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Zhao H, Yang X, Wang L, Huang X. The chromatographic fingerprinting study and genotoxicity evaluation of aqueous extract from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae007. [PMID: 38250584 PMCID: PMC10799657 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus leaf is a medicinal and edible homologous plant, which possess various bioactive components with significant health benefits. However, the quality and safety of the aqueous extract from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves (CPLAE) vary greatly due to the raw materials and preparation technology. At present, chromatographic fingerprinting has been widely used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In this study, a method combining high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint with quantitative analysis was established and successfully applied to the characterization and quality evaluation of the CPLAE. In addition, the genetic safety of the CPLAE was evaluated by genotoxicity tests, including Ames test, chromosomal aberration test of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cell in vitro, and bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. The results showed that 10 batches of CPLAE samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), and the similarity of chromatographic fingerprint of each batch was above 0.961, indicating good similarity. At the same time, the 6 compounds with high absorption strength in the chromatogram were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that all 6 compounds had good regression (R2=1.000) in the test range, and the recoveries ranged from 96.25% to 102.46%. The results of the 3 genotoxicity tests showed that the highest dose of CPLAE had no genotoxicity. In conclusion, the newly established chromatographic fingerprint and multi-component quantitative analysis method is stable and accurate, and can be used for the identification and quality evaluation of the CPLAE. Moreover, the CPLAE has the characteristics of safety and high quality as functional materials in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., 6th Floor, Tower A, Infinitus Plaza, 2nd Yuncheng South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- Scientific Research Center, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., 6th Floor, Tower A, Infinitus Plaza, 2nd Yuncheng South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Scientific Research Center, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., 6th Floor, Tower A, Infinitus Plaza, 2nd Yuncheng South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510000, P.R. China
| | - Xianju Huang
- Ethnopharmacology Level 3 Laboratory, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
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2
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Sirois J, Reddy S, Nguyen T, Walker H, Rendall J, Bergen G, Reimers M, Cermak E, Tiwary A, Helmes E, Palmer J, Teo S, Mackle T, Park M, Wang C. Safety considerations for dietary supplement manufacturers in the United States. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 147:105544. [PMID: 38158034 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to significant dietary supplement use in the US, product manufacturers must understand the importance of implementing a robust approach to establishing safety for all ingredients, including dietary ingredients, components, and finished dietary supplement products. Different regulatory pathways exist by which the safety of dietary ingredients can be established, and thus allowed to be marketed in a dietary supplement. For individual dietary ingredients, safety information may come from a variety of sources including history of safe use, presence of the ingredient in foods, and/or non-clinical and clinical data. On occasion safety data gaps are identified for a specific ingredient, particularly those of botanical origin. Modern toxicological methods and models can prove helpful in satisfying data gaps and are presented in this review. For finished dietary supplement products, issues potentially impacting safety to consider include claims, product labeling, overages, contaminants, residual solvents, heavy metals, packaging, and product stability. In addition, a safety assessment does not end once a product is marketed. It is important that manufacturers actively monitor and record the occurrence of adverse events reported in association with the use of their products, in accordance with the law. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of considerations for assessing dietary supplement safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Sirois
- Consumer Healthcare Products Association, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mimi Park
- Nestle Health Science, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
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3
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Lee J, Han BC, Kim W, Shin SH, Jeong JS, Yixian Q, Yu WJ. Juvenile toxicity study of deer antler extract in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117094. [PMID: 37648178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus) antler extract has been traditionally used in many Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Deer antler extract is generally considered to be safe because humans have been exposed to it for a long time and it has been used as a tonic medicine originating from naturally occurring product. However, the comprehensive toxicological potential of deer antler extract during the juvenile period has not been investigated and its safety for juveniles remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to comprehensively investigate the potential toxicological effects of deer antler extract during the juvenile period. MATERIALS AND METHODS As part of a safety assessment of the juvenile period, two separate studies, a juvenile toxicity study and a uterotrophic bioassay, were conducted in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice regulations and test guidelines. In the juvenile toxicity study, deer antler extract was administered daily by oral gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg during the juvenile period to investigate potential toxicities on general systemic, developmental, and reproductive functions. For the uterotrophic bioassay, deer antler extract was administered daily by oral gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 0, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg on postnatal days 19-21 to investigate the estrogen-mimicking effects. RESULTS The results showed that deer antler extract was non-toxic and no observable adverse effects on general systemic function, developmental and reproductive function, and estrogen-mimetic effects were observed with dosing up to 2000 mg/kg during the juvenile period. CONCLUSION The safety of deer antler extracts was demonstrated in these studies and the results of this study can be used to evaluate human risk or determine the maximum recommended starting dose of deer antler extract for further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Cheol Han
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corp, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woojin Kim
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyuk Shin
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Seong Jeong
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Quah Yixian
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wook-Joon Yu
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Cabała S, Ożgo M, Herosimczyk A. The Kidney-Gut Axis as a Novel Target for Nutritional Intervention to Counteract Chronic Kidney Disease Progression. Metabolites 2024; 14:78. [PMID: 38276313 PMCID: PMC10819792 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A well-balanced diet is integral for overall health, aiding in managing key risk factors for kidney damage like hypertension while supplying necessary precursors for metabolite production. Dietary choices directly influence the composition and metabolic patterns of the gut microbiota, showing promise as therapeutic tools for addressing various health conditions, including chronic kidney diseases (CKD). CKD pathogenesis involves a decline in the glomerular filtration rate and the retention of nitrogen waste, fostering gut dysbiosis and the excessive production of bacterial metabolites. These metabolites act as uremic toxins, contributing to inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling in the kidneys. Dietary interventions hold significance in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially slowing CKD progression. Functional ingredients, nutrients, and nephroprotective phytoconstituents could modulate inflammatory pathways or impact the gut mucosa. The "gut-kidney axis" underscores the impact of gut microbes and their metabolites on health and disease, with dysbiosis serving as a triggering event in several diseases, including CKD. This review provides a comprehensive overview, focusing on the gut-liver axis, and explores well-established bioactive substances as well as specific, less-known nutraceuticals showing promise in supporting kidney health and positively influencing CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agnieszka Herosimczyk
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (S.C.); (M.O.)
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Hao W, Yu TT, Zuo DZ, Hu HZ, Zhou PP. Stevioside attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathways. Exp Lung Res 2023; 49:205-219. [PMID: 38044666 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2023.2286465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of stevioside (STE) on pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and the potential mechanisms. Methods: In this study, a mouse model of PF was established by a single intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM, 3 mg/kg). The experiment consisted of four groups: control group, BLM group, and STE treatment groups (STE 50 and 100 mg/kg). ELISA and biochemical tests were conducted to determine the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO, hydroxyproline (HYP), SOD, GSH, and MDA. Histopathological changes and collagen deposition in lung tissues were observed by HE and Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the levels of collagen I-, collagen III-, TGF-β1- and p-Smad2/3-positive cells. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, including α-SMA, vimentin, E-cadherin, and ZO-1, as well as proteins related to the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway in lung tissues. Results: STE significantly alleviated BLM-induced body weight loss and lung injury in mice, decreased HYP levels, and reduced the levels of collagen I- and collagen III-positive cells, thereby decreasing extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Moreover, STE markedly improved oxidative stress (MDA levels were decreased, while SOD and GSH activity were enhanced), the inflammatory response (the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO were reduced), and EMT (the expression of α-SMA and vimentin was downregulated, and the expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1 was upregulated). Further mechanistic analysis revealed that STE could activate the Nrf2 pathway and inhibit the NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathways. Conclusion: STE may alleviate oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2 pathway, suppress the inflammatory response by downregulating the NF-κB pathway, and inhibit EMT progression by blocking the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway, thereby improving BLM-induced PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Department of Functional Experimental Training Center, Basic Medical College, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yu
- Department of Functional Experimental Training Center, Basic Medical College, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Dong-Ze Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Heng-Zhao Hu
- School of Anesthesiology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ping-Ping Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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Su ZW, Yan TY, Feng J, Zhang MY, Han L, Zhang HF, Xiao Y. Protective Effects and Mechanism of Polysaccharides from Edible Medicinal Plants in Alcoholic Liver Injury: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16530. [PMID: 38003718 PMCID: PMC10671977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use accounts for a large variety of diseases, among which alcoholic liver injury (ALI) poses a serious threat to human health. In order to overcome the limitations of chemotherapeutic agents, some natural constituents, especially polysaccharides from edible medicinal plants (PEMPs), have been applied for the prevention and treatment of ALI. In this review, the protective effects of PEMPs on acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic ALI are summarized. The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury is analyzed. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) and safety of PEMPs are discussed. In addition, the mechanism underlying the hepatoprotective activity of polysaccharides from edible medicinal plants is explored. PEMPs with hepatoprotective activities mainly belong to the families Orchidaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae. The possible mechanisms of PEMPs include activating enzymes related to alcohol metabolism, attenuating damage from oxidative stress, regulating cytokines, inhibiting the apoptosis of hepatocytes, improving mitochondrial function, and regulating the gut microbiota. Strategies for further research into the practical application of PEMPs for ALI are proposed. Future studies on the mechanism of action of PEMPs will need to focus more on the utilization of multi-omics approaches, such as proteomics, epigenomics, and lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Wen Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Food and Health Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Z.-W.S.)
