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Liu W, Niu Z, Feng X, Zhou W, Liang D, Lyu M, Wang G, Lu X, Liu L, Turnbull JC. Atmospheric CO 2 and 14CO 2 observations at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in China: Temporal characteristics and source quantification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170682. [PMID: 38325447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A two-year (March 2021 to February 2023) continuous atmospheric CO2 and a one-year regular atmospheric 14CO2 measurement records were measured at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in Xi'an, China, aiming to study the temporal characteristics of atmospheric CO2 and the contributions from the sources of fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) and biological CO2 (CO2bio) fluxes. The two-year mean CO2 mole fraction was 442.2 ± 16.3 ppm, with a yearly increase of 4.7 ppm (i.e., 1.1 %) during the two-year observations. Seasonal CO2 mole fractions were the highest in winter (452.1 ± 17.7 ppm) and the lowest in summer (433.5 ± 13.3 ppm), with the monthly CO2 levels peaking in January and troughing in June. Diurnal CO2 levels peaked at dawn (05:00-07:00) in spring, summer and autumn, and at 10:00 in winter. 14C analysis revealed that the excess CO2 (CO2ex, atmospheric CO2 minus background CO2) at this site was mainly from CO2ff emissions (67.0 ± 26.8 %), and CO2ff mole fractions were the highest in winter (20.6 ± 17.7 ppm). Local CO enhancement above the background mole fraction (ΔCO) was significantly (r = 0.74, p < 0.05) positively correlated with CO2ff in a one-year measurement, and ΔCO:CO2ff showed a ratio of 23 ± 6 ppb/ppm during summer and winter sampling days, much lower than previous measurements and suggesting an improvement in combustion efficiency over the last decade. CO2bio mole fractions also peaked in winter (14.2 ± 9.6 ppm), apparently due to biomass combustion and the lower and more stable wintertime atmospheric boundary layer. The negative CO2bio values in summer indicated that terrestrial vegetation of the Qinling Mountains had the potential to uptake atmospheric CO2 during the corresponding sampling days. This site is most sensitive to local emissions from Xi'an and to short distance transportation from the southern Qinling Mountains through the valleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, China.
| | - Xue Feng
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Joint Xi'an AMS Center Between IEECAS and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mengni Lyu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Joint Xi'an AMS Center Between IEECAS and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jocelyn C Turnbull
- National Isotope Center, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand; CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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Song H, Wu P, Lu X, Wang B, Song T, Lu Q, Li M, Xu X. Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms of CO2 enrichment in promoting the growth and quality in Lactuca sativa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278159. [PMID: 36735719 PMCID: PMC9897578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has attracted widespread attention. To explore the effect of elevated CO2 on lettuce growth and better understand the mechanism of elevated CO2 in lettuce cultivation, 3 kinds of lettuce with 4 real leaves were selected and planted in a solar greenhouse. One week later, CO2 was applied from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. on sunny days for 30 days. The results showed that the growth potential of lettuce was enhanced under CO2 enrichment. The content of vitamin C and chlorophyll in the three lettuce varieties increased, and the content of nitrate nitrogen decreased. The light saturation point and net photosynthetic rate of leaves increased, and the light compensation point decreased. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 217 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by the three varieties, among which 166 were upregulated, 44 were downregulated, and 7 DEGs were inconsistent in the three materials. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that these DEGs involved mainly the ethylene signaling pathway, jasmonic acid signaling pathway, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, etc. Forty-one DEGs in response to CO2 enrichment were screened out by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and the biological processes involved were consistent with KEGG analysis. which suggested that the growth and nutritional quality of lettuce could be improved by increasing the enzyme activity and gene expression levels of photosynthesis, hormone signaling and carbohydrate metabolism. The results laid a theoretical foundation for lettuce cultivation in solar greenhouses and the application of CO2 fertilization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Song
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Peiqi Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Tianyue Song
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Meilan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, Hainan, China
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Lamichaney A, Maity A. Implications of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on seed quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:805-812. [PMID: 33484372 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of plants through seed is governed by the ability and rate to germinate, which largely depends on the climatic variables prevailing during pre-harvest (mother plant growth) and post-harvest (processing and storage) stages. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] is increasing rapidly and is expected to surpass 550 ppm within this century. Elevated CO2 (e[CO2]) is reported to influence the mother plant at morphological, phenological, physiological and biochemical levels across the species. Such changes are expected to alter the quality components of the progeny seeds, which has received very little research attention. This review discusses about the possible implications of e[CO2] on quality attributes of seed affecting its planting value with much emphasis on seed weight, germination, vigour and its biochemical constituents. Research indicates that the effect of e[CO2] on seed weight is variable and influenced by the availability of nutrients particularly nitrogen. Likewise, seed germination shows a divergent effect, whereas seed vigour that indicates the strength of a seed usually is compromised under e[CO2]. It generally alters the balance between tissue carbon and nitrogen content, thus impairs the normal C:N ratio in progeny seed, which eventually impacts the next generation crop. For mitigation, while global breeding efforts focused on elite but narrow gene pool across the crop species shredded some of the ecologically important seed traits, such as thick and dark seed coat in legumes, such traits must be considered in designing breeding programs as they provide resilience to various stresses. We have suggested additional potential mitigation strategies and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Lamichaney
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208024, India.
