerular Hyper-Filtration in Diabetic Nephropathy via Inhibiting Arginase Activation and Heparanase Expression. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1195. [PMID: 30319431 PMCID: PMC6169603 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia induces glomerular hyper-filtration, which contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), a condition that remains a challenge for treatment. The present study investigated the effect of Xiao-Shen-Formula (XSF) used for treatment of renal injury in type 1 DN mice model induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and its underlying mechanism in cultured human glomerular endothelial cell (hGECs). Studies were performed using control, diabetic DN, DN treated with XSF groups (1 g/kg/d, LXSF or 3 g/kg/d, HXSF) for 6 weeks and hGECs were post-treated with mice serum containing HXSF (MS-HXSF) and arginase inhibitor (ABH, 100 μM) in high glucose medium. HXSF treatment restored STZ-induced renal hyper-filtration, glomerulosclerosis, renal microvascular remodeling and the increased levels of systemic reactive oxidative species and inflammatory cytokines, accompanied by preventing the decreased expression of glomerular heparin sulfate and the increased levels of cortical heparanase and argianse2 protein and arginase activity. In hGECs study, MS-HXSF ameliorated the enhancement in arginase activity, the protein/mRNA expression of heparanase, mRNA levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and permeability of hGECs monolayers as well as the depression of nitric oxide production. Besides all these protective effects, XSF blunted the mRNA expression of TNF-α in vivo and vitro studies as well, which was not changed by the post-treatment of ABH or HXSF plus ABH. This study demonstrated that the protective effect of XSF might be related with vascular prevention, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation through intervening multi-targets including glomerular endothelial arginase-heparanase signaling pathway in DN model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Maoxiang Zhang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
An X, Zhang L, Yao Q, Li L, Wang B, Zhang J, He M, Zhang J. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts mediates podocyte heparanase expression through NF-κB signaling pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:14-25. [PMID: 28478303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase degrades heparan sulfate in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and plays an important role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, its regulating mechanisms remain to be deciphered. Our present study showed that the major advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), CML-BSA, significantly increased heparanase expression in cultured podocytes and the effect was blocked by the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) knockdown, antibody and antagonist. In addition, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation was elevated and the increased heparanase expression and secretion upon CML-BSA could be attenuated by NF-κB inhibitor PDTC. Mechanistically, CML-BSA activated heparanase promoter through p65 directly binding to its promoter. Furthermore, the in vivo study showed that serum and renal cortex AGEs levels, glomerular p65 phosphorylation and heparanase expression were significantly increased in DN mice. Taken together, our data suggest that AGEs and RAGE interaction increases podocyte heparanase expression by activating NF-κB signal pathway, which is involved in GBM damages of DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jisheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ming He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jinan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abassi Z, Hamoud S, Hassan A, Khamaysi I, Nativ O, Heyman SN, Muhammad RS, Ilan N, Singh P, Hammond E, Zaza G, Lupo A, Onisto M, Bellin G, Masola V, Vlodavsky I, Gambaro G. Involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury: nephroprotective effect of PG545. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34191-34204. [PMID: 28388547 PMCID: PMC5470960 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its association with increased morbidity and mortality, therapeutic approaches for AKI are disappointing. This is largely attributed to poor understanding of the pathogenesis of AKI. Heparanase, an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate, is involved in extracellular matrix turnover, inflammation, kidney dysfunction, diabetes, fibrosis, angiogenesis and cancer progression. The current study examined the involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of ischemic reperfusion (I/R) AKI in a mouse model and the protective effect of PG545, a potent heparanase inhibitor. I/R induced tubular damage and elevation in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen to a higher extent in heparanase over-expressing transgenic mice vs. wild type mice. Moreover, TGF-β, vimentin, fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin, biomarkers of fibrosis, and TNFα, IL6 and endothelin-1, biomarkers of inflammation, were upregulated in I/R induced AKI, primarily in heparanase transgenic mice, suggesting an adverse role of heparanase in the pathogenesis of AKI. Remarkably, pretreatment of mice with PG545 abolished kidney dysfunction and the up-regulation of heparanase, pro-inflammatory (i.e., IL-6) and pro-fibrotic (i.e., TGF-β) genes induced by I/R. The present study provides new insights into the involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of ischemic AKI. Our results demonstrate that heparanase plays a deleterious role in the development of renal injury and kidney dysfunction, attesting heparanase inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach for AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shadi Hamoud
