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Ling Y, Gao B, Jiang B, Zhu S, Jiang Y. Self-control and bed procrastination as mediators between mindfulness and sleep quality among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18909. [PMID: 39143105 PMCID: PMC11324746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, sleep problems among college students have become increasingly prominent, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and their sleep quality has deteriorated dramatically, severely affecting their physical and mental health. Numerous research studies have investigated the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality; however, it is still unclear what psychological process underlies this relationship. In the current study, college students' bed procrastination and self-control as mediating factors in the association between mindfulness and sleep quality were investigated. Using the convenience sampling method, 763 Chinese college students (mean age = 19.48 years, SD = 2.06) were recruited to complete self-reported questionnaires that included the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Self-Control Scale, Bed Procrastination Scale, and Sleep Quality Scale. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0 software. Results showed that (a) mindfulness was positively associated with sleep quality; (b) both self-control and bed procrastination mediated the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality, and (c) self-control and bed procrastination sequentially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality. These findings collectively suggest a potential mechanism for how mindfulness influences sleep quality, providing a therapeutic target for mindfulness-based interventions aimed at helping college students improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ling
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Suijing Zhu
- Centre for Mental Health Education, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Yiyao Jiang
- College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
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2
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Zhu Y, Wang Q, Liu J, Huang J. Parental psychological control and depression, anxiety among adolescents: The mediating role of bedtime procrastination and moderating role of neuroticism. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2024; 51:1-9. [PMID: 39034062 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Studies have shown that maladaptive parenting styles, particularly parental psychological control may be an important risk factor for emotional problems in adolescence. However, the potential mechanisms behind this association are still not fully understood. To fill the research gap, this study investigated the relationship between parental psychological control and depression and anxiety among adolescents. It also explored the mediating effect of bedtime procrastination and the moderating effect of neuroticism through a moderated mediation analysis. A sample of 665 adolescents (331 girls) were recruited from two secondary schools in southern China. All participants completed standardized self-report questionnaires measuring the severity of parental psychological control, bedtime procrastination, depression, anxiety, and neuroticism. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS macros. The results indicated that parental psychological control had a positive predictive effect on depression and anxiety among adolescents. Bedtime procrastination partially mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and depression, as well as parental psychological control and anxiety. Neuroticism was found to play a moderating role in the path from bedtime procrastination to depression and from bedtime procrastination to anxiety, with these effects being stronger for adolescents with higher levels of neuroticism. This study advances a deeper understanding of how and when or for whom parental psychological control is related to adolescents' severe depression and anxiety. Our findings suggest that intervention programs or strategies aimed at reducing parental psychological control and assisting adolescents in establishing healthy sleep hygiene practices should be developed to decrease the risk of depression and anxiety in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning,Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jiahao Huang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
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3
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Hong L, Xu H, Zheng J, Lin X, Wang L, Zhao C, Tu X, Zhang J, Zhao K, Zhang G. Latent Profiles and Transitions of Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese College Students: The Predictive Roles of Anxiety, Depression, Problematic Smartphone Use and Self-Control. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:801-811. [PMID: 38911318 PMCID: PMC11192292 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s462055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bedtime procrastination (BP) has become an important factor affecting individual well-being. This study aimed to assess the stability and changes in BP and examine risk and protective factors. Methods The study recruited 1423 respondents. Latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of BP and latent transition analysis to determine transition probabilities for each subgroup. Logistic regression examined associations between identified classes and related factors. Results Three subgroups of BP were identified. In terms of stability and changes, the moderate bedtime procrastination group showed the highest stability (66%), followed by the severe bedtime procrastination group (62.4%), and the mild bedtime procrastination group had a 52% probability of switching to moderate bedtime procrastination. In terms of influencing factors, more problematic phone use (PSU) (OR: 1.08; 95% CI = 1.05-1.12), more depression (OR: 1.17; 95% CI = 1.06-1.29) and anxiety (OR: 1.16; 95% CI = 1.05-1.28) are all factors that aggravate the transition from mild to moderate sleep procrastination. Similarly, PSU (OR: 1.15; 95% CI = 1.12-1.19), anxiety (OR: 1.10; 95% CI = 1.06-1.14), and depression (OR: 1.10; 95% CI = 1.06-1.14) increased the risk of severe bedtime procrastination. Self-control emerged as a protective factor against BP. Conclusion This study identified three subgroups of BP at two time points and the rule of transition for each subgroup. Our findings indicate that BP were relatively stable, with some changes over time. The results also highlight the important function that PSU, depression, anxiety, and self-control can play in preventing and intervening in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hong
- Lishui Second People’s Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Xu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiujian Lin
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengjia Zhao
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Tu
- School of Renji, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Lishui Second People’s Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
- Institute Of Aging, Key Laboratory Of Alzheimer’s Disease Of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
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Krishnan A, Chew PKH. Impact of Social Media Addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder on Sleep Quality: Serial Mediation Analyses. Psychiatr Q 2024; 95:185-202. [PMID: 38512552 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-024-10068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Poor sleep quality is a concerning and prevalent consequence of social media addiction (SMA) and internet gaming disorder (IGD). Due to the lack of research examining how SMA and IGD lead to poor sleep quality, the current study aimed to understand the relationship between SMA and sleep quality, as well as that between IGD and sleep quality, through impulse control and bedtime procrastination. The study tested the hypotheses that higher levels of SMA and IGD would predict lower levels of impulse control, which would then predict higher levels of bedtime procrastination, leading to poorer sleep quality. A serial mediation analysis was performed with a sample of 221 participants (63.3% females, 34.4% males, and 2.3% prefer not to say) aged 18 to 53 years (M = 23.64, SD = 5.72). Participants completed questionnaires that assessed for social media addiction, internet gaming disorder, impulse control factor, bedtime procrastination, and sleep quality. There was a full serial mediation of impulse control and bedtime procrastination in the relationship between SMA and sleep quality, as well as that between IGD and sleep quality, providing support for the hypotheses. The findings provide the knowledge needed to develop and implement strategies that target impulse control issues and reduce bedtime procrastination to improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Krishnan
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore, 387380, Singapore.
- Department of Psychology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Peter K H Chew
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore, 387380, Singapore
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Schmidt LI, Baetzner AS, Dreisbusch MI, Mertens A, Sieverding M. Postponing sleep after a stressful day: Patterns of stress, bedtime procrastination, and sleep outcomes in a daily diary approach. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3330. [PMID: 37846558 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep problems and stress are common among students and are associated with negative effects on academic performance as well as mental and physical health risks, but studies exploring mediating factors between stress and sleep on a daily basis are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of daily stress, Bedtime procrastination (BP) (i.e., postponing bedtime without external reasons), and sleep outcomes controlling for trait factors such as self-control. N = 96 students at a German university (M = 22.2 years, SD = 4.0) wore a sleep-tracking wearable (Fitbit Charge HR) for two weeks to assess sleep duration and to calculate the gap between the intended time to go to sleep and the objectively measured time of falling asleep. Stress, intended time to go to sleep, and sleep quality were assessed via daily diaries. Established questionnaires were used to measure trait self-control, trait BP, and smartphone addiction. Multilevel analyses indicated that more stress experienced during the day was associated with more BP (b = 2.32, p = 0.008), shorter sleep duration (b = -3.46, p = 0.003), and lower sleep quality (b = 1.03, p = 0.005) after controlling for several trait factors. The association of daily stress with sleep outcomes (quality and duration) was partly mediated by BP. Our findings indicate that BP might be one factor that contributes to stress-linked decreases in sleep duration and quality. Potential reasons for stress-related later time to fall asleep-like higher physiological arousal or stress-related worries-should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anke S Baetzner
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina I Dreisbusch
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Alica Mertens
- School of Social Science, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Willoughby AR, Golkashani HA, Ghorbani S, Wong KF, Chee NIYN, Ong JL, Chee MWL. Performance of wearable sleep trackers during nocturnal sleep and periods of simulated real-world smartphone use. Sleep Health 2024; 10:356-368. [PMID: 38570223 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
GOAL AND AIMS To test sleep/wake transition detection of consumer sleep trackers and research-grade actigraphy during nocturnal sleep and simulated peri-sleep behavior involving minimal movement. FOCUS TECHNOLOGY Oura Ring Gen 3, Fitbit Sense, AXTRO Fit 3, Xiaomi Mi Band 7, and ActiGraph GT9X. REFERENCE TECHNOLOGY Polysomnography. SAMPLE Sixty-three participants (36 female) aged 20-68. DESIGN Participants engaged in common peri-sleep behavior (reading news articles, watching videos, and exchanging texts) on a smartphone before and after the sleep period. They were woken up during the night to complete a short questionnaire to simulate responding to an incoming message. CORE ANALYTICS Detection and timing accuracy for the sleep onset times and wake times. ADDITIONAL ANALYTICS AND EXPLORATORY ANALYSES Discrepancy analysis both including and excluding the peri-sleep activity periods. Epoch-by-epoch analysis of rate and extent of wake misclassification during peri-sleep activity periods. CORE OUTCOMES Oura and Fitbit were more accurate at detecting sleep/wake transitions than the actigraph and the lower-priced consumer sleep tracker devices. Detection accuracy was less reliable in participants with lower sleep efficiency. IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL OUTCOMES With inclusion of peri-sleep periods, specificity and Kappa improved significantly for Oura and Fitbit, but not ActiGraph. All devices misclassified motionless wake as sleep to some extent, but this was less prevalent for Oura and Fitbit. CORE CONCLUSIONS Performance of Oura and Fitbit is robust on nights with suboptimal bedtime routines or minor sleep disturbances. Reduced performance on nights with low sleep efficiency bolsters concerns that these devices are less accurate for fragmented or disturbed sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Willoughby
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hosein Aghayan Golkashani
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shohreh Ghorbani
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kian F Wong
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas I Y N Chee
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Lynn Ong
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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Huang J, Yang Z, Wang Q, Liu J, Xie W, Sun Y. The relationship between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students: the chain mediating effect of coping styles and mobile phone addiction. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:250. [PMID: 38566050 PMCID: PMC10988965 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bedtime procrastination refers to an individual's inability to go to bed at a predetermined time without external obstacles. Previous researchers have found that the bedtime procrastination is harmful to human physical and mental health, but these research on bedtime procrastination have mostly focused on exploring individual factors, while ignoring the external environmental factors. Therefore, this is the first study to investigate bedtime procrastination from the perspective of family environments. METHODS The study was conducted using a convenient sampling method and online questionnaires. Family Cohesion Scale, Coping Styles Questionnaire, Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale and Bedtime Procrastination Scale were used to measure sleep and psychological condition of 1,048 college students. RESULTS Family cohesion negatively predicted bedtime procrastination. Additionally, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had significant independent mediating effects. Furthermore, positive coping style and mobile phone addiction had chain mediating effects between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination. CONCLUSION This study revealed the effect of coping styles and mobile phone addiction on the relationship between family cohesion and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students. These findings explained the mechanisms of bedtime procrastination from the perspective of environment, so as to effectively intervene the bedtime procrastination of college students from the perspective of external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Huang
- School of Mental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenliang Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenlan Xie
- Children's Research Institute, Ningbo Childhood Education College, 315000, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yuqi Sun
- School of Mental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Haozhonghao Health Products Co., Ltd, 325409, Wenzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Jerinte Health Technology Co., Ltd, 310013, Hangzhou, China.