| | - Aniruddha Maity
- Seed Technology Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, India.
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Wu C, Sun Y, Yang G, Li L, Sun W, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li Y. Natural variation in stress response induced by low CO 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Open Life Sci 2021; 15:923-938. [PMID: 33817279 PMCID: PMC7874586 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2020-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration can dictate plant growth and development and shape plant evolution. For paired populations of 31 Arabidopsis accessions, respectively, grown under 100 or 380 ppm CO2, we compared phenotypic traits related to vegetative growth and flowering time. Four accessions showed the least variation in measured growth traits between 100 ppm CO2 and 380 ppm CO2 conditions, though all accessions exhibited a dwarf stature with reduced biomass under low CO2. Our comparison of accessions also incorporated the altitude (indicated in meters) above sea level at which they were originally collected. Notably, An-1 (50 m), Est (50 m), Ws-0 (150 m), and Ler-0 (600 m) showed the least differences (lower decrease or increase) between treatments in flowering time, rosette leaf number, specific leaf weight, stomatal density, and less negative δ13C values. When variations for all traits and seedset were considered together, Ws-0 exhibited the least change between treatments. Our results showed that physiological and phenotypic responses to low CO2 varied among these accessions and did not correlate linearly with altitude, thus suggesting that slower growth or smaller stature under ambient CO2 may potentially belie a fitness advantage for sustainable growth under low CO2 availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulou Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zenglan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, 250014, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Sakakibara H. Cytokinin biosynthesis and transport for systemic nitrogen signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:421-430. [PMID: 33015901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of growth and development in response to environmental changes is one of the essential aspects of plant behavior. Cytokinins play an important role as signaling molecules in the long-distance communication between organs in systemic growth regulation in response to nitrogen. The spatial distribution of the expression sites of cytokinin biosynthesis genes leads to structural differences in the molecular species transported through the xylem and phloem, giving root-borne trans-hydroxylated cytokinins, namely trans-zeatin (tZ) type, a specialized efficacy in regulating shoot growth. Furthermore, root-to-shoot translocation via the xylem, tZ, and its precursor, the tZ riboside, controls different sets of shoot growth traits to fine-tune shoot growth in response to nitrogen availability. In addition to nitrogen, photosynthetically generated sugars positively regulate de novo cytokinin biosynthesis in the roots, and contribute to plant growth under elevated CO2 conditions. In shoot-to-root signaling, cytokinins also play a role in the regulation of nutrient acquisition and root system growth in cooperation with other types of signaling molecules, such as C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE DOWNSTREAMs. As cytokinin is a key regulator for the maintenance of shoot apical meristem, deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of cytokinin biosynthesis and transport in response to nitrogen is important not only for basic comprehension of plant growth, but also to ensure the stability of agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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6
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Higuchi-Takeuchi M, Kondo T, Shimizu M, Kim YW, Shinozaki K, Hanada K. Effect of small coding genes on the circadian rhythms under elevated CO 2 conditions in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:55-65. [PMID: 32572798 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has a significant effect on plant growth and development. To explore the elevated-CO2 response, we generated transcriptional profiles over a time course (2 h-14 days) of exposure to elevated CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes related to photosynthesis were down-regulated and circadian rhythm-related genes were abnormally regulated in the early to middle phase of elevated CO2 exposure. To understand the novel mechanism of elevated CO2 signaling, we focused on 42 unknown small coding genes that showed differential expression patterns under elevated CO2 conditions. Four transgenic plants overexpressing the small coding gene exhibited a growth-defective phenotype under elevated CO2 but not under current CO2. Transcriptome analysis showed that circadian rhythm-related genes were commonly regulated in four transgenic plants. These circadian rhythm-related genes were transcribed in the dark when CO2 concentrations in the leaf was high. Taken together, our identified four small coding genes are likely to participate in elevated CO2 signaling to the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Minami Shimizu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - You-Wang Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kousuke Hanada
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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7
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Mochida K, Lipka AE, Hirayama T. Exploration of Life-Course Factors Influencing Phenotypic Outcomes in Crops. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1381-1383. [PMID: 32603418 PMCID: PMC7434585 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Mochida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan 230-0045