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ahmad Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iyad Khamaysi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Omri Nativ
- Department of Physiology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samuel N Heyman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Neta Ilan
- Department of Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Preeti Singh
- Department of Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Antonio Lupo
- Department of Medicine, Renal Unit, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Department of Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Giovani Gambaro
- Department of Medicine, Columbus-Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heparanase Inhibition Reduces Glucose Levels, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7357495. [PMID: 29226146 PMCID: PMC5684525 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7357495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial process. Emerging evidence highlights a role of the enzyme heparanase in various disease states, including atherosclerosis formation and progression. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of heparanase inhibition on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and oxidative stress in apoE−/− mice. Methods Male apoE−/− mice were divided into two groups: one treated by the heparanase inhibitor PG545, administered intraperitoneally weekly for seven weeks, and the other serving as control group (injected with saline). Blood pressure was measured a day before sacrificing the animals. Serum glucose levels and lipid profile were measured. Assessment of oxidative stress was performed as well. Results PG545 significantly lowered blood pressure and serum glucose levels in treated mice. It also caused significant reduction of the serum oxidative stress. For safety concerns, liver enzymes were assessed, and PG545 caused significant elevation only of alanine aminotransferase, but not of the other hepatic enzymes. Conclusion Heparanase inhibition by PG545 caused marked reduction of blood pressure, serum glucose levels, and oxidative stress in apolipoprotein E deficient mice, possibly via direct favorable metabolic and hemodynamic changes caused by the inhibitor. Possible hepatotoxic and weight wasting effects are subject for future investigation.
Collapse
|
28
|
An X, Zhang L, Yuan Y, Wang B, Yao Q, Li L, Zhang J, He M, Zhang J. Hyperoside pre-treatment prevents glomerular basement membrane damage in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting podocyte heparanase expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6413. [PMID: 28743882 PMCID: PMC5527129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) damage plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Heparan sulfate (HS) degradation induced by podocyte heparanase is the major cause of GBM thickening and abnormal perm-selectivity. In the present study, we aimed to examine the prophylactic effect of hyperoside on proteinuria development and GBM damage in DN mouse model and the cultured mouse podocytes. Pre-treatment with hyperoside (30 mg/kg/d) for four weeks could significantly decrease albuminuria, prevent GBM damage and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus (DM) mice. Immunofluorescence staining, Real time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that decreased HS contents and increased heparanase expression in DN mice were also significantly improved by hyperoside pre-treatment. Meanwhile, transmission electron microscope imaging showed that hyperoside significantly alleviated GBM thickening in DN mice. In addition, hyperoside pre-treatment inhibited the increased heparanase gene (HPR1) promoter activity and heparanase expression induced by high glucose or reactive oxidative species (ROS) in cultured podocytes. Our data suggested that hyperoside has a prophylactic effect on proteinuria development and GBM damage in DM mice by decreasing podocyte heparanase expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jisheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Ming He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jinan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Heparanase: roles in cell survival, extracellular matrix remodelling and the development of kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:201-212. [PMID: 28163306 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has regulatory roles in various processes, including cell communication, gene transcription and autophagy. In addition, it is the only known mammalian endoglycosidase that is capable of degrading heparan sulfate (HS). HS chains are important constituents and organizers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and have a key role in maintaining the integrity