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8
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Miyagawa S, Sato T, Maeda S. Demographic predictors of bedtime procrastination in the Japanese population. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2024; 22:199-206. [PMID: 38524171 PMCID: PMC10959875 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Bedtime procrastination (BP) is prevalent and problematic, with no previous study conducted in Japan. This study developed the Japanese version of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), assessed its validity, and investigated the relationship between BP, demographic features, and sleep outcomes. Participants were divided into two samples (N = 252 and N = 630). Sample 1 involved a longitudinal study to confirm test-retest reliability of the BPS. Sample 2 involved a cross-sectional study to assess confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity, construct validity, and determine the internal consistency of the BPS. The relationship between BP and demographic features (gender, age, and employment status) and sleep outcomes (Athens Insomnia Scale, sleep hours, sleep onset latency, and sleep efficiency) was investigated using Sample 2. The BPS showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficients = .90-91), test-retest reliability (ICC = .86), and one factor model was valid; CFI = .95, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .10, and SRMR = .04. The BPS had a moderate positive association with general procrastination, moderate negative associations with self-control, sleep quality, and sleep duration on weekdays, and those who answered "yes" to the item "Do you have trouble with bedtime procrastination?" had higher BPS scores. BPS scores were moderately higher for younger participants (≤ 40 years), slightly higher for females, and non-significantly different between employment statuses. The BPS showed a significant positive correlation with insomnia symptoms, weak positive association with sleep efficiency on weekdays and holidays, and no significant association with sleep onset latencies on holidays and weekdays. This study provides new data on demographic predictors of BP in Japan. No clear effects of gender and employment status were found, but age was a strong predictor of BP, where younger age groups had a higher BP risk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41105-023-00508-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shion Miyagawa
- Graduate School of Education, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sato
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shunta Maeda
- Graduate School of Education, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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Yuan J, Bai J, Wang Y, Wu H, Mu Y, Zhao C, Zhu B. Sleep behaviors predicted sleep disturbances among Chinese health science students: a cross-sectional study. Sleep Breath 2024; 28:449-457. [PMID: 37515729 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-023-02888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Healthy sleep is essential for individuals' physiological and psychological health. Health science students experience a high prevalence of sleep disturbances which may be due to maladaptive behaviors. This study aimed to examine the associations of sleep behaviors including sleep hygiene and bedtime procrastination with the associations of sleep disturbances (e.g., poor sleep quality, insomnia, and short sleep). METHODS This cross-sectional study included health science students from a medical university in Shanghai, China. Sleep disturbances included poor sleep quality, insomnia, and short sleep. They were measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and one question "How many hours of sleep did you usually get during the past week?", respectively. Sleep behaviors included sleep hygiene and bedtime procrastination measured by the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) and Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), respectively. Logistic regression was performed while controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 464 health science students participated. Poorer overall sleep hygiene and more bedtime procrastination were independently associated with higher odds of poor sleep quality (OR=1.065, 95% CI 1.028-1.103; OR=1.040, 95% CI 1.006-1.075, respectively) and insomnia (OR=1.059, 95% CI 1.018-1.101; OR=1.093, 95% CI 1.049-1.139, respectively). More bedtime procrastination was associated with higher odds of short sleep (OR=1.148, 95% CI 1.093-1.206). Commonly reported specific sleep behaviors, such as "Going to bed later than intended", "Doing other things than sleep at bedtime", and "Easily stopping what I am doing at bedtime", were also related to higher odds of sleep disturbances. CONCLUSIONS Sleep hygiene and bedtime procrastination were strong predictors of sleep disturbances. Tailored interventions targeting specific sleep behaviors are warranted to clarify their effect on sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Yuan
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 S Chongqing Rd, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jingqi Bai
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 S Chongqing Rd, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 S Chongqing Rd, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunping Mu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 S Chongqing Rd, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200085, China.
| | - Bingqian Zhu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 S Chongqing Rd, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Hill VM, Ferguson SA, Vincent GE, Rebar AL. 'It's satisfying but destructive': A qualitative study on the experience of bedtime procrastination in new career starters. Br J Health Psychol 2024; 29:185-203. [PMID: 37787021 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bedtime procrastination, the volitional delay of going to bed without any external circumstances causing the delay, is linked to multiple indicators of inadequate sleep. Intervening to reduce bedtime procrastination may be an important avenue to improve sleep outcomes, yet the phenomenon remains poorly understood in populations at risk for bedtime procrastination. New career starters, those who have graduated from tertiary education and started a new full-time job within the past 12 months, may be susceptible to problematic bedtime procrastination and are at an opportune time for a 'fresh start' to change behaviour. AIMS The objectives of this study were to understand how bedtime procrastination is experienced and perceived by new career starters, to identify the enablers and barriers to behaviour change in new career starters and to explore themes for future interventions. MATERIALS & METHODS Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 28 participants. RESULTS Inductive thematic analysis was used to find seven themes: (1) negative feelings before and during bedtime procrastination; (2) wanting to versus knowing I shouldn't; (3) difficulty falling asleep; (4) influence of automatic processes; (5) consequences of bedtime procrastination; (6) lack of self-control and (7) technology captures late-night attention. Participants emphasised the need for me-time, self-negotiation to continue procrastinating and knowledge of the value of sleep. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Findings suggest that bedtime procrastination involves both reflective and automatic cognitive processes. Future interventions would benefit from a dual-process approach, using cognitive and behavioural techniques to reduce bedtime procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hill
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Grace E Vincent
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda L Rebar
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Zhao Y, Meng D, Ma X, Guo J, Zhu L, Fu Y, Mu L. Examining the relationship between bedtime procrastination and personality traits in Chinese college students: the mediating role of self-regulation skills. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:432-438. [PMID: 35157561 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2038179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Personality traits are commonly used to explain individual differences in procrastinatory behavior. This study aims to examine the relationship between bedtime procrastination (BP) and personality traits, and to understand the role of self-regulation skills in this relationship. Participants: We recruited 294 college students. Methods: Data were collected through standardized questionnaires to evaluate BP, personality traits, and self-control (a main indicator of self-regulation skills). Results: Correlation analysis showed that BP was positively correlated with the psychoticism and neuroticism dimensions of Eysenck's personality. Hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling analyses further revealed that psychoticism and neuroticism predicted BP directly and indirectly via self-control. Conclusions: BP has a significant relationship with Eysenck's personality traits, particularly, with some dimensions that directly and indirectly predict BP through self-regulation skills. Therefore, individualized intervention strategies based on personality traits and self-regulation skills should be integrated in measures used to reduce BP behaviors among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Dexin Meng
- Department of Physiology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Yiming Fu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Li Mu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
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12
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Rapoport O, Ruppenthal L, Möcklinghoff S, Merz S, Neidhardt E. When the night is too short. Bedtime procrastination, self-compassion, and sleep in a daily diary study. Psychol Health 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38204380 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2297794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since sleep is an important part of life and too little sleep can lead to disastrous consequences, it is important to look at the factors that may disturb healthy sleep. While procrastination and in particular bedtime procrastination is such a disruptive factor, self-compassion on the other side might be a protective factor. METHODS For this reason, in this study, we took a closer look at the interplay between bedtime procrastination, self-compassion, as well as at the actual sleep outcomes in a longitudinal diary study over 1 week. Our assumption was that bedtime procrastination has a negative impact on sleep outcomes, yet self-compassion could be a protective factor buffering this influence. To enable comparability with a previous study, analyses of variance were carried out. RESULTS Utilizing frequentist and Bayesian analyses, we found a consistent negative influence of bedtime procrastination and a positive influence of self-compassion on almost all sleep outcomes. While self-compassion did not entirely mitigate the effect of bedtime procrastination on sleep, its positive impact on sleep outcomes was evident. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the significance of self-compassion and procrastination in relation to actual sleep behaviour, adding to the existing body of literature on sleep research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rapoport
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Lisa Ruppenthal
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Simon Merz
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Eva Neidhardt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
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13
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An Y, Zhang MX. Relationship between problematic smartphone use and sleep problems: The roles of sleep-related compensatory health beliefs and bedtime procrastination. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241283338. [PMID: 39291154 PMCID: PMC11406640 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241283338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Concerns regarding sleep problems in emerging adults and their antecedents, such as problematic smartphone use (PSU), have been growing. This study tested the association between PSU and sleep problems and further investigated the mechanisms of this relationship based on the theory of compensatory health beliefs (CHBs). Methods This study included 999 participants (74.87% female) in China, aged 17 to 25 years (M = 21.16; standard deviation = 1.60), who voluntarily filled in an anonymous survey. Results The findings showed positive correlations between sleep problems and PSU, sleep-related CHBs, and bedtime procrastination (rs = .25-.52, p < .001). Furthermore, the positive link between PSU and sleep problems was mediated by bedtime procrastination alone (β=.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) [.17, .26]) or a serial path of sleep-related CHBs and bedtime procrastination (β=.04, 95% CI [.02, .05]). Conclusion This study provides a new perspective to understand the internal mechanism underlying the PSU-sleep problem link. Interventions for sleep disorders ought to consider the theoretical guidelines of the CHBs model to reduce the risk of bedtime procrastination and sleep disorders in emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong An
- Department of Medical Humanities, School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Psychological Research & Education Center, School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Xuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Humanities, School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Psychological Research & Education Center, School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Monteiro F, Simões M, Relva IC. Internet Addiction, Sleep Habits and Family Communication: The Perspectives of a Sample of Adolescents. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:3194. [PMID: 38132084 PMCID: PMC10742625 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11243194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increase in communication technologies, the internet has become an indispensable tool in the life of the individual. Several studies report on the advantages of this resource; however, there is still a group of individuals who use the internet excessively. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between internet addiction, daytime sleepiness, and family communication in adolescents. METHODS A total of 340 adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years participated in this study. All completed the sociodemographic questionnaire, the internet addiction test, the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale, and the family communication scale. RESULTS The results indicate that 64.1% of the adolescents had mild to moderate addiction to the internet. The main results suggest that internet addiction in adolescents is negatively associated with family communication and positively associated with excessive daytime sleepiness. It was also observed that gender had a significant effect on daytime sleepiness, with female participants having more excessive daytime sleepiness. Regarding age, the results indicate higher values of internet addiction among younger adolescents. CONCLUSIONS In view of the above, it is considered important to develop preventive actions with a view to healthy family communication, with the adoption of sleep hygiene habits and the promotion of healthy use of the internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Monteiro
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Margarida Simões
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.S.)
