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Rozani S, Lykoudis PM. The impact of intestinal and mammary microbiomes on breast cancer development: A review on the microbiota and oestrobolome roles in tumour microenvironments. Am J Surg 2024:115795. [PMID: 38853033 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2024.115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Microbiota affects carcinogenesis by altering energy equilibrium, increasing fat mass, synthesizing small signaling molecules, and formulating and regulating immune response and indigestible food ingredient, xenobiotic, and pharmaceutical compound metabolism. The intestinal microbiome can moderate oestrogen and other steroid hormone metabolisms, and secrete bioactive metabolites that are important for tumour microenvironment. Specifically, the breast tissue microbiome could become altered and lead to breast cancer development. The study of oestrobolome, the microbiomic component that metabolizes oestrogens, can contribute to better breast cancer understanding and subsequent treatment. Investigating oestrobolome-related oestrogen metabolism mechanisms in immune system regulation can shed light on how intestinal microorganisms regulate tumour microenvironment. Intestinal and regional breast microbiomes can determine treatment lines and serve as possible biomarkers for breast cancer. The aim of this study is to summarise current evidence on the role of microbiome in breast cancer progression with particular interest in therapeutic and diagnostic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Rozani
- Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagis M Lykoudis
- Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Honorary Lecturer, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), United Kingdom
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Karvaly G, Kovács K, Gyarmatig M, Gerszi D, Nagy S, Jalal DA, Tóth Z, Vasarhelyi B, Gyarmati B. Reference data on estrogen metabolome in healthy pregnancy. Mol Cell Probes 2024; 74:101953. [PMID: 38432490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2024.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogen hormones and their metabolites are implicated in the maintenance of healthy pregnancy and adequate fetal development. Abnormal levels were related to increased risk of pregnancy complications, particularly preeclampsia. Our aims were (1) to develop a methodological platform for the comprehensive assessment of estrogen metabolome in pregnancy; (2) to collect healthy reference data for relevant elements of estrogen metabolome in each trimester; (3) to assess unconjugated fractions of the estrogen metabolome, (4) to assess the dominant metabolic pathways of estrogen compounds. METHODS We enrolled healthy pregnant mothers between gestational week 5-15 (on the confirmation of pregnancy; 79 samples), gestational weeks 19-27 (70 samples), and gestational week 34-39 (54 samples). A method employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to assess estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol levels, and their metabolites as conjugated and unconjugated forms. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the level of compounds in each trimester. RESULTS Estrone, 17-beta-estradiol and estriol levels are dramatically increasing with the advancement of pregnancy. Measured levels were in a very wide range. 17-beta-estradiol is neither glucuronated nor sulphated. To the contrary, estriol and estrone are significantly conjugated; unconjugated fraction is <15% of total hormone levels in any trimester. Regarding metabolism, 4-methoxy-estradiol and 17-epiestriol were not detected. CONCLUSION We concluded that (1) the levels of estrogen compounds and metabolites increase with advancing gestational age; (2) the wide ranges of levels challenge the establishment of a healthy reference range for clinical purposes; (3) 17-beta-estradiol is not conjugated significantly; (4) 4-methylation and 17-epimerization pathways of estrogens are negligible with our LC-MS/MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gellért Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Kovács
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Marcell Gyarmatig
- Semmelweis University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Gerszi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1082, Budapest, Üllői út 78/A, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Nagy
- Széchenyi István, University Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, 9026, Győr, Egyetem Tér 1, Hungary.
| | - Dlovan Ali Jalal
- Semmelweis University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Uzsoki Utcai Hospital, Department of Urology, 1145, Budapest, Uzsoki Utca 29-41, Hungary.
| | - Barna Vasarhelyi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Hungary.
| | - Béla Gyarmati
- Uzsoki Utcai Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1145, Budapest, Uzsoki Utca 29-41, Hungary.
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Kumari N, Kumari R, Dua A, Singh M, Kumar R, Singh P, Duyar-Ayerdi S, Pradeep S, Ojesina AI, Kumar R. From Gut to Hormones: Unraveling the Role of Gut Microbiota in (Phyto)Estrogen Modulation in Health and Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300688. [PMID: 38342595 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota regulates estrogen metabolism through the "estrobolome," the collection of bacterial genes that encode enzymes like β-glucuronidases and β-glucosidases. These enzymes deconjugate and reactivate estrogen, influencing circulating levels. The estrobolome mediates the enterohepatic circulation and bioavailability of estrogen. Alterations in gut microbiota composition and estrobolome function have been associated with estrogen-related diseases like breast cancer, enometrial cancer, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). This is likely due to dysregulated estrogen signaling partly contributed by the microbial impacts on estrogen metabolism. Dietary phytoestrogens also undergo bacterial metabolism into active metabolites like equol, which binds estrogen receptors and exhibits higher estrogenic potency than its precursor daidzein. However, the ability to produce equol varies across populations, depending on the presence of specific gut microbes. Characterizing the estrobolome and equol-producing genes across populations can provide microbiome-based biomarkers. Further research is needed to investigate specific components of the estrobolome, phytoestrogen-microbiota interactions, and mechanisms linking dysbiosis to estrogen-related pathology. However, current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is an integral regulator of estrogen status with clinical relevance to women's health and hormonal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Kumari
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, 824234, India
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Zoology, College of Commerce, Arts & Science, Patliputra University, Patna, Bihar, 800020, India
| | - Ankita Dua
- Department of Zoology, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110027, India
| | - Mona Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Roushan Kumar
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, 824234, India
| | - Poonam Singh
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, 824234, India
| | - Susan Duyar-Ayerdi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Akinyemi I Ojesina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, 824234, India
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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Pyle HJ, Evans JC, Artami M, Raj P, Sridharan S, Arana C, Eckert KM, McDonald JG, Harris-Tryon TA, Mauskar MM. Assessment of the Cutaneous Hormone Landscapes and Microbiomes in Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00111-8. [PMID: 38368928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a progressive skin disease of unknown etiology. In this longitudinal case-control exploratory study, we evaluated the hormonal and microbial landscapes in 18 postmenopausal females (mean [SD] age: 64.4 [8.4] years) with VLS and controls. We reevaluated the patients with VLS after 10-14 weeks of daily topical class I steroid. We found that groin cutaneous estrone was lower in VLS than in controls (-22.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -36.96 to -7.70; P = .006); cutaneous progesterone was higher (5.73, 95% CI = 3.74-7.73; P < .0001). Forehead 11-deoxycortisol (-0.24, 95% CI = -0.42 to -0.06; P = .01) and testosterone (-7.22, 95% CI = -12.83 to -1.62; P = .02) were lower in disease. With treatment, cutaneous estrone (-7.88, 95% CI = -44.07 to 28.31; P = .62), progesterone (2.02, 95% CI = -2.08 to 6.11; P = .29), and 11-deoxycortisol (-0.13, 95% CI = -0.32 to 0.05; P = .15) normalized; testosterone remained suppressed (-7.41, 95% CI = -13.38 to -1.43; P = .02). 16S ribosomal RNA V1-V3 and ITS1 amplicon sequencing revealed bacterial and fungal microbiome alterations in disease. Findings suggest that cutaneous sex hormone and bacterial microbiome alterations may be associated with VLS in postmenopausal females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J Pyle
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica C Evans
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Methinee Artami
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Srisha Sridharan
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos Arana
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Eckert
- Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Melissa M Mauskar
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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Cao W, Fu X, Zhou J, Qi Q, Ye F, Li L, Wang L. The effect of the female genital tract and gut microbiome on reproductive dysfunction. Biosci Trends 2024; 17:458-474. [PMID: 38104979 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2023.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the human body; they are present in various areas including the gut, mouth, skin, respiratory tract, and reproductive tract. The interaction between the microbiome and reproductive health has become an increasingly compelling area of study. Disruption of the female genital tract microbiome can significantly impact the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, increasing susceptibility to reproductive tract diseases such as vaginitis, chronic endometritis, endometrial polyps, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome. The gut microbiome, considered an endocrine organ, plays a crucial role in the reproductive endocrine system by interacting with hormones like estrogen and androgens. Imbalances in the gut microbiome composition can lead to various diseases and conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and cancer, although research on their mechanisms remains limited. This review highlights the latest advancements in understanding the female genital tract and gut microbiomes in gynecological diseases. It also explores the potential of microbial communities in the treatment of reproductive diseases. Future research should focus on identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between the microbiome and reproductive diseases to develop new and effective strategies for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment related to female reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhoushan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiayan Fu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhoushan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Qi
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Feijun Ye
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhoushan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lisha Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Chen S, Liang J, Chen D, Huang Q, Sun K, Zhong Y, Lin B, Kong J, Sun J, Gong C, Wang J, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Sun H. Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomic and proteomic characterization of neurologic post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:209-222. [PMID: 37858739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 causes neurological post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (neuro-PASC) remains unclear. Herein, we conducted proteomic and metabolomic analyses of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 21 neuro-PASC patients, 45 healthy volunteers, and 26 inflammatory neurological diseases patients. Our data showed 69 differentially expressed metabolites and six differentially expressed proteins between neuro-PASC patients and healthy individuals. Elevated sphinganine and ST1A1, sphingolipid metabolism disorder, and attenuated inflammatory responses may contribute to the occurrence of neuro-PASC, whereas decreased levels of 7,8-dihydropterin and activation of steroid hormone biosynthesis may play a role in the repair process. Additionally, a biomarker cohort consisting of sphinganine, 7,8-dihydroneopterin, and ST1A1 was preliminarily demonstrated to have high value in diagnosing neuro-PASC. In summary, our study represents the first attempt to integrate the diagnostic benefits of CSF with the methodological advantages of multi-omics, thereby offering valuable insights into the pathogenesis of neuro-PASC and facilitating the work of neuroscientists in disclosing different neurological dimensions associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilan Chen
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Qiyuan Huang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Kaijian Sun
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuxia Zhong
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Baojia Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jingjing Kong
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jiaduo Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Chengfang Gong
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qingguo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Haitao Sun
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ndukwe K, Serrano PA, Rockwell P, Xie L, Figueiredo-Pereira M. Histone deacetylase inhibitor RG2833 has therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease in females. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.26.573348. [PMID: 38234827 PMCID: PMC10793399 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.26.573348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Nearly two-thirds of patients with Alzheimer's are women. Identifying therapeutics specific for women is critical to lowering their elevated risk for developing this major cause of adult dementia. Moreover, targeting epigenetic processes that regulate multiple cellular pathways is advantageous given Alzheimer's multifactorial nature. Histone acetylation is an epigenetic process heavily involved in memory consolidation. Its disruption is linked to Alzheimer's. Through our computational studies, we predicted that the investigational drug RG2833 (N-[6-(2-aminoanilino)-6-oxohexyl]-4-methylbenzamide) has repurposing potential for Alzheimer's. RG2833 is a histone deacetylase HDAC1/3 inhibitor that is orally bioavailable and permeates the blood-brain-barrier. We investigated the RG2833 therapeutic potential in TgF344-AD rats, which are a model of Alzheimer's that exhibits age-dependent progression, thus mimicking this aspect of Alzheimer's patients that is difficult to establish in animal models. We investigated the RG2833 effects on cognitive performance, gene expression, and AD-like pathology in 11-month TgF344-AD female and male rats. A total of 89 rats were used: wild type n = 45 (17 females, 28 males), and TgF344-AD n = 44 (24 females, 20 males)] across multiple cohorts. No obvious toxicity was detected in the TgF344-AD rats up to 6 months of RG2833-treatment starting at 5 months of age administering the drug in rodent chow at ∼30mg/kg of body weight. We started treatment early in the course of pathology when therapeutic intervention is predicted to be more effective than in later stages of the disease. The drug-treatment significantly mitigated hippocampal-dependent spatial memory deficits in 11-month TgF344-AD females but not in males, compared to wild type littermates. This female sex-specific drug effect has not been previously reported. RG2833-treatment failed to ameliorate amyloid beta accumulation and microgliosis in female and male TgF344-AD rats. However, RNAseq analysis of hippocampal tissue from TgF344-AD rats showed that drug-treatment in females upregulated the expression of immediate early genes, such as Arc, Egr1 and c-Fos, and other genes involved in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Remarkably, out of 17,168 genes analyzed for each sex, no significant changes in gene expression were detected in males at P < 0.05, false discovery rate < 0.05, and fold-change ≥ 1.5. Our data suggest that histone modifying therapeutics such as RG2833 improve cognitive behavior by modulating the expression of immediate early, neuroprotective and synaptic plasticity genes. Our preclinical study supports that RG2833 has therapeutic potential specifically for female Alzheimer's patients. RG2833 evaluations using other AD-related models is necessary to confirm our findings.