and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. In addition, HS chains regulate the activity of numerous bioactive molecules, such as cytokines and growth factors, at the cell surface and in the ECM. Given the functional diversity of HS, its degradation by heparanase profoundly affects important pathophysiological processes, including tumour development, neovascularization and inflammation, as well as progression of kidney disease. Heparanase-mediated degradation and subsequent remodelling of HS in the ECM of the glomerulus is a key mechanism in the development of glomerular disease, as exemplified by the complete resistance of heparanase-deficient animals to diabetes and immune-mediated kidney disease. This Review summarizes the role of heparanase in the development of kidney disease, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
30
|
Garsen M, Rops AL, Li J, van Beneden K, van den Branden C, Berden JHM, Rabelink TJ, van der Vlag J. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Prevents Heparanase Induction and the Development of Proteinuria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160894. [PMID: 27505185 PMCID: PMC4978400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) deficiency exacerbates proteinuria and renal injury in several glomerular diseases, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We recently showed that heparanase is essential for the development of experimental diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis, and hypothesize that heparanase expression is regulated by eNOS. Here, we demonstrate that induction of adriamycin nephropathy (AN) in C57BL/6 eNOS-deficient mice leads to an increased glomerular heparanase expression accompanied with overt proteinuria, which was not observed in the AN-resistant wild type counterpart. In vitro, the eNOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induced heparanase expression in cultured mouse glomerular endothelial cells. Moreover, ADMA enhanced transendothelial albumin passage in a heparanase-dependent manner. We conclude that eNOS prevents heparanase induction and the development of proteinuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Garsen
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique L. Rops
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Anatomy and developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrien van Beneden
- Department of Human Anatomy, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jo HM Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Garsen M, Lenoir O, Rops ALWMM, Dijkman HB, Willemsen B, van Kuppevelt TH, Rabelink TJ, Berden JHM, Tharaux PL, van der Vlag J. Endothelin-1 Induces Proteinuria by Heparanase-Mediated Disruption of the Glomerular Glycocalyx. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3545-3551. [PMID: 27026367 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015091070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of CKD in the Western world. Endothelin receptor antagonists have emerged as a novel treatment for DN, but the mechanisms underlying the protective effect remain unknown. We previously showed that both heparanase and endothelin-1 are essential for the development of DN. Here, we further investigated the role of these proteins in DN, and demonstrated that endothelin-1 activates podocytes to release heparanase. Furthermore, conditioned podocyte culture medium increased glomerular transendothelial albumin passage in a heparanase-dependent manner. In mice, podocyte-specific knockout of the endothelin receptor prevented the diabetes-induced increase in glomerular heparanase expression, consequent reduction in heparan sulfate expression and endothelial glycocalyx thickness, and development of proteinuria observed in wild-type counterparts. Our data suggest that in diabetes, endothelin-1 signaling, as occurs in endothelial activation, induces heparanase expression in the podocyte, damage to the glycocalyx, proteinuria, and renal failure. Thus, prevention of these effects may constitute the mechanism of action of endothelin receptor blockers in DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Lenoir
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; and
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rabelink TJ, de Zeeuw D. The glycocalyx--linking albuminuria with renal and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:667-76. [PMID: 26460356 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Albuminuria is commonly used as a marker of kidney disease progression, but some evidence suggests that albuminuria also contributes to disease progression by inducing renal injury in specific disease conditions. Studies have confirmed that in patients with cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes and hypertension, endothelial damage drives progression of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. A key mechanism that contributes to this process is the loss of the glycocalyx--a polysaccharide gel that lines the luminal endothelial surface and that normally acts as a barrier against albumin filtration. Degradation of the glycocalyx in response to endothelial activation can lead to albuminuria and subsequent renal and vascular inflammation, thus providing a pathophysiological framework for the clinical association of albuminuria with renal and cardiovascular disease progression. In this Review, we examine the likely mechanisms by which glycocalyx dysfunction contributes to kidney injury and explains the link between cardiovascular disease and albuminuria. Evidence suggests that glycocalyx dysfunction is reversible, suggesting that these mechanisms could be considered as therapeutic targets to prevent the progression of renal and cardiovascular disease. This possibility enables the use of existing drugs in new ways, provides an opportunity to develop novel therapies, and indicates that albuminuria should be reconsidered as an end point in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Centre, Netherlands
