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Vaccarella E, Piacentini D, Falasca G, Canepari S, Massimi L. In-vivo exposure of a plant model organism for the assessment of the ability of PM samples to induce oxidative stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165694. [PMID: 37516174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to propose an innovative, simple, rapid, and cost-effective method to study oxidative stress induced by PM through in-vivo exposure of the plant model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. A. thaliana seedlings were exposed to urban dust certified for its elemental content and to PM2.5 samples collected in an urban-industrial area of Northern Italy. An innovative technique for the detachment and suspension in water of the whole intact dust from membrane filters was applied to expose the model organism to both the soluble and insoluble fractions of PM2.5, which were analyzed for 34 elements by ICP-MS. Oxidative stress induced by PM on A. thaliana was assessed by light microscopic localization and UV-Vis spectrophotometric determination of superoxide anion (O2-) content on the exposed seedlings by using the nitro blue tetrazole (NBT) assay. The results showed a good efficiency and sensitivity of the method for PM mass concentrations >20 μg m-3 and an increase in O2- content in all exposed seedlings, which mainly depends on the concentration, chemical composition, and sources of the PM administered to the model organism. Particles released by biomass burning appeared to contribute more to the overall toxicity of PM. This method was found to be cost-effective and easy to apply to PM collected on membrane filters in intensive monitoring campaigns in order to obtain valuable information on the ability of PM to generate oxidative stress in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Vaccarella
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Diego Piacentini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Falasca
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, Rome 00185, Italy; C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Via Salaria, Km 29,300, Monterotondo St., Rome 00015, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Massimi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, Rome 00185, Italy; C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Via Salaria, Km 29,300, Monterotondo St., Rome 00015, Italy.
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Pukyšová V, Sans Sánchez A, Rudolf J, Nodzyński T, Zwiewka M. Arabidopsis flippase ALA3 is required for adjustment of early subcellular trafficking in plant response to osmotic stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4959-4977. [PMID: 37353222 PMCID: PMC10498020 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
To compensate for their sessile lifestyle, plants developed several responses to exogenous changes. One of the previously investigated and not yet fully understood adaptations occurs at the level of early subcellular trafficking, which needs to be rapidly adjusted to maintain cellular homeostasis and membrane integrity under osmotic stress conditions. To form a vesicle, the membrane needs to be deformed, which is ensured by multiple factors, including the activity of specific membrane proteins, such as flippases from the family of P4-ATPases. The membrane pumps actively translocate phospholipids from the exoplasmic/luminal to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet to generate curvature, which might be coupled with recruitment of proteins involved in vesicle formation at specific sites of the donor membrane. We show that lack of the AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE3 (ALA3) flippase activity caused defects at the plasma membrane and trans-Golgi network, resulting in altered endocytosis and secretion, processes relying on vesicle formation and movement. The mentioned cellular defects were translated into decreased intracellular trafficking flexibility failing to adjust the root growth on osmotic stress-eliciting media. In conclusion, we show that ALA3 cooperates with ARF-GEF BIG5/BEN1 and ARF1A1C/BEX1 in a similar regulatory pathway to vesicle formation, and together they are important for plant adaptation to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Pukyšová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adrià Sans Sánchez
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Rudolf
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Araniti F, Talarico E, Madeo ML, Greco E, Minervino M, Álvarez-Rodríguez S, Muto A, Ferrari M, Chiappetta A, Bruno L. Short-term exposition to acute Cadmium toxicity induces the loss of root gravitropic stimuli perception through PIN2-mediated auxin redistribution in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111726. [PMID: 37149227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), one of the most widespread and water-soluble polluting heavy metals, has been widely studied on plants, even if the mechanisms underlying its phytotoxicity remain elusive. Indeed, most experiments are performed using extensive exposure time to the toxicants, not observing the primary targets affected. The present work studied Cd effects on Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh's root apical meristem (RAM) exposed for short periods (24h and 48h) to acute phytotoxic concentrations (100 and 150µM). The effects were studied through integrated morpho-histological, molecular, pharmacological and metabolomic analyses, highlighting that Cd inhibited primary root elongation by affecting the meristem zone via altering cell expansion. Moreover, Cd altered Auxin accumulation in RAM and affected PINs polar transporters particularly PIN2. In addition, we observed that high Cd concentration induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in roots, which resulted in an altered organization of cortical microtubules and the starch and sucrose metabolism, altering the statolith formation and, consequently, the gravitropic root response. Our results demonstrated that short Cd exposition (24h) affected cell expansion preferentially, altering auxin distribution and inducing ROS accumulation, which resulted in an alteration of gravitropic response and microtubules orientation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Araniti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Emanuela Talarico
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata of Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Madeo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata of Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Eleonora Greco
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata of Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Marco Minervino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata of Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Sara Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonella Muto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata of Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrari
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata of Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Adriana Chiappetta
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata of Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bruno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata of Rende, CS 87036, Italy.