- Academician and Expert Workstations in Puer City of Yunnan Province, Puer 665600, China
| | - Ting-Yu Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Food and Health Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Z.-W.S.)
| | - Jing Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Food and Health Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Z.-W.S.)
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Food and Health Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Z.-W.S.)
| | - Lei Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Food and Health Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Z.-W.S.)
| | - Hua-Feng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Food and Health Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Z.-W.S.)
- Academician and Expert Workstations in Puer City of Yunnan Province, Puer 665600, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
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Kim J, Lee JY, Kim CY. A Comprehensive Review of Pathological Mechanisms and Natural Dietary Ingredients for the Management and Prevention of Sarcopenia. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112625. [PMID: 37299588 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by an age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function and has been recognized as a clinical disease by the World Health Organization since 2016. Substantial evidence has suggested that dietary modification can be a feasible tool to combat sarcopenia. Among various natural dietary ingredients, the present study focused on botanical and marine extracts, phytochemicals, and probiotics. Aims of this review were (1) to provide basic concepts including the definition, diagnosis, prevalence, and adverse effects of sarcopenia, (2) to describe possible pathological mechanisms including protein homeostasis imbalance, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and satellite cells dysfunction, and (3) to analyze recent experimental studies reporting potential biological functions against sarcopenia. A recent literature review for dietary ingredients demonstrated that protein homeostasis is maintained via an increase in the PI3K/Akt pathway and/or a decrease in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Regulation of inflammation has primarily targeted inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Elevated Pgc-1α or Pax7 expression reverses mitochondrial or satellite cell dysfunction. This review provides the current knowledge on dietary components with the potential to assist sarcopenia prevention and/or treatment. Further in-depth studies are required to elucidate the role of and develop various dietary materials for healthier aging, particularly concerning muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhae Kim
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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8
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Rudrapal M, Eltayeb WA, Rakshit G, El-Arabey AA, Khan J, Aldosari SM, Alshehri B, Abdalla M. Dual synergistic inhibition of COX and LOX by potential chemicals from Indian daily spices investigated through detailed computational studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8656. [PMID: 37244921 PMCID: PMC10224994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Lipoxygenase (LOX) are essential enzymes for arachidonic acid (AA) to eicosanoids conversion. These AA-derived eicosanoids are essential for initiating immunological responses, causing inflammation, and resolving inflammation. Dual COX/5-LOX inhibitors are believed to be promising novel anti-inflammatory agents. They inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs), but have no effect on lipoxin formation. This mechanism of combined inhibition circumvents certain limitations for selective COX-2 inhibitors and spares the gastrointestinal mucosa. Natural products, i.e. spice chemicals and herbs, offer an excellent opportunity for drug discovery. They have proven anti-inflammatory properties. However, the potential of a molecule to be a lead/ drug candidate can be much more enhanced if it has the property of inhibition in a dual mechanism. Synergistic activity is always a better option than the molecule's normal biological activity. Herein, we have explored the dual COX/5-LOX inhibition property of the three major potent phytoconsituents (curcumin, capsaicin, and gingerol) from Indian spices using in silico tools and biophysical techniques in a quest to identify their probable inhibitory role as anti-inflammatory agents. Results revealed the dual COX/5-LOX inhibitory potential of curcumin. Gingerol and capsaicin also revealed favorable results as dual COX/5-LOX inhibitors. Our results are substantiated by target similarity studies, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, energy calculations, DFT, and QSAR studies. In experimental inhibitory (in vitro) studies, curcumin exhibited the best dual inhibitory activities against COX-1/2 and 5-LOX enzymes. Capsaicin and gingerol also showed inhibitory potential against both COX and LOX enzymes. In view of the anti-inflammatory potential these spice chemicals, this research could pave the way for more scientific exploration in this area for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to Be University), Guntur, 522213, India.
| | - Wafa Ali Eltayeb
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shendi University, Shendi, 414601, Sudan
| | - Gourav Rakshit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Amr Ahmed El-Arabey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al'Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al'Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahar M Aldosari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al'Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al'Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al'Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al'Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China.
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Cai X, Li B, Li X, Dang H, Wang D, Pei Z, Feng X, Ren X, Kong Q. Characteristic Structures of Different Stilbenes Distinguish the Impact on Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis Intermediate Pathway and Metabolites of Aspergillus carbonarius. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7996-8007. [PMID: 37192315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we accurately pinpointed the inhibition sites of ochratoxin A (OTA) synthesis pathway in Aspergillus carbonarius acted by stilbenes from the perspective of oxidative stress and comprehensively explored the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of natural polyphenolic substances and their biochemical properties of antitoxin. To facilitate the application of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for real-time tracking of pathway intermediate metabolite content, the synergistic effect of Cu2+-stilbenes self-assembled carriers was utilized. Cu2+ increased the generation of reactive oxygen species to accumulate mycotoxin content, while stilbenes had the inhibitory effect. The impact of the m-methoxy structure of pterostilbene on A. carbonarius was found to be superior to that of resorcinol and catechol. The m-methoxy structure of pterostilbene acted on the key regulator Yap1, downregulated the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and accurately inhibited the halogenation step of the OTA synthesis pathway, thus accumulating the content of OTA precursors. This provided a theoretical basis for the extensive and efficient application of a wide range of natural polyphenolic substances for postharvest disease control and quality assurance of grape products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cai
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Chinese Academy Sciences, Institute of Botany, Key Lab Plant Resources, Beijing 100093, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Pei
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Feng
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Ren
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Qingjun Kong
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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10
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Yang M, Zhang M, Jia M. Optical sensor arrays for the detection and discrimination of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:628-645. [PMID: 36597853 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00065b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2022Natural products (NPs) have found uses in medicine, food, cosmetics, materials science, environmental protection, and other fields related to our life. Their beneficial properties along with potential toxicities make the detection and discrimination of NPs crucial for their applications. Owing to the merits of low cost and simple operation, optical sensor arrays, including colorimetric and fluorometric sensor arrays, have been widely applied in the detection of small molecule NPs and discrimination of structurally similar small molecule NPs or complex mixtures of NPs. This review provides a brief introduction to the optical sensor array and focuses on its progress toward the detection and discrimination of NPs. We summarized the design principle of sensor arrays toward various NPs (i.e., saccharides and polyhydroxy compounds, organic acids, flavonoids, organic sulfur compounds, amines, amino acids, and saponins) based on their functional groups and characteristic chemical properties, along with representative examples. Moreover, the challenges and potential directions for further research of optical sensor arrays for NPs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Mingyan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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Smith‐Roe SL, Garantziotis S, Church RL, Bemis JC, Torous DK, Shepard KG, Hobbs CA, Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Shockley KR, Kissling GE, McBride SJ, Xie G, Cristy T, Pierfelice J, Witt KL. A cross-sectional clinical study in women to investigate possible genotoxicity and hematological abnormalities related to the use of black cohosh botanical dietary supplements. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:389-399. [PMID: 36323641 PMCID: PMC10018809 DOI: 10.1002/em.22516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black cohosh (BC; Actaea racemosa L.), a top-selling botanical dietary supplement, is marketed to women primarily to ameliorate a variety of gynecological symptoms. Due to widespread usage, limited safety information, and sporadic reports of hepatotoxicity, the Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP) initially evaluated BC extract in female rats and mice. Following administration of up to 1000 mg/kg/day BC extract by gavage for 90 days, dose-related increases in micronucleated peripheral blood erythrocytes were observed, along with a nonregenerative macrocytic anemia resembling megaloblastic anemia in humans. Because both micronuclei and megaloblastic anemia may signal disruption of folate metabolism, and inadequate folate levels in early pregnancy can adversely affect neurodevelopment, the DNTP conducted a pilot cross-sectional study comparing erythrocyte micronucleus frequencies, folate and B12 levels, and a variety of hematological and clinical chemistry parameters between women who used BC and BC-naïve women. Twenty-three women were enrolled in the BC-exposed group and 28 in the BC-naïve group. Use of any brand of BC-only supplement for at least 3 months was required for inclusion in the BC-exposed group. Supplements were analyzed for chemical composition to allow cross-product comparisons. All participants were healthy, with no known exposures (e.g., x-rays, certain medications) that could influence study endpoints. Findings revealed no increased micronucleus frequencies and no hematological abnormalities in women who used BC supplements. Although reassuring, a larger, prospective study with fewer confounders (e.g., BC product diversity and duration of use) providing greater power to detect subtle effects would increase confidence in these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Smith‐Roe
- Division of Translational ToxicologyNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Clinical Research Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rebecca L. Church
- Clinical Research Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Kim G. Shepard
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology ProgramIntegrated Laboratory Systems, LLC (an Inotiv Company)Research Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cheryl A. Hobbs
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology ProgramIntegrated Laboratory Systems, LLC (an Inotiv Company)Research Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of Translational ToxicologyNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of Translational ToxicologyNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Keith R. Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology BranchNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology BranchNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sandra J. McBride
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc.A DLH Holdings CorpDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Guanhua Xie
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc.A DLH Holdings CorpDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Kristine L. Witt
- Division of Translational ToxicologyNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
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12
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Park Y, Cho YJ, Sung N, Park MJ, Guan X, Gibbons WE, O’Malley BW, Han SJ. Oleuropein suppresses endometriosis progression and improves the fertility of mice with endometriosis. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:100. [PMID: 36419064 PMCID: PMC9682776 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent inflammatory reproductive disease. Therefore, systematic estrogen depletion and anti-inflammatory drugs are the current treatment for endometriosis. However, current endometriosis treatments have low efficacy and cause adverse effects in endometriosis patients. Consequently, alternative endometriosis treatments targeting endometriosis-specific factors are in demand. In this context, ERβ was selected as a druggable target for endometriosis due to its critical role in progression. Therefore, selective targeting of ERβ without inhibiting ERα activity would be a new paradigm for endometriosis treatment to overcome the low efficacy and adverse effects of hormonal endometriosis therapy. METHODS Cell-based ERβ and ERα activity assay systems were employed to define a selective ERβ-inhibiting chemical product from a library of natural products. A surgically induced endometriosis mouse model was used to determine whether an ERβ inhibitory drug suppressed endometriosis progression. Mice with endometriosis were randomly separated and then orally treated with vehicle or 25 mg/kg oleuropein (once a day for 21 days), an ERβ inhibitory drug. The volume of endometriotic lesions or luciferase activity of endometriotic lesions was examined to define the growth of ectopic lesions in mice with endometriosis. The metabolite and levels of metabolic enzymes of the liver and kidney were determined in the serum of female mice treated with vehicle and oleuropein (25 mg/kg, once a day for 21 days) to define the toxicity of oleuropein. The in vitro decidualization assay was conducted with normal human endometrial stromal cells and endometriotic stromal cells to determine whether oleuropein overcomes decidualization in endometriosis patients. The pregnancy rate and pup numbers of C57BL/6 J female mice with endometriosis treated with vehicle or oleuropein (n = 10/group) were determined after mating with male mice. The cytokine profile in endometriotic lesions treated with vehicle and oleuropein (25 mg/kg) was determined with a Mouse Cytokine Array Kit. RESULTS Among natural products, oleuropein selectively inhibited ERβ but not ERα activity in vitro. Oleuropein treatment inhibited the nuclear localization of ERβ in human endometrial cells upon estradiol treatment. Oleuropein (25 mg/kg) treatment suppressed the growth of mouse (6.6-fold) and human (sixfold) ectopic lesions in mice with endometriosis compared to the vehicle by inhibiting proliferation and activating apoptosis in endometriotic lesions. Oleuropein treatment did not cause reproductive toxicity in female mice. Additionally, mice with endometriosis subjected to oleuropein treatment had a higher pregnancy rate (100%) than vehicle-treated mice (70%). Furthermore, oleuropein treatment partially recovered the decidualization impact of human endometriotic stromal cells from endometriotic lesions compared to the vehicle. Oleuropein-treated mice with endometriosis exhibited significantly lower levels of cytokines directly regulated by ERβ in ectopic lesions than vehicle-treated mice, illustrating the improvement in the hyperinflammatory state of mice with endometriosis. CONCLUSIONS Oleuropein is a promising and novel nutraceutical product for nonhormonal therapy of endometriosis because it selectively inhibits ERβ, but not ERα, to suppress endometriosis progression and improve the fertility of mice with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Park
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Yeon Jean Cho
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,Present Address: Samsung Jeil Woman’s Clinic, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuri Sung
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Mi Jin Park
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Xiaoming Guan
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - William E. Gibbons
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Bert W. O’Malley
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Kühne BA, Teixidó E, Ettcheto M, Puig T, Planas M, Feliu L, Pla L, Campuzano V, Gratacós E, Fritsche E, Illa M, Barenys M. Application of the adverse outcome pathway to identify molecular changes in prenatal brain programming induced by IUGR: Discoveries after EGCG exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Famiglietti M, Savastano A, Gaglione R, Arciello A, Naviglio D, Mariniello L. Edible Films Made of Dried Olive Leaf Extract and Chitosan: Characterization and Applications. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142078. [PMID: 35885321 PMCID: PMC9318626 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays a possible strategy in food preservation consists of the use of active and functional packaging to improve safety and ensure a longer shelf life of food products. Many studies refer to chitosan-based films because of the already-known chitosan (CH) antibacterial and antifungal activity. In this work, we developed CH-based films containing Dried Olive Leaf Extract (DOLE) obtained by Naviglio extractor, with the aim to investigate the polyphenols yield and the antioxidant activity of this extract entrapped in CH-based-edible films. Olive tree cultivation produces a huge amount of byproducts that are usually simply burned. Phenolic compounds are already studied for their beneficial effects on human health. Some studies reported that phenols isolated from olive leaves have been shown to inhibit the growth of different strains of microorganisms. Thus, the antimicrobial effect of DOLE-containing films against bacterial strains (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC® 14028, Salmonella enteritidis RIVM 706, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC® 29212) was tested in vitro. The DOLE component of the films is effective in inhibiting all the bacteria tested in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, it was demonstrated that these edible films can act as active bioplastics when used to wrap hamburgers in substitution for baking paper, which is normally used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Famiglietti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (D.N.)
| | - Alessandro Savastano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (D.N.)
| | - Rosa Gaglione
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (D.N.)
| | - Angela Arciello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (D.N.)
| | - Daniele Naviglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (D.N.)
| | - Loredana Mariniello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (D.N.)