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Japan 244-0813
- Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan 236-0027
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan 710-0046
- Corresponding author: Email, ; Fax, +81-45-503-9182
| | - Alexander E Lipka
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Takashi Hirayama
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan 710-0046
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8
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Nakamichi N, Kudo T, Makita N, Kiba T, Kinoshita T, Sakakibara H. Flowering time control in rice by introducing Arabidopsis clock-associated PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:970-979. [PMID: 31985350 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1719822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants flower under appropriate day-length conditions by integrating temporal information provided by the circadian clock with light and dark information from the environment. A sub-group of plant specific circadian clock-associated PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes (PRR7/PRR3 sub-group) controls flowering time both in long-day and short-day plants; however, flowering control by the other two PRR gene sub-groups has been reported only in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), a model long-day plant. Here, we show that an Arabidopsis PRR9/PRR5 sub-group gene can control flowering time (heading date) in rice, a short-day plant. Although PRR5 promotes flowering in Arabidopsis, transgenic rice overexpressing Arabidopsis PRR5 caused late flowering. Such transgenic rice plants produced significantly higher biomass, but not grain yield, due to the late flowering. Concomitantly, expression of Hd3a, a rice florigen gene, was reduced in the transgenic rice.Abbreviations: CCT: CONSTANS, CONSTANS-LIKE, and TOC1; HD: HEADING DATE; LHY: LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL; Ppd: photoperiod; PR: pseudo-receiver; PRR: PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR; TOC1: TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1; ZTL: ZEITLUPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Nakamichi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Graduate School of Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toru Kudo
- Metabologenomics, Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Nobue Makita
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kiba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Graduate School of Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Li L, Wang M, Pokharel SS, Li C, Parajulee MN, Chen F, Fang W. Effects of elevated CO 2 on foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea, and population dynamics of tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 145:84-94. [PMID: 31675526 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rising atmospheric CO2 concentration has shown to affect plant physiology and chemistry by altering plant primary and secondary metabolisms. Nevertheless, the impacts of elevated CO2 on plant nutrients and functional components of tea remain largely unknown, which will likely affect tea quality and taste under climate change scenario. Being sources of nutrients and secondary chemicals/metabolites for herbivorous insects, the variation in foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea plants resulting from CO2 enrichment will further affect the herbivorous insects' occurrence and feeding ecology. In this study, the tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii was selected as the phloem-feeding herbivore to study the effects of elevated CO2 on foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea seedlings, and the population dynamics of T. aurantii. The results indicated that elevated CO2 enhanced the photosynthetic ability and improved the plant growth of tea seedlings compared with ambient CO2, with significant increases in net photosynthetic rate (+20%), intercellular CO2 concentration (+15.74%), leaf biomass (+15.04%) and root-to-shoot ratio (+8.08%), and significant decreases in stomatal conductance (-5.52%) and transpiration rate (-9.40%) of tea seedlings. Moreover, elevated CO2 significantly increased the foliar content of soluble sugars (+4.74%), theanine (+3.66%) and polyphenols (+12.01%) and reduced the foliar content of free amino acids (-9.09%) and caffeine (-3.38%) of tea seedlings compared with ambient CO2. Furthermore, the relative transcript levels of the genes of theanine synthetase (+18.64%), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (+49.50%), s'-adenosine methionine synthetase (+143.03%) and chalcone synthase (+61.86%) were up-regulated, and that of caffeine synthase (-56.91%) was down-regulated for the tea seedlings grown under elevated CO2 relative to ambient CO2. In addition, the foliar contents of jasmonic acid (+98.6%) and salicylic acid (+155.6%) also increased for the tea seedlings grown under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2. Also, significant increases in the population abundance of T. aurantii (+4.24%-41.17%) were observed when they fed on tea seedlings grown under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2. It is presumed that the tea quality and taste will be improved owing to the enhanced foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea seedlings under the climate change scenario, especially on account of the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, while the climate change may exacerbate the occurrence of tea aphid, T. aurantii, despite the enhanced secondary defensive chemicals manifested by the CO2 enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengfei Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | | | - Chunxu Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and ExtensionCenter, Lubbock, TX79403, USA