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Pasternak T, Palme K, Pérez-Pérez JM. Role of reactive oxygen species in the modulation of auxin flux and root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:83-95. [PMID: 36700340 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in plant biology, acting as important signal transduction molecules and as toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism that accumulate in cells upon exposure to different stressors and lead to cell death. In plants, root architecture is regulated by the distribution and intercellular flow of the phytohormone auxin. In this study, we identified ROS as an important modulator of auxin distribution and response in the root. ROS production is necessary for root growth, proper tissue patterning, cell growth, and lateral root (LR) induction. Alterations in ROS balance led to altered auxin distribution and response in SOD and RHD2 loss-of-function mutants. Treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with additional sources of ROS (hydrogen peroxide) or an ROS production inhibitor (diphenylene iodonium) induced phenocopies of the mutants studied. Simultaneous application of auxin and ROS increased LR primordia induction, and PIN-FORMED protein immunolocalization further demonstrated the existing link between auxin and ROS in orchestrating cell division and auxin flux during root development. In Arabidopsis roots, genetic alterations in ROS balance led to defective auxin distribution and growth-related responses in roots. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide alters the establishment of the endogenous auxin gradient in the root meristem through regulation of PIN-FORMED polarity, while the simultaneous application of hydrogen peroxide and auxin enhanced LR induction in a dose- and position-dependent manner through activation of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Pasternak
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Klaus Palme
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for BioSystems Analysis, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- ScreenSYS GmbH, Engesserstr. 4, Freiburg, 79108, Germany
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Xiao K, Qiao K, Cui W, Xu X, Pan H, Wang F, Wang S, Yang F, Xuan Y, Li A, Han X, Song Z, Liu J. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the importance of GmSWEET15 in soybean susceptibility to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1119016. [PMID: 36778863 PMCID: PMC9909833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is a disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that causes incalculable losses in soybean yield each year. Considering the lack of effective resistance resources and the elusive resistance mechanisms, we are urged to develop resistance genes and explore their molecular mechanisms. Here, we found that loss of GmSWEET15 enhanced the resistance to S. sclerotiorum, and we explored the molecular mechanisms by which gmsweet15 mutant exhibit enhanced resistance to S. sclerotiorum by comparing transcriptome. At the early stage of inoculation, the wild type (WT) showed moderate defense response, whereas gmsweet15 mutant exhibited more extensive and intense transcription reprogramming. The gmsweet15 mutant enriched more biological processes, including the secretory pathway and tetrapyrrole metabolism, and it showed stronger changes in defense response, protein ubiquitination, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. The more intense and abundant transcriptional reprogramming of gmsweet15 mutant may explain how it effectively delayed colonization by S. sclerotiorum. In addition, we identified common and specific differentially expressed genes between WT and gmsweet15 mutant after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum, and gene sets and genes related to gmsweet15_24 h were identified through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Moreover, we constructed the protein-protein interaction network and gene co-expression networks and identified several groups of regulatory networks of gmsweet15 mutant in response to S. sclerotiorum, which will be helpful for the discovery of candidate functional genes. Taken together, our results elucidate molecular mechanisms of delayed colonization by S. sclerotiorum after loss of GmSWEET15 in soybean, and we propose novel resources for improving resistance to SSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunqin Xiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaibin Qiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xun Xu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengting Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shoudong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anmo Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuojian Song
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Jinliang Liu,
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Baba AI, Mir MY, Riyazuddin R, Cséplő Á, Rigó G, Fehér A. Plants in Microgravity: Molecular and Technological Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810548. [PMID: 36142459 PMCID: PMC9505700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are vital components of our ecosystem for a balanced life here on Earth, as a source of both food and oxygen for survival. Recent space exploration has extended the field of plant biology, allowing for future studies on life support farming on distant planets. This exploration will utilize life support technologies for long-term human space flights and settlements. Such longer space missions will depend on the supply of clean air, food, and proper waste management. The ubiquitous force of gravity is known to impact plant growth and development. Despite this, we still have limited knowledge about how plants can sense and adapt to microgravity in space. Thus, the ability of plants to survive in microgravity in space settings becomes an intriguing topic to be investigated in detail. The new knowledge could be applied to provide food for astronaut missions to space and could also teach us more about how plants can adapt to unique environments. Here, we briefly review and discuss the current knowledge about plant gravity-sensing mechanisms and the experimental possibilities to research microgravity-effects on plants either on the Earth or in orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Imran Baba
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: or
| | - Mohd Yaqub Mir
- Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Theoretical Neuroscience and Complex Systems Group, Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Riyazuddin Riyazuddin
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Fehér
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Zhou H, Ge H, Chen J, Li X, Yang L, Zhang H, Wang Y. Salicylic Acid Regulates Root Gravitropic Growth via Clathrin-Independent Endocytic Trafficking of PIN2 Auxin Transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169379. [PMID: 36012641 PMCID: PMC9409447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. However, the mechanism of high-concentration SA-affected gravitropic response in plant root growth and root hair development is still largely unclear. In this study, wild-type, pin2 mutant and various transgenic fluorescence marker lines of Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated to understand how root growth is affected by high SA treatment under gravitropic stress conditions. We found that exogenous SA application inhibited gravitropic root growth and root hair development in a dose-dependent manner. Further analyses using DIRECT REPEAT5 (DR5)-GFP, auxin sensor DII-VENUS, auxin efflux transporter PIN2-GFP, trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) clathrin-light-chain 2 (CLC2)-mCherry and prevacuolar compartment (PVC) (Rha1)-mCherry transgenic marker lines demonstrated that high SA treatment severely affected auxin accumulation, root-specific PIN2 distribution and PIN2 gene transcription and promoted the vacuolar degradation of PIN2, possibly independent of clathrin-mediated endocytic protein trafficking. Our findings proposed a new underlying mechanism of SA-affected gravitropic root growth and root hair development via the regulation of PIN2 gene transcription and PIN2 protein endocytosis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjun Zhou