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Actis S, Cazzaniga M, Bounous VE, D'Alonzo M, Rosso R, Accomasso F, Minella C, Biglia N. Emerging evidence on the role of breast microbiota on the development of breast cancer in high-risk patients. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:718-725. [PMID: 37793149 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-factorial disease, and the etiology of breast cancer (BC) is due to a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Breast tissue shows a unique microbiota, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes are the most abundant bacteria in breast tissue, and several studies have shown that the microbiota of healthy breast differs from that of BC. Breast microbiota appears to be correlated with different characteristics of the tumor, and prognostic clinicopathologic features. It also appears that there are subtle differences between the microbial profiles of the healthy control and high-risk patients. Genetic predisposition is an extremely important risk factor for BC. BRCA1/2 germline mutations and Li-Fraumeni syndrome are DNA repair deficiency syndromes inherited as autosomal dominant characters that substantially increase the risk of BC. These syndromes exhibit incomplete penetrance of BC expression in carrier subjects. The action of breast microbiota on carcinogenesis might explain why women with a mutation develop cancer and others do not. Among the potential biological pathways through which the breast microbiota may affect tumorigenesis, the most relevant appear to be DNA damage caused by colibactin and other bacterial-derived genotoxins, β-glucuronidase-mediated estrogen deconjugation and reactivation, and HPV-mediated cancer susceptibility. In conclusion, in patients with a genetic predisposition, an unfavorable breast microbiota may be co-responsible for the onset of BC. Prospectively, the ability to modulate the microbiota may have an impact on disease onset and progression in patients at high risk for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Actis
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Elisabetta Bounous
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - Marta D'Alonzo
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Rosso
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Accomasso
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - Carola Minella
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Biglia
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, 10128 Turin, Italy
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Cotton S, Clayton CA, Tropini C. Microbial endocrinology: the mechanisms by which the microbiota influences host sex steroids. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1131-1142. [PMID: 37100633 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in microbial endocrinology has propelled this field from initially providing correlational links to defining the mechanisms by which microbes influence systemic sex hormones. Importantly, the interaction between the gut-resident bacteria and host-secreted hormones has been shown to be critical for host development as well as hormone-mediated disease progression. This review investigates how microbes affect active sex hormone levels, with a focus on gut-associated bacteria hormonal modifications and the resulting host physiological status. Specifically, we focus on the ability of the microbiota to reactivate estrogens and deactivate androgens and thereby influence systemic levels of host hormones in a clinically significant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cotton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Charlotte A Clayton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carolina Tropini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Canada.
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10
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Kapoor E, Faubion SS, Kuhle CL, Kling JM, Miller VM, Fokken S, Mara KC, Moyer AM. The effect of genetic variation in estrogen transportation and metabolism on the severity of menopause symptoms: A study from the RIGHT 10K cohort. Maturitas 2023; 176:107797. [PMID: 37595497 PMCID: PMC10478674 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The severity of menopause-related symptoms varies considerably among women. The determinants of this variation are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to assess the association between genetic variation in estrogen metabolism and transport pathways and the severity of menopause symptoms. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 60 peri- and postmenopausal women in the Mayo Clinic RIGHT study (which involved sequencing of genes involved in drug metabolism and transport), who had also been evaluated in the Women's Health Clinic at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. All participants completed the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) for assessment of menopause symptoms, including hot flashes. The association between severity of menopause symptoms and the variation in genes encoding 8 enzymes and transporters involved in estrogen metabolism was evaluated. RESULTS Lower CYP3A4 activity and higher COMT activity were associated with lower severity of somatic menopause symptoms (p = 0.04 and 0.06, respectively). These associations did not persist after adjustment for hormone therapy use. No differences in MRS scores or hot flash severity were noted among other genetic variant groups. Age at natural menopause was not affected by variations in the genes studied. CONCLUSION The current study did not show an association between genetic variation in estrogen metabolism and transport pathways and the severity of menopause symptoms. Further studies with larger sample sizes may be required to understand this potentially complex association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Kapoor
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Women's Health Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Stephanie S Faubion
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Carol L Kuhle
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Juliana M Kling
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Women's Health Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Virginia M Miller
- Emerita Staff, Departments of Surgery and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shawn Fokken
- Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kristin C Mara
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Poutanen M, Hagberg Thulin M, Härkönen P. Targeting sex steroid biosynthesis for breast and prostate cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y. [PMID: 37684402 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Malin Hagberg Thulin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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12
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Wu Z, Pfeiffer RM, Byrd DA, Wan Y, Ansong D, Clegg-Lamptey JN, Wiafe-Addai B, Edusei L, Adjei E, Titiloye N, Dedey F, Aitpillah F, Oppong J, Vanderpuye V, Osei-Bonsu E, Dagnall CL, Jones K, Hutchinson A, Hicks BD, Ahearn TU, Knight R, Biritwum R, Yarney J, Wiafe S, Awuah B, Nyarko K, Garcia-Closas M, Sinha R, Figueroa JD, Brinton LA, Trabert B, Vogtmann E. Associations of Circulating Estrogens and Estrogen Metabolites with Fecal and Oral Microbiome in Postmenopausal Women in the Ghana Breast Health Study. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0157223. [PMID: 37341612 PMCID: PMC10433996 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01572-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fecal and oral microbiome may play a role in the etiology of breast cancer through modulation of endogenous estrogen metabolism. This study aimed to investigate associations of circulating estrogens and estrogen metabolites with the fecal and oral microbiome in postmenopausal African women. A total of 117 women with fecal (N = 110) and oral (N = 114) microbiome data measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and estrogens and estrogen metabolites data measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were included. The outcomes were measures of the microbiome and the independent variables were the estrogens and estrogen metabolites. Estrogens and estrogen metabolites were associated with the fecal microbial Shannon index (global P < 0.01). In particular, higher levels of estrone (β = 0.36, P = 0.03), 2-hydroxyestradiol (β = 0.30, P = 0.02), 4-methoxyestrone (β = 0.51, P = 0.01), and estriol (β = 0.36, P = 0.04) were associated with higher levels of the Shannon index, while 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (β = -0.57, P < 0.01) was inversely associated with the Shannon index as indicated by linear regression. Conjugated 2-methoxyestrone was associated with oral microbial unweighted UniFrac as indicated by MiRKAT (P < 0.01) and PERMANOVA, where conjugated 2-methoxyestrone explained 2.67% of the oral microbial variability, but no other estrogens or estrogen metabolites were associated with any other beta diversity measures. The presence and abundance of multiple fecal and oral genera, such as fecal genera from families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, were associated with several estrogens and estrogen metabolites as indicated by zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Overall, we found several associations of specific estrogens and estrogen metabolites and the fecal and oral microbiome. IMPORTANCE Several epidemiologic studies have found associations of urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites with the fecal microbiome. However, urinary estrogen concentrations are not strongly correlated with serum estrogens, a known risk factor for breast cancer. To better understand whether the human fecal and oral microbiome were associated with breast cancer risk via the regulation of estrogen metabolism, we conducted this study to investigate the associations of circulating estrogens and estrogen metabolites with the fecal and oral microbiome in postmenopausal African women. We found several associations of parent estrogens and several estrogen metabolites with the microbial communities, and multiple individual associations of estrogens and estrogen metabolites with the presence and abundance of multiple fecal and oral genera, such as fecal genera from families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, which have estrogen metabolizing properties. Future large, longitudinal studies to investigate the dynamic changes of the fecal and oral microbiome and estrogen relationship are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeni Wu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Doratha A. Byrd
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Yunhu Wan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Casey L. Dagnall
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristine Jones
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Belynda D. Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas U. Ahearn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Seth Wiafe
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | | | | | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonine D. Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Usher Institute and CRUK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Britton Trabert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, and Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Emily Vogtmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Stout MB, Vaughan KL, Isola JVV, Mann SN, Wellman B, Hoffman JM, Porter HL, Freeman WM, Mattison JA. Assessing tolerability and physiological responses to 17α-estradiol administration in male rhesus macaques. GeroScience 2023; 45:2337-2349. [PMID: 36897526 PMCID: PMC10651821 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
17α-estradiol has recently been shown to extend healthspan and lifespan in male mice through multiple mechanisms. These benefits occur in the absence of significant feminization or deleterious effects on reproductive function, which makes 17α-estradiol a candidate for translation into humans. However, human dosing paradigms for the treatment of aging and chronic disease are yet to be established. Therefore, the goals of the current studies were to assess tolerability of 17α-estradiol treatment, in addition to evaluating metabolic and endocrine responses in male rhesus macaque monkeys during a relatively short treatment period. We found that our dosing regimens (0.30 and 0.20 mg/kg/day) were tolerable as evidenced by a lack of GI distress, changes in blood chemistry or complete blood counts, and unaffected vital signs. We also found that the higher dose did elicit mild benefits on metabolic parameters including body mass, adiposity, and glycosylated hemoglobin. However, both of our 17α-estradiol trial doses elicited significant feminization to include testicular atrophy, increased circulating estrogens, and suppressed circulating androgens and gonadotropins. We suspect that the observed level of feminization results from a saturation of the endogenous conjugation enzymes, thereby promoting a greater concentration of unconjugated 17α-estradiol in serum, which has more biological activity. We also surmise that the elevated level of unconjugated 17α-estradiol was subjected to a greater degree of isomerization to 17β-estradiol, which is aligned with the sevenfold increase in serum 17β-estradiol in 17α-estradiol treated animals in our first trial. Future studies in monkeys, and certainly humans, would likely benefit from the development and implementation of 17α-estradiol transdermal patches, which are commonly prescribed in humans and would circumvent potential issues with bolus dosing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Stout
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, US.