- Centre for Research and Intervention in Education (CIIE), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Carvalho Relva
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.S.)
- Centre for Research and Intervention in Education (CIIE), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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15
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Blum DJ, Hernandez B, Zeitzer JM. Early time-restricted eating advances sleep in late sleepers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:2097-2106. [PMID: 37559551 PMCID: PMC10692922 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effects of early time-restricted eating (eTRE) on shifting the timing of sleep among late sleepers. Primary outcomes included actigraphy- and sleep diary-derived sleep onset, midsleep phase, and wake time with total sleep time as a secondary outcome. METHODS Fifteen healthy adults with habitual late sleep timing were randomized to receive either eTRE or sleep and nutrition hygiene (control) via a single 30-minute synchronous video session. Participants completed an initial 1-week baseline phase followed by a 2-week intervention phase. Measures included continuous sleep monitoring and sleep and nutrition diaries. RESULTS Linear mixed-effects modeling demonstrated that eTRE significantly advanced sleep timing compared with controls. Self-reported sleep onset (56.1 [95% confidence interval: 20.5, 91.7] minutes), midpoint (19.5 [7.2, 31.9] minutes), and offset (42.2 [2.9, 81.5] minutes) each moved earlier in eTRE as compared with controls. Similarly, objectively determined sleep onset (66.5 [29.6, 103.4] minutes), midpoint (21.9 [9.1, 34.7] minutes), and offset (39.3 [1.3, 77.3] minutes) each moved earlier in eTRE as compared with controls. Total sleep time showed a nonsignificant increase in the eTRE group as compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Late sleepers who were instructed in a single session about eTRE significantly advanced their sleep timing, especially sleep onset. eTRE shows potential as a clinical strategy for advancing sleep timing in late sleepers. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; Name: FAST Asleep: It's All About Timing; URL: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=122504; Identifier: ChiCTR2100043691. CITATION Blum DJ, Hernandez B, Zeitzer JM. Early time-restricted eating advances sleep in late sleepers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(12):2097-2106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jin Blum
- Department of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Beatriz Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jamie M. Zeitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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16
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Chen S, Liao J, Wang X, Wei M, Liu Y. Bidirectional relations between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination among Chinese university students: Self-control as a mediator. Sleep Med 2023; 112:53-62. [PMID: 37806036 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on theoretical and empirical evidence, this study examined the longitudinal relationship between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination and the potential mediating role of self-control. METHODS Between November 2021 and November 2022, a three waves longitudinal design was employed. Wave 1 included 622 Chinese college students (46.95% male, Mage = 18.16, SD = 0.73), with 6-month intervals between waves. The data was collected using self-report assessments. RESULTS The results of the cross-lagged panel models show that problematic smartphone use positively predicted later bedtime procrastination, and the bedtime procrastination also positively predicted later problematic smartphone use among college students. More importantly, self-control played a mediating role in their bidirectional predictive relationship. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the understanding of the causal relationship between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination and reveal the core psychological mechanisms underlying their vicious cycle, with important practical implications for the prevention and intervention of problematic smartphone use and sleep problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jinqian Liao
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mingchen Wei
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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17
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Carlson SE, Baron KG, Johnson KT, Williams PG. The thief of (bed)time: Examination of the daily associations between bedtime procrastination and multidimensional sleep health. Sleep Health 2023; 9:903-909. [PMID: 37704562 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sleep insufficiency is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Bedtime procrastination, or the needless and voluntary delay in sleep, is a sleep-related behavior which may interfere with sleep health. The objective of this study is to comprehensively examine the daily associations among bedtime procrastination and measures of sleep regularity, satisfaction, timing, efficiency, and duration. METHODS Two hundred and eighty young adult participants (79% female; Mage=24.4) completed daily sleep diaries and measures of bedtime procrastination and sleep restoration over 14days, in addition to measures of chronotype. Multilevel models were constructed to examine the associations between bedtime procrastination and sleep health. RESULTS Greater bedtime procrastination was associated with poorer sleep health, including poorer self-reported sleep restoration, later sleep timing, less efficient sleep, and shorter sleep duration. These associations were significant at both within- and between-person levels, and persisted after statistically adjusting for individuals' chronotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study offers bedtime procrastination as a putative mechanism for poor sleep health and finds that the associated risk of poor sleep from bedtime procrastination is independent of chronotype. Results presented here suggest that bedtime procrastination may be a relevant behavior in the development or maintenance of sleep and sleep-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Carlson
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | - Kelly Glazer Baron
- Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Paula G Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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18
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Ye X, Li Y, Liu Y, Zheng Q, Lin Z, Zeng Y, Lin Z, Zhu T, Chen X, Chen L, Liu T. Effect of fear of missing out on learning burnout in medical students: a moderated mediation. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1289906. [PMID: 38045622 PMCID: PMC10690946 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1289906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Learning burnout has a significant negative impact on students' academic performance and professional development, which has been exacerbated by the growing trend of problematic smartphone use, such as smartphone addiction, among young people. Recently, the literature on excessive social media use has revealed a critical role of fear of missing out. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine how fear of missing out affects smartphone addiction and its subsequent effect on learning burnout in college students. Methods In Study 1, 352 medical students were recruited to complete a cross-sectional survey. In Study 2, 2,948 college students were recruited to complete a cross-sectional survey. Further in Study 3, 30 medical students were recruited into a mindfulness-based intervention program. Results Study 1 preliminarily confirmed that fear of missing out was positively correlated with learning burnout. Study 2 then revealed a moderated mediation model showing that fear of missing out may increase smartphone addiction, which in turn affects their sleep quality and finally leads to learning burnout. This chain mediation model was moderated by the participants' level of mindfulness. To confirm the promoting role of mindfulness, Study 3 further confirmed that mindfulness training indeed can improve smartphone addiction and reduce learning burnout in medical students. Discussion Theoretical and practical contributions were discussed, highlighting the effects of fear of missing out on smartphone addiction and a moderating role of mindfulness training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Mental Health Education Center, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, China
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuyue Zheng
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Lin
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yinhua Zeng
- Guidance Center for Mental Health of Students, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziyue Lin
- Guidance Center for Mental Health of Students, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tan Zhu
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiayan Chen
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Fujian Children's Hospital (Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center), Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Abdoli N, Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Salari N, Khodamoradi M, Farnia V, Jahangiri S, Brühl AB, Dürsteler KM, Stanga Z, Brand S. Nomophobia (No Mobile Phone Phobia) and Psychological Health Issues among Young Adult Students. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:1762-1775. [PMID: 37754467 PMCID: PMC10527744 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13090128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smart phone use has become a part of people's everyday life. However, when the lack of using the smart phone to establish and maintain electronic communication is related to psychological distress, such a behavior may be considered a modern-age phobia, or nomophobia (no mobile phone phobia). The aims of the present study were to investigate among a sample of young adults the associations between scores for nomophobia and symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. METHODS A total of 537 students (mean age: 25.52 years; 42.3% females) participated in the study. They completed a booklet of self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information and symptoms of nomophobia, depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. RESULTS Higher scores for nomophobia were associated with higher scores for depression, anxiety, and stress, but not with scores for insomnia and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The regression model confirmed that symptoms of anxiety predicted nomophobia. CONCLUSIONS The present results support the assumption that nomophobia appears to be a mood disturbance related to stronger associations with symptoms of anxiety and, to a lesser extent, with symptoms of depression and stress. By contrast, nomophobia appeared to be unrelated to insomnia and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Abdoli
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran; (N.A.); (M.K.); (V.F.); (S.J.)
| | - Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nader Salari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran;
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khodamoradi
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran; (N.A.); (M.K.); (V.F.); (S.J.)
| | - Vahid Farnia
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran; (N.A.); (M.K.); (V.F.); (S.J.)
| | - Somayeh Jahangiri
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran; (N.A.); (M.K.); (V.F.); (S.J.)
| | - Annette Beatrix Brühl
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disturbances, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Kenneth M. Dürsteler
- Division of Substance Use Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zeno Stanga
- Centre of Competence for Military and Disaster Medicine, Swiss Armed Forces, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Serge Brand
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran; (N.A.); (M.K.); (V.F.); (S.J.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disturbances, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teheran 1417466191, Iran
- Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Carlson SE, Suchy Y, Baron KG, Johnson KT, Williams PG. A daily examination of executive functioning and chronotype in bedtime procrastination. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad145. [PMID: 37225142 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Bedtime procrastination, or delays in bedtime not attributable to external obligations, is a behavioral tendency that undermines sleep and is conceptualized as a consequence of poor self-regulation. Prior studies investigating the mechanistic role of self-regulation in bedtime procrastination relied on cross-sectional methods and self-reported self-regulation. The present study examined the association between bedtime procrastination and both objective and self-reported executive functioning (EF) as indices of self-regulation, as well as the moderating role of chronotype, using methods that examined these associations at the daily level. METHODS A total of 273 young adult participants (78% female; Mage = 24.4) completed daily measures of objective EF (i.e., Stroop task), self-reported EF (i.e., self-reported cognitive, behavioral, and emotional regulation difficulties), and bedtime procrastination over 14 days, in addition to measures of chronotype. Multilevel models were constructed to examine the associations between bedtime procrastination and EF, as well as EF-chronotype interactions. RESULTS Poorer daily objective EF and self-reported behavioral regulation were associated with greater same-night bedtime procrastination. Additionally, poorer subjective cognitive and emotional regulation were associated with greater average bedtime procrastination across 14 days. Later chronotypes reported greater bedtime procrastination than early chronotypes. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides support for the association between EF and bedtime procrastination, but finds no evidence for the moderating role of chronotype in this association. Results suggest that some EF processes may be more relevant to bedtime procrastination than others. Current findings have implications for assessment and intervention for this consequential sleep-relevant behavioral tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Carlson
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yana Suchy
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kelly Glazer Baron
- Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Paula G Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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21
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Hamvai C, Kiss H, Vörös H, Fitzpatrick KM, Vargha A, Pikó BF. Association between impulsivity and cognitive capacity decrease is mediated by smartphone addiction, academic procrastination, bedtime procrastination, sleep insufficiency and daytime fatigue among medical students: a path analysis. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:537. [PMID: 37501113 PMCID: PMC10375684 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical students are at high risk for sleep disturbance. One possible cause of their sleeping problem is impulsivity. We aim to investigate the possible mediators between medical students' impulsivity and sleep outcomes. Thus, we developed and investigated a model where the predictors were attentional, non-planning, and motor impulsivity subtraits. In the final model, subjective cognitive capacity decrease was the outcome variable. In light of previous findings, academic procrastination, smartphone addiction, and bedtime procrastination were considered important mediators as well as two variables of poor sleep, sleeping insufficiency, and daytime fatigue. METHODS Medical students (N = 211; ageM = 22.15 years; ageSD = 3.47 years; 71.6% women) were recruited to complete an online survey comprised of demographics (age, gender), self-administered scales (Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale, Bedtime Procrastination Scale, Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale, Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form) and questions on tiredness, daily fatigue and subjective cognitive capacity decrease. Correlation and path analyses were implemented to examine hypothesized relationships between the variables. RESULTS Both attentional impulsivity (β = 0.33, p < .001) and non-planning impulsivity (β = -0.19, p < .01) had a direct relationship with cognitive capacity decrease. Attentional impulsivity was also associated with decreased cognitive capacity with a serial mediation effect via smartphone addiction, academic procrastination, bedtime procrastination, sleep insufficiency and fatigue (estimate = 0.017, p < .01). The indirect link between non-planning impulsivity and cognitive capacity decrease was mediated by academic procrastination, bedtime procrastination, sleep insufficiency and fatigue (estimate = 0.011, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Inability to stay focused and plan tasks effectively (directly and indirectly) predicts poor sleep outcomes. This relationship is mediated by excessive smartphone use, academic procrastination, and bedtime procrastination. Our findings are relevant in light of self-regulatory learning, which is crucial in medical education. This is a recursive cycle of planning, emotion regulation, proper strategy selection and self-monitoring. Future interventions addressing attentional and non-planning impulsivity, problematic smartphone use, academic procrastination, and in turn, bedtime procrastination might make this routine more effective. In the conclusion section, practical implications of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Hamvai
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Mars tér 20, 6722, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Hedvig Kiss
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Mars tér 20, 6722, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Vörös
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Mars tér 20, 6722, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kevin M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Sociology & Criminology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - András Vargha
- Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár Reformed Church University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránad University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bettina F Pikó
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Mars tér 20, 6722, Szeged, Hungary
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22
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Jeoung S, Jeon H, Yang HC, An H, Suh S. A randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention for decreasing bedtime procrastination using a wait-list control group in a non-clinical sample of young adults. Sleep Med 2023; 108:114-123. [PMID: 37354745 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Bedtime Procrastination (BP) is defined as the behavior of going to bed later than intended, without external reasons. This study is a randomized controlled trial aiming to establish efficacy of a behavioral intervention to decrease BP in a non-clinical sample. METHOD This was an open-label trial that was conducted in sixty participants (mean age 21.33 ± 2.35 years, 86.7% females) without insomnia or psychopathology who endorsed frequent BP. They were randomized to either the treatment group (n = 32) or wait-list control group (n = 28). Participants completed the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), and a weekly sleep diary. Functional analysis was conducted to investigate the function of BP. Linear mixed models were used for analyses. RESULT The treatment group showed significant improvement on the BPS (35.56% decrease, d = 2.19, bedtime procrastination duration based on the sleep diary (-46.29 min, d = 1.22), and sleep efficiency (5.70% increase, d = 1.25) compared to the wait-list control group following the intervention. There were also significant reductions in time spent from bedtime to lights out, and wake time to time out of bed, in addition to improvements in ISI and ESS scores in the treatment group compared to the control group. Functional analysis results indicated emotional regulation (31.3%), compensation (26.5%), and social interaction and belongingness (18.1%) as the most frequent functions of bedtime procrastination. CONCLUSION This study shows promising results for a behavioral intervention targeting BP and sleep. In addition, this study demonstrated various functions of BP as a sleep-interfering behavior. We expect that these findings could be used in future studies and clinical settings to decrease BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonhye Jeoung
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Huisu Jeon
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chung Yang
- Seoul Graduate School of Counseling Psychology, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung An
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang C, Meng D, Zhu L, Ma X, Guo J, Fu Y, Zhao Y, Xu H, Mu L. The Effect of Trait Anxiety on Bedtime Procrastination: the Mediating Role of Self-Control. Int J Behav Med 2023; 30:260-267. [PMID: 35459983 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-022-10089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bedtime procrastination (BP), a special type of health behavior procrastination, is considered to be a failure of self-control. Notably, self-control may mediate the effect of trait anxiety on general procrastination. However, there is no evidence demonstrating the role of self-control in the relationship between trait anxiety and BP. Moreover, the association between BP and trait anxiety has not yet been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the direct relationship between them as well as the mediating role of self-control in this relationship. METHODS This cross-sectional survey included 718 college students enrolled in Chinese universities between October 2018 and January 2020. The Chinese versions of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, the Self-Control Scale, and the Trait Anxiety Inventory were used to evaluate BP, self-control, and trait anxiety, respectively. RESULTS Multiple linear regression analysis revealed trait anxiety independently predicted BP while controlling for demographic characteristics. Correlation analyses showed that BP was positively correlated with trait anxiety, but negatively related to self-control. Structural equation modeling further revealed a mediating role of self-control in the relationship between trait anxiety and BP. CONCLUSIONS Trait anxiety is a significant independent predictor of BP and may induce BP directly or indirectly through the effect of self-control. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between trait anxiety and BP and the underlying mechanism by exploring the mediating effect of self-control. As such, trait anxiety and self-control should be included in prevention and intervention strategies to address BP behavior in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dexin Meng
- Department of Physiology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, No. 850 Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, No. 850 Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, No. 850 Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Yiming Fu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, No. 850 Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, No. 850 Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapeutics, School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Li Mu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, No. 850 Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116029, China.
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China.