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Haiman Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Lei Yang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuan Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
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Cheng S, Wang Y. Subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification regulate PIN polarity in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923293. [PMID: 35968084 PMCID: PMC9363823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin regulates plant growth and tropism responses. As a phytohormone, auxin is transported between its synthesis sites and action sites. Most natural auxin moves between cells via a polar transport system that is mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin exporters. The asymmetrically localized PINs usually determine the directionality of intercellular auxin flow. Different internal cues and external stimuli modulate PIN polar distribution and activity at multiple levels, including transcription, protein stability, subcellular trafficking, and post-translational modification, and thereby regulate auxin-distribution-dependent development. Thus, the different regulation levels of PIN polarity constitute a complex network. For example, the post-translational modification of PINs can affect the subcellular trafficking of PINs. In this review, we focus on subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification of PINs to summarize recent progress in understanding PIN polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Cheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Involvement of Sec71 and Ubp2 in tunicamycin-induced ER stress response in the fission yeast. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4719-4726. [PMID: 35474054 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the cellular environment result in ER stress and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR alleviates ER stress and restores homeostasis, but it triggers cell death under prolonged stress. Here, we aimed to investigate the involvement of Sec71, an Arf-GEF involved in vesicular transport, in the tunicamycin-induced ER stress response. Since deubiquitinases and ER stress are known to be closely linked, we investigated this response by evaluating the potential role of Ubp2, a deubiquitinase, in the ER stress response in fission yeast. METHODS AND RESULTS Tunicamycin-induced ER stress responses were assessed by analyzing cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular oxidation levels, and proteasomal activities in sec71 and ubp2-deficient cells. The cell viability of Δsec71 and Δubp2 decreased after exposure to 0.5 µg/mL tunicamycin. Deleting either ubp2 or sec71 genes significantly decreased proteasomal activity and sensitized cells to ER stress, resulting in increased apoptosis compared with wild-type cells after tunicamycin treatment. DCFDA (2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) reduction increased in correlation with apoptosis observed in the mutant cells, indicating higher levels of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the involvement of S. pombe Ubp2 in the known role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the ER stress response. We hypothesise that Sec71 is associated with ER homeostasis, and our findings on Sec71 provide new insight into the regulation of cell death mechanisms arising from the ER stress.
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Soboleva A, Frolova N, Bureiko K, Shumilina J, Balcke GU, Zhukov VA, Tikhonovich IA, Frolov A. Dynamics of Reactive Carbonyl Species in Pea Root Nodules in Response to Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Induced Osmotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2726. [PMID: 35269869 PMCID: PMC8910736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought dramatically affects crop productivity worldwide. For legumes this effect is especially pronounced, as their symbiotic association with rhizobia is highly-sensitive to dehydration. This might be attributed to the oxidative stress, which ultimately accompanies plants' response to water deficit. Indeed, enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species in root nodules might result in up-regulation of lipid peroxidation and overproduction of reactive carbonyl compounds (RCCs), which readily modify biomolecules and disrupt cell functions. Thus, the knowledge of the nodule carbonyl metabolome dynamics is critically important for understanding the drought-related losses of nitrogen fixation efficiency and plant productivity. Therefore, here we provide, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time a comprehensive overview of the pea root nodule carbonyl metabolome and address its alterations in response to polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress as the first step to examine the changes of RCC patterns in drought treated plants. RCCs were extracted from the nodules and derivatized with 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carbohydrazide (CHH). The relative quantification of CHH-derivatives by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry with a post-run correction for derivative stability revealed in total 194 features with intensities above 1 × 105 counts, 19 of which were down- and three were upregulated. The upregulation of glyceraldehyde could accompany non-enzymatic conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to methylglyoxal. The accumulation of 4,5-dioxovaleric acid could be the reason for down-regulation of porphyrin metabolism, suppression of leghemoglobin synthesis, inhibition of nitrogenase and degradation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis in response to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress effect. This effect needs to be confirmed with soil-based drought models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Soboleva
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany or (K.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Frolova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Kseniia Bureiko
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany or (K.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Julia Shumilina
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany or (K.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gerd U. Balcke
- Department of Metabolic and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Vladimir A. Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Chaussee 3, Pushkin 8, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.Z.); or (I.A.T.)
| | - Igor A. Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Chaussee 3, Pushkin 8, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.Z.); or (I.A.T.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany or (K.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants: From Source to Sink. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020225. [PMID: 35204108 PMCID: PMC8868209 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS, partial reduction or derivatives of free radicals) are highly reactive, dangerous and can cause oxidative cell death. In addition to their role as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, ROS play a role in the control and regulation of biological processes such as growth, the cell cycle, programmed cell death, hormone signaling, biotic and abiotic stress reactions and development. ROS always arise in plants as a by-product of several metabolic processes that are located in different cell compartments, or as a result of the inevitable escape of electrons to oxygen from the electron transport activities of chloroplasts, mitochondria and plasma membranes. These reactive species are formed in chloroplasts, mitochondria, plasma membranes, peroxisomes, apoplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum and cell walls. The action of many non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants present in tissues is required for efficient scavenging of ROS generated during various environmental stressors. The current review provides an in-depth look at the fate of ROS in plants, a beneficial role in managing stress and other irregularities. The production sites are also explained with their negative effects. In addition, the biochemical properties and sources of ROS generation, capture systems, the influence of ROS on cell biochemistry and the crosstalk of ROS with other signaling molecules/pathways are discussed.