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Wanping Fang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
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10
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Sugar-induced de novo cytokinin biosynthesis contributes to Arabidopsis growth under elevated CO 2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7765. [PMID: 31123308 PMCID: PMC6533260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon availability is a major regulatory factor in plant growth and development. Cytokinins, plant hormones that play important roles in various aspects of growth and development, have been implicated in the carbon-dependent regulation of plant growth; however, the details of their involvement remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that sugar-induced cytokinin biosynthesis plays a role in growth enhancement under elevated CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Growing Arabidopsis seedlings under elevated CO2 resulted in an accumulation of cytokinin precursors that preceded growth enhancement. In roots, elevated CO2 induced two genes involved in de novo cytokinin biosynthesis: an adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase gene, AtIPT3, and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene, CYP735A2. The expression of these genes was inhibited by a photosynthesis inhibitor, DCMU, under elevated CO2, and was enhanced by sugar supplements, indicating that photosynthetically generated sugars are responsible for the induction. Consistently, cytokinin precursor accumulation was enhanced by sugar supplements. Cytokinin biosynthetic mutants were impaired in growth enhancement under elevated CO2, demonstrating the involvement of de novo cytokinin biosynthesis for a robust growth response. We propose that plants employ a system to regulate growth in response to elevated CO2 in which photosynthetically generated sugars induce de novo cytokinin biosynthesis for growth regulation.
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11
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de Simón BF, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Metabolic response to elevated CO 2 levels in Pinus pinaster Aiton needles in an ontogenetic and genotypic-dependent way. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:202-212. [PMID: 30216778 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global climate changes involve elevated atmospheric [CO2], fostering the carbon allocation to tree sink tissues, partitioning it into metabolic pathways. We use metabolomics analysis in adult and juvenile needles of four Pinus pinaster genotypes exposed to two levels of growth [CO2]: ambient (400 μmol mol-1) and enriched (800 μmol mol-1), to know if the metabolic responses are genotype-dependent and vary according to the stage of needle ontogeny. The eCO2-induced changes in the needle metabolomes are more significant in secondary metabolism pathways and especially meaningful in juvenile needles. The heteroblasty has important consequences in the expression of the metabolome, and on the plasticity to CO2, determining the level of specific metabolite accumulation, showing an interdependence between adult and juvenile needles. The P. pinaster needle metabolomes also show clear quantitative differences linked to genotype, as well as regarding the metabolic response to eCO2, showing both, common and genotype-specific biochemical responses. Thus, the changes in flavonol levels are mainly genotype-independent, while those in terpenoid and free fatty acids are mainly genotype-dependent, ratifying the importance of genotype to determine the metabolic response to eCO2. To understand the adaptation mechanisms that tree species can develop to cope with eCO2 it is necessary to know the genetically distinct responses within a species to recognize the CO2-induced changes from the divergent approaches, what can facilitate knowing also the possible interrelation of the physiological and metabolic responses. That could explain the controversial effects of eCO2 on the carbon-based metabolite in conifers, at the inter- and intra-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía Del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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Photosynthetic and Photosynthesis-Related Responses of Japanese Native Trees to CO2: Results from Phytotrons, Open-Top Chambers, Natural CO2 Springs, and Free-Air CO2 Enrichment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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13
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Fodor N, Challinor A, Droutsas I, Ramirez-Villegas J, Zabel F, Koehler AK, Foyer CH. Integrating Plant Science and Crop Modeling: Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Soybean and Maize Production. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1833-1847. [PMID: 29016928 PMCID: PMC6383117 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Increasing global CO2 emissions have profound consequences for plant biology, not least because of direct influences on carbon gain. However, much remains uncertain regarding how our major crops will respond to a future high CO2 world. Crop model inter-comparison studies have identified large uncertainties and biases associated with climate change. The need to quantify uncertainty has drawn the fields of plant molecular physiology, crop breeding and biology, and climate change modeling closer together. Comparing data from different models that have been used to assess the potential climate change impacts on soybean and maize production, future yield losses have been predicted for both major crops. When CO2 fertilization effects are taken into account significant yield gains are predicted for soybean, together with a shift in global production from the Southern to the Northern hemisphere. Maize production is also forecast to shift northwards. However, unless plant breeders are able to produce new hybrids with improved traits, the forecasted yield losses for maize will only be mitigated by agro-management adaptations. In addition, the increasing demands of a growing world population will require larger areas of marginal land to be used for maize and soybean production. We summarize the outputs of crop models, together with mitigation options for decreasing the negative impacts of climate on the global maize and soybean production, providing an overview of projected land-use change as a major determining factor for future global crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- N�ndor Fodor