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, US.
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13Th Street Chapman S212, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, US.
| | - Kelli L Vaughan
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute On Aging, Dickerson, MD, US
| | - Jose V V Isola
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, US
| | - Shivani N Mann
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, US
| | - Bayli Wellman
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute On Aging, Dickerson, MD, US
| | - Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, US
| | - Hunter L Porter
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, US
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, US
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, US
| | - Julie A Mattison
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute On Aging, Dickerson, MD, US.
- National Institute On Aging, 16701 Elmer School Road, Building 103, 20842, Dickerson, MD, US.
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14
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Sato K, Takayama KI, Inoue S. Expression and function of estrogen receptors and estrogen-related receptors in the brain and their association with Alzheimer's disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1220150. [PMID: 37469978 PMCID: PMC10352578 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1220150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While estrogens are well known for their pivotal role in the female reproductive system, they also play a crucial function in regulating physiological processes associated with learning and memory in the brain. Moreover, they have neuroprotective effects in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Importantly, AD has a higher incidence in older and postmenopausal women than in men, and estrogen treatment might reduce the risk of AD in these women. In general, estrogens bind to and activate estrogen receptors (ERs)-mediated transcriptional machineries, and also stimulate signal transduction through membrane ERs (mERs). Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), which share homologous sequences with ERs but lack estrogen-binding capabilities, are widely and highly expressed in the human brain and have also been implicated in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we primarily provide a summary of ER and ERR expression patterns in the human brain. In addition, we summarize recent studies on their role in learning and memory. We then review and discuss research that has elucidated the functions and importance of ERs and ERRs in AD pathogenesis, including their role in Aβ clearance and the reduction of phosphorylated tau levels. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying ER- and ERR-mediated transcriptional machineries and their functions in healthy and diseased brains would provide new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of AD. Furthermore, exploring the potential role of estrogens and their receptors, ERs, in AD will facilitate a better understanding of the sex differences observed in AD, and lead to novel sex-specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sato
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology (TMIG), Tokyo, Japan
- Integrated Research Initiative for Living Well with Dementia (IRIDE), TMIG, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Takayama
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology (TMIG), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology (TMIG), Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Kim HJJ, Zagzoog A, Black T, Baccetto SL, Laprairie RB. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying brain region-specific endocannabinoid system modulation by estradiol across the rodent estrus cycle. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 195:27-45. [PMID: 36707154 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurological crosstalk between the endocannabinoid and estrogen systems has been a growing topic of discussion over the last decade. Although the main estrogenic ligand, estradiol (E2), influences endocannabinoid signaling in both male and female animals, the latter experiences significant and rhythmic fluctuations in E2 as well as other sex hormones. This is referred to as the menstrual cycle in women and the estrus cycle in rodents such as mice and rats. Consisting of 4 distinct hormone-driven phases, the rodent estrus cycle modulates both endocannabinoid and exogenous cannabinoid signaling resulting in unique behavioral outcomes based on the cycle phase. For example, cannabinoid receptor agonist-induced antinociception is greatest during proestrus and estrus, when circulating and brain levels of E2 are high, as compared to metestrus and diestrus when E2 concentrations are low. Pain processing occurs throughout the cerebral cortex and amygdala of the forebrain; periaqueductal grey of the midbrain; and medulla and spine of the hindbrain. As a result, past molecular investigations on these endocannabinoid-estrogen system interactions have focused on these specific brain regions. Here, we will bridge regional molecular trends with neurophysiological evidence of how plasma membrane estrogen receptor (ER) activation by E2 leads to postsynaptic endocannabinoid synthesis, retrograde signaling, and alterations in inhibitory neurotransmission. These signaling pathways depend on ER heterodimers, current knowledge of which will also be detailed in this review. Overall, the aim of this review article is to systematically summarize how the cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids change in expression and function in specific brain regions throughout the estrus cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ji J Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ayat Zagzoog
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tallan Black
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sarah L Baccetto
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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16
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Ping Y, Gao Q, Li C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li S, Qiu M, Zhang L, Tu A, Tian Y, Zhao H. Construction of microneedle of Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma aqueous extract and effect on mammary gland hyperplasia based on intestinal flora. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1158318. [PMID: 36926033 PMCID: PMC10011648 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1158318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A microneedle patch loaded with Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma water extract was prepared for the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia. To explore the relationship between Mammary gland hyperplasia and intestinal flora. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of the microneedle patch by micromolding method, the prescription of the microneedle was optimized by the Box-Behnken Design response surface test, and the micro-morphology, penetration, toughness, and brittleness were investigated. In vitro release of drug-loaded microneedles was measured by diffusion cell method. The rat model of mammary gland hyperplasia was prepared by the combination of estradiol benzoate-progesterone, and the microneedle patch of Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma aqueous extract was used for intervention treatment. The change of levels in E2, P, and PRL in rat serum was determined. The intestinal contents of rats were collected and the changes in intestinal flora in MGH rats were analyzed by 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS The optimized microneedle formula is a PVA concentration of 6.0%, HA concentration of 15.5%, and PVPK30 concentration of 16.0%. The prepared microneedle tip loaded with Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma aqueous extract has complete, sharp, and no bubbles and the needle rate of the microneedle array is in the range of 95%~100%. The bending rate of the microneedle is about 12.7%, and it has good flexibility, and the microneedle can puncture 4 layers of ParafilmⓇ membrane smoothly, and the puncture rate is more than 96%. The in vitro release of the microneedle was characterized by rapid release. The results of animal experiments showed that Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma aqueous extract microneedle patch could significantly reduce the E2 level, significantly reduce the PRL level, and significantly increase the P level. At the same time, it can regulate the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora in MGH rats, improve the intestinal flora disorder caused by mammary gland hyperplasia, and balance the community structure. CONCLUSION The prepared microneedle containing Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma aqueous extract has good toughness and brittle strength, can penetrate the skin and enter the dermis, and effectively deliver drugs to play a role in the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia.