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Garsen M, Sonneveld R, Rops ALWMM, Huntink S, van Kuppevelt TH, Rabelink TJ, Hoenderop JGJ, Berden JHM, Nijenhuis T, van der Vlag J. Vitamin D attenuates proteinuria by inhibition of heparanase expression in the podocyte. J Pathol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Garsen
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Sonneveld
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Angelique LWMM Rops
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Huntink
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Joost GJ Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jo HM Berden
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Assady S, Alter J, Axelman E, Zohar Y, Sabo E, Litvak M, Kaplan M, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Abassi Z. Nephroprotective effect of heparanase in experimental nephrotic syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119610. [PMID: 25786136 PMCID: PMC4364762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparanase, an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS), is involved in various biologic processes. Recently, an association between heparanase and glomerular injury was suggested. The present study examines the involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of Adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome (ADR-NS) in a mouse model. METHODS BALB/c wild-type (wt) mice and heparanase overexpressing transgenic mice (hpa-TG) were tail-vein injected with either Adriamycin (ADR, 10 mg/kg) or vehicle. Albuminuria was investigated at days 0, 7, and 14 thereafter. Mice were sacrificed at day 15, and kidneys were harvested for various analyses: structure and ultrastructure alterations, podocyte proteins expression, and heparanase enzymatic activity. RESULTS ADR-injected wt mice developed severe albuminuria, while ADR-hpa-TG mice showed only a mild elevation in urinary albumin excretion. In parallel, light microscopy of stained cross sections of kidneys from ADR-injected wt mice, but not hpa-TG mice, showed mild to severe glomerular and tubular damage. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed significant reduction in nephrin and podocin protein expression in ADR-wt mice, but not in ADR-hpa-TG mice. These results were substantiated by electron-microscopy findings showing massive foot process effacement in injected ADR-wt mice, in contrast to largely preserved integrity of podocyte architecture in ADR-hpa-TG mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that heparanase may play a nephroprotective role in ADR-NS, most likely independently of HS degradation. Moreover, hpa-TG mice comprise an invaluable in vivo platform to investigate the interplay between heparanase and glomerular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suheir Assady
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joel Alter
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elena Axelman
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edmond Sabo
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Litvak
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marielle Kaplan
- Clinical Laboratories Division, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Centre, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Centre, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zaid Abassi
- Research Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Department of Physiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Diabetes is characterised by widespread endothelial cell dysfunction that underlies the development of both the micro- and macrovascular complications of the disease, including nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, and non-proliferative retinopathy. In the kidney, major changes are noted in glomerular endothelial cell structure in their fenestrations and glycocalyx. These changes, along with endothelial cell loss and capillary rarefaction in both the glomerulus and tubulointerstitium, lead to the progressive loss of glomerular filtration that render diabetes the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in much of the developed world. New treatments in diabetes that directly address the abnormal structure and function of the endothelial cell are desperately needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Gilbert