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT), University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Cai X, Qi J, Xu Z, Huang L, Li Y, Ren X, Kong Q. Three stilbenes make difference to the antifungal effects on ochratoxin A and its precursor production of Aspergillus carbonarius. Food Microbiol 2022; 103:103967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Kim J, Tan LJ, Jung H, Roh Y, Lim K, Shin S. Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and metabolic syndrome in South Korean adults: does multivitamin use matter? Epidemiol Health 2022; 44:e2022039. [DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2022039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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17
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Tung MC, Fung KM, Hsu HM, Tseng TS. Discovery of 8-prenylnaringenin from hop ( Humulus lupulus L.) as a potent monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor for treatments of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31062-31072. [PMID: 35498911 PMCID: PMC9041313 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05311f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a serine hydrolase, converts endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol in the brain and plays a bidirectional role in controlling nueroinflammation. MAGL, involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, is a promising target for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the irreversible inhibitors of MAGL lead to the desensitization of CB1 receptors further impairing the benefits associated with the indirect CB1 stimulation. Therefore, development of potent reversible inhibitors from natural products (NPs) and traditional chinese medicines (TCMs) are safer and free from adverse side effects and feasible to avoid drawbacks which irreversible inhibitors cause. Here, we employed pharmacophore-based screening of drug candidates coupled with molecular docking, biochemical assay and Ligplot analyses to identify and characterize inhibitors targeting human MAGL (hMAGL). The built pharmacophore model, Phar-MAGL successfully identified inhibitors NP-2 (IC50 = 9.5 ± 1.2 μM), NP-5 (IC50 = 14.5 ± 1.3 μM), and NP-3 (IC50 = 15.2 ± 1.4 μM), which apparently attenuated the activities of hMAGL in vitro. The evident activities of the identified inhibitors against hMAGL showed that the pharmacophore model, Phar-MAGL is reliable and efficient in screening inhibitors against hMAGL. Our study successfully identified a natrual product inhibitor, NP-2 (8-PN), from the plant Humulus lupulus L. (hops) and its positive effects in neurogenesis and neurodifferentiation along with the evident inhibitory potency against hMAGL revealed the potential for further optimizing and developing into drugs to treat neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Discovery of natural product inhibitors against human monoacylglycerol lipase by pharmacophore-based drug screening, LibDock molecular docking and in vitro biochemical examinations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Che Tung
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital Taichung 435 Taiwan
| | - Kit-Man Fung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Mie Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Tien-Sheng Tseng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
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Rahbar MR, Gouvarchin Galeh HE, Khalili S, Jahangiri A. Chitosan: A Promising Protective Component Against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201110114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 has caught
the international community by surprise. There is still no effective vaccine or treatment option
against this virus. In this perspective, we discussed the potential protective and therapeutic effects
of chitosan, as an FDA-approved biomolecule, against COVID-19 and influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jahangiri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Prunus mume Seed Exhibits Inhibitory Effect on Skin Senescence via SIRT1 and MMP-1 Regulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5528795. [PMID: 34122721 PMCID: PMC8189804 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5528795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Prunus mume seed is a by-product of the food industry, and we studied its potential as a food biomaterial, particularly for nutraceutical and inner beauty products. Alternative animal tests showed that an extract of P. mume ripened seed (PmRS) was not toxic on the skin. PmRS exhibited protective effects against ultraviolet- (UV-) induced skin aging in mice, confirmed by phenotypic indications, including increased collagen levels and decreased skin thickness. Compared with the UV-saline group, the UV-PmRS group showed increased levels of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and collagen and decreased matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 1 expression. The protective effect of PmRS treatment against UVB-mediated cell viability was observed in vitro without any cytotoxicity, and PmRS prevented UVB-induced reactive oxygen species generation in HaCaT cells. PmRS downregulated MMP-1 and MMP-13 compared with the UVB-irradiated group. However, mRNA expressions of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and SIRT1 were upregulated by PmRS treatment. MMP-1 and SIRT1 treated with PmRS were decreased and increased, respectively, at the protein level. Moreover, PmRS treatment reduced c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 phosphorylation compared with the UVB-treated group. We postulate that P. mume seed could be a useful ingredient in nutraceuticals and inner beauty-purpose foods.
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Toxicological Evaluation of Piceatannol, Pterostilbene, and ε-Viniferin for Their Potential Use in the Food Industry: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030592. [PMID: 33799882 PMCID: PMC7998146 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of stilbenes in the food industry is being considered because of their biological activities. Piceatannol, pterostilbene and ε-viniferin have awakened the industry’s interest. However, before they can be commercialized, we must first guarantee their safety for consumers. The present work reviews the toxicological studies performed with these stilbenes. A wide variety of studies has demonstrated their cytotoxic effects in both cancer and non-cancerous cell lines. In contrast, although DNA damage was detected by some authors, in vitro genotoxic studies on the effects of piceatannol, pterostilbene, and ε-viniferin remain scarce. None of the three reviewed substances have been evaluated using the in vitro tests required by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as the first step in genotoxicity testing. We did not find any study on the toxic effects of these stilbenes in vivo. Thus, more studies are needed to confirm their safe use before they can be authorized as additive in the food industry.
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Abstract
Introduction Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are food additives that have been used as a possible tool to reduce energy and sugar intake. There is a scientific debate around the real benefits of their use. NNS are substances widely evaluated in the scientific literature. Their safety is reviewed by international regulatory health agencies. Health professionals and consumers often lack education and objective information about food additives based on the best scientific evidence. NNS have been used as a substitute for sucrose, especially by people with diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, concerns related to their possible association with preterm birth have been raised, and also with their use during pregnancy and lactation because of the possibility of metabolic or other consequences in both the mother and offspring. This analysis of the evidence in gynecology and obstetrics presents a review of the most commonly asked questions regarding this matter by health professionals and their patients. This document evaluates a diversity of scientific publications under the sieve of evidence-based medicine and the regulatory framework for food additives to elucidate whether the use of NNS in women in these critical stages of pregnancy and breastfeeding represents a potential risk.
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Nutritional, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Toxicological Profile of Two Innovative Types of Vegan, Sugar-Free Chocolate. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121844. [PMID: 33322360 PMCID: PMC7764326 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased sugar consumption and unhealthy dietary patterns are key drivers of many preventable diseases that result in disability and death worldwide. However, health awareness has increased over the past decades creating a massive on-going demand for new low/non-caloric natural sweeteners that have a high potential and are safer for consumption than artificial ones. The current study aims to investigate the nutritional properties, in vitro toxicological profile, total/individual polyphenols content, and the antioxidant, anti-cariogenic, and antimicrobial activity of two newly obtained vegan and sugar-free chocolate (VHC1 and VHC2). The energy values for the two finished products were very similar, 408.04 kcal/100 g for VHC1 and 404.68 kcal/100 g for VHC2. Both products, VHC1 and VHC2 present strong antioxidant activities, whereas antimicrobial results show an increased activity for VHC1 compared to VHC2, because of a higher phenolic content. In vitro toxicological evaluation revealed that both samples present a safe toxicological profile, while VHC2 increased cellular turnover of dermal cell lines, highlighting its potential use in skin treatments. The current work underlines the potential use of these vegetal mixtures as sugar-free substitutes for conventional products, as nutraceuticals, as well as topic application in skin care due to antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.