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12
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Wang M, Zhou S, Lu J, Xu A, Huang Y, Bie Z, Cheng F. CmRCC1 Gene From Pumpkin Confers Cold Tolerance in Tobacco by Modulating Root Architecture and Photosynthetic Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765302. [PMID: 34925414 PMCID: PMC8678530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature stress is the main limiting factor of cucurbit crop cultivation as it affects crop yield and quality. The identification of genes involved in cold tolerance is a crucial aspect of pumpkin rootstock breeding. Here, we examined the function of a pumpkin Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 1 (CmRCC1) gene in the root development and cold stress responses of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). CmRCC1 expression was differentially induced in pumpkin root, stem, and leaf under cold stress. Transient transformation showed that CmRCC1 is located in the nucleus. CmRCC1 overexpression in tobacco increased the gravitropic set-point angle in lateral roots, as well as root diameter and volume. The expression of auxin polar transport factors, PIN1 and PIN3, decreased and increased in CmRCC1-overexpressed plants, respectively. Yeast two-hybrid verification and luciferase complementation imaging assay showed that CmRCC1 interacts with CmLAZY1. Furthermore, the decreases in maximum quantum yield of PS II, the effective quantum yield of PS II, and electron transfer rate and the increases in quantum yield of nonregulated energy dissipation and malondialdehyde content were compromised in transgenic plants compared with wild-type plants under cold stress. The results suggest that CmRCC1 plays an important role in the regulation of root architecture and positively modulates cold tolerance.
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Malangisha GK, Li C, Yang H, Mahmoud A, Ali A, Wang C, Yang Y, Yang J, Hu Z, Zhang M. Permissive action of H 2O 2 mediated ClUGT75 expression for auxin glycosylation and Al 3+- tolerance in watermelon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:77-90. [PMID: 34340025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although Al3+-toxicity is one of the limiting factors for crop production in acidic soils, little is known about the Al3+-tolerance mechanism in watermelon, a fairly acid-tolerant crop. This work aimed to identify the interaction between the H2O2 scavenging pathway and auxin glycosylation relevant to watermelon Al3+-tolerance. By analyzing expressions of hormone-related ClUGTs and antioxidant enzyme genes in Al3+-tolerant (ZJ) and Al3+-sensitive (NBT) cultivars, we identified ClUGT75s (B1, B2, and D1) and ClSOD1-2-ClCAT as crucial components associated with Al3+-tolerance. Al3+-stress significantly increased H2O2 content by 92.7% in NBT and 42.3% in ZJ, accompanied by less Al3+-, auxin (IAA and IBA), and MDA contents in ZJ than NBT. These findings coincided with significant ClSOD1-2 expression and stable dismutation activity in NBT than ZJ. Hence, higher H2O2 content in the root apex of NBT than ZJ correlated with a significant increase in auxin content and ClSOD1-2 up-regulation. Moreover, Al3+-activated ClUGT75D1 and ClUGT75B2 in ZJ coincided with no considerable change in IBA content, suggesting that glycosylation-mediated changes in IBA content might be relevant to Al3+-tolerance in watermelon. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2 and IBA indicated ClUGT75D1 modulating IBA is likely dependent on H2O2 background. We hypothesize that a higher H2O2 level in NBT represses ClUGT75, resulting in increased auxin than those in ZJ roots. Thus, excess in both H2O2 and auxin aggravated the inhibition of root elongation under Al3+-stress. Our findings provide insights on the permissive action of H2O2 in the mediation of auxin glycosylation by ClUGT75 in root apex for Al3+-tolerance in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Kateta Malangisha
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Lubumbashi, /UNILU, Lubumbashi, République Démocratique Du Congo/PO Box 1825, PR China
| | - Cheng Li
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Haiyang Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Abid Ali
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Chi Wang
- Agriculture, Rural Development and Water Conservancy Bureau of Wenling, Wenling, 317500, PR China
| | - Yubin Yang
- Agriculture, Rural Development and Water Conservancy Bureau of Wenling, Wenling, 317500, PR China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhongyuan Hu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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14
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Li H, Yue H, Xie J, Bu J, Li L, Xin X, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Yang L, Wang J, Jiang X. Transcriptomic profiling of the high-vigour maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid variety response to cold and drought stresses during seed germination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19345. [PMID: 34588562 PMCID: PMC8481303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, including cold and drought, negatively affect maize (Zea mays L.) seed field emergence and later yield and quality. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism of maize seed resistance to abiotic stress at seed germination, the global transcriptome of high- vigour variety Zhongdi175 exposed to cold- and drought- stress was analyzed by RNA-seq. In the comparison between the control and different stressed sample, 12,299 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, of which 9605 and 7837 DEGs were identified under cold- and drought- stress, respectively. Functional annotation analysis suggested that stress response mediated by the pathways involving ribosome, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, among others. Of the obtained DEGs (12,299), 5,143 genes are common to cold- and drought- stress, at least 2248 TFs in 56 TF families were identified that are involved in cold and/or drought treatments during seed germination, including bHLH, NAC, MYB and WRKY families, which suggested that common mechanisms may be originated during maize seed germination in response to different abiotic stresses. This study will provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of response to abiotic stress during maize seed germination, and could be useful for cultivar improvement and breeding of high vigour maize cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqin Li
- Maize Research Institute/College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Haiwang Yue
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui, 053000, China
| | - Junliang Xie
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui, 053000, China
| | - Junzhou Bu
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui, 053000, China
| | - Li Li
- Seed Science and Technology Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueying Xin
- Maize Research Institute/College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanming Zhao
- Maize Research Institute/College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Maize Research Institute/College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Li Yang
- Taocheng Branch of Natural Resources and Planning Bureau of Hengshui City, Hengshui, 053000, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Seed Science and Technology Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuwen Jiang