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 61 Queen Street East, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5C 2 T2,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Márquez E, Riera M, Pascual J, Soler MJ. Renin-angiotensin system within the diabetic podocyte. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F1-10. [PMID: 25339703 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00531.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Podocytes are differentiated cells necessary for the development and maintenance of the glomerular basement membrane and the capillary tufts, as well as the function of the glomerular filtration barrier. The epithelial glomerular cells express a local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that varies in different pathological situations such as hyperglycemia or mechanical stress. RAS components have been shown to be altered in diabetic podocytopathy, and their modulation may modify diabetic nephropathy progression. Podocytes are a direct target for angiotensin II-mediated injury by altered expression and distribution of podocyte proteins. Furthermore, angiotensin II promotes podocyte injury indirectly by inducing cellular hypertrophy, increased apoptosis, and changes in the anionic charge of the glomerular basement membrane, among other effects. RAS blockade has been shown to decrease the level of proteinuria and delay the progression of chronic kidney disease. This review summarizes the local intraglomerular RAS and its imbalance in diabetic podocytopathy. A better understanding of the intrapodocyte RAS might provide a new approach for diabetic kidney disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Márquez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Marta Riera
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; and Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Pascual
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; and Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Soler
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; and Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The protective role of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, a distinct glycosaminoglycan, in a murine model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106929. [PMID: 25192337 PMCID: PMC4156394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparanase-1 activation, albuminuria, and a decrease in glomerular heparan sulfate (HS) have been described in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-based drugs have been shown to have renoprotective effects in this setting, although recent trials have questioned their clinical effectiveness. Here, we describe the effects of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS), a novel GAG extracted from a marine echinoderm, in experimentally induced DN compared to a widely used GAG, enoxaparin (ENX). METHODS Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by streptozotocin in male Wistar rats divided into three groups: DM (without treatment), FCS (8 mg/kg), and ENX (4 mg/kg), administered subcutaneously. After 12 weeks, we measured blood glucose, blood pressure, albuminuria, and renal function. The kidneys were evaluated for mesangial expansion and collagen content. Immunohistochemical quantifications of macrophages, TGF-β, nestin and immunofluorescence analysis of heparanase-1 and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) HS content was also performed. Gene expression of proteoglycan core proteins and enzymes involved in GAG assembly/degradation were analyzed by TaqMan real-time PCR. RESULTS Treatment with GAGs prevented albuminuria and did not affect the glucose level or other functional aspects. The DM group exhibited increased mesangial matrix deposition and tubulointerstitial expansion, and prevention was observed in both GAG groups. TGF-β expression and macrophage infiltration were prevented by the GAG treatments, and podocyte damage was halted. The diabetic milieu resulted in the down-regulation of agrin, perlecan and collagen XVIII mRNAs, along with the expression of enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis. Treatment with FCS and ENX positively modulated such changes. Heparanase-1 expression was significantly reduced after GAG treatment without affecting the GBM HS content, which was uniformly reduced in all of the diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the administration of FCS prevented several pathological features of ND in rats. This finding should stimulate further research on GAG treatment for this complication of diabetes.
Collapse
|
38
|
Hu Q, Yin L, Hartmann RW. Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors as Promising Treatments for Mineralocorticoid Dependent Cardiovascular and Renal Diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5011-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401430e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lina Yin
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Garsen M, Rops AL, Rabelink TJ, Berden JH, van der Vlag J. The role of heparanase and the endothelial glycocalyx in the development of proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 29:49-55. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
40
|