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Monticolo F, Palomba E, De Santis R, Assentato L, Triscino V, Langella MC, Lanzotti V, Chiusano ML. anti-HCoV: A web resource to collect natural compounds against human coronaviruses. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 106:1-11. [PMID: 32982062 PMCID: PMC7505852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel coronavirus, the SARS-CoV2, was revealed to be the cause of COVID19, the pandemic disease that already provoked more than 555.324 deaths in the world (July 10, 2020). No vaccine treatment has been defined against SARS-CoV2 or other human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including those causing epidemic infections, neither appropriate strategies for prevention and care are yet officially suggested. SCOPE AND APPROACH We reviewed scientific literature on natural compounds that were defined as potentially effective against human coronaviruses. Our desk research identified non-chemically modified natural compounds that were shown (in vitro) and/or predicted (in silico) to act against one or more phases of human coronaviruses cell cycle.We selected all available information, merged and annotated the data to define a comprehensive list of natural compounds, describing their chemical classification, the source, the action, the specific target in the viral infection. Our aim was to collect possible compounds for prevention and care against human coronaviruses. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS The definition of appropriate interventions against viral diseases need a comprehensive view on the infection dynamics and on necessary treatments. Viral targeting compounds to be exploited in food sciences could be of relevant interest to this aim.We collected 174 natural compounds showing effects against human infecting coronaviruses, providing a curated annotation on actions and targets.The data are available in anti-HCoV, a web accessible resource to be exploited for testing and in vivo trials. The website is here launched to favour a community based cooperative effort to call for contribution and expand the collection. To be ready to fight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Monticolo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Reggia di Portici - Via Università, 100 - 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Emanuela Palomba
- Department of Research Infrastructures for marine biological resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Villa Comunale 80121 - Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa De Santis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Reggia di Portici - Via Università, 100 - 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Assentato
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Reggia di Portici - Via Università, 100 - 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Viviana Triscino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Reggia di Portici - Via Università, 100 - 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Langella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Reggia di Portici - Via Università, 100 - 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Virginia Lanzotti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Reggia di Portici - Via Università, 100 - 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Reggia di Portici - Via Università, 100 - 80055, Portici (NA), Italy.,Department of Research Infrastructures for marine biological resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Villa Comunale 80121 - Napoli, Italy
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Samanta S. Potential Bioactive Components and Health Promotional Benefits of Tea (Camellia sinensis). J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 41:65-93. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1827082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
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Gemechu FG. Embracing nutritional qualities, biological activities and technological properties of coffee byproducts in functional food formulation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kruger J, Taylor JRN, Ferruzzi MG, Debelo H. What is food-to-food fortification? A working definition and framework for evaluation of efficiency and implementation of best practices. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3618-3658. [PMID: 33337067 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Food-to-food fortification (FtFF) is an emerging food-based strategy that can complement current strategies in the ongoing fight against micronutrient deficiencies, but it has not been defined or characterized. This review has proposed a working definition of FtFF. Comparison with other main food-based strategies clearly differentiates FtFF as an emerging strategy with the potential to address multiple micronutrient deficiencies simultaneously, with little dietary change required by consumers. A review of literature revealed that despite the limited number of studies (in vitro and in vivo), the diversity of food-based fortificants investigated and some contradictory data, there are promising fortificants, which have the potential to improve the amount of bioavailable iron, zinc, and provitamin A from starchy staple foods. These fortificants are typically fruits and vegetables, with high mineral as well as ascorbic acid and β-carotene contents. However, as the observed improvements in micronutrient bioavailability and status are relatively small, measuring the positive outcomes is more likely to be impactful only if the FtFF products are consumed as regular staples. Considering best practices in implementation of FtFF, raw material authentication and ingredient documentation are critical, especially as the contents of target micronutrients and bioavailability modulators as well as the microbiological quality of the plant-based fortificants can vary substantially. Also, as there are only few developed supply chains for plant-based fortificants, procurement of consistent materials may be problematic. This, however, provides the opportunity for value chain development, which can contribute towards the economic growth of communities, or hybrid approaches that leverage traditional premixes to standardize product micronutrient content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanita Kruger
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John R N Taylor
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Hawi Debelo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
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Vo TS. Natural products targeting FcεRI receptor for anti-allergic therapeutics. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13335. [PMID: 32588463 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are important contributors for development of allergic reactions. The activation of these cells via cross-linking of IgE bound to FcεRI by allergen causes the generation of allergic mediators and the reaction of immediate hypersensitivity. Obviously, FcεRI is considered as a key trigger of acute allergic responses. Consequently, FcεRI is regarded as a potential target for downregulation of allergic diseases. So far, numerous synthetic agents have been reported for inhibition of FcεRI expression and FcεRI-IgE interaction. Meanwhile, natural products have received much attention due to their efficacy and safety. Recently, numerous anti-allergic agents from natural products have been revealed as promising inhibitors of allergic reactions via inhibiting the expression of FcεRI subunits as well as blocking FcεRI activation. Thus, the present contribution is mainly focused to describe natural products targeting FcεRI receptor and to emphasize their applicable potential as anti-allergic foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Phlorotannins, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, peptides, chitooligosaccharides, and other natural products have been revealed as potential inhibitors of allergic responses. These bioactive agents target to FcεRI receptor by inhibiting expression of FcεRI and blocking interaction of FcεRI-IgE. Hence, these compounds could be applied as functional ingredients of anti-allergic foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Sang Vo
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Thu Dau Mot University, Thu Dau Mot City, Vietnam
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28
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Qin G, Gao Y, Wen P, Liang G, Zhao P, Dong B, Tang S, Shekh K. Evaluation of the genotoxicity and teratogenicity of xylan using different model approaches. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:340-346. [PMID: 32228093 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1745226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide group in plants and has a wide variety of food and pharmaceutical applications. However, little information on the safety assessment of extracted xylan as dietary supplement is available. As part of a comprehensive toxicological assessment, this study examined the potential toxicity of xylan extracted from sugarcane bagasse by three genotoxicity studies (Ames test, in vivo mice bone marrow micronucleus test, and mice sperm abnormality test) and a teratogenicity study in rats. In the Ames test, xylan showed no mutagenic activity on histidine dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium at concentrations up to 5000 μg/plate; results of the in vivo mice bone marrow micronucleus test and mice sperm abnormality test indicated no significant effect on sperm morphology and micronucleus rate of polychromatic erythrocytes in mice at doses up to 5 g/kg body weight. In the teratogenicity study, a total of 60 pregnant rats were exposed to 10, 5, and 2.5% xylan in diet, from gestation days 7 to 16, and the no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of xylan was determined to be 9.8 g/kg body weight. The safe dose of xylan for human was estimated to be 98 mg/kg/day (i.e., 6.86 g/day for a 70-kg person), using a 100-fold safety factor. Taken together, results of this study indicated that xylan is practically nontoxic in terms of potential dietary consumption by humans in food or as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqiu Qin
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Yuqiu Gao
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Pingjing Wen
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Guiqiang Liang
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Baiqing Dong
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Song Tang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kamran Shekh
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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29
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Jahangir Chughtai MF, Pasha I, Zahoor T, Khaliq A, Ahsan S, Wu Z, Nadeem M, Mehmood T, Amir RM, Yasmin I, Liaqat A, Tanweer S. Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of Stevia rebaudiana as emerging sweetener; a way forward for sweetener industry. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2020.1721562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Imran Pasha
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food Nutrition & Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Zahoor
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food Nutrition & Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khaliq
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Ahsan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Zhengzhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Rai Muhammad Amir
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Yasmin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal, Pakistan
| | - Atif Liaqat
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Saira Tanweer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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30