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17
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He L, Xu C, Wang Z, Duan S, Xu J, Li C, Yao X, Gonzalez FJ, Qin Z, Yao Z. Identification of naturally occurring inhibitors in Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule against the glucuronidation of estrogens. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935685. [PMID: 35991901 PMCID: PMC9386001 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao (XLGB) capsule, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription, is widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis. It could significantly increase the levels of estrogen in ovariectomized rats and mice. However, this working mechanism has not been well elucidated. Considering that UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes are the important enzymes that inactivate and regulate estrogen activity in vivo, this study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds from XLGB against the glucuronidation of estrogens. First, thirty compounds were considered as candidate bioactive compounds based on our previous studies including pharmacological evaluation, chemical profiles, and metabolic profiles. Second, the characteristics of estrogen glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA)-supplemented human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestine microsomes (HIM), and expressed UGT enzymes were determined, and the incubation systems of their key UGT enzymes were optimized. Then, inhibitory effects and mechanisms of XLGB and its main compounds toward the key UGT isozymes were further investigated. As a result, estrogen underwent efficient glucuronidation by HLM and HIM. UGT1A10, 1A1, and 2B7 were mainly responsible for the glucuronidation of estrone, β-estradiol, and estriol, respectively. For E1 and E2, UGT1A10 and 1A1 tended to mediate estrogen-3-O-glucuronidation, while UGT2B7 preferred catalyzing estrogen-16-O-glucuronidation. Furthermore, the incubation system for active UGT isoforms was optimized including Tris-HCl buffer, detergents, MgCl2 concentration, β-glucuronidase inhibitors, UDPGA concentration, protein concentration, and incubation time. Based on optimal incubation conditions, eleven, nine, and nine compounds were identified as the potent inhibitors for UGT1A10, 1A1, and 2B7, respectively (IC50 < 4.97 μM and Ki < 3.35 μM). Among them, six compounds (bavachin, isobavachin, isobavachalcone, neobavaisoflavone, corylifol A, and icariside II) simultaneously demonstrated potent inhibitory effects against these three active enzymes. Prenylated flavanols from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim., prenylated flavonoids from Psoralea corylifolia L., and salvianolic acids from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. were characterized as the most important and effective compounds. The identification of potent natural inhibitors of XLGB against the glucuronidation of estrogen laid an important foundation for the pharmacodynamic material basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang He
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shuyi Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Li
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development Ministry of P.R. China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Zifei Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Yao, ; Zifei Qin,
| | - Zhihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development Ministry of P.R. China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Yao, ; Zifei Qin,
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18
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Helmer E, Karimian N, Van Assche K, Seghers I, Le Tallec S, Cherala G, Scott G, Namour FS. Ziritaxestat Drug-Drug Interaction with Oral Contraceptives: Role of SULT1E1 Inhibition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:901-908. [PMID: 35713964 PMCID: PMC9540497 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In vitro signals indicate that ziritaxestat is a weak cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor and inducer. Therefore, potential drug–drug interactions (DDIs) with oral contraceptives were examined at a time when ziritaxestat was under development for treatment of fibrotic diseases. This open‐label, crossover (fixed sequence) DDI study enrolled healthy, nonpregnant women aged 18–65 years (n = 15) who were using highly effective contraception, such as a nonhormonal intrauterine device, bilateral tubal occlusion, or sexual abstinence. A single dose of oral contraceptive (0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol (EE) and 3 mg drospirenone (DRSP)) was administered on days 1, 8, and 18, and ziritaxestat 600 mg once daily was administered from days 8 to 23. Co‐administration resulted in a 2.8‐fold and 2.4‐fold increase in EE maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0–inf), respectively (day 18 vs. day 1). DRSP Cmax and AUC0–inf increased by 1.1‐fold and 1.2‐fold, respectively. DRSP is a CYP3A4 substrate, meaning increased EE exposure with ziritaxestat was not due to CYP3A4 inhibition. Ziritaxestat inhibition of EE glucuronidation and sulfation was quantified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in day 1 and day 18 plasma samples after EE conjugate hydrolysis. The ratio of EE AUC from time of administration up to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUClast) with/without hydrolysis by arylsulfatase was substantially lower on day 18 vs. day 1, suggesting ziritaxestat is a potent inhibitor of sulfation; EE glucuronidation was largely unaffected by ziritaxestat. In vitro assessment confirmed ziritaxestat is a potent inhibitor of sulfotransferase family 1E member 1 (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration < 0.8 μM). These findings highlight the importance of assessing enzymes other than CYP3A4 when investigating potential DDIs with oral contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Helmer
- Galapagos NV, Mechelen, Belgium.,Exscientia, Oxford, UK
| | - Negin Karimian
- Galapagos NV, Mechelen, Belgium.,Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ineke Seghers
- Galapagos NV, Mechelen, Belgium.,Argenx, Gent, Belgium
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Läsche M, Gallwas J, Gründker C. Like Brothers in Arms: How Hormonal Stimuli and Changes in the Metabolism Signaling Cooperate, Leading HPV Infection to Drive the Onset of Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095050. [PMID: 35563441 PMCID: PMC9103757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite all precautionary actions and the possibility of using vaccinations to counteract infections caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs), HPV-related cancers still account for approximately 5% of all carcinomas. Worldwide, many women are still excluded from adequate health care due to their social position and origin. Therefore, immense efforts in research and therapy are still required to counteract the challenges that this disease entails. The special thing about an HPV infection is that it is not only able to trick the immune system in a sophisticated way, but also, through genetic integration into the host genome, to use all the resources available to the host cells to complete the replication cycle of the virus without activating the alarm mechanisms of immune recognition and elimination. The mechanisms utilized by the virus are the metabolic, immune, and hormonal signaling pathways that it manipulates. Since the virus is dependent on replication enzymes of the host cells, it also intervenes in the cell cycle of the differentiating keratinocytes and shifts their terminal differentiation to the uppermost layers of the squamocolumnar transformation zone (TZ) of the cervix. The individual signaling pathways are closely related and equally important not only for the successful replication of the virus but also for the onset of cervical cancer. We will therefore analyze the effects of HPV infection on metabolic signaling, as well as changes in hormonal and immune signaling in the tumor and its microenvironment to understand how each level of signaling interacts to promote tumorigenesis of cervical cancer.
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Le N, Cregger M, Brown V, Loret de Mola J, Bremer P, Nguyen L, Groesch K, Wilson T, Diaz-Sylvester P, Braundmeier-Fleming A. Association of microbial dynamics with urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites in patients with endometriosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261362. [PMID: 34914785 PMCID: PMC8675749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen dependent gynecological disease associated with altered microbial phenotypes. The association among endogenous estrogen, estrogen metabolites, and microbial dynamics on disease pathogenesis has not been fully investigated. Here, we identified estrogen metabolites as well as microbial phenotypes in non-diseased patients (n = 9) and those with pathologically confirmed endometriosis (P-EOSIS, n = 20), on day of surgery (DOS) and ~1–3 weeks post-surgical intervention (PSI). Then, we examined the effects of surgical intervention with or without hormonal therapy (OCPs) on estrogen and microbial profiles of both study groups. For estrogen metabolism analysis, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify urinary estrogens. The microbiome data assessment was performed with Next generation sequencing to V4 region of 16S rRNA. Surgical intervention and hormonal therapy altered gastrointestinal (GI), urogenital (UG) microbiomes, urinary estrogen and estrogen metabolite levels in P-EOSIS. At DOS, 17β-estradiol was enhanced in P-EOSIS treated with OCPs. At PSI, 16-keto-17β-estradiol was increased in P-EOSIS not receiving OCPs while 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-hydroxyestrone were decreased in P-EOSIS receiving OCPs. GI bacterial α-diversity was greater for controls and P-EOSIS that did not receive OCPs. P-EOSIS not utilizing OCPs exhibited a decrease in UG bacterial α-diversity and differences in dominant taxa, while P-EOSIS utilizing OCPs had an increase in UG bacterial α-diversity. P-EOSIS had a strong positive correlation between the GI/UG bacteria species and the concentrations of urinary estrogen and its metabolites. These results indicate an association between microbial dysbiosis and altered urinary estrogens in P-EOSIS, which may impact disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Le
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Melissa Cregger
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Veronica Brown
- Division of Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Julio Loret de Mola
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Pamela Bremer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lyn Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Groesch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Clinical Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Teresa Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Clinical Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Paula Diaz-Sylvester
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Clinical Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrea Braundmeier-Fleming
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Nakamura Y, Higuchi K, Kumon K, Yasuike M, Takashi T, Gen K, Fujiwara A. Prediction of the Sex-Associated Genomic Region in Tunas ( Thunnus Fishes). Int J Genomics 2021; 2021:7226353. [PMID: 34957293 PMCID: PMC8693018 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7226353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish species have a variety of sex determination systems. Tunas (genus Thunnus) have an XY genetic sex determination system. However, the Y chromosome or responsible locus has not yet been identified in males. In a previous study, a female genome of Pacific bluefin tuna (T. orientalis) was sequenced, and candidates for sex-associated DNA polymorphisms were identified by a genome-wide association study using resequencing data. In the present study, we sequenced a male genome of Pacific bluefin tuna by long-read and linked-read sequencing technologies and explored male-specific loci through a comparison with the female genome. As a result, we found a unique region carrying the male-specific haplotype, where a homolog of estrogen sulfotransferase gene was predicted to be encoded. The genome-wide mapping of previously resequenced data indicated that, among the functionally annotated genes, only this gene, named sult1st6y, was paternally inherited in the males of Pacific bluefin tuna. We reviewed the RNA-seq data of southern bluefin tuna (T. maccoyii) in the public database and found that sult1st6y of southern bluefin tuna was expressed in all male testes, but absent or suppressed in the female ovary. Since estrogen sulfotransferase is responsible for the inactivation of estrogens, it is reasonable to assume that the expression of sult1st6y in gonad cells may inhibit female development, thereby inducing the individuals to become males. Thus, our results raise a promising hypothesis that sult1st6y is the sex determination gene in Thunnus fishes or at least functions at a crucial point in the sex-differentiation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Nakamura
- Bioinformatics and Biosciences Division, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Kentaro Higuchi
- Tuna Aquaculture Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kumon
- Amami Field Station, Tuna Aquaculture Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 955-5 Hyousakiyamahara, Setouchi, Kagoshima 894-2414, Japan
| | - Motoshige Yasuike
- Bioinformatics and Biosciences Division, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Toshinori Takashi
- Tuna Aquaculture Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
| | - Koichiro Gen
- Tuna Aquaculture Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
| | - Atushi Fujiwara
- Aquatic Breeding Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 422-1 Nakatsuhamaura, Minami-ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
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22