Yoneda H, Ueta K, Nagasaki M, Arakawa K. Involvement of heparan sulfate in the renoprotective effects of imidapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in diabetic db/db mice. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 34:21-5. [PMID: 24094140 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.845788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the renoprotective effects of imidapril hydrochloride ((-)-(4 S)-3-[(2 S)-2-[[(1 S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropyl] amino] propionyl]-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride, imidapril), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in a diabetic animal model. We used BKS.Cg-+Lepr(db)/+Lepr(db) (db/db) mice, a genetic animal model of obese type 2 diabetes. Diabetic db/db mice suffered from glomerular hyperfiltration, albuminuria and hypoalbuminemia. Oral administration of 5 mg/kg/day of imidapril for 3 weeks suppressed renal hyperfiltration, reduced albuminuria and normalized hypoalbuminemia. Imidapril did not influence body weights, blood pressure or blood glucose concentrations in db/db mice. Urinary excretion of heparan sulfate (HS) in non-treated 11-week-old db/db mice was significantly lower than that in age-matched non-diabetic db/+m mice. HS is a component of HS proteoglycans, which are present in glomerular basement membranes and glycocalyx of cell surfaces. Reduced urinary HS excretion indicated glomerular HS loss in db/db mice. Imidapril increased urinary excretion of HS to concentrations observed in db/+m mice, indicating that imidapril prevented the loss of renal HS. These results suggest that imidapril ameliorates renal hyperfiltration and loss of renal contents of HS. Improvement of filtration function and maintenance of HS, which is an important structural component of glomeruli, may contribute to renoprotective effects of imidapril.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Yoneda
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories II, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Kawagishi, Toda-shi, Saitama , Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Meirovitz A, Goldberg R, Binder A, Rubinstein AM, Hermano E, Elkin M. Heparanase in inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer. FEBS J 2013; 280:2307-19. [PMID: 23398975 PMCID: PMC3651782 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a growing body of evidence that enzymatic remodeling of heparan sulfate proteoglycans profoundly affects a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, neovascularization, and tumor development. Heparanase is the sole mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate. Extensively studied in cancer progression and aggressiveness, heparanase was recently implicated in several inflammatory disorders as well. Although the precise mode of heparanase action in inflammatory reactions is still not completely understood, the fact that heparanase activity is mechanistically important both in malignancy and in inflammation argues that this enzyme is a candidate molecule linking inflammation and tumorigenesis in inflammation-associated cancers. Elucidation of the specific effects of heparanase in cancer development, particularly when inflammation is a causal factor, will accelerate the development of novel therapeutic/chemopreventive interventions and help to better define target patient populations in which heparanase-targeting therapies could be particularly beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wennmann DO, Hsu HH, Pavenstädt H. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in podocytes. Semin Nephrol 2013; 32:377-84. [PMID: 22958492 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a critical role in kidney function and its inhibition reduces proteinuria and preserves kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Recent studies have shown that podocytes generate many components of the RAAS and they express receptors of RAAS, including angiotensin II, mineralocorticoid, and prorenin receptors. Crucial functions of podocytes, such as contraction, apoptosis, autophagocytosis, and cytoskeletal organization, have been shown to be regulated by the angiotensin II type 1 receptors. An activation of the glomerular RAAS and protection from podocyte injury by RAAS inhibitors have been shown in many glomerular diseases. Exploring the interaction between the local RAAS and the signaling involved in RAAS activation in podocytes will lead to new therapeutic strategies of podocyte protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Oliver Wennmann
- Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yu L, Lin Q, Feng J, Dong X, Chen W, Liu Q, Ye J. Inhibition of nephrin activation by c-mip through Csk–Cbp–Fyn axis plays a critical role in Angiotensin II-induced podocyte damage. Cell Signal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
44
|
Rops AL, van den Hoven MJ, Veldman BA, Salemink S, Vervoort G, Elving LD, Aten J, Wetzels JF, van der Vlag J, Berden JH. Urinary heparanase activity in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:2853-61. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
45
|