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Myint KZ, Wu K, Xia Y, Fan Y, Shen J, Zhang P, Gu J. Polyphenols from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves and their functional properties. J Food Sci 2020; 85:240-248. [PMID: 31990038 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The major polyphenol components from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves (PPS) are chlorogenic acids, a polyphenol family of esters, including hydroxycinnamic acids with quinic acid, which possesses excellent hydrophilic antioxidant activity and other therapeutic properties. As an abundant byproduct during production of steviol glycosides, the PPS would be a new antioxidantive food resource or additives applied in foods and drugs with antidiabetic function. Extracting PPS from S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves together with steviol glycosides would be an economic process, which will change most operation process in current Stevia factories. The quantification of PPS needs to be unified for regulation. In view of the current regulation status of polyphenols and extracts from Stevia, the PPS would be ready to go to the market with few regulation barriers in the near future. This review will summarize the analysis, extraction, and some functional properties of PPS, such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaing Zar Myint
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Ke Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yongmei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Ye Fan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Peter Zhang
- Nascent Health Science LLC, 325 East 80th Street, 4E, New York, NY, 10075, U.S.A
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan Univ., 130 Dong'an Rood, Shanghai, 200032, China
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31
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Bernacki DT, Bryce SM, Bemis JC, Dertinger SD, Witt KL, Smith‐Roe SL. Evidence for an Aneugenic Mechanism of Action for Micronucleus Induction by Black Cohosh Extract. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:845-856. [PMID: 31569270 PMCID: PMC6900087 DOI: 10.1002/em.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black cohosh extract (BCE) is a popular botanical dietary supplement marketed to relieve symptoms of various gynecological ailments. Studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) showed that BCE induces micronucleated erythrocytes in female rats and mice. Subsequently, the NTP showed that a variety of BCEs, including the sample that induced micronuclei (MN) in vivo ("NTP BCE") had a similar effect in human TK6 cells. Further testing with the MultiFlow® DNA Damage Assay revealed that TK6 cells exposed to NTP BCE, as well as a BCE reference material (BC XRM), exhibited a signature consistent with aneugenic activity in TK6 cells. Results from experiments reported herein confirmed these in vitro observations with NTP BCE and BC XRM. We extended these studies to include a novel test system, the MultiFlow Aneugen Molecular Mechanism Assay. For these experiments, TK6 cells were exposed to NTP BCE and BC XRM over a range of concentrations in the presence of fluorescent Taxol (488 Taxol). After 4 h, nuclei from lysed cells were stained with a nucleic acid dye and labeled with fluorescent antibodies against phospho-histone H3 (p-H3) and Ki-67. Whereas BCEs did not affect p-H3:Ki-67 ratios (a signature of aneugenic mitotic kinase inhibitors), 488 Taxol-associated fluorescence (a tubulin binder-sensitive endpoint) was affected. More specifically, 488 Taxol-associated fluorescence was reduced over the same concentration range that was previously observed to induce MN. These results provide direct evidence that BCEs destabilize microtubules in vitro, and this is the molecular mechanism responsible for the aneugenicity findings. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristine L. Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology ProgramNIEHSResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
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32
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Cusielo KVC, da Silva ACDML, Tavares-Filho ER, Bolini HMA. Sensory Influence of Sweetener Addition on Traditional and Decaffeinated Espresso. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2628-2637. [PMID: 31441950 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several factors have led to an increase in the consumption of sweeteners in substitution of sucrose. Studies on the behavior and the sensory properties of sweeteners are relevant, once they provide knowledge about both the adequate sweetener concentration with a sweetness equivalence to a sucrose-sweetened product and the possible sensory changes of the product. The addition of stevia with different rebaudioside A concentrations and sucralose to traditional and decaffeinated espresso coffee was studied, using the just-about-right scale and magnitude estimation method, to determine the ideal sweetness and the acceptance of the samples. The effect of the intensity of sensory attributes sweet taste, bitter taste, coffee flavor, and body in the acceptance was evaluated by penalty analysis. Decaffeinated presented proportionally lower sucrose concentration and sweetness equivalence than the traditional samples. Stevia concentrations were similar, despite the different rebaudioside A concentrations, for both traditional and decaffeinated samples, and rebaudioside A levels from stevia in espresso have no differences in sweetness intensity. Sucralose was the most intense sweetener in espresso. Although no differences were observed in the acceptance test in relation to appearance, aroma, and texture among the samples, the internal preference map showed segmentation of consumers with respect to the acceptability. This segmentation is more related to the type of sample than the added sweetener. Penalty analysis demonstrated that the most penalizing sensory characteristics were "coffee flavor" and "sweet," leading to a significant decrease in the acceptability of the samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Conclusions obtained are important source of knowledge for the coffee industry, in the development and manufacture of beverages with coffee. The present findings can help to understand the behavior and the sensory properties of sweeteners. They provide knowledge about sensory perception of sweet and bitter tastes, and the factors that influence this perception and the sensory profile of the samples, once the behavior of sweeteners varies according to the product to which they are added.
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The Role of Non-Caloric Sweeteners in Sensory Characteristics of Pastry Products. Foods 2019; 8:foods8080329. [PMID: 31398855 PMCID: PMC6722834 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the role of non-caloric sweeteners in pastry products considering the product made with sugar as a control sample. Sensory preference and acceptability with consumers were determined through ranking test and 9-point hedonic scale respectively. The satiation and satiety were determined by the visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition, caloric intake; macronutrients; physical parameters such as yield, specific volume, hardness, cohesiveness, and gum; stability in storage time by microbiological analysis; and moisture variation of the samples were calculated. The results showed that the preference and sensory acceptability is significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the control sample; the sweeteners decreased the sensory response, but not the satiation and satiety, although these are not related to the sensory response and did not present significant differences with the control sample, except in the satiation parameter of the sample sweetened with Stevia. The physical and texture parameters highlight the best quality of the control sample and are related to the sensory response. The shelf life is also greater in the control sample, which shows that sugar contributes sweetness and other technological characteristics related to texture, stability during storage, aroma, color, and flavor, thanks to the Maillard reaction.
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34
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Hubbard TD, Hsieh JH, Rider CV, Sipes NS, Sedykh A, Collins BJ, Auerbach SS, Xia M, Huang R, Walker NJ, DeVito MJ. Using Tox21 High-Throughput Screening Assays for the Evaluation of Botanical and Dietary Supplements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:10-25. [PMID: 30944845 PMCID: PMC6442399 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Recent nationwide surveys found that natural products, including botanical dietary supplements, are used by ∼18% of adults. In many cases, there is a paucity of toxicological data available for these substances to allow for confident evaluations of product safety. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has received numerous nominations from the public and federal agencies to study the toxicological effects of botanical dietary supplements. The NTP sought to evaluate the utility of in vitro quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) assays for toxicological assessment of botanical and dietary supplements. Materials and Methods: In brief, concentration–response assessments of 90 test substances, including 13 distinct botanical species, and individual purported active constituents were evaluated using a subset of the Tox21 qHTS testing panel. The screen included 20 different endpoints that covered a broad range of biologically relevant signaling pathways to detect test article effects upon endocrine activity, nuclear receptor signaling, stress response signaling, genotoxicity, and cell death signaling. Results and Discussion: Botanical dietary supplement extracts induced measurable and diverse activity. Elevated biological activity profiles were observed following treatments with individual chemical constituents relative to their associated botanical extract. The overall distribution of activity was comparable to activities exhibited by compounds present in the Tox21 10K chemical library. Conclusion: Botanical supplements did not exhibit minimal or idiosyncratic activities that would preclude the use of qHTS platforms as a feasible method to screen this class of compounds. However, there are still many considerations and further development required when attempting to use in vitro qHTS methods to characterize the safety profile of botanical/dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy D Hubbard
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Bradley J Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Nigel J Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael J DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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35
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Toxicity Evaluation of Anacardium occidentale, the Potential Aphrodisiac Herb. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1459141. [PMID: 30915346 PMCID: PMC6409010 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1459141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anacardium occidentale L. leaf demonstrates sexual enhancement effect. Therefore, it can be used as the potential supplement and functional ingredient. However, the ethanolic leaf extract of this plant is a modified form of traditional application and the toxicity evaluation is required. To assess cytotoxicity of the extract, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with A. occidentale leaf extract in the concentration range between 0.625 and 10 mg/mL. Our results showed that the extract showed more than 90% cell viability at the concentration of 2.5 mg/mL after 24-hour exposure. To assure the consumption safety, the acute and subchronic toxicity must be studied. Acute toxicity showed that the extract is safe even at the highest dose of 2 g/kg in both sexes of Wistar rats. No changes in behavior, physiology, gross pathology, and histology were observed. To determine the subchronic toxicity of extract, both sexes of Wistar rats were orally given the extract at doses of 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg once daily for 90 days. No changes in body weight, food, and water intake, motor coordination, behavior, and mental alertness were observed. The significant reduction of white blood cell, platelet, and cholesterol together with increase in MCHC was observed in male rats. The reductions of white blood cell and platelet together with the elevations of hemoglobin and hematocrit were also observed in female rats. However, all changes were in normal range. The current results revealed that an ethanolic extract of A. occidentale leaf was well tolerated via oral consumption up to dose of 500 mg/kg BW for 90 days and did not produce any toxicity. Our in vitro cytotoxicity test also confirmed this safety.