- Maize Research Institute/College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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15
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Pozhvanov G, Sharova E, Medvedev S. Microgravity modelling by two-axial clinorotation leads to scattered organisation of cytoskeleton in Arabidopsis seedlings. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:1062-1073. [PMID: 34372965 DOI: 10.1071/fp20225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Proper plant development in a closed ecosystem under weightlessness will be crucial for the success of future space missions. To supplement spaceflight experiments, such conditions of microgravity are modelled on Earth using a two-axial (2A) clinorotation, and in several fundamental studies resulted in the data on proteome and metabolome adjustments, embryo development, cell cycle regulation, etc. Nevertheless, our understanding of the cytoskeleton responses to the microgravity is still limited. In the present work, we study the adjustment of actin microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs) in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings under 2A clinorotation. Modelled microgravity resulted in not only the alteration of seedlings phenotype, but also a transient increase of the hydrogen peroxide level and in the cytoskeleton adjustment. Using GFP-fABD2 and Lifeact-Venus transgenic lines, we demonstrate that MFs became 'scattered' in elongating root and hypocotyl cells under 2A clinorotation. In addition, in GFP-MAP4 and GFP-TUA6 lines the tubulin cytoskeleton had higher fractions of transverse MTs under 2A clinorotation. Remarkably, the first static gravistimulation of continuously clinorotated seedlings reverted MF organisation to a longitudinal one in roots within 30 min. Our data suggest that the 'scattered' organisation of MFs in microgravity can serve as a good basis for the rapid cytoskeleton conversion to a 'longitudinal' structure under the gravity force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pozhvanov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7-9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation; and Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professora Popova st. 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russian Federation; and Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 48 Moika Emb., St. Petersburg 191186, Russian Federation; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Elena Sharova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7-9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Medvedev
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7-9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
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Machado Wood AK, Panwar V, Grimwade-Mann M, Ashfield T, Hammond-Kosack KE, Kanyuka K. The vesicular trafficking system component MIN7 is required for minimizing Fusarium graminearum infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5010-5023. [PMID: 33877328 PMCID: PMC8364293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed intricate defense mechanisms, referred to as innate immunity, to defend themselves against a wide range of pathogens. Plants often respond rapidly to pathogen attack by the synthesis and delivery to the primary infection sites of various antimicrobial compounds, proteins, and small RNA in membrane vesicles. Much of the evidence regarding the importance of vesicular trafficking in plant-pathogen interactions comes from studies involving model plants whereas this process is relatively understudied in crop plants. Here we assessed whether the vesicular trafficking system components previously implicated in immunity in Arabidopsis play a role in the interaction with Fusarium graminearum, a fungal pathogen well-known for its ability to cause Fusarium head blight disease in wheat. Among the analysed vesicular trafficking mutants, two independent T-DNA insertion mutants in the AtMin7 gene displayed a markedly enhanced susceptibility to F. graminearum. Earlier studies identified this gene, encoding an ARF-GEF protein, as a target for the HopM1 effector of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, which destabilizes MIN7 leading to its degradation and weakening host defenses. To test whether this key vesicular trafficking component may also contribute to defense in crop plants, we identified the candidate TaMin7 genes in wheat and knocked-down their expression through virus-induced gene silencing. Wheat plants in which TaMin7 genes were silenced displayed significantly more Fusarium head blight disease. This suggests that disruption of MIN7 function in both model and crop plants compromises the trafficking of innate immunity signals or products resulting in hypersusceptibility to various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Machado Wood
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Vinay Panwar
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Mike Grimwade-Mann
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Tom Ashfield
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
- Crop Health and Protection (CHAP), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
- Correspondence:
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17
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Cséplő Á, Zsigmond L, Andrási N, Baba AI, Labhane NM, Pető A, Kolbert Z, Kovács HE, Steinbach G, Szabados L, Fehér A, Rigó G. The AtCRK5 Protein Kinase Is Required to Maintain the ROS NO Balance Affecting the PIN2-Mediated Root Gravitropic Response in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5979. [PMID: 34205973 PMCID: PMC8197844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis AtCRK5 protein kinase is involved in the establishment of the proper auxin gradient in many developmental processes. Among others, the Atcrk5-1 mutant was reported to exhibit a delayed gravitropic response via compromised PIN2-mediated auxin transport at the root tip. Here, we report that this phenotype correlates with lower superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels but a higher nitric oxide (NO) content in the mutant root tips in comparison to the wild type (AtCol-0). The oxidative stress inducer paraquat (PQ) triggering formation of O2•- (and consequently, H2O2) was able to rescue the gravitropic response of Atcrk5-1 roots. The direct application of H2O2 had the same effect. Under gravistimulation, correct auxin distribution was restored (at least partially) by PQ or H2O2 treatment in the mutant root tips. In agreement, the redistribution of the PIN2 auxin efflux carrier was similar in the gravistimulated PQ-treated mutant and untreated wild type roots. It was also found that PQ-treatment decreased the endogenous NO level at the root tip to normal levels. Furthermore, the mutant phenotype could be reverted by direct manipulation of the endogenous NO level using an NO scavenger (cPTIO). The potential involvement of AtCRK5 protein kinase in the control of auxin-ROS-NO-PIN2-auxin regulatory loop is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Norbert Andrási
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Abu Imran Baba
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nitin M. Labhane
- Department of Botany, Bhavan’s College Andheri West, Mumbai 400058, India;
| | - Andrea Pető
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Középfasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.P.); (Z.K.)