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Rhyu J, Yu R. Newly discovered endocrine functions of the liver. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1611-1628. [PMID: 34904032 PMCID: PMC8637678 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver, the largest solid visceral organ of the body, has numerous endocrine functions, such as direct hormone and hepatokine production, hormone metabolism, synthesis of binding proteins, and processing and redistribution of metabolic fuels. In the last 10 years, many new endocrine functions of the liver have been discovered. Advances in the classical endocrine functions include delineation of mechanisms of liver production of endocrine hormones [including 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and angiotensinogen], hepatic metabolism of hormones (including thyroid hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1, and steroid hormones), and actions of specific binding proteins to glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and thyroid hormones. These studies have furthered insight into cirrhosis-associated endocrinopathies, such as hypogonadism, osteoporosis, IGF-1 deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, alterations in glucose and lipid homeostasis, and controversially relative adrenal insufficiency. Several novel endocrine functions of the liver have also been unraveled, elucidating the liver’s key negative feedback regulatory role in the pancreatic α cell-liver axis, which regulates pancreatic α cell mass, glucagon secretion, and circulating amino acid levels. Betatrophin and other hepatokines, such as fetuin-A and fibroblast growth factor 21, have also been discovered to play important endocrine roles in modulating insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and body weight. It is expected that more endocrine functions of the liver will be revealed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Rhyu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Run Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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23
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He S, Li H, Yu Z, Zhang F, Liang S, Liu H, Chen H, Lü M. The Gut Microbiome and Sex Hormone-Related Diseases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:711137. [PMID: 34650525 PMCID: PMC8506209 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome has been a hot topic in recent years. One aim of this review is to shed light on the crosstalk between sex hormones and the gut microbiome. Researchers have observed a sex bias of the composition of the gut microbiome in mice and have proved that sex differences influence the composition of the gut microbiome, although the influence is usually obscured by genetic variations. Via cell studies, animal studies and some observational studies in humans, researchers have confirmed that the gut microbiome can be shaped by the hormonal environment. On other hand, some theories suggest that the gut microbiota regulates the levels of sex hormones via interactions among its metabolites, the immune system, chronic inflammation and some nerve-endocrine axes, such as the gut-brain axis. In addition, bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and the hormonal system have also been observed, and the mechanisms of these interactions are being explored. We further describe the role of the gut microbiome in sex hormone-related diseases, such as ovarian cancer, postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP), polycystic ovary syndrome and type 1 diabetes. Among these diseases, PMOP is described in detail. Finally, we discuss the treatments of these diseases and the application prospects of microbial intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song He
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zehui Yu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Faming Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sicheng Liang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hang Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - MuHan Lü
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Gjorgoska M, Rižner TL. Estrogens and the Schrödinger's Cat in the Ovarian Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13195011. [PMID: 34638494 PMCID: PMC8508344 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ovarian cancer is a complex pathology for which we require effective screening and therapeutical strategies. Apart from the cancer cell portion, there exist plastic immune and non-immune cell populations, jointly constituting the context-adaptive tumor microenvironment, which is pivotal in tumorigenesis. Estrogens might be synthesized in the ovarian tumor tissue and actively contribute to the shaping of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Current immune therapies have limited effectiveness as a multitude of factors influence the outcome. A thorough understanding of the ovarian cancer biology is crucial in the efforts to reestablish homeostasis. Abstract Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease affecting the aging ovary, in concert with a complex network of cells and signals, together representing the ovarian tumor microenvironment. As in the “Schrödinger’s cat” thought experiment, the context-dependent constituents of the—by the time of diagnosis—well-established tumor microenvironment may display a tumor-protective and -destructive role. Systemic and locally synthesized estrogens contribute to the formation of a pro-tumoral microenvironment that enables the sustained tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Here we focus on the estrogen biosynthetic and metabolic pathways in ovarian cancer and elaborate their actions on phenotypically plastic, estrogen-responsive, aging immune cells of the tumor microenvironment, altogether highlighting the multicomponent-connectedness and complexity of cancer, and contributing to a broader understanding of the ovarian cancer biology.
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25
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Jen HH, Kafeenah H, Chang TY, Lin YM, Shan YS, Wu CH, Chen SH. Quantification of the Endogenous Adduction Level on Hemoglobin and Correlation with Albumin Adduction via Proteomics: Multiple Exposure Markers of Catechol Estrogen. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4248-4257. [PMID: 34406011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Catechol estrogens (CEs) are genotoxic metabolites whose detection is challenging due to their low concentrations and high variability in the blood. By intact protein and free CE measurement of the spiked hemolysate, endogenous CEs were revealed to mainly (>99%) exist as hemoglobin (Hb) adducts in red blood cells. In order to detect endogenous CE-Hb adducts, we developed a two-step method that involved protein precipitation and solid phase extraction to purify Hb from red blood cells, and the method was coupled with proteomics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Using bottom-up proteomics and standard additions, we identified C93 and C112 of Hb-β as the main adduction sites of Hb, and this accounted for CE-induced oxidization of adducted peptides by sample preparation. The non-adducted, adducted, and oxidized tryptic peptides that covered the same Hb-β sequences were targeted by parallel reaction monitoring to determine the adduction level in red blood cells. A quantification limit (S/N < 8) below the endogenous CE-Hb adduction level with relative standard errors that ranged from 5 to 22% was achieved and applied to clinical samples. The human serum albumin (HSA) adduction levels from the same patient were also determined using a previously developed method (Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 15922-15931). A positive correlation (R2 = 0.673) between the CE-HSA and CE-Hb adduction level was obtained from all clinical samples, and both levels were significantly (p < 0.005) higher for patients with breast cancer compared to healthy controls. However, double indexes derived from the red blood cell and the serum, respectively, provide higher precision and confidence in predicting cancer risk than the single index. This study reported an efficient sample preparation for proteomics-based Hb adducts and revealed the potential of using multiple blood proteins for developing more reliable and specific markers based on protein adductomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsiang Jen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Husam Kafeenah
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yao Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Department of Surgical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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26
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Starek-Świechowicz B, Budziszewska B, Starek A. Endogenous estrogens-breast cancer and chemoprevention. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1497-1512. [PMID: 34462889 PMCID: PMC8599256 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths. It is estimated that about 40% of all cancer in women is hormonally mediated. Both estrogens and androgens play critical roles in the initiation and development of breast cancer. Estrogens influence normal physiological growth, proliferation, and differentiation of breast tissues, as well as the development and progression of breast malignancy. Breast cancer is caused by numerous endo- and exogenous risk factors. The paper presents estrogen metabolism, in particular 17β-estradiol and related hormones. The mechanisms of estrogen carcinogenesis include the participation of estrogen receptors, the genotoxic effect of the estrogen metabolites, and epigenetic processes that are also presented. The role of reactive oxygen species in breast cancer has been described. It called attention to a role of numerous signaling pathways in neoplastic transformation. Chemoprotective agents, besides other phytoestrogens, classical antioxidants, synthetic compounds, and their mechanisms of action have been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Starek-Świechowicz
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Starek
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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27
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Borella F, Carosso AR, Cosma S, Preti M, Collemi G, Cassoni P, Bertero L, Benedetto C. Gut Microbiota and Gynecological Cancers: A Summary of Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Future Directions. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:987-1009. [PMID: 33848139 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, important relationships between the microbiota and human health have emerged. A link between alterations of microbiota composition (dysbiosis) and cancer development has been recently demonstrated. In particular, the composition and the oncogenic role of intestinal bacterial flora has been extensively investigated in preclinical and clinical studies focusing on gastrointestinal tumors. Overall, the development of gastrointestinal tumors is favored by dysbiosis as it leads to depletion of antitumor substances (e.g., short-chain fatty acids) produced by healthy microbiota. Moreover, dysbiosis leads to alterations of the gut barrier, promotes a chronic inflammatory status through activation of toll-like receptors, and causes metabolic and hormonal dysregulations. However, the effects of these imbalances are not limited to the gastrointestinal tract and they can influence gynecological tumor carcinogenesis as well. The purpose of this Review is to provide a synthetic update about the mechanisms of interaction between gut microbiota and the female reproductive tract favoring the development of neoplasms. Furthermore, novel therapeutic approaches based on the modulation of microbiota and their role in gynecological oncology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Borella
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit 1, Sant’ Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Roberto Carosso
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit 1, Sant’ Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Cosma
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit 1, Sant’ Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Preti
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit 1, Sant’ Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giammarco Collemi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Luca Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit 1, Sant’ Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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28
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R S J. The Immune Microenvironment in Human Papilloma Virus-Induced Cervical Lesions-Evidence for Estrogen as an Immunomodulator. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:649815. [PMID: 33996630 PMCID: PMC8120286 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.649815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is a common sexually transmitted disease. However, most of the HPV infections eventually resolve aided by the body’s efficient cell-mediated immune responses. In the vast majority of the small group of patients who develop overt disease too, it is the immune response that culminates in regression of lesions. It is therefore a rarity that persistent infection by high-risk genotypes of HPV compounded by other risk factors progresses through precancer (various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia—CIN) to cervical cancer (CxCa). Hence, although CxCa is a rare culmination of HPV infection, the latter is nevertheless causally linked to >90% of cancer. The three ‘Es’ of cancer immunoediting viz. elimination, equilibrium, and escape come into vogue during the gradual evolution of CIN 1 to CxCa. Both cell-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms operate to eliminate virally infected cells: cell-extrinsic players are anti-tumor/antiviral effectors like Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, Natural Killer cells, etc. and pro-tumorigenic/immunosuppressive cells like regulatory T cells (Tregs), Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs), type 2 macrophages, etc. And accordingly, when immunosuppressive cells overpower the effectors e.g., in high-grade lesions like CIN 2 or 3, the scale is tilted towards immune escape and the disease progresses to cancer. Estradiol has long been considered as a co-factor in cervical carcinogenesis. In addition to the gonads, the Peyer’s patches in the gut synthesize estradiol. Over and above local production of the hormone in the tissues, estradiol metabolism by the gut microbiome: estrobolome versus tryptophan non-metabolizing microbiome, regulates free estradiol levels in the intestine and extraintestinal mucosal sites. Elevated tissue levels of the hormone serve more than one purpose: besides a direct growth-promoting action on cervical epithelial cells, estradiol acting genomically via Estrogen Receptor-α also boosts the function of the stromal and infiltrating immunosuppressive cells viz. Tregs, MDSCs, and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Hence as a corollary, therapeutic repurposing of Selective Estrogen Receptor Disruptors or aromatase inhibitors could be useful for modulating immune function in cervical precancer/cancer. The immunomodulatory role of estradiol in HPV-mediated cervical lesions is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree R S
- Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
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29
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30
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Gan S, Rozhon W, Varga E, Halder J, Berthiller F, Poppenberger B. The acyltransferase PMAT1 malonylates brassinolide glucoside. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100424. [PMID: 33600798 PMCID: PMC8010461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones of plants that coordinate fundamental growth and development processes. Their homeostasis is controlled by diverse means, including glucosylation of the bioactive BR brassinolide (BL), which is catalyzed by the UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) UGT73C5 and UGT73C6 and occurs mainly at the C-23 position. Additional evidence had suggested that the resultant BL-23-O-glucoside (BL-23-O-Glc) can be malonylated, but the physiological significance of and enzyme required for this reaction had remained unknown. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana malonylation of BL-23-O-Glc is catalyzed by the acyltransferase phenolic glucoside malonyl-transferase 1 (PMAT1), which is also known to malonylate phenolic glucosides and lipid amides. Loss of PMAT1 abolished BL-23-O-malonylglucoside formation and enriched BL-23-O-Glc, showing that the enzyme acts on the glucoside. An overexpression of PMAT1 in plants where UGT73C6 was also overexpressed, and thus, BL-23-O-Glc formation was promoted, enhanced the symptoms of BR-deficiency of UGT73C6oe plants, providing evidence that PMAT1 contributes to BL inactivation. Based on these results, a model is proposed in which PMAT1 acts in the conversion of both endogenous and xenobiotic glucosides to adjust metabolic homeostasis in spatial and temporal modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufu Gan
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jyotirmoy Halder
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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Predicting drug-metagenome interactions: Variation in the microbial β-glucuronidase level in the human gut metagenomes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244876. [PMID: 33411719 PMCID: PMC7790408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the gut microbiota in terms of their capacity to interfere with drug metabolism is necessary to achieve drug efficacy and safety. Although examples of drug-microbiome interactions are well-documented, little has been reported about a computational pipeline for systematically identifying and characterizing bacterial enzymes that process particular classes of drugs. The goal of our study is to develop a computational approach that compiles drugs whose metabolism may be influenced by a particular class of microbial enzymes and that quantifies the variability in the collective level of those enzymes among individuals. The present paper describes this approach, with microbial β-glucuronidases as an example, which break down drug-glucuronide conjugates and reactivate the drugs or their metabolites. We identified 100 medications that may be metabolized by β-glucuronidases from the gut microbiome. These medications included morphine, estrogen, ibuprofen, midazolam, and their structural analogues. The analysis of metagenomic data available through the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) showed that the level of β-glucuronidase in the gut metagenomes was higher in males than in females, which provides a potential explanation for the sex-based differences in efficacy and toxicity for several drugs, reported in previous studies. Our analysis also showed that infant gut metagenomes at birth and 12 months of age have higher levels of β-glucuronidase than the metagenomes of their mothers and the implication of this observed variability was discussed in the context of breastfeeding as well as infant hyperbilirubinemia. Overall, despite important limitations discussed in this paper, our analysis provided useful insights on the role of the human gut metagenome in the variability in drug response among individuals. Importantly, this approach exploits drug and metagenome data available in public databases as well as open-source cheminformatics and bioinformatics tools to predict drug-metagenome interactions.
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Rajagopal T, Seshachalam A, Rathnam KK, Jothi A, Talluri S, Venkatabalasubramanian S, Dunna NR. Impact of xenobiotic-metabolizing gene polymorphisms on breast cancer risk in South Indian women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 186:823-837. [PMID: 33392841 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-06028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional variants of the xenobiotic-metabolizing genes (XMG) might modulate breast cancer (BC) risk by altering the rate of metabolism and clearance of myriad types of potent carcinogens from the breast tissue. Despite mounting evidence on the role of XMG variants on BC risk, the current knowledge regarding their influence on BC development is still fragmentary. METHODS The present study examined the candidate genetic variants in CYP1A1, NQO1, GST-T1, GST-M1, and GST-P1 in 1002 subjects (502 BC patients and 500 disease-free women). PCR-RFLP was employed to genotype the mono-nucleotide variation in CYP1A1, NQO1, and GST-P1, and allele-specific PCR was used to detect the deletion polymorphism in GST-T1 and GST-M1 genes. RESULTS Regarding CYP1A1-M1 polymorphism, the heterozygous TC and mutant CC genotype conferred 1.47-fold (95% CI 1.13-1.91, p = 0.004) and 1.84-fold (95% CI 1.17-2.91, p = 0.009) elevated risk of BC. GST-T1 null genotype was associated with increased BC risk (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.02-2.11, p = 0.037). For the NQO1 C609T variant, the mutant T allele was associated with BC risk with an odds ratio of 1.22 (95% CI 1.02-1.48, p = 0.034). Combinatorial analysis indicated that the presence of NQO1*2 (CT), CYP1A1-M1 (CC), and GST-P1 rs1695 (AG) genotypes conferred 16.7-fold elevated risk of BC (95% CI 3.65-76.85; p < 0.001). Moreover, GST-M1 null genotype was associated with the development of larger primary breast tumors. CONCLUSION Xenobiotic-metabolizing gene polymorphisms may play a crucial role in mammary carcinogenesis in South Indian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna Rajagopal
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - Arun Seshachalam
- Department of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, Dr.G.V.N Cancer Institute, Singarathope, Trichy, 620 008, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Rathnam
- Department of Hemato Oncology - Medical Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Meenakshi Mission Hospital & Research Centre, Madurai, 625 107, India
| | - Arunachalam Jothi
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - Srikanth Talluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Sivaramakrishnan Venkatabalasubramanian
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Dunna
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India.
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Ervin SM, Simpson JB, Gibbs ME, Creekmore BC, Lim L, Walton WG, Gharaibeh RZ, Redinbo MR. Structural Insights into Endobiotic Reactivation by Human Gut Microbiome-Encoded Sulfatases. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3939-3950. [PMID: 32993284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phase II drug metabolism inactivates xenobiotics and endobiotics through the addition of either a glucuronic acid or sulfate moiety prior to excretion, often via the gastrointestinal tract. While the human gut microbial β-glucuronidase enzymes that reactivate glucuronide conjugates in the intestines are becoming well characterized and even controlled by targeted inhibitors, the sulfatases encoded by the human gut microbiome have not been comprehensively examined. Gut microbial sulfatases are poised to reactivate xenobiotics and endobiotics, which are then capable of undergoing enterohepatic recirculation or exerting local effects on the gut epithelium. Here, using protein structure-guided methods, we identify 728 distinct microbiome-encoded sulfatase proteins from the 4.8 million unique proteins present in the Human Microbiome Project Stool Sample database and 1766 gut microbial sulfatases from the 9.9 million sequences in the Integrated Gene Catalogue. We purify a representative set of these sulfatases, elucidate crystal structures, and pinpoint unique structural motifs essential to endobiotic sulfate processing. Gut microbial sulfatases differentially process sulfated forms of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, and the hormones melatonin, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and thyroxine in a manner dependent both on variabilities in active site architecture and on markedly distinct oligomeric states. Taken together, these data provide initial insights into the structural and functional diversity of gut microbial sulfatases, providing a path toward defining the roles these enzymes play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ervin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joshua B Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Morgan E Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Benjamin C Creekmore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lauren Lim
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William G Walton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences and Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Ervin SM, Redinbo MR. The Gut Microbiota Impact Cancer Etiology through "Phase IV Metabolism" of Xenobiotics and Endobiotics. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:635-642. [PMID: 32611614 PMCID: PMC7980665 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome intimately complements the human genome and gut microbial factors directly influence health and disease. Here we outline how the gut microbiota uniquely contributes to cancer etiology by processing products of human drug and endobiotic metabolism. We formally propose that the reactions performed by the gut microbiota should be classified as "Phase IV xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism." Finally, we discuss new data on the control of cancer by the inhibition of gut microbial phase IV enzymes responsible for tumor initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ervin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, and Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Zengul AG, Demark-Wahnefried W, Barnes S, Morrow CD, Bertrand B, Berryhill TF, Frugé AD. Associations between Dietary Fiber, the Fecal Microbiota and Estrogen Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1108-1117. [PMID: 32590914 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1784444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a hormonally-driven cancer, and various dietary factors are associated with estrogen metabolism, including dietary fiber. Several studies report associations between dietary fiber and breast cancer; however, research on whether fiber influences circulating estrogens through the gut microbiota is rare. The objective of this cross-sectional study among 29 newly-diagnosed (stage 0-II), post-menopausal breast cancer patients is to examine associations between dietary fiber and the gut microbiota that are linked with β-glucuronidase activity, and purportedly increase circulating estrogens. Spearman's and partial correlations controlling for body mass index and age were performed using dietary recall data, Illumina MiSeq generated microbiota relative abundance, and HPLC-mass spectrometry-derived estradiol and estrone levels.Major findings are: (1) total dietary fiber is inversely associated with Clostridium hathewayi (r= -0.419; p = 0.024); (2) soluble fiber is inversely associated with Clostridium (r=-0.11; p = 0.02); (3) insoluble fiber is positively associated with Bacteroides uniformis sp. (r = 0.382; p = 0.041); and (4) serum estradiol and estrone levels are not correlated with species/genera or dietary fiber, though there is a trend toward an inverse association between soluble fiber and estradiol levels (r= -0.30; p = 0.12). More studies are needed to understand the complex interaction between dietary fiber, intestinal microbiota, and hormonal levels in older females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse G Zengul
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wendy Demark-Wahnefried
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, UAB, Wallace Tumor Institute (WTI), Birmingham, AL, USA.,UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wallace Tumor Institute (WTI), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA.,Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Casey D Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brenda Bertrand
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Taylor F Berryhill
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew D Frugé
- Didactic Program in Dietetics, Auburn University (AU), Auburn, AL, USA
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36