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Abstract
The restorative function of sleep is shaped by its duration, timing, continuity, subjective quality, and efficiency. Current sleep recommendations specify only nocturnal duration and have been largely derived from sleep self-reports that can be imprecise and miss relevant details. Sleep duration, preferred timing, and ability to withstand sleep deprivation are heritable traits whose expression may change with age and affect the optimal sleep prescription for an individual. Prevailing societal norms and circumstances related to work and relationships interact to influence sleep opportunity and quality. The value of allocating time for sleep is revealed by the impact of its restriction on behavior, functional brain imaging, sleep macrostructure, and late-life cognition. Augmentation of sleep slow oscillations and spindles have been proposed for enhancing sleep quality, but they inconsistently achieve their goal. Crafting bespoke sleep recommendations could benefit from large-scale, longitudinal collection of objective sleep data integrated with behavioral and self-reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ,
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ,
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25
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Boredom Proneness on Chinese College Students' Phubbing during the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Mediating Effects of Self-Control and Bedtime Procrastination. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2023; 2023:4134283. [PMID: 36818383 PMCID: PMC9931466 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4134283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the relationship between boredom proneness and phubbing among Chinese college students and examine how self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate this relationship during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods A total of 707 Chinese college students were voluntarily surveyed. They completed the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP), Short Boredom Proneness Scale (SBPS), Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), and Self-Control Scale (SCS). Results (1) The results revealed that men scored higher on boredom than women. (2) The analysis revealed significant associations between each of the variables. Boredom proneness was positively correlated with bedtime procrastination (r = 0.318; P < 0.001) and phubbing (r = 0.418; P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with self-control (r = -0.518; P < 0.001). (3) Mediation analysis suggested that self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate the relationship between boredom proneness and phubbing (effect of self-control = 0.094, P < 0.001, 95% CI [0.062∼0.128]; effect of bedtime procrastination = 0.025, P < 0.001, 95% CI [0.011∼0.042]; and effect of self-control and bedtime procrastination = 0.032, P < 0.001, 95% CI [0.020∼0.046]). Conclusion Self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate the association between boredom proneness and phubbing among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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26
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Kater MJ, Werner A, Schlarb AA, Lohaus A. Sleep Reactivity and Related Factors in Adolescence: An Increased Risk for Insomnia? A Longitudinal Assessment. Nat Sci Sleep 2023; 15:207-216. [PMID: 37069845 PMCID: PMC10105585 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s401452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The individual vulnerability for stress-related sleep difficulties (eg, sleep reactivity) is known as a predisposing factor of insomnia in adults, yet relatively little is known about sleep reactivity in adolescence. The study goal is to determine factors related to sleep reactivity and to investigate whether sleep reactivity and related factors predict current and new incidents of insomnia in adolescents. Patients and Methods At baseline, 11-to-17-year-olds (N = 185, Mage = 14.3 years, SD = 1.8, 54% female) answered an age-appropriate version of the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test, questionnaires about sleep, stress, psychological symptoms, and resources, filled out a sleep diary and used actigraphy. Insomnia diagnoses according to ISCD-3 criteria were assessed at baseline, after 9 months and after one and a half years. Results Adolescents with high compared to low sleep reactivity had increased pre-sleep arousal, negative sleep-related cognitions, pre-sleep mobile phone use, stress experience, stress vulnerability, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, less social resources, and a later midpoint of bedtime. High sleep reactivity increased the likelihood for currently having insomnia, but not for the development of insomnia at subsequent assessments. Conclusion The findings suggest that high sleep reactivity is related to poor sleep health and mental health but cast doubt on sleep reactivity as a pivotal predisposing factor for the development of insomnia in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren-Jo Kater
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Department of Developmental Psychology and Developmental Psychopathology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
- Correspondence: Maren-Jo Kater, Bielefeld University, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Developmental Psychology and Developmental Psychopathology, P.O. Box 10 01 31, Bielefeld, 33501, Germany, Tel +49 0521 - 106 4461, Email
| | - Anika Werner
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Department of Developmental Psychology and Developmental Psychopathology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Angelika Anita Schlarb
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science Clinical, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy of Children and Adolescents, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Department of Developmental Psychology and Developmental Psychopathology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
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27
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Fredrick JW, Cook TE, Langberg JM, Becker SP. Prospective association between evening circadian preference and academic functioning in adolescents: the role of daytime sleepiness. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:175-184. [PMID: 35953260 PMCID: PMC10087522 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence for the role of circadian factors in adolescents' sleep and academic adjustment, with greater evening preference being linked to poorer academic functioning. However, studies have yet to evaluate this association prospectively in adolescence, nor have studies examined daytime sleepiness as a putative mechanism linking evening preference to poor academic functioning. The current study used a multi-informant design to test the prospective association of evening circadian preference, daytime sleepiness, and academic functioning (e.g., global academic impairment and grades) across 2 years in adolescence. As evening circadian preference, sleepiness, and academic problems are elevated in adolescents with ADHD, we used a sample enriched for adolescents with ADHD and explored whether ADHD moderated effects. METHOD Participants were 302 adolescents (Mage = 13.17 years; 44.7% female; 81.8% White; 52% with ADHD). In the fall of eighth grade, adolescents reported on their circadian preference, and in the fall of ninth grade, adolescents and parents completed ratings of daytime sleepiness. In the middle of 10th grade, parents and teachers reported on adolescents' academic impairment and at the end of 10th grade, adolescents' grade point average (GPA) was obtained from school records. RESULTS Above and beyond covariates (e.g., adolescent sex, ADHD status, medication, sleep duration) and baseline academic impairment, greater self-reported evening preference in 8th grade predicted increased parent ratings of academic impairment in 10th grade indirectly via adolescent and parent ratings of daytime sleepiness in 9th grade. Furthermore, evening preference in 8th grade predicted greater teacher ratings of academic impairment and lower average GPA in 10th grade via parent ratings of daytime sleepiness in 9th grade, controlling for covariates and baseline GPA. ADHD status did not moderate indirect effects. CONCLUSION Findings underscore daytime sleepiness as a possible intervening mechanism linking evening preference to poor academic functioning across adolescence. Intervention studies are needed to evaluate whether targeting circadian preference and sleepiness improves academic functioning in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Fredrick
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Taryn E Cook
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua M Langberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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28
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Go to bed! A systematic review and meta-analysis of bedtime procrastination correlates and sleep outcomes. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 66:101697. [PMID: 36375334 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bedtime procrastination is defined as the volitional delay of going to bed, without any external circumstances causing the delay, and is associated with inadequate sleep. Alleviating bedtime procrastination is an important target for interventions promoting adequate sleep, yet the correlates of bedtime procrastination are poorly understood. This study examined (1) correlates of bedtime procrastination, and (2) strength and direction of the association between bedtime procrastination and sleep outcomes. Six databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, PsychINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched from inception to September 2021 against pre-determined eligibility criteria. Forty-three studies were included (GRADE = low). Meta-analysis revealed that bedtime procrastination had a moderate negative association with self-control (z = -0.39; CI: -0.45, -0.29) and a moderate positive association with evening chronotype (z = 0.43; CI: 0.32, 0.48). Furthermore, bedtime procrastination was moderately negatively associated with sleep duration (z = -0.31; CI: -0.37, -0.24), sleep quality (z = -0.35; CI: -0.42, -0.27) and moderately positively associated with daytime fatigue (z = 0.32; CI: 0.25, 0.38). Further high-quality studies are needed to identify causal relationships between bedtime procrastination and correlates, as well as bedtime procrastination and sleep. Future work will guide the development of interventions targeting bedtime procrastination for improved sleep outcomes. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number CRD42021248891.
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Pillion M, Gradisar M, Bartel K, Whittall H, Mikulcic J, Daniels A, Rullo B, Kahn M. Wi-Fi off, devices out: do parent-set technology rules play a role in adolescent sleep? Sleep Med X 2022; 4:100046. [PMID: 35541215 PMCID: PMC9079794 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2022.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited evidence surrounding the relationship between parent-set technology rules and adolescent sleep. This study had two aims: 1) to investigate the relationship between presence of and compliance to parent-set technology rules and adolescent sleep outcomes and daytime sleepiness; 2) to investigate if compliance, non-compliance, or the absence of rules could moderate the relationship between Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Bedtime Procrastination (BtP) on sleep outcomes and daytime sleepiness. A total of 711 adolescents aged 12–18 years old (46% Female, Mage = 15.1, SD = 1.2) were recruited through secondary schools in South Australia. Participants completed a survey containing self-report measures about their sleep, daytime sleepiness, FoMO, BtP, the presence/absence of technology rules in their house, and their compliance to these rules. The study design was cross sectional. Results indicated that the presence of a parent-set technology rule was associated with earlier bedtimes regardless of compliance. Earlier lights out times and increased sleep duration were observed in adolescents who always complied to their rules compared to those who did not comply or did not have parent-set technology rules. BtP and FoMO were associated with later bedtimes, later lights out times, longer sleep onset latency, shorter sleep duration, and more daytime sleepiness. However, parent-set rules did not moderate the links between BtP/FoMO and adolescent sleep. Whilst longitudinal investigations are warranted to examine the directionality of these relationships, the present study suggests that parent-set technology rules may play an important role in protecting adolescent sleep. Having a parent set technology rule was associated with earlier bedtimes. Only consistent compliance was linked to earlier lights out times and longer TST. Noncompliance or the absence of rules was not linked to these sleep outcomes. Bedtime procrastination and Fear of Missing Out were linked with poorer sleep outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Pillion
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Adelaide, Australia
- Corresponding author. Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Michael Gradisar
- WINK Sleep Pty Ltd, Adelaide, Australia
- Sleep Cycle AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kate Bartel
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah Whittall
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jessica Mikulcic
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alexandra Daniels
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benita Rullo
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michal Kahn
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Adelaide, Australia
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Bedtime procrastination and chronotype differentially predict adolescent sleep on school nights and non-school nights. Sleep Health 2022; 8:640-647. [PMID: 36272919 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bedtime procrastination (BTP) refers to the tendency to delay sleep beyond an intended bedtime, in favor of continuing evening activities. BTP has been associated with negative sleep outcomes (later timing, shorter duration, poorer quality), and is viewed as a problem of exercising self-control. BTP could be particularly challenging in adolescents, given the combined effects of increasing bedtime autonomy, later chronotype, and a still developing self-control capacity. Thus far, research on BTP has only been based on self-report measures. Here we examined the influence of BTP on adolescent sleep, using objective measures of sleep. METHODS About 121 adolescents aged 14-19 years completed a survey on BTP, sleep quality, chronotype, and mental health. Subsequently, habitual sleep was actigraphically monitored for up to 2 weeks, and participants completed a temporal discounting task (a proxy for impulsivity). Associations between BTP, chronotype, and actigraphy-measured sleep were examined for school nights and non-school nights separately. RESULTS Greater BTP was associated with poorer subjective sleep, eveningness chronotype, and higher daytime fatigue, as well as higher anxiety/depression scores. Measured using actigraphy, greater BTP predicted later bedtimes and shorter sleep duration on school nights, even when controlling for chronotype. On non-school nights, eveningness chronotype, but not BTP, predicted later bedtimes and wake-up times. BTP was not correlated with temporal discounting. CONCLUSIONS Bedtime procrastination exerts significant influence on subjective and objective sleep measures in adolescents. Its effects are most prominent on school nights and can be separated from the effects of chronotype, which has stronger effects on sleep timing on non-school nights.