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Kale O, Awodele O, Akindele A. Subacute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr. root in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:161-175. [PMID: 30766799 PMCID: PMC6360914 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent adverse herb reactions have stimulated interest documenting the safety profile of medicinal agents. Thus, subacute and subchronic oral toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of Acridocarpus smeathmannii root (HEASR) in Wistar rats was investigated. In the 28 and 90-day subacute and subchronic toxicity tests, sixty-four rats (n = male: female = 1:1 = 32) were divided into four of eight/group and ninety-six (n = male: female = 1:1 = 48) into twelve/group respectively. Distilled water (10 mL/kg) or HEASR4, HEASR5 and HEASR6 (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day) respectively were administered via oral gavage. Animals were killed humanely 24 h after the last administration. Using standard methods, acute oral toxicity dose of HEAR (2000 mg/kg) was non-lethal in rodents. Subacute administration of HEASR6 increased total bilirubin (p < 0.05) in female rats. HEASR moderately altered both haematological and biochemical indices in rats. HEASR6 administration reduced ovary weight in both studies while follicle stimulating hormone level in male was reduced at all doses used. HEASR modulated lipid peroxidation, sperm quality and elevated cyclooxygenase-2 levels in rats. Histology revealed gastritis and congestions in vital organs. The low-observed adverse effect level for HEASR was below 250 mg/kg for both sexes. Overall, HEASR demonstrated inherent toxicity evidenced by our current findings. The exaggeration of its folklore medicine applications calls for cautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.E. Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, PMB, Ikeja, 21244, Nigeria
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - O. Awodele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - A.J. Akindele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Choi MK, Park ES, Kim MH. Evaluation of Mineral Contents of Multi-Vitamin and Minerals Currently Sold in South Korea. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7:248-255. [PMID: 30406054 PMCID: PMC6209734 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2018.7.4.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are popular worldwide and their use has been increasing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mineral contents of multi-vitamins and minerals (MVMs) in most commonly sold among dietary supplements. Ninety popular MVM supplements sold in South Korea were surveyed regarding their characteristics and ingredients including minerals listed on the labels through off-line and on-line search. Daily mineral contents of the MVM supplements were compared with Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) by target populations. The average price of 90 MVM supplements was $41.3 per bottle, with a price of $0.9 per day and the average number of minerals contained per supplement was 4.7. A total 14 minerals were found in the MVM supplements including calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Nine minerals (e.g. calcium, magnesium, and iron) were included in more than 30% of the MVM supplements examined. When daily mineral dose of MVMs was compared to DRIs, calcium was the lowest (34.0% of recommended intake [RI]) and chromium was the highest (218.7% of adequate intake [AI]), and zinc, copper, selenium, and chromium were also higher than their RI or AI levels. The daily mineral contents of the 90 MVM supplements were below the tolerable upper-intake level, but some minerals were higher than RI or AI with high variance among products. Therefore, there is a great need to educate the public for the adequate selection and use of MVM supplements based on the contents of MVM supplements and individual's mineral intake derived from the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyeong Choi
- Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
| | - Eun-Sun Park
- Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
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38
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Perrier JD, Mihalov JJ, Carlson SJ. FDA regulatory approach to steviol glycosides. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:132-142. [PMID: 30268795 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, commonly known as stevia, is a plant native to South America that has been cultivated for hundreds of years. In 1995, FDA revised its import alert on stevia leaves and extracts to allow for their use as dietary ingredients in dietary supplements. In 2007, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives established a safe level of intake and specifications for steviol glycosides that included a minimum purity of 95% of seven named steviol glycosides. In 2008, FDA responded without questions to a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) notice for the use of highly purified steviol glycosides obtained from stevia leaves as a general purpose sweetener in food. Due to the existing import alert, FDA filed, evaluated, and has not objected to more than 50 GRAS notices for the use of various high-purity steviol glycosides as sweeteners in food. In this paper, we highlight FDA's practices for filing and evaluating GRAS notices for steviol glycosides. We also provide a summary of the data and information presented in GRAS notices for steviol glycosides in the GRAS Notification program. FDA has received a new wave of GRAS notices that include alternative biotechnological methods for production of steviol glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith D Perrier
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Food Additive Safety, Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Jeremy J Mihalov
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Food Additive Safety, Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Susan J Carlson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Food Additive Safety, Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
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Rider CV, Walker N, Waidyanatha S. Getting to the Root of the Matter: Challenges and Recommendations for Assessing the Safety of Botanical Dietary Supplements. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:429-431. [PMID: 29745419 PMCID: PMC6113061 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program's (NTP) mission is "to evaluate agents of public health concern, by developing and applying the tools of modern toxicology and molecular biology." Botanical dietary supplements (BDS) represent agents of public health concern due to widespread exposure to high doses, a lack of safety data for most products, variable quality, and reports of adverse events. This commentary will address lessons learned in NTP testing activities with BDS and recommendations for moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia V. Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Austin SB, Liu SH, Tefft N. Could a tax on unhealthy products sold for weight loss reduce consumer use? A novel estimation of potential taxation effects. Prev Med 2018; 114:39-46. [PMID: 29842920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Abuse of widely available, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and supplements such as diet pills, laxatives, and diuretics by adolescents for weight control is well-documented, yet manufacturers and retailers can sell them to minors without restriction. The aim of our study was to estimate the effect of added taxation of OTC drugs and dietary supplements sold for weight loss on household purchases of these products. With data from 60,538 U.S. households in the 2012 waves of the Nielsen/IRi National Consumer Panel (NCP) and the Nielsen/IRi Retail Scanner (NRS) datasets, we conducted analyses in 2017 to tally annual quantities and expenditures on OTC drugs or dietary supplements making weight-loss, cleanse/detox, or diuretic claims. We estimated the percent reduction in household purchases due to a simulated 20% added tax on each category. Among the 14,151 households reporting at least one purchase in the three claims categories, a 20% higher average price of weight-loss products was associated with a 5.2% lower purchases of those products. Among households with children ages 12 to 17 years old present, purchases were 17.5% lower, and among households with a daughter present, purchases were 10.3% lower. Taxation may be an effective public health strategy to reduce purchasing of potentially dangerous OTC drugs and supplements sold for weight loss, especially for households that include children ages 12-17 years old or a daughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bryn Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders based at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Selena Hua Liu
- Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders based at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan Tefft
- Department of Economics, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
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Wen P, Zhao P, Qin G, Tang S, Li B, Zhang J, Peng L. Genotoxicity and teratogenicity of seabuckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berry oil. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:391-397. [PMID: 30081653 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1497047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As botanicals and dietary supplements are used increasingly in many countries, the issue of safety is particularly critical for regulation of food products containing these substances. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been used for centuries as a medicine and nutritional supplement in Asia and Europe. However, data regarding to the safety assessment of the plant and its extracts is still rare. This study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of seabuckthorn berry (SB) oil conducted in three genotoxicity studies and a teratogenicity study. Results of the genotoxicity studies indicated that SB oil has no genotoxicity under the experimental conditions of this study. Specifically, SB oil did not display any mutagenic activity on histidine dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium under exposure concentrations of 8, 40, 200, 1000, and 5000 μg/plate; SB oil did not have significant effect on sperm morphology and have no influence on micronucleus rate of polychromatic erythrocytes in mice at doses of 9.36, 4.68, and 2.34 g/kg body weight. In the teratogenicity study, pregnant rats were treated with 4.68, 2.34, and 1.17 g/kg SB oil from gestation day 7 to 16 and no treatment-related maternal toxicity or embryo toxicity was observed. Taken together, these results support the safe use of seabuckthorn berry oil for potential dietary consumption in food or as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingjing Wen
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Guangqiu Qin
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Song Tang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Jiehong Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
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Shipkowski KA, Betz JM, Birnbaum LS, Bucher JR, Coates PM, Hopp DC, MacKay D, Oketch-Rabah H, Walker NJ, Welch C, Rider CV. Naturally complex: Perspectives and challenges associated with Botanical Dietary Supplement Safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:963-971. [PMID: 29626579 PMCID: PMC6087675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the extensive use of botanical dietary supplements by consumers in the United States, there is a need for appropriate research and data to support safety assessments. Complexity and variability, both natural and introduced, of botanical dietary supplements make research on these products difficult. Botanical dietary supplements are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), as amended by the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). They are regulated as a category of food, which differs from the regulation of pharmaceutical products. Both manufacturers and the FDA are faced with the challenge of determining the best approaches for evaluating and monitoring the safety of botanical products. High quality botanicals research requires accurate identification and characterization of the material being studied. Inconsistent results in efficacy studies of botanical dietary supplements have led to efforts to improve the rigor and reproducibility of research in the field. Addressing the challenges associated with botanical dietary supplement safety is a global effort requiring coordination between numerous stakeholders, including researchers, suppliers, manufacturers, and regulators, all of whom play a role in ensuring that high quality products are available on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Shipkowski
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ICF International, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph M Betz
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John R Bucher
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul M Coates
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Craig Hopp
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Duffy MacKay
- Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Nigel J Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cara Welch
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Purinergic system as a potential target for inflammation and toxicity induced by thymol in immune cells and tissues. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:105-110. [PMID: 30066040 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymol is a phytochemical component present in many plants used as food additive in order to promote animal growth due to its several biological properties. However, possible side effects of thymol remain poorly known limited to few reports. In this sense, we evaluated the enzymes of the purinergic signaling such as, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase), 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA), that play an important role on toxicity induced by excessive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in the extracellular environment. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether purinergic signaling could be considered a potential target of thymol-induced inflammation, and the toxicity in tissues and immune cells of mice after thymol administration. NTPDase activity (ATP as substrate) in serum, spleen, and splenic lymphocytes was lower after 30 days of oral treatment at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg of thymol, while ADA activity was stimulated at 20 and 40 mg/kg. No differences were observed between groups regarding NTPDase (ADP as substrate) and 5'-nucleotidase activities in all evaluated tissues. Based on these evidences, adenine nucleotide hydrolysis is modified in serum, spleen, and splenic lymphocytes of mice treated with thymol, contributing to inflammation and toxicity by a reduction on ATP hydrolyses and its possible accumulation in the extracellular medium and increased Ado desamination and its possible reduction in the extracellular environment, leading to a self-sustained pro-inflammatory deleterious cycle. In summary, all tested thymol concentrations induced inflammation and toxicity in tissues and immune cells of treated mice.