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Zhou Y, Cai Z. Determination of hormones in human urine by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 1:e8583. [PMID: 31498943 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of human metabolism. Urine as a noninvasive sample has been extensively used in clinical diagnosis for hormones homeostasis. In this study, the simultaneous characterization of fourteen hormones in urine was performed based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPHLC/ESI(+)-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring in the positive ionization mode. The target hormones were cortisone, cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, aldosterone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17-OH-progesterone, pregnenolone, estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone and dehydreopiandrosterone. β-Glucuronidase/sulfatase deconjugation and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were conducted for the determination of urinary hormones (free + conjugated forms). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.2 ng/mL (11-deoxycortisol and testosterone) to 1 ng/mL (cortisone). The extraction recovery of the targeted compounds ranged from 87% to 127%, indicating sufficient extraction efficiency for the LLE process. Intraday precision was below 10% and the accuracy ranged from 84% to 122%. The profiling analysis of hormones in urine samples helps to understand the metabolic state of biological systems and can be employed as a diagnostic tool in diseases developed by endocrine-disrupted systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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37
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Hlengwa N, Muller CJF, Basson AK, Bowles S, Louw J, Awortwe C. Herbal supplements interactions with oral oestrogen-based contraceptive metabolism and transport. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1519-1529. [PMID: 32017271 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The increased use of herbal supplements as complementary or alternative medicines has become a clinical conundrum due to the potential for herb-drug interactions. This is exacerbated by an increased supply of new herbal supplements in the market claiming various health advantages. These herbal supplements are available as over-the-counter self-medications. Herbal supplements are generally perceived as efficacious without side effects commonly associated with conventional drugs. However, despite regulations, claims related to their therapeutic effects are mostly unsupported by scientific evidence. These products often lack suitable product quality controls, labelled inadequately and with batch to batch variations, potentially compromising the safety of the consumer. Amongst health practitioners, the greatest concern is related to the lack of chemical characterization of the active compounds of the herbal supplements. The interaction between these different active components and their concomitant effects on other conventional drugs is generally not known. This review will focus on herbal supplements with the potential to effect pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oestrogen-based oral contraceptives. The use of herbal supplements for weight management, depression, and immune boosting benefits were selected as likely herbal supplements to be used concomitantly by women on oral contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nokulunga Hlengwa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Albertus K Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Sandra Bowles
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Charles Awortwe
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Nies AT, Weiss S, Schaeffeler E, Hannemann A, Völker U, Wallaschofski H, Schwab M. The Membrane Transporter OAT7 (SLC22A9) Is Not a Susceptibility Factor for Osteoporosis in Europeans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:532. [PMID: 33013684 PMCID: PMC7461822 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone production, maintenance, and modeling are a well-balanced process involving mineralization by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Sex steroid hormones, including their conjugated forms, contribute majorly to maintaining this balance. Recently, variants in the SLC22A9 gene have been associated with osteoporosis in Korean females. We had recently shown that SLC22A9, encoding organic anion transporter 7 (OAT7), is an uptake transporter of estrone sulfate and identified several genetic variants in Europeans leading to functional consequences in vitro. We therefore hypothesized that SLC22A9 genetic variants may contribute to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in Europeans. To test this hypothesis, we examined the associations of SLC22A9 variants with bone quality, fractures, and bone turnover markers. We genotyped SLC22A9 variants in 5,701 (2,930 female) subjects (age range, 20-93 years) extracted from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP and SHIP-TREND) covered by the Illumina Infinium HumanExome BeadChip version v1.0 (Exome Chip). Descriptive data (e.g., history of fractures), ultrasonography of the calcaneus, as well as serum concentrations of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, and vitamin D were determined. Comprehensive statistical analyses revealed no association between low-frequency and rare SLC22A9 variants and bone quality, fractures, and bone turnover markers. Our results indicate that single genetic SLC22A9 variants do not have a major impact on osteoporosis risk prediction in Europeans, yet findings need to be replicated in larger-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne T. Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anne T. Nies
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald and University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Hannemann
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald and University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Matthias Schwab
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The menstrual cycle may not be limited to the endometrium but also may impact gut permeability. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:294-304. [PMID: 31364524 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2019.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between IgA responses to Gram-negative gut commensal bacteria and peri-menstrual symptoms and sex hormone levels during the menstrual cycle in women with and without premenstrual symptoms. METHODS Forty women aged 18-45 years completed the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) during all 28 consecutive days of the menstrual cycle. We assayed, in plasma, IgA responses to six Gram-negative bacteria, that is, Hafnei alvei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas putida and Citobacter koseri, progesterone and oestradiol at days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS Significant changes in Δ (actual - 1 week earlier) IgA to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the six Gram-negative bacteria during the menstrual cycle were observed with peak IgA levels at T4 (day 28) and lows at T1 or T2 (day 7 or 14). The ΔIgA changes in H. alvei, M. Morganii, P. putida during the menstrual cycle were significantly and positively associated with changes in the total DRSP score, and severity of physio-somatic, anxiety and breast-craving, but not depressive, symptoms. The changes in IgA responses to LPS were largely predicted by changes in progesterone and steady-state levels of progesterone averaged over the luteal phase. DISCUSSION Menstrual cycle-associated changes in IgA directed against LPS and by inference bacterial translocation may be driven by the effects of progesterone on transcellular, paracellular and vascular pathways (leaky gut) thereby contributing to the severity of physio-somatic and anxiety symptoms as well as fatigue, breast swelling and food cravings.
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Untapped "-omics": the microbial metagenome, estrobolome, and their influence on the development of breast cancer and response to treatment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 179:287-300. [PMID: 31646389 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of next generation sequencing technologies, there is an increasingly complex understanding of the role of gastrointestinal and local breast microbial dysbiosis in breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the microbiome's role in breast carcinogenesis, discussing modifiable risk factors that may affect breast cancer risk by inducing dysbiosis as well as recent sequencing data illustrating breast cancer subtype-specific differences in local breast tissue microbiota. We outline how the 'estrobolome,' the aggregate of estrogen-metabolizing enteric bacterial genes, may affect the risk of developing postmenopausal estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. We also discuss the microbiome's potent capacity for anticancer therapy activation and deactivation, an important attribute of the gastrointestinal microbiome that has yet to be harnessed clinically.
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Romero SAD, Su HI, Satagopan J, Li QS, Seluzicki CM, Dries A, DeMichele AM, Mao JJ. Clinical and genetic risk factors for aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgia in breast cancer survivors. Breast 2019; 49:48-54. [PMID: 31678641 PMCID: PMC7375589 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthralgia is a common and debilitating toxicity of aromatase inhibitors (AI) that leads to premature drug discontinuation. We sought to evaluate the clinical and genetic risk factors associated with AI-associated arthralgia (AIAA). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study among postmenopausal women with stage 0-III breast cancer who were prescribed a third-generation AI for adjuvant therapy. The primary outcome was patient-reported AIAA occurrence. We extracted and assayed germline DNA for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes implicated in estrogen and inflammation pathways. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between demographic, clinical, and genetic factors and AIAA. Analyses were restricted to White participants. RESULTS Among 1049 White participants, 543 (52%) reported AIAA. In multivariable analyses, women who had a college education [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.49, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.00-2.20], had a more recent transition into menopause (<10 years) (5-10 years AOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.09-2.22; <5 years AOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.18-2.67), were within one year of starting AIs (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.08-2.40), and those who received chemotherapy (AOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.02-1.88) were significantly more likely to report AIAA. Additionally, SNP rs11648233 (HSD17B2) was significantly associated with higher odds of AIAA (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.55-3.16). CONCLUSIONS Time since menopause and start of AIs, prior chemotherapy, and SNP rs11648233 within the HSD17B2 gene in the estrogen pathway were significantly associated with patient-reported AIAA. These findings suggest that clinical and genetic factors involved in estrogen withdrawal increase the risk of AIAA in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A D Romero
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center, 1429 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - H Irene Su
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jaya Satagopan
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Q Susan Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center, 1429 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Christina M Seluzicki
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center, 1429 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Annika Dries
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Angela M DeMichele
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Jun J Mao
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center, 1429 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Ervin SM, Li H, Lim L, Roberts LR, Liang X, Mani S, Redinbo MR. Gut microbial β-glucuronidases reactivate estrogens as components of the estrobolome that reactivate estrogens. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18586-18599. [PMID: 31636122 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes have been suggested to be involved in the estrobolome, the collection of microbial reactions involving estrogens. Furthermore, bacterial GUS enzymes within the gastrointestinal tract have been postulated to be a contributing factor in hormone-driven cancers. However, to date, there has been no experimental evidence to support these hypotheses. Here we provide the first in vitro analysis of the ability of 35 human gut microbial GUS enzymes to reactivate two distinct estrogen glucuronides, estrone-3-glucuronide and estradiol-17-glucuronide, to estrone and estradiol, respectively. We show that certain members within the Loop 1, mini-Loop 1, and FMN-binding classes of gut microbial GUS enzymes can reactivate estrogens from their inactive glucuronides. We provide molecular details of key interactions that facilitate these catalytic processes and present the structures of two novel human gut microbial GUS enzymes related to the estrobolome. Further, we demonstrate that estrogen reactivation by Loop 1 bacterial GUS enzymes can be inhibited both in purified enzymes and in fecal preparations of mixed murine fecal microbiota. Finally, however, despite these in vitro and ex vivo data, we show that a Loop 1 GUS-specific inhibitor is not capable of reducing the development of tumors in the PyMT mouse model of breast cancer. These findings validate that gut microbial GUS enzymes participate in the estrobolome but also suggest that the estrobolome is a multidimensional set of processes on-going within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract that likely involves many enzymes, including several distinct types of GUS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ervin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Lauren Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lee R Roberts
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
| | - Xue Liang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences and Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
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43