- Food Chain Safety Center Nonprofit Ltd., H-1024 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Középfasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.P.); (Z.K.)
| | - Hajnalka E. Kovács
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Budapest, Kossuth Lajos Sugárút, 72/D, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Steinbach
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Attila Fehér
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Középfasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.P.); (Z.K.)
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
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18
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Xu S, Wang Q, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhao R, Sheng X. Latrunculin B facilitates gravitropic curvature of Arabidopsis root by inhibiting cell elongation, especially the cells in the lower flanks of the transition and elongation zones. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1876348. [PMID: 33576719 PMCID: PMC7971231 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1876348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism plays a critical role in the growth and development of plants. Previous reports proposed that the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton resulted in enhanced gravitropism; however, the mechanism underlying these phenomena is still unclear. In the present study, real-time observation on the effect of Latrunculin B (Lat B), a depolymerizing agent of microfilament cytoskeleton, on gravitropism of the primary root of Arabidopsis was undertaken using a vertical stage microscope. The results indicated that Lat B treatment prevented the growth of root, and the growth rates of upper and lower flanks of the horizontally placed root were asymmetrically inhibited. The growth of the lower flank was influenced by Lat B more seriously, resulting in an increased differential growth rate between the upper and lower flanks of the root. Further analysis indicated that Lat B affected cell growth mainly in the transition and elongation zones. Briefly, the current data revealed that Lat B treatment inhibited cell elongation, especially the cells in the lower flanks of the transition and elongation zones, which finally manifested as the facilitation of gravitropic curvature of the primary root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zonghao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoxin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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Kuběnová L, Takáč T, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Single Amino Acid Exchange in ACTIN2 Confers Increased Tolerance to Oxidative Stress in Arabidopsis der1-3 Mutant. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041879. [PMID: 33668638 PMCID: PMC7918201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-point mutation in the ACTIN2 gene of the der1-3 mutant revealed that ACTIN2 is an essential actin isovariant required for root hair tip growth, and leads to shorter, thinner and more randomly oriented actin filaments in comparison to the wild-type C24 genotype. The actin cytoskeleton has been linked to plant defense against oxidative stress, but it is not clear how altered structural organization and dynamics of actin filaments may help plants to cope with oxidative stress. In this study, we characterized root growth, plant biomass, actin organization and antioxidant activity of the der1-3 mutant under oxidative stress induced by paraquat and H2O2. Under these conditions, plant growth was better in the der1-3 mutant, while the actin cytoskeleton in the der1-3 carrying pro35S::GFP:FABD2 construct showed a lower bundling rate and higher dynamicity. Biochemical analyses documented a lower degree of lipid peroxidation, and an elevated capacity to decompose superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. These results support the view that the der1-3 mutant is more resistant to oxidative stress. We propose that alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, increased sensitivity of ACTIN to reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), along with the increased capacity to decompose reactive oxygen species encourage the enhanced tolerance of this mutant against oxidative stress.
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20
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Mase K, Tsukagoshi H. Reactive Oxygen Species Link Gene Regulatory Networks During Arabidopsis Root Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660274. [PMID: 33986765 PMCID: PMC8110921 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant development under altered nutritional status and environmental conditions and during attack from invaders is highly regulated by plant hormones at the molecular level by various signaling pathways. Previously, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were believed to be harmful as they cause oxidative damage to cells; however, in the last decade, the essential role of ROS as signaling molecules regulating plant growth has been revealed. Plant roots accumulate relatively high levels of ROS, and thus, maintaining ROS homeostasis, which has been shown to regulate the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation at the root tip, is important for proper root growth. However, when the balance is disturbed, plants are unable to respond to the changes in the surrounding conditions and cannot grow and survive. Moreover, ROS control cell expansion and cell differentiation processes such as root hair formation and lateral root development. In these processes, the transcription factor-mediated gene expression network is important downstream of ROS. Although ROS can independently regulate root growth to some extent, a complex crosstalk occurs between ROS and other signaling molecules. Hormone signals are known to regulate root growth, and ROS are thought to merge with these signals. In fact, the crosstalk between ROS and these hormones has been elucidated, and the central transcription factors that act as a hub between these signals have been identified. In addition, ROS are known to act as important signaling factors in plant immune responses; however, how they also regulate plant growth is not clear. Recent studies have strongly indicated that ROS link these two events. In this review, we describe and discuss the role of ROS signaling in root development, with a particular focus on transcriptional regulation. We also summarize the crosstalk with other signals and discuss the importance of ROS as signaling molecules for plant root development.