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31
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Suh S, Cho N, Jeoung S, An H. Developing a Psychological Intervention for Decreasing Bedtime Procrastination: The BED-PRO Study. Behav Sleep Med 2022; 20:659-673. [PMID: 34524942 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2021.1979004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bedtime Procrastination (BP) is defined as the behavior of going to bed later than intended, without having external reasons for doing so. Previous studies have shown that BP has a negative effect on sleep and health, emphasizing the need to develop interventions to decrease BP. This intervention development study is a proof-of-concept study for a psychological intervention designed for decreasing bedtime procrastination, namely BED-PRO. MATERIAL AND METHOD The intervention was developed based on behavioral modification principles and motivational interviewing techniques. The final intervention was a weekly three-session intervention, with one additional booster call. Twenty individuals with high BP participated in the study, and data was collected for pre- and post-intervention, and one-month follow-up. Individuals completed the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Insomnia Severity Index, and a sleep diary. RESULT Significant changes were found for BPS scores, bedtime procrastination duration (Δ51 mins, 63.8% reduction compared to baseline), wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency and feeling refreshed upon awakening measured by sleep diaries following the intervention. In addition, changes in BPS, ISI, and ESS scores, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency and feeling refreshed upon awakening were maintained or continued to improve at 1-month follow-up. CONCLUSION This study verified the feasibility and acceptability of the BED-PRO intervention and the potential for being the first intervention to target bedtime procrastination. Considering the research about negative implications of BP, we expect that this intervention could be a step forward in considering BP as a serious health behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Cho
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonhye Jeoung
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung An
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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32
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Maultsby KD, Temmen CD, Lewin D, Sita KR, Luk JW, Simons-Morton BG, Haynie DL. Longitudinal associations between high school sleep characteristics and young adult health outcomes. J Clin Sleep Med 2022; 18:2527-2536. [PMID: 35808946 PMCID: PMC9622993 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Short sleep duration and evening chronotype are independently associated with negative health outcomes. However, it is unclear how adolescent sleep duration and chronotype are longitudinally associated with health outcomes during early adulthood. METHODS Participants from the NEXT Generation Health Study (n = 2,783; 54.5% female) completed measures of sleep duration (scheduled day and unscheduled day) and chronotype in high school. Sleep duration, chronotype, general health, depressive symptoms, and psychosomatic symptoms were also assessed 4 years after high school. Latent variables estimated high school scheduled-day sleep duration, unscheduled-day sleep duration, and chronotype using the during high school measures. Two path analyses tested the prospective associations between high school sleep duration (separate models for scheduled and unscheduled days) and chronotype with 4 years after high school health outcomes as mediated by concurrent sleep duration and chronotype. RESULTS In the scheduled-day model, longer high school sleep duration and later chronotype were associated with longer duration and later chronotype in early adulthood. Longer high school sleep duration was directly associated with fewer psychosomatic symptoms and indirectly associated with fewer depressive and psychosomatic symptoms through longer sleep duration in early adulthood. Later chronotype in high school was indirectly associated with poorer general health, greater depressive symptoms, and greater psychosomatic symptoms in early adulthood through later chronotype. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the roles of scheduled-day sleep duration and evening chronotype in shaping health outcomes and suggest the importance of chronotype and optimal sleep habits among adolescents. CITATION Maultsby KD, Temmen CD, Lewin D, et al. Longitudinal associations between high school sleep characteristics and young adult health outcomes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(11):2527-2536.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Maultsby
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
- Psychology Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Chelsie D Temmen
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Kellienne R Sita
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeremy W Luk
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bruce G Simons-Morton
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Denise L Haynie
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
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Mao B, Chen S, Wei M, Luo Y, Liu Y. Future Time Perspective and Bedtime Procrastination: The Mediating Role of Dual-Mode Self-Control and Problematic Smartphone Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10334. [PMID: 36011963 PMCID: PMC9407689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined bedtime procrastination predictors and the development process concerning health behavior. Based on temporal self-regulation theory and the self-regulatory framework of time perspective, we examined the effects of future time perspective, dual-model of self-control, and problematic smartphone use on bedtime procrastination. Further, including the mediating role of dual-mode self-control and problematic smartphone use in the effects of future time perspective on bedtime procrastination among 3687 participants (38.73% male; Mage = 16.17 years, SD = 2.42, range = 11-23) Chinese students. The results showed that the future time perspective, dual-mode self-control, and problematic smartphone use had significant predictive effects on bedtime procrastination. Importantly, the negative effect of future time perspective on bedtime procrastination is mediated by the impulse system, control system, and problematic smartphone use separately and serially mediated by the impulse system and problematic smartphone use, rather than the control system and problematic smartphone use; these findings extend previous research on the contributing factors of bedtime procrastination and provide an empirical basis for promoting people to form healthy sleep habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Mao
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mingchen Wei
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yali Luo
- Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University of Political Science & Law, Baosheng Avenue No. 301, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Zhao Q, Wang K, Kiss O, Yuksel D, de Zambotti M, Clark DB, Goldston DB, Nooner KB, Brown SA, Tapert SF, Thompson WK, Nagel BJ, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Pohl KM, Baker FC. Earlier Bedtime and Effective Coping Skills Predict a Return to Low-Risk of Depression in Young Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191610300. [PMID: 36011934 PMCID: PMC9408272 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To determine the persistent effects of the pandemic on mental health in young adults, we categorized depressive symptom trajectories and sought factors that promoted a reduction in depressive symptoms in high-risk individuals. Specifically, longitudinal analysis investigated changes in the risk for depression before and during the pandemic until December 2021 in 399 young adults (57% female; age range: 22.8 ± 2.6 years) in the United States (U.S.) participating in the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) was administered multiple times before and during the pandemic. A score ≥10 identified individuals at high-risk for depression. Self-reported sleep behavior, substance use, and coping skills at the start of the pandemic were assessed as predictors for returning to low-risk levels while controlling for demographic factors. The analysis identified four trajectory groups regarding depression risk, with 38% being at low-risk pre-pandemic through 2021, 14% showing persistent high-risk pre-pandemic through 2021, and the remainder converting to high-risk either in June 2020 (30%) or later (18%). Of those who became high-risk in June 2020, 51% were no longer at high-risk in 2021. Logistic regression revealed that earlier bedtime and, for the older participants (mid to late twenties), better coping skills were associated with this declining risk. Results indicate divergence in trajectories of depressive symptoms, with a considerable number of young adults developing persistent depressive symptoms. Healthy sleep behavior and specific coping skills have the potential to promote remittance from depressive symptoms in the context of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Orsolya Kiss
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dilara Yuksel
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Duncan B. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David B. Goldston
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kate B. Nooner
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Sandra A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Susan F. Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bonnie J. Nagel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Fiona C. Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Meng X, Su H, Li C. Effect of Self-Efficacy on Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese University Students: A Moderation and Mediation Model. Front Psychol 2022; 13:863523. [PMID: 35651571 PMCID: PMC9149283 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedtime procrastination (BP) is generally considered to be a maladaptive behavior. However, BP may be an adaptive fast LH strategy within the LH framework, and further, personal beliefs about their abilities and resources promote this fast LH strategy. Here, the present study addressed this idea, focusing on the effect of self-efficacy on BP, the mediation of harm avoidance (HA), and the moderation of novelty seeking (NS). Data from 552 Chinese university students (205 men and 347 women) were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and SPSS PROCESS Macro. Results indicated that HA partially mediates the relationship between self-efficacy and BP. Main interactional effects have been observed when NS is introduced in the model as a moderator. Implications and limitations of the study and suggestions for further study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Meng
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanitarians, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haodong Su
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunlu Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanitarians, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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36
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Krietsch KN, Duraccio KM, Zhang N, Saelens BE, Howarth T, Combs A, Beebe DW. Earlier bedtimes and more sleep displace sedentary behavior but not moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in adolescents. Sleep Health 2022; 8:270-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Feng Y, Meng D, Guo J, Zhao Y, Ma X, Zhu L, Mu L. Bedtime procrastination in the relationship between self-control and depressive symptoms in medical students: From the perspective of sex differences. Sleep Med 2022; 95:84-90. [PMID: 35569330 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Bonnar D, Lee S, Roane BM, Blum DJ, Kahn M, Jang E, Dunican IC, Gradisar M, Suh S. Evaluation of a Brief Sleep Intervention Designed to Improve the Sleep, Mood, and Cognitive Performance of Esports Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074146. [PMID: 35409833 PMCID: PMC8998799 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated a brief sleep intervention designed to improve the sleep, mood, and cognitive performance of professional electronic sports (esports) athletes from three major esports regions (i.e., Asia, North America, and Oceania). Fifty-six esports athletes from South Korea (N = 34), the United States (N = 7), and Australia (N = 15) completed the study. Participants completed an initial 2-week pre-intervention phase to establish a baseline, followed by a 2-week intervention phase that involved a group sleep education class, 1:1 session with a trained clinical psychologist, and daily biofeedback. A wrist activity monitor and daily sleep diary were used to monitor sleep during both phases, while at pre- and post-intervention, participants completed a battery of sleep and mood questionnaires and underwent cognitive performance testing. Sleep knowledge increased from pre- to post-intervention (d = 0.83 [95% CI −1.21, −0.43], p =< 0.001), while there were modest improvements in sleep diary estimates (i.e., sleep onset latency (Mdiff = −2.9 min, p = 0.02), sleep onset time (Mdiff = −12 min, p = 0.03), and sleep efficiency (Mdiff = 1.1%, p = 0.004)) and wrist activity monitor estimates (i.e., sleep onset time (Mdiff = −18 min, p = 0.01)). Insomnia severity scores decreased significantly (d = 0.47 [95% CI 0.08, 0.84], p = 0.001), while sleepiness scores increased but not meaningfully (d = 0.23 [95% CI −0.61, 0.14], p = 0.025). However, there was no significant change in mood (i.e., depression and anxiety) or cognitive performance scores (i.e., mean reaction time or lapses). Sleep interventions for esports athletes require further investigation. Future research should examine whether a stepped-care model, whereby increasing therapeutic input is provided as needed, can optimize sleep, mood, and cognitive performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bonnar