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Rahayu RP, Prasetyo RA, Purwanto DA, Kresnoadi U, Iskandar RPD, Rubianto M. The immunomodulatory effect of green tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaves extract on immunocompromised Wistar rats infected by Candida albicans. Vet World 2018; 11:765-770. [PMID: 30034167 PMCID: PMC6048092 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.765-770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The immunocompromised condition is considered a defect in the immune system. This condition tends to increase the risk of oral candidiasis, due to the inability of the immune system to eliminate the adhesion of Candida albicans and leads to systemic candidiasis with a mortality rate of 60%. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) contains potential antioxidant and immunomodulatory which acts as anticancer, antifungal, and antivirus agent. The aim of this study was to invent herbal-based medicine, which acts as an immunomodulator and antifungal agent to treat fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five immunocompromised Wistar rats induced with C. albicans were divided into 7 groups (n=5): Control group (C+); treated for 4 days with green tea extract 1.25% (GT 4), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) 1% (EGCG 4), EGC 1% (EGC 4); and treated for 7 days with green tea extract 1.25% (GT 7), EGCG 1% (EGCG 7), and EGC 1% (EGC 7). Tongue tissue was collected and analyzed with immunohistochemistry staining using monoclonal antibody; interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-8, and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD)-2. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance test and Tukey honest significant differences test. RESULTS The expression of IL-17A, IL-8, and HBD-2 was significantly increased (p=0.000) after green tea extract administration in 7 days, whereas in 7 days, the expression of IL-8, IL-17A, and HBD-2 after EGCG and EGC administration did not give a significant result (p>0.005). CONCLUSION Within the limits of this study, green tea extract has the ability as an immunomodulatory agent in an immunocompromised patient infected by C. albicans through expression augmentation of IL-8, IL-17A, and HBD-2 compared to EGCG and EGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retno P. Rahayu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Remita A. Prasetyo
- Installation of Oral and Dental Health, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Djoko A. Purwanto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Utari Kresnoadi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Regina P. D. Iskandar
- Student of Immunology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Rubianto
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Smith-Roe SL, Swartz CD, Shepard KG, Bryce SM, Dertinger SD, Waidyanatha S, Kissling GE, Auerbach SS, Witt KL. Black cohosh extracts and powders induce micronuclei, a biomarker of genetic damage, in human cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:416-426. [PMID: 29668046 PMCID: PMC6031461 DOI: 10.1002/em.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Black cohosh extract (BCE) is a widely used dietary supplement marketed to women to alleviate symptoms of gynecological ailments, yet its toxicity has not been well characterized. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) previously reported significant increases in micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood of female Wistar Han rats and B6C3F1/N mice administered 15-1,000 mg BCE/kg/day by gavage for 90 days. These animals also developed a dose-dependent nonregenerative macrocytic anemia characterized by clinical changes consistent with megaloblastic anemia. Both micronuclei (MN) and megaloblastic anemia can arise from disruption of the folate metabolism pathway. The NTP used in vitro approaches to investigate whether the NTP's test lot of BCE, BCEs from various suppliers, and root powders from BC and other cohosh species, were genotoxic in general, and to gain insight into the mechanism of action of BCE genotoxicity. Samples were tested in human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells using the In Vitro MicroFlow® MN assay. The NTP BCE and a BC extract reference material (XRM) were tested in the MultiFlow® DNA Damage assay, which assesses biomarkers of DNA damage, cell division, and cytotoxicity. The NTP BCE and several additional BCEs were tested in bacterial mutagenicity assays. All samples induced MN when cells were grown in physiological levels of folic acid. The NTP BCE and BC XRM produced activity patterns consistent with an aneugenic mode of action. The NTP BCE and five additional BCEs were negative in bacterial mutagenicity tests. These findings show that black cohosh preparations induce chromosomal damage and may pose a safety concern. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:416-426, 2018. © 2018 Published 2018. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Smith-Roe
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carol D. Swartz
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kim G. Shepard
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott S. Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristine L. Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Park H, Hwang YH, Choi JG, Ma JY. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of systemic and genetic toxicity of Citrus unshiu peel. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 215:120-123. [PMID: 29274356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The peel of Citrus unshiu Markovich fruits (CUP), called "Jinpi" in Korea, and "Chenpi" in China, has been used for the treatment of respiratory and blood circulation disorders in traditional oriental medicine (TOM). Despite its widespread uses in TOM, no information on the safety of CUP has been reported. Thus, genotoxicity and systemic toxicity of CUP were evaluated in the current studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a toxicological evaluation of CUP water extracts using acute and subchronic (13-week repeated-dose) toxicity tests and three genotoxicity assays (bacterial reverse mutation, mammalian chromosomal aberration, and micronuclei formation). RESULTS In acute and subchronic toxicity tests, both the median lethal dose (LD50) and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) were more than 4000mg/kg/day in rats. None of the genotoxicity assays revealed any mutagenicity or clastogenicity in in vitro and in vivo systems. CONCLUSION CUP water extracts were found to be nongenotoxic under our testing conditions and had low acute and subchronic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwayong Park
- KM (Korean Medicine) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- KM (Korean Medicine) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- KM (Korean Medicine) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- KM (Korean Medicine) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea.
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Falcó I, Randazzo W, Gómez-Mascaraque LG, Aznar R, López-Rubio A, Sánchez G. Fostering the antiviral activity of green tea extract for sanitizing purposes through controlled storage conditions. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The idea that the degree of infringement public health interventions have on individual rights should be proportional to the degree of expected benefits has emerged as an influential principle in public health ethics and policy. While proportionality makes sense in theory, it may be difficult to implement in practice, due to the inherent conflict between individual rights and the common good underlying the principle. To apply the proportionality principle to a decision of policy, one must still find a reasonable way of balancing these competing values in light of the available options and empirical evidence. In this article, I consider how the proportionality principle applies to the regulation of dietary supplements and examine some critiques of the current oversight system. I argue that it may be difficult maintain proportional oversight because the risks of dietary supplements vary considerably. Strengthening the regulations may therefore promote an appropriate level of regulation in some cases but lead to overregulation in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Resnik
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 Alexander Drive, Box 12233, Mail Drop E1-06, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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49
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Zargar B, Majeed D, Ganai SA, Mir SA, Dar BN. Effect of different processing parameters on antioxidant activity of tea. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Saeed M, Abd El-Hac ME, Alagawany M, Naveed M, Arain MA, Arif M, Soomro RN, Kakar M, Manzoor R, Tiwari R, Khandia R, Munjal A, Karthik K, Dhama K, Iqbal HMN, Sun C. Phytochemistry, Modes of Action and Beneficial Health Applications of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Humans and Animals. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.698.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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