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21
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Ge D, Pan T, Zhang P, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Dong H, Sun J, Liu K, Lv F. GhVLN4 is involved in multiple stress responses and required for resistance to Verticillium wilt. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110629. [PMID: 33287998 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As structural and signaling platform in plant cell, the actin cytoskeleton is regulated by diverse actin binding proteins (ABPs). Villins are one type of major ABPs responsible for microfilament bundling, which have proved to play important roles in plant growth and development. However, the function of villins in stress tolerance is poorly understood. Here, we report the function of cotton GhVLN4 in Verticillium wilt resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. The expression of GhVLN4 was up-regulated by gibberellin, ethylene, ABA, salicylic acid, jasmonate, NaCl, PEG, and Verticillium dahliae treatment, suggesting the involvement of GhVLN4 in multiple stress and hormone responses and signaling. Virus-induced gene silencing GhVLN4 made cotton more susceptible to V. dahliae characterized by the preferential colonization and rapid growth of the fungus in both phloem and xylem of the infected stems. Arabidopsis overexpressing GhVLN4 exhibited higher resistance to V. dahliae, salt and drought than the wild-type plants. The enhanced resistance to V. dahliae is likely related to the upregulated components in SA signaling pathway; the improved tolerance to salt and drought is characterized by upregulation of the components both in ABA- related and ABA-independent signal pathways, along with altered stomatal aperture under drought. Our findings demonstrate that GhVLN4 may play important roles in regulating plant tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Longjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, China.
| | - Fenni Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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22
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Bogoutdinova LR, Lazareva EM, Chaban IA, Kononenko NV, Dilovarova T, Khaliluev MR, Kurenina LV, Gulevich AA, Smirnova EA, Baranova EN. Salt Stress-Induced Structural Changes Are Mitigated in Transgenic Tomato Plants Over-Expressing Superoxide Dismutase. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E297. [PMID: 32962161 PMCID: PMC7564123 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various abiotic stresses cause the appearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells, which seriously damage the cellular structures. The engineering of transgenic plants with higher production of ROS-scavenging enzyme in plant cells could protect the integrity of such a fine intracellular structure as the cytoskeleton and each cellular compartment. We analyzed the morphological changes in root tip cells caused by the application of iso-osmotic NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions to tomato plants harboring an introduced superoxide dismutase gene. To study the roots of tomato plants cultivar Belyi Naliv (WT) and FeSOD-transgenic line, we examined the distribution of ROS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent detection of α-tubulin. In addition, longitudinal sections of the root apexes were compared. Transmission electronic microscopy of atypical cytoskeleton structures was also performed. The differences in the microtubules cortical network between WT and transgenic plants without salt stress were detected. The differences were found in the cortical network of microtubules between WT and transgenic plants in the absence of salt stress. While an ordered microtubule network was revealed in the root cells of WT tomato, no such degree of ordering was detected in transgenic line cells. The signs of microtubule disorganization in root cells of WT plants were manifested under the NaCl treatment. On the contrary, the cytoskeleton structural organization in the transgenic line cells was more ordered. Similar changes, including the cortical microtubules disorganization, possibly associated with the formation of atypical tubulin polymers as a response to salt stress caused by Na2SO4 treatment, were also observed. Changes in cell size, due to both vacuolization and impaired cell expansion in columella zone and cap initials, were responsible for the root tip tissue modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya R. Bogoutdinova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Elena M. Lazareva
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Building 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna A. Chaban
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Neonila V. Kononenko
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Tatyana Dilovarova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Marat R. Khaliluev
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.K.); (L.V.K.)