Angiotensin II contributes to podocyte injury by increasing TRPC6 expression via an NFAT-mediated positive feedback signaling pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1719-32. [PMID: 21839714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential channel C6 (TRPC6) is a slit diaphragm-associated protein in podocytes involved in regulating glomerular filter function. Gain-of-function mutations in TRPC6 cause hereditary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and several human acquired proteinuric diseases show increased glomerular TRPC6 expression. Angiotensin II (AngII) is a key contributor to glomerular disease and may regulate TRPC6 expression in nonrenal cells. We demonstrate that AngII regulates TRPC6 mRNA and protein levels in cultured podocytes and that AngII infusion enhances glomerular TRPC6 expression in vivo. In animal models for human FSGS (doxorubicin nephropathy) and increased renin-angiotensin system activity (Ren2 transgenic rats), glomerular TRPC6 expression was increased in an AngII-dependent manner. TRPC6 expression correlated with glomerular damage markers and glomerulosclerosis. We show that the regulation of TRPC6 expression by AngII and doxorubicin requires TRPC6-mediated Ca(2+) influx and the activation of the Ca(2+)-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin and its substrate nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Accordingly, calcineurin inhibition by cyclosporine decreased TRPC6 expression and reduced proteinuria in doxorubicin nephropathy, whereas podocyte-specific inducible expression of a constitutively active NFAT mutant increased TRPC6 expression and induced severe proteinuria. Our findings demonstrate that the deleterious effects of AngII on podocytes and its pathogenic role in glomerular disease involve enhanced TRPC6 expression via a calcineurin/NFAT positive feedback signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
46
|
Rao G, Ding HG, Huang W, Le D, Maxhimer JB, Oosterhof A, van Kuppevelt T, Lum H, Lewis EJ, Reddy V, Prinz RA, Xu X. Reactive oxygen species mediate high glucose-induced heparanase-1 production and heparan sulphate proteoglycan degradation in human and rat endothelial cells: a potential role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1527-38. [PMID: 21424539 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The content of heparan sulphate is reduced in the endothelium under hyperglycaemic conditions and may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Heparanase-1 (HPR1) specifically degrades heparan sulphate proteoglycans. We therefore sought to determine whether: (1) heparan sulphate reduction in endothelial cells is due to increased HPR1 production through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; and (2) HPR1 production is increased in vivo in endothelial cells under hyperglycaemic and/or atherosclerotic conditions. METHODS HPR1 mRNA and protein levels in endothelial cells were analysed by RT-PCR and Western blot or HPR1 enzymatic activity assay, respectively. Cell surface heparan sulphate levels were analysed by FACS. HPR1 in the artery from control rats and a rat model of diabetes, and from patients under hyperglycaemic and/or atherosclerotic conditions was immunohistochemically examined. RESULTS High-glucose-induced HPR1 production and heparan sulphate degradation in three human endothelial cell lines, both of which were blocked by ROS scavengers, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine. Exogenous H(2)O(2) induced HPR1 production, subsequently leading to decreased cell surface heparan sulphate levels. HPR1 content was significantly increased in endothelial cells in the arterial walls of a rat model of diabetes. Clinical studies revealed that HPR1 production was increased in endothelial cells under hyperglycaemic conditions, and in endothelial cells and macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Hyperglycaemia induces HPR1 production and heparan sulphate degradation in endothelial cells through ROS. HPR1 production is increased in endothelial cells from a rat model of diabetes, and in macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesions of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Increased HPR1 production may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Rao
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shafat I, Ilan N, Zoabi S, Vlodavsky I, Nakhoul F. Heparanase levels are elevated in the urine and plasma of type 2 diabetes patients and associate with blood glucose levels. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17312. [PMID: 21364956 PMCID: PMC3043098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that specifically cleaves heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Utilizing an ELISA method capable of detection and quantification of heparanase, we examined heparanase levels in the plasma and urine of a cohort of 29 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 14 T2DM patients who underwent kidney transplantation, and 47 healthy volunteers. We provide evidence that heparanase levels in the urine of T2DM patients are markedly elevated compared to healthy controls (1162 ± 181 vs. 156 ± 29.6 pg/ml for T2DM and healthy controls, respectively), increase that is statistically highly significant (P<0.0001). Notably, heparanase levels were appreciably decreased in the urine of T2DM patients who underwent kidney transplantation, albeit remained still higher than healthy individuals (P<0.0001). Increased heparanase levels were also found in the plasma of T2DM patients. Importantly, urine heparanase was associated with elevated blood glucose levels, implying that glucose mediates heparanase upregulation and secretion into the urine and blood. Utilizing an in vitro system, we show that insulin stimulates heparanase secretion by kidney 293 cells, and even higher secretion is observed when insulin is added to cells maintained under high glucose conditions. These results provide evidence for a significant involvement of heparanase in diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itay Shafat