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462 Martonv�s�r Brunszvik u. 2., Hungary
| | - Andrew Challinor
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Ioannis Droutsas
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Julian Ramirez-Villegas
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), c/o CIAT, km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia
| | - Florian Zabel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit�t M�nchen, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Koehler
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
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14
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Rubio-Asensio JS, Bloom AJ. Inorganic nitrogen form: a major player in wheat and Arabidopsis responses to elevated CO2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2611-2625. [PMID: 28011716 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Critical for predicting the future of primary productivity is a better understanding of plant responses to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. This review considers recent results on the role of the inorganic nitrogen (N) forms nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) in determining the responses of wheat and Arabidopsis to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Here, we identify four key issues: (i) the possibility that different plant species respond similarly to elevated CO2 if one accounts for the N form that they are using; (ii) the major influence that plant-soil N interactions have on plant responses to elevated CO2; (iii) the observation that elevated CO2 may favor the uptake of one N form over others; and (iv) the finding that plants receiving NH4+ nutrition respond more positively to elevated CO2 than those receiving NO3- nutrition because elevated CO2 inhibits the assimilation of NO3- in shoots of C3 plants. We conclude that the form and amount of N available to plants from the rhizosphere and plant preferences for the different N forms are essential for predicting plant responses to elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Rubio-Asensio
- Department of Irrigation, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Arnold J Bloom
- Department of Plant Sciences, Mailstop 3, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Morita R, Inoue K, Ikeda KI, Hatanaka T, Misoo S, Fukayama H. Starch Content in Leaf Sheath Controlled by CO2-Responsive CCT Protein is a Potential Determinant of Photosynthetic Capacity in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2334-2341. [PMID: 27519315 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CO2-responsive CCT protein (CRCT) is the suggested positive regulator of starch synthesis in vegetative organs, particularly the leaf sheath of rice. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the starch level in the leaf sheath on the photosynthetic rate in the leaf blade using CRCT overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown transgenic rice grown under ambient (38 Pa) or elevated (100 Pa) CO2 conditions. In leaf sheath, the starch content was markedly changed in relation to CRCT expression levels under both CO2 conditions. In contrast, the soluble sugar and starch contents of the leaf blade were markedly increased in the knockdown line grown under elevated CO2 conditions. The overexpression or RNAi knockdown of CRCT did not cause large effects on the photosynthetic rate of the transgenic lines grown under ambient CO2 condition. However, the photosynthetic rate of the overexpression line was enhanced, while that of the knockdown line was substantially decreased under elevated CO2 conditions. These photosynthetic rates were weakly correlated with the nitrogen contents and negatively correlated with the total non-structural carbohydrate contents. Thus, the capacity for starch synthesis in leaf sheath, which is controlled by CRCT, can indirectly affect the carbohydrate content, and then the photosynthetic rate in the leaf blade of rice grown under elevated CO2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Morita
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kanako Inoue
- Laboratory of Stress Cytology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Present address: Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Osaka, 567-0047 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Stress Cytology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoko Hatanaka
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Shuji Misoo
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukayama
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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16