- Agronomy and Biotechnology Faculty, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazevskaya 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila V. Kurenina
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.K.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Gulevich
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.K.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Elena A. Smirnova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Building 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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23
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Szepesi Á. Halotropism: Phytohormonal Aspects and Potential Applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:571025. [PMID: 33042187 PMCID: PMC7527526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Halotropism is a sodium specific tropic movement of roots in order to obtain the optimal salt concentration for proper growth and development. Numerous results suggest that halotropic events are under the control and regulation of complex plant hormone pathway. This minireview collects some recent evidences about sodium sensing during halotropism and the hormonal regulation of halotropic responses in glycophytes. The precise hormonal mechanisms by which halophytes plant roots perceive salt stress and translate this perception into adaptive, directional growth forward increased salt concentrations are not well understood. This minireview aims to gather recently deciphered information about halotropism focusing potential hormonal aspects both in glycophytes and halophytes. Advances in our understanding of halotropic responses in different plant species could help these plants to be used for sustainable agriculture and other future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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24
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Trujillo-Hernandez JA, Bariat L, Enders TA, Strader LC, Reichheld JP, Belin C. A glutathione-dependent control of the indole butyric acid pathway supports Arabidopsis root system adaptation to phosphate deprivation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4843-4857. [PMID: 32309856 PMCID: PMC7410191 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture results from a highly plastic developmental process to adapt to environmental conditions. In particular, the development of lateral roots and root hair growth are constantly optimized to the rhizosphere properties, including biotic and abiotic constraints. The development of the root system is tightly controlled by auxin, the driving morphogenic hormone in plants. Glutathione, a major thiol redox regulator, is also critical for root development but its interplay with auxin is scarcely understood. Previous work showed that glutathione deficiency does not alter root responses to indole acetic acid (IAA), the main active auxin in plants. Because indole butyric acid (IBA), another endogenous auxinic compound, is an important source of IAA for the control of root development, we investigated the crosstalk between glutathione and IBA during root development. We show that glutathione deficiency alters lateral roots and root hair responses to exogenous IBA but not IAA. Detailed genetic analyses suggest that glutathione regulates IBA homeostasis or conversion to IAA in the root cap. Finally, we show that both glutathione and IBA are required to trigger the root hair response to phosphate deprivation, suggesting an important role for this glutathione-dependent regulation of the auxin pathway in plant developmental adaptation to its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Trujillo-Hernandez
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR, Perpignan, France
| | - Laetitia Bariat
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR, Perpignan, France
| | - Tara A Enders
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Present address: Hofstra University, Department of Biology, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR, Perpignan, France
| | - Christophe Belin
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR, Perpignan, France
- Correspondence:
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25
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Semeradova H, Montesinos JC, Benkova E. All Roads Lead to Auxin: Post-translational Regulation of Auxin Transport by Multiple Hormonal Pathways. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100048. [PMID: 33367243 PMCID: PMC7747973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key hormonal regulator, that governs plant growth and development in concert with other hormonal pathways. The unique feature of auxin is its polar, cell-to-cell transport that leads to the formation of local auxin maxima and gradients, which coordinate initiation and patterning of plant organs. The molecular machinery mediating polar auxin transport is one of the important points of interaction with other hormones. Multiple hormonal pathways converge at the regulation of auxin transport and form a regulatory network that integrates various developmental and environmental inputs to steer plant development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that underlie regulation of polar auxin transport by multiple hormonal pathways. Specifically, we focus on the post-translational mechanisms that contribute to fine-tuning of the abundance and polarity of auxin transporters at the plasma membrane and thereby enable rapid modification of the auxin flow to coordinate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Semeradova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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26
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Plant Cells under Attack: Unconventional Endomembrane Trafficking during Plant Defense. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030389. [PMID: 32245198 PMCID: PMC7154882 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since plants lack specialized immune cells, each cell has to defend itself independently against a plethora of different pathogens. Therefore, successful plant defense strongly relies on precise and efficient regulation of intracellular processes in every single cell. Smooth trafficking within the plant endomembrane is a prerequisite for a diverse set of immune responses. Pathogen recognition, signaling into the nucleus, cell wall enforcement, secretion of antimicrobial proteins and compounds, as well as generation of reactive oxygen species, all heavily depend on vesicle transport. In contrast, pathogens have developed a variety of different means to manipulate vesicle trafficking to prevent detection or to inhibit specific plant responses. Intriguingly, the plant endomembrane system exhibits remarkable plasticity upon pathogen attack. Unconventional trafficking pathways such as the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bodies or fusion of the vacuole with the plasma membrane are initiated and enforced as the counteraction. Here, we review the recent findings on unconventional and defense-induced trafficking pathways as the plant´s measures in response to pathogen attack. In addition, we describe the endomembrane system manipulations by different pathogens, with a focus on tethering and fusion events during vesicle trafficking.
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27
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Merlot S. Understanding Nickel Responses in Plants: More than Just an Interaction with Iron Homeostasis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:443-444. [PMID: 32142133 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merlot
- Universit� Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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28
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Leškov� A, Zvar�k M, Araya T, Giehl RFH. Nickel Toxicity Targets Cell Wall-Related Processes and PIN2-Mediated Auxin Transport to Inhibit Root Elongation and Gravitropic Responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:519-535. [PMID: 31750920 PMCID: PMC7065594 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soils with heavy metals, such as nickel (Ni), is a major environmental concern due to increasing pollution from industrial activities, burning of fossil fuels, incorrect disposal of sewage sludge, excessive manure application and the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. Excess Ni induces leaf chlorosis and inhibits plant growth, but the mechanisms underlying growth inhibition remain largely unknown. A detailed analysis of root development in Arabidopsis thaliana in the presence of Ni revealed that this heavy metal induces gravitropic defects and locally inhibits root growth by suppressing cell elongation without significantly disrupting the integrity of the stem cell niche. The analysis of auxin-responsive reporters revealed that excess Ni inhibits shootward auxin distribution. Furthermore, we found that PIN2 is very sensitive to Ni, as the presence of this heavy metal rapidly reduced PIN2 levels in roots. A transcriptome analysis also showed that Ni affects the expression of many genes associated with plant cell walls and that Ni-induced transcriptional changes are largely independent of iron (Fe). In addition, we raised evidence that excess Ni increases the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and disturbs the integrity and orientation of microtubules. Together, our results highlight which processes are primarily targeted by Ni to alter root growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Leškov�
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
- Department of Plant Physiology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D�bravsk� Cesta 9, Bratislava 84523, Slovakia
| | - Milan Zvar�k
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics of Comenius University, Mlynsk� Dolina F1, Bratislava 84248, Slovakia
| | - Takao Araya
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
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