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samih Zoabi
- Clinical Transplantation Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Farid Nakhoul
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kuwabara A, Satoh M, Tomita N, Sasaki T, Kashihara N. Deterioration of glomerular endothelial surface layer induced by oxidative stress is implicated in altered permeability of macromolecules in Zucker fatty rats. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2056-65. [PMID: 20526760 PMCID: PMC2910881 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The glomerular endothelial layer is coated by the endothelial surface layer (ESL), which is suggested to play a role in regulation of the permselectivity of macromolecules. Production of heparanase, a degrading enzyme of the ESL, is induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesised that oxidative stress could cause deterioration of the glomerular ESL by induction of heparanase, resulting in increased glomerular permeability. METHODS Male Zucker fatty (ZF) rats with albuminuria and Zucker lean (ZL) rats were used in this study. Some of the ZF rats were treated with the angiotensin II receptor blocker, irbesartan. We determined the amount of ESL by wheat germ agglutinin staining and heparan sulphate proteoglycan production by western blot analysis. Glomerular hyperfiltration of macromolecules was visualised using in vivo microscopy. We used 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate-derived chemiluminescence staining to assess ROS production, and heparanase production and expression were determined by western blot analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction respectively. RESULTS By 18 weeks of age, ZF rats had developed albuminuria. The glomerular endothelial cell glycocalyx was significantly decreased in ZF compared with ZL rats. Glomerular filtration and the permeability of macromolecules were increased in ZF, but not in ZL rats. Glomerular ROS and heparanase production were significantly increased in ZF compared with ZL rats. These changes in ZF rats were reversed by irbesartan treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Increased oxidative stress induces glomerular ESL deterioration in part through increased heparanase levels, resulting in exacerbation of glomerular permselectivity and development of albuminuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kuwabara
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192 Japan
| | - M. Satoh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192 Japan
| | - N. Tomita
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192 Japan
| | - T. Sasaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192 Japan
| | - N. Kashihara
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
The role of heparanase in diseases of the glomeruli. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:45-56. [PMID: 20049646 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is a kind of net that remains in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are among its most important components. There are much data indicating the significance of these proteoglycans in protecting proteins such as albumins from penetrating to the urine, although some new data indicate that loss of proteoglycans does not always lead to proteinuria. Heparanase is an enzyme which cleaves beta 1,4 D: -glucuronic bonds in sugar groups of HSPGs. Thus it is supposed that heparanase may have an important role in the pathogenesis of proteinuria. Increased heparanase expression and activity in the course of many glomerular diseases was observed. The most widely documented is the significance of heparanase in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, heparanase acts as a signaling molecule and may influence the concentrations of active growth factors in the GBM. It is being investigated whether heparanase inhibition may cause decreased proteinuria. The heparanase inhibitor PI-88 (phosphomannopentaose sulfate) was effective as an antiproteinuric drug in an experimental model of membranous nephropathy. Nevertheless, this drug is burdened by some toxicity, so further investigations should be considered.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Aldosterone plays an important role in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure control through the classical mineralocorticoid receptor. However, recent findings of the mineralocorticoid receptor in nonepithelial tissues suggest that aldosterone may have additional functions. Significant evidence now exists suggesting that aldosterone directly induces tissue injury. Systemic or local aldosterone has emerged as a multifunctional hormone exhibiting profibrotic and proinflammatory actions that extend beyond the classical hemodynamic effect. The incomplete blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers has led to experimental and clinical efforts using aldosterone inhibition. Recently, these efforts have provided us with an expanded understanding of a new pathogenic role for aldosterone in diabetic vascular complications. This article focuses on the role of aldosterone in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease and recent important clinical data supporting the inhibition of aldosterone in treating diabetic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do 425-020, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|