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Jauregui I, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Avila C, Cañas R, Sakalauskiene S, Aranjuelo I. Root-shoot interactions explain the reduction of leaf mineral content in Arabidopsis plants grown under elevated [CO2 ] conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 158:65-79. [PMID: 26801348 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although shoot N depletion in plants exposed to elevated [CO2 ] has already been reported on several occasions, some uncertainty remains about the mechanisms involved. This study illustrates (1) the importance of characterizing root-shoot interactions and (2) the physiological, biochemical and gene expression mechanisms adopted by nitrate-fed Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under elevated [CO2 ]. Elevated [CO2 ] increases biomass and photosynthetic rates; nevertheless, the decline in total soluble protein, Rubisco and leaf N concentrations revealed a general decrease in leaf N availability. A transcriptomic approach (conducted at the root and shoot level) revealed that exposure to 800 ppm [CO2 ] induced the expression of genes involved in the transport of nitrate and mineral elements. Leaf N and mineral status revealed that N assimilation into proteins was constrained under elevated [CO2 ]. Moreover, this study also highlights how elevated [CO2 ] induced the reorganization of nitrate assimilation between tissues; root nitrogen assimilation was favored over leaf assimilation to offset the decline in nitrogen metabolism in the leaves of plants exposed to elevated [CO2 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jauregui
- Dpto. Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192, Mutilva Baja, Spain
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192, Mutilva Baja, Spain
| | - Pedro M Aparicio-Tejo
- Dpto. Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192, Mutilva Baja, Spain
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192, Mutilva Baja, Spain
| | - Concepción Avila
- Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biotencología, Unidad Asociada UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitairo de Teatinos, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Cañas
- Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biotencología, Unidad Asociada UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitairo de Teatinos, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sandra Sakalauskiene
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, LT-54333, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192, Mutilva Baja, Spain
- Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, E-48940, Bizkaia, Spain
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Ingram GC, Fujiwara T. Special Focus Issue on Plant Responses to the Environment. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:657-659. [PMID: 27091852 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth C Ingram
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Devéloppement des Plantes, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5667, Lyon, France
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
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18
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Samardakiewicz S, Krzeszowiec-Jeleń W, Bednarski W, Jankowski A, Suski S, Gabryś H, Woźny A. Pb-induced avoidance-like chloroplast movements in fronds of Lemna trisulca L. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116757. [PMID: 25646776 PMCID: PMC4315572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead ions are particularly dangerous to the photosynthetic apparatus, but little is known about the effects of trace metals, including Pb, on regulation of chloroplast redistribution. In this study a new effect of lead on chloroplast distribution patterns and movements was demonstrated in mesophyll cells of a small-sized aquatic angiosperm Lemna trisulca L. (star duckweed). An analysis of confocal microscopy images of L. trisulca fronds treated with lead (15 μM Pb2+, 24 h) in darkness or in weak white light revealed an enhanced accumulation of chloroplasts in the profile position along the anticlinal cell walls, in comparison to untreated plants. The rearrangement of chloroplasts in their response to lead ions in darkness was similar to the avoidance response of chloroplasts in plants treated with strong white light. Transmission electron microscopy X-ray microanalysis showed that intracellular chloroplast arrangement was independent of the location of Pb deposits, suggesting that lead causes redistribution of chloroplasts, which looks like a light-induced avoidance response, but is not a real avoidance response to the metal. Furthermore, a similar redistribution of chloroplasts in L. trisulca cells in darkness was observed also under the influence of exogenously applied hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In addition, we detected an enhanced accumulation of endogenous H2O2 after treatment of plants with lead. Interestingly, H2O2-specific scavenger catalase partly abolished the Pb-induced chloroplast response. These results suggest that H2O2 can be involved in the avoidance-like movement of chloroplasts induced by lead. Analysis of photometric measurements revealed also strong inhibition (but not complete) of blue-light-induced chloroplast movements by lead. This inhibition may result from disturbances in the actin cytoskeleton, as we observed fragmentation and disappearance of actin filaments around chloroplasts. Results of this study show that the mechanisms of the toxic effect of lead on chloroplasts can include disturbances in their movement and distribution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Weronika Krzeszowiec-Jeleń
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Waldemar Bednarski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Jankowski
- Laboratory of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Suski
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Woźny
- Laboratory of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Costa LM. Editorial: Plant and Cell Physiology--past, present and future. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1-3. [PMID: 25756139 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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