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Ho A, Sinick J, Esko T, Fischer K, Menni C, Zierer J, Matey-Hernandez M, Fortney K, Morgen EK. Circulating glucuronic acid predicts healthspan and longevity in humans and mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7694-7706. [PMID: 31557729 PMCID: PMC6781977 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronic acid is a metabolite of glucose that is involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds and the structure/remodeling of the extracellular matrix. We report for the first time that circulating glucuronic acid is a robust biomarker of mortality that is conserved across species. We find that glucuronic acid levels are significant predictors of all-cause mortality in three population-based cohorts from different countries with 4-20 years of follow-up (HR=1.44, p=2.9×10-6 in the discovery cohort; HR=1.13, p=0.032 and HR=1.25, p=0.017, respectively in the replication cohorts), as well as in a longitudinal study of genetically heterogenous mice (HR=1.29, p=0.018). Additionally, we find that glucuronic acid levels increase with age and predict future healthspan-related outcomes. Together, these results demonstrate glucuronic acid as a robust biomarker of longevity and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409, Estonia
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Zierer
- Department of Twin Research, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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44
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Denver N, Khan S, Homer NZM, MacLean MR, Andrew R. Current strategies for quantification of estrogens in clinical research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105373. [PMID: 31112747 PMCID: PMC6726893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and their bioactive metabolites play key roles in regulating diverse processes in health and disease. In particular, estrogens and estrogenic metabolites have shown both protective and non-protective effects on disease pathobiology, implicating the importance of this steroid pathway in disease diagnostics and monitoring. All estrogens circulate in a wide range of concentrations, which in some patient cohorts can be extremely low. However, elevated levels of estradiol are reported in disease. For example, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) elevated levels have been reported in men and postmenopausal women. Conventional immunoassay techniques have come under scrutiny, with their selectivity, accuracy and precision coming into question. Analytical methodologies such as gas and liquid chromatography coupled to single and tandem mass spectrometric approaches (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS) have been developed to quantify endogenous estrogens and in some cases their bioactive metabolites in biological fluids such as urine, serum, plasma and saliva. Liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction approaches are favoured with derivatization remaining a necessity for detection in lower volumes of sample. The limits of quantitation of individual assays vary but are commonly in the range of 0.5-5 pg/mL for estrone and estradiol, with limits for their bioactive metabolites being higher. This review provides an overview of current approaches for measurement of unconjugated estrogens in biological matrices by MS, highlighting the advances in this field and the challenges remaining for routine use in the clinical and research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Shazia Khan
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
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45
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Moghazy TF, ElAttar HA, Eldeeb MK, Rashad RM, Farouk AM, Farag AM. Methylation of Glutathione-S-Transferase P1 Promotor in Egyptian Females with Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2523-2530. [PMID: 31450928 PMCID: PMC6852835 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.8.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer after the lung cancer worldwide and number one killing cancer in Egyptian females . It is a multifactorial disease driven by different environmental, hormonal, genetic and epigenetic factors. Epigenetic alterations have been studied in cancer breast. Role of GSTP1 promotor methylation in breast cancer has been studied in different ethnic groups. Objectives: Current study aimed at studying the methylation status of the promotor region of glutathione-S-transferase P1 in breast ductal carcinoma of a cohort group of Egyptian females and its correlations with histopathological and prognostic parameters. Methods: Control group included 15 fresh normal breast tissues taken from BC female patients after leaving a clearly defined safety margin and a Patient group included confirmed 35 fresh breast ductal carcinoma tissue biopsies taken from female patients postoperatively. To all patients clinical examination, radiological examination (plain X-ray chest and or CT scan, ultrasonography of abdomen and pelvis were done), in addition to histopathological examination, typing, grading and staging of tumour, hormonal receptors status and molecular typing of breast mass. GSTP1 methylation status was evaluated using methyl specific polymerase chain reaction. Results: Statistical significant increase was found in methylation status of GSTP1 promotor gene in BC cases than that in control group, (60% of patients samples had methylated GSTP1 promotor vs only 6.7% of controls) (p= >0.001). No association was found between GSTP1 promotor methylation status and the poor prognostic factors neither with hormonal profile nor molecular type. However, GSTP1 promotor methylation were two times higher in postmenopausal than premenopausal cases and three times higher in late grade (III). Also GSTP1 promotor methylation was 2.4 times higher in Her2 positive cases than either ER or PR positive cases. Conclusion: Glutathione-S-Transferase P1 Promotor methylation plays a role in breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaa Fathy Moghazy
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Hoda Aly ElAttar
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Mona Kamal Eldeeb
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Radwa Mohammed Rashad
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Ayman Mohamed Farouk
- Department of Clinical and Rxperimental Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Assmaa Mostafa Farag
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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Mirzaev KB, Fedorinov DS, Ivashchenko DV, Sychev DA. ADME pharmacogenetics: future outlook for Russia. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:847-865. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review reflects the results of pharmacogenetic studies in the Russian Federation aimed at studying the genes involved in the drug biotransformation system. The works of Russian researchers found by us are mostly devoted to microsomal liver oxidation enzymes (metabolism) and membrane transporter systems (absorption and excretion). This review presents population-ethnic and associative clinical studies on the genes of the CYP450 system, noncytochrome oxidation enzymes ( SULT1A1, CES1), membrane transporter system genes ( ABCB1, SLCO1B1) and warfarin biotransformation enzymes ( VKORC1, GGCX). The information is structured in the form of 11 tables, divided by regions of the Russian Federation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin B Mirzaev
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Denis S Fedorinov
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V Ivashchenko
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A Sychev
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation
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47
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Giudice A, Barbieri A, Bimonte S, Cascella M, Cuomo A, Crispo A, D'Arena G, Galdiero M, Della Pepa ME, Botti G, Caraglia M, Capunzo M, Arra C, Montella M. Dissecting the prevention of estrogen-dependent breast carcinogenesis through Nrf2-dependent and independent mechanisms. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4937-4953. [PMID: 31388303 PMCID: PMC6607693 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s183192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Various studies indicate that prolonged exposure to elevated levels of estrogens is associated with development of breast cancer. Both estrogen receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms can contribute to the carcinogenic effects of estrogens. Among them, the oxidative metabolism of estrogens plays a key role in the initiation of estradiol-induced breast cancer by generation of reactive estrogen quinones as well as the associated formation of oxygen free radicals. These genotoxic metabolites can react with DNA to form unstable DNA adducts which generate mutations leading to the initiation of breast cancer. A variety of endogenous and exogenous factors can alter estrogen homeostasis and generate genotoxic metabolites. The use of specific phytochemicals and dietary supplements can inhibit the risk of breast cancer not only by the modulation of several estrogen-activating enzymes (CYP19, CYP1B1) but also through the induction of various cytoprotective enzymes (eg, SOD3, NQO1, glutathione S-transferases, OGG-1, catechol-O-methyltransferases, CYP1B1A, etc.) that reestablish the homeostatic balance of estrogen metabolism via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Giudice
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bimonte
- Division of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Cascella
- Division of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Cuomo
- Division of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Crispo
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Arena
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80134Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Della Pepa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80134Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Montella
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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Nakajima T, Sato T, Iguchi T, Takasugi N. Retinoic acid signaling determines the fate of the uterus from the mouse Müllerian duct. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 86:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Mammographic breast density and its association with urinary estrogens and the fecal microbiota in postmenopausal women. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216114. [PMID: 31067262 PMCID: PMC6505928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast density, as estimated by mammography, is a strong risk factor for breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women, but the determinants of breast density have not yet been established. The aim of this study was to assess if urinary estrogens or gut microbiota alterations are associated with mammographic density in postmenopausal women. METHODS Among 54 cancer-free, postmenopausal controls in the Breast and Colon Health study, we classified low- versus high-density women with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS, 5th edition) mammographic screening data, then assessed associations with urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites (determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry), and fecal microbiota alpha and beta diversity (using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons). RESULTS Multiple logistic regression revealed no significant association between breast density and fecal microbiota metrics (PD_tree P-value = 0.82; un-weighted and weighted UniFrac P = 0.92 and 0.83, respectively, both by MiRKAT). In contrast, total urinary estrogens (and all 15 estrogens/estrogen metabolites) were strongly and inversely associated with breast density (P = 0.01) after adjustment for age and body mass index. CONCLUSION Mammographic density was not associated with the gut microbiota, but it was inversely associated with urinary estrogen levels. IMPACT The finding of an inverse association between urinary estrogens and breast density in cancer-free women adds to the growing breast cancer literature on understanding the relationship between endogenous estrogens and mammographic density.
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50
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Catron TR, Swank A, Wehmas LC, Phelps D, Keely SP, Brinkman NE, McCord J, Singh R, Sobus J, Wood CE, Strynar M, Wheaton E, Tal T. Microbiota alter metabolism and mediate neurodevelopmental toxicity of 17β-estradiol. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7064. [PMID: 31068624 PMCID: PMC6506524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogenic chemicals are widespread environmental contaminants associated with diverse health and ecological effects. During early vertebrate development, estrogen receptor signaling is critical for many different physiologic responses, including nervous system function. Recently, host-associated microbiota have been shown to influence neurodevelopment. Here, we hypothesized that microbiota may biotransform exogenous 17-βestradiol (E2) and modify E2 effects on swimming behavior. Colonized zebrafish were continuously exposed to non-teratogenic E2 concentrations from 1 to 10 days post-fertilization (dpf). Changes in microbial composition and predicted metagenomic function were evaluated. Locomotor activity was assessed in colonized and axenic (microbe-free) zebrafish exposed to E2 using a standard light/dark behavioral assay. Zebrafish tissue was collected for chemistry analyses. While E2 exposure did not alter microbial composition or putative function, colonized E2-exposed larvae showed reduced locomotor activity in the light, in contrast to axenic E2-exposed larvae, which exhibited normal behavior. Measured E2 concentrations were significantly higher in axenic relative to colonized zebrafish. Integrated peak area for putative sulfonated and glucuronidated E2 metabolites showed a similar trend. These data demonstrate that E2 locomotor effects in the light phase are dependent on the presence of microbiota and suggest that microbiota influence chemical E2 toxicokinetics. More broadly, this work supports the concept that microbial colonization status may influence chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Catron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Drake Phelps
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | | | - James McCord
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Randolph Singh
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jon Sobus
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NERL/EMMD, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Charles E Wood
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, RTP, NC, USA
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
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