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (D.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Sangha Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Brandy M. Roane
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, UNT Health Science Centre, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Daniel J. Blum
- Department of Arts and Sciences, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai 200122, China;
| | - Michal Kahn
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (D.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Eunhee Jang
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 02844, Korea;
| | - Ian C. Dunican
- Centre for Sleep Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | | | - Sooyeon Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 02844, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-920-7215
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Bedtime Procrastination and Fatigue in Chinese College Students: the Mediating Role of Mobile Phone Addiction. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Sleep improvements on days with later school starts persist after 1 year in a flexible start system. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2787. [PMID: 35181701 PMCID: PMC8857191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Early school times fundamentally clash with the late sleep of teenagers. This mismatch results in chronic sleep deprivation posing acute and long-term health risks and impairing students' learning. Despite immediate short-term benefits for sleep, the long-term effects of later starts remain unresolved. In a pre-post design over 1 year, we studied a unique flexible school start system, in which 10–12th grade students chose daily between an 8:00 or 8:50AM-start. Missed study time (8:00–8:50) was compensated for during gap periods or after classes. Based on 2 waves (6–9 weeks of sleep diary each), we found that students maintained their ~ 1-h-sleep gain on later days, longitudinally (n = 28) and cross-sectionally (n = 79). This gain was independent of chronotype and frequency of later starts but attenuated for boys after 1 year. Students showed persistently better sleep quality and reduced alarm-driven waking and reported psychological benefits (n = 93) like improved motivation, concentration, and study quality on later days. Nonetheless, students chose later starts only infrequently (median 2 days/week), precluding detectable sleep extensions in the flexible system overall. Reasons for not choosing late starts were the need to make up lost study time, preference for extra study time and transport issues. Whether flexible systems constitute an appealing alternative to fixed delays given possible circadian and psychological advantages warrants further investigation.
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41
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Chen CH, Huang MC, Chiu YH, Chen IM, Chen CH, Lu ML, Wang TY, Chen HC, Kuo PH. Stress Susceptibility Moderates the Relationship Between Eveningness Preference and Poor Sleep Quality in Non-Acute Mood Disorder Patients and Healthy Controls. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:711-723. [PMID: 35450221 PMCID: PMC9018012 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s339898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between eveningness preference and poor sleep quality and eventually examine the moderation effect of stress susceptibility. METHODS Individuals with non-acute major depressive disorder or bipolar affective disorder and healthy participants were recruited. The Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to evaluate chronotype and sleep quality, respectively. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to formulate stress susceptibility and as indicator variables for empirical clustering by latent class analysis (LCA). Linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between chronotype preference and sleep quality. The interaction terms of CSM and stress susceptibility were examined for the moderation effect. RESULTS A total of 887 individuals were enrolled in this study, with 68.2% female and 44.1% healthy participants. Three subgroups were derived from LCA and designated as low stresssusceptibility (40.2%), moderate stress susceptibility (40.9%), and high stress susceptibility (18.8%) groups. After controlling for covariates, the CSM scores inversely correlated with PSQI scores [b (se)=-0.02 (0.01), p=0.01], suggesting that individuals with eveningness preferences tend to have poor sleep quality. Moreover, stress susceptibility moderated the relationship between CSM and PSQI scores (p for interaction term = 0.04). Specifically, the inverse association between CSM and PSQI was more robust in the high stress susceptibility group than that in the low stress susceptibility group. CONCLUSION Eveningness preference was associated with poor sleep quality, and this relationship was moderated by stress susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital, Songde Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hang Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Health Policy and Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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42
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Kahn M, Korhonen T, Leinonen L, Martinmaki K, Kuula L, Pesonen AK, Gradisar M. Is It Time We Stop Discouraging Evening Physical Activity? New Real-World Evidence From 150,000 Nights. Front Public Health 2021; 9:772376. [PMID: 34805080 PMCID: PMC8599432 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.772376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional and colloquial sleep hygiene guidelines advise against evening physical activity, despite meta-analyses of laboratory studies concluding that evening exercise does not impair sleep. This study is the first to investigate the association between objectively measured evening physical activity and sleep within a real-world big-data sample. A total of 153,154 nights from 12,638 individuals aged 18-60 years (M = 40.1 SD = 10.1; 44.5% female) were analyzed. Nighttime sleep and minutes of physical activity were assessed using Polar wearable devices for 14 consecutive days. Thirty minutes or more of moderate-to-near maximal physical activity during the 3 h before sleep onset were recorded in 12.4% of evenings, and were more frequent on weekdays than weekends (13.3 vs. 10.2% respectively, p < 0.001). Linear mixed modeling revealed that sleep efficiency was not significantly associated with evening physical activity, and that sleep duration was 3.4 min longer on average on nights following evenings in which participants engaged in 30 min or more of moderate-intense physical activity. Effects were found for sleep timing metrics, as evening physical activity was linked with earlier sleep onset and offset times (-13.7 and -9.3 min, respectively). Overall, these effects were greater- but still very small- on weekdays compared to weekends. The present study provides further evidence for the lack of meaningful links between sleep duration or quality and physical activity in the hours preceding sleep. Taken together with recent meta-analytic findings, these findings suggest that changes in public health recommendations are warranted regarding evening physical activity and its relation to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kahn
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Topi Korhonen
- Polar Electro Oy, Polar Research Center, Kempele, Finland
| | - Leena Leinonen
- Polar Electro Oy, Polar Research Center, Kempele, Finland
| | | | - Liisa Kuula
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Gradisar
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Facer-Childs ER, Mascaro L, Hoffman D, Mansfield D, Drummond SPA, Rajarathnam SW. Sleep as a Major Determinant for Mental Health Outcomes in Elite Australian Football League (AFL) Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 54:665-672. [PMID: 34772903 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The link between mental health and sleep is well documented in the general population, with the majority of mental health disorders involving some type of sleep disturbance. There is, however, limited research investigating this relationship in elite athlete populations. The aim of this study was to identify whether sleep and mental health outcomes are associated in elite athletes, and if so, what measures of sleep were the most predictive of mental health outcomes. METHODS A comprehensive assessment of sleep was conducted using both objective and subjective methods in 68 Australian Football League athletes (male, mean age = 23.3 ± 3.4 years, median = 23 range 18 - 32 years). Rest-activity patterns were recorded using wrist actigraphy for an average of 13.8 ± 3.6 days (total 884 days data). Subjective sleep data were collected using daily sleep diaries and validated questionnaires. Validated mental health questionnaires were used to assess depression, anxiety and stress symptoms. Multiple linear regression modelling was used to investigate the relationship between sleep and mental health. RESULTS Using a combination of sleep variables, poor sleep predicted 51% of the variation in clinical depression, 42% of the variation in stress, and 31% in clinical anxiety. Self-reported insomnia symptoms (using the Insomnia Severity Index), were the strongest predictors of poor mental health outcomes, followed by objective sleep monitoring via actigraphy. Sleep diary measures were the weakest predictors of mental health. CONCLUSION Our results present poor sleep as a major determinant of impaired mental health outcomes in a population that is constantly under pressure to perform at the highest level and may underreport mental health symptoms. These findings support the inclusion of sleep assessments as an initial screening tool as well as a core component of all routine health and rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Facer-Childs
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Monash Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Lund L, Sølvhøj IN, Danielsen D, Andersen S. Electronic media use and sleep in children and adolescents in western countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1598. [PMID: 34587944 PMCID: PMC8482627 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep is essential for child and adolescent health and well-being. There is an increasing interest in whether electronic media use affects children and young adolescents’ sleep. Prior reviews have focused on a school-aged population. Moreover, it is crucial that research continuously addresses the processes of technology and media use and the implication on sleep. This systematic review examines the evidence of electronic media use related to sleep among 0–15-year-olds. Methods Searches were carried out in four databases (CINAHL, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Medline). Inclusion criteria included age ≤ 15 years, and intervention, cohort, or cross-sectional studies from western countries. Methodological quality was rated using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies by two independent reviewers. Data was extracted using a standardized data extraction form. Synthesis was done by summarizing results across studies by age groups of 0–5, 6–12, and 13–15 years within four sleep domains: Bedtime and sleep onset; Sleep quality; Sleep duration; Daytime tiredness. Results The search identified 10,719 unique studies, of which 109 fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assessed for methodological quality. In total, 49 studies were included in the review. The study designs were randomized controlled trials (n = 3), quasi-experimental studies (n = 2), prospective cohort studies (n = 15), and cross-sectional studies (n = 29). Evidence for an association between electronic media use and sleep duration was identified, with stronger evidence for 6–15-years-olds than 0–5-year-olds. The evidence for a relationship between electronic media use and other sleep outcomes was more inconclusive. However, for 6–12-year-old children, there was evidence for associations of electronic media use with delayed bedtime and poor sleep quality. For 13–15-year-olds, there was evidence for associations between screen time and problems falling asleep, and between social media use and poor sleep quality. Conclusions Overall, electronic media use was generally associated with shorter sleep duration in children and adolescents. Studies with stronger research design and of higher quality are needed to draw solid conclusions about electronic media’s impact on other sleep outcomes. Public awareness and interventions could be promoted about the potential negative impact on children’s sleep of electronic media devices that are used excessively and close to bedtime. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11640-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Lund
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Nielsen Sølvhøj
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dina Danielsen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Andersen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hammoudi SF, Mreydem HW, Ali BTA, Saleh NO, Chung S, Hallit S, Salameh P. Smartphone Screen Time Among University Students in Lebanon and Its Association With Insomnia, Bedtime Procrastination, and Body Mass Index During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:871-878. [PMID: 34517442 PMCID: PMC8473859 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association of increased smartphone screen time with insomnia, bedtime procrastination, depression, anxiety, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS An online survey was performed for university students from all regions of Lebanon during the lockdown. The survey included questionnaires about smartphone screen time, diet, physical activity, psychological symptoms, and bedtime procrastination. We defined 6 hours of smartphone use as critical based on a survey done in United States. RESULTS Among female students, smartphone use duration, physical activity levels, BMI, depression, anxiety, and insomnia severity were significantly higher than in male. When we stratified participants based on 6 hours of smartphone use, females, unhealthy food consumption, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and bedtime procrastination were significantly higher in the group with ≥6 hours of smartphone use. When we divided based on 7 hours, physical activity and body weight also differed between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that female, overweight, insomnia, and bedtime procrastination were significant predictors of a phone screen time of 7 hours. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that adults should be more cautious and responsible when using smartphones and be more concerned about the health-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nada Omar Saleh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Seockhoon Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Department of Basic Sciences at the Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
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Magalhães P, Pereira B, Oliveira A, Santos D, Núñez JC, Rosário P. The Mediator Role of Routines on the Relationship between General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination and Perceived Importance of Sleep and Bedtime Procrastination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157796. [PMID: 34360087 PMCID: PMC8345532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep plays a key role in our overall function, and sleep insufficiency has been highlighted as a major health issue. 'Bedtime procrastination'-i.e., needlessly delaying the time one goes to bed without external reasons-is one reason for sleep insufficiency. The present research aims to explore the interrelationships among Bedtime Procrastination, other domains of Procrastination, and routine-related variables. METHODS The mediating effects of Wake-up Time and Dinner Time on the relationship between Bedtime Procrastination and General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination, and Perceived Importance of Sleep were tested. Self-reported questionnaires were used, and the sample comprised of 446 university students. RESULTS A partial mediation model was found. General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination, and Perceived Importance of Sleep showed direct effects on Bedtime Procrastination. Moreover, Academic and General Procrastination were positively associated with Bedtime Procrastination, whereas Perceived Importance of Sleep was negatively associated with Bedtime Procrastination. Indirect effects of the Perceived Importance of Sleep and General Procrastination, as mediated by Wake-up Time and Dinner Time, on Bedtime Procrastination were also found. CONCLUSIONS Personal routines (Wake-up Time and Dinner Time) along with individual characteristics (General and Academic Procrastination) and beliefs (perceived importance of sleep) may affect Bedtime Procrastination. Present results highlight the complexity of Bedtime Procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Magalhães
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal; (B.P.); (A.O.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-604-220
| | - Beatriz Pereira
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal; (B.P.); (A.O.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
| | - André Oliveira
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal; (B.P.); (A.O.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
| | - David Santos
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal; (B.P.); (A.O.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
| | | | - Pedro Rosário
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal; (B.P.); (A.O.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
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Bradford DRR, Biello SM, Russell K. Insomnia symptoms mediate the association between eveningness and suicidal ideation, defeat, entrapment, and psychological distress in students. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1397-1408. [PMID: 34100311 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1931274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronotype describes a person's general preference for mornings, evenings, or neither. It is typically conceptualized as a continuous unidimensional spectrum from morningness to eveningness. Eveningness is associated with poorer outcomes across a myriad of physical and mental health outcomes. This preference for later sleep and wake times is associated with increased risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in both clinical and community samples. However, the mechanisms underlying the negative consequences of this preference for evenings are not fully understood. Previous research has found that sleep disturbances may act as a mediator of this relationship. The present study aimed to explore the associations between chronotype and affective outcomes in a sample of students. Additionally, it aimed to investigate the potential role of insomnia as a mediator within these relationships. Participants (n = 190) completed an anonymous self-report survey of validated measures online which assessed chronotype, insomnia symptoms, and a range of affective outcomes (defeat, entrapment, suicide risk, stress, and depressive and anxious symptomology). Eveningness was associated with more severe or frequent experiences of these outcomes, with participants that demonstrated a preference for eveningness more likely to report poorer affective functioning and increased psychological distress. Mediation analysis found the relationship between chronotype and these outcome measures was completely or partially mediated by insomnia symptom severity measured by the validated Sleep Condition Indicator insomnia scale. Taken together, these findings add further evidence for the negative consequences of increased eveningness. Additionally, our results show that chronotype and sleep disturbances should be considered when assessing mental well-being. Implementing appropriate sleep-related behavior change or schedule alterations can offer a tool for mitigation or prevention of psychological distress in students that report a preference for later sleep and wake times.
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48
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The prospective effect of problematic smartphone use and fear of missing out on sleep among Chinese adolescents. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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49
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Conroy DA, Hadler NL, Cho E, Moreira A, MacKenzie C, Swanson LM, Burgess HJ, Arnedt JT, Goldstein CA. The effects of COVID-19 stay-at-home order on sleep, health, and working patterns: a survey study of US health care workers. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:185-191. [PMID: 32975194 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES By March 2020, COVID-19 forced much of the world to stay at home to reduce the spread of the disease. Whereas some health care workers transitioned to working from home, many continued to report to work in person as essential employees. We sought to explore changes in sleep, health, work, and mood in health care workers during the stay-at-home orders. METHODS We developed a cross-sectional online survey administered to health care workers. The survey assessed changes in sleep, work, screen time, media exposure, diet, exercise, substance use, and mood. The survey data were collected between March 28, 2020, and April 29, 2020. RESULTS A total of 834 of 936 individuals completed the entire survey. Respondents were from 41 US states. Mood after the stay-at-home orders worsened, and screen time and substance use increased. Total sleep time shortened in those continuing to work in person (P < .001), whereas it was unchanged in those working from home (P = .73). Those working from home went to bed later, woke up later, and worked fewer hours. Reduced total sleep time and increased screen time before bed were associated with worse mood and screen time. Longer sleep time was associated with better mood. CONCLUSIONS Health care workers' mood worsened regardless of whether work was in person or remote, although total sleep time was shorter for those working in person. Those working from home may have shifted their sleep time to be more in line with their endogenous circadian phase. Peer or other support services may be indicated to address sleep, mood, and health behaviors among health care workers during these unprecedented times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Conroy
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Echelle Cho
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aliya Moreira
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Leslie M Swanson
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Helen J Burgess
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - J Todd Arnedt
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cathy A Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, Sleep Disorders Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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50
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Höhn C, Schmid SR, Plamberger CP, Bothe K, Angerer M, Gruber G, Pletzer B, Hoedlmoser K. Preliminary Results: The Impact of Smartphone Use and Short-Wavelength Light during the Evening on Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Alertness. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:66-86. [PMID: 33499010 PMCID: PMC7838958 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphone usage strongly increased in the last decade, especially before bedtime. There is growing evidence that short-wavelength light affects hormonal secretion, thermoregulation, sleep and alertness. Whether blue light filters can attenuate these negative effects is still not clear. Therefore, here, we present preliminary data of 14 male participants (21.93 ± 2.17 years), who spent three nights in the sleep laboratory, reading 90 min either on a smartphone (1) with or (2) without a blue light filter, or (3) on printed material before bedtime. Subjective sleepiness was decreased during reading on a smartphone, but no effects were present on evening objective alertness in a GO/NOGO task. Cortisol was elevated in the morning after reading on the smartphone without a filter, which resulted in a reduced cortisol awakening response. Evening melatonin and nightly vasodilation (i.e., distal-proximal skin temperature gradient) were increased after reading on printed material. Early slow wave sleep/activity and objective alertness in the morning were only reduced after reading without a filter. These results indicate that short-wavelength light affects not only circadian rhythm and evening sleepiness but causes further effects on sleep physiology and alertness in the morning. Using a blue light filter in the evening partially reduces these negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Höhn
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Sarah R. Schmid
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Christina P. Plamberger
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Kathrin Bothe
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Monika Angerer
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | | | - Belinda Pletzer
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Correspondence:
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