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Du M, Xu C, Wang A, Lv P, Xu Z, Zhang X. Different drought recovery strategy between Larix spp. and Quercus mongolica in temperate forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173521. [PMID: 38802012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Forests are experiencing increasingly severe drought stress worldwide. Although most studies have quantified how tree growth was affected by extreme droughts, how trees recover from different drought intensities are still poorly understood for different species. We used a network of tree-ring data comprising 731 Quercus mongolica trees across 29 sites, 312 Larix olgensis Henry trees from 13 sites, and 818 Larix principis-rupprechtii trees from 34 sites, covering most of their distribution range in northern China, to compare the influences of drought intensity on post-drought recovery. The results showed that summer droughts had strong negative influences on tree growth. Post-drought growth varied with drought intensity for the three species. Larix species exhibited strong legacy effects after severe droughts, which is related to the lack of compensatory growth. In contrast, the compensatory growth of Q. mongolica reduced drought legacy effect. However, the compensatory growth of Q. mongolica gradually weaken with increasing drought intensity and disappeared during severe drought. Our findings indicated that influence of drought on Q. mongolica growth mainly shown in drought years, but Larix species suffered from long-term drought legacy effects, implying Q. mongolica rapidly recovered from droughts but Larix species need several years to recover from droughts, thus the two genera have different recovery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Du
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Pengcheng Lv
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Zhongqi Xu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Xianliang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China; Long-term Silviculture base in Saihanba, Chengde, Hebei 068456, China; Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center, 071001 Baoding, China.
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Zhang X, Liu H, Rademacher T. Higher latewood to earlywood ratio increases resistance of radial growth to severe droughts in larch. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169165. [PMID: 38101621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
As drought has caused great losses of tree growth across the world, the mechanism of how trees adapt to drought has been extensively investigated. However, how trees change their late- to earlywood ratio (LER) to adapt to severe drought events remains poorly understood. We used a network of Larix principis-rupprechtii earlywood and latewood width data from 1979 to 2018, covering most of the distribution of planted larch across North China, to investigate how latewood proportion affected trees' resistance to drought. The interactions among LER, minimum temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), growing season length, and their contributions to drought resistant (Rt) were estimated using structural equation models. The results show a significant increase in LER of the juvenile wood throughout the first 15 growth rings after which it stabilizes. The LER decreased significantly with elevation for the juvenile wood. March-May temperature and VPD were the main determinant in the LER of mature wood. The sensitivity of radial growth to droughts was positively changed with LER when LER was below 0.50, but negatively changed with LER when LER is above 0.50. We confirmed that high LER increases resistance of tree growth to severe droughts in L. principis-rupprechtii. Our results highlight that a higher proportion of latewood is formed in dry years, and this high drought sensitivity of LER in turn led to an increased resistance to drought. This combination of reduced radial growth during dry years, while the latewood proportion remains increases maybe an adaptive strategy of larch trees to cope with severe droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and PKU-Saihanba Station, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and PKU-Saihanba Station, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tim Rademacher
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, J0V 1V0 Ripon, Québec, Canada; Centre ACER, J2S 0B8 Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Giberti GS, von Arx G, Giovannelli A, du Toit B, Unterholzner L, Bielak K, Carrer M, Uhl E, Bravo F, Tonon G, Wellstein C. The admixture of Quercus sp. in Pinus sylvestris stands influences wood anatomical trait responses to climatic variability and drought events. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1213814. [PMID: 38034580 PMCID: PMC10687546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Forests are threatened by increasingly severe and more frequent drought events worldwide. Mono-specific forests, developed as a consequence of widespread management practices established early last century, seem particularly susceptible to global warming and drought compared with mixed-species forests. Although, in several contexts, mixed-species forests display higher species diversity, higher productivity, and higher resilience, previous studies highlighted contrasting findings, with not only many positive but also neutral or negative effects on tree performance that could be related to tree species diversity. Processes underlying this relationship need to be investigated. Wood anatomical traits are informative proxies of tree functioning, and they can potentially provide novel long-term insights in this regard. However, wood anatomical traits are critically understudied in such a context. Here, we assess the role of tree admixture on Pinus sylvestris L. xylem traits such as mean hydraulic diameter, cell wall thickness, and anatomical wood density, and we test the variability of these traits in response to climatic parameters such as temperature, precipitation, and drought event frequency and intensity. Methods Three monocultural plots of P. sylvestris and three mixed-stand plots of P. sylvestris and Quercus sp. were identified in Poland and Spain, representing Continental and Mediterranean climate types, respectively. In each plot, we analyzed xylem traits from three P. sylvestris trees, for a total of nine trees in monocultures and nine in mixed stands per study location. Results The results highlighted that anatomical wood density was one of the most sensitive traits to detect tree responses to climatic conditions and drought under different climate and forest types. Inter-specific facilitation mechanisms were detected in the admixture between P. sylvestris and Quercus sp., especially during the early growing season and during stressful events such as spring droughts, although they had negligible effects in the late growing season. Discussion Our findings suggest that the admixture between P. sylvestris and Quercus sp. increases the resilience of P. sylvestris to extreme droughts. In a global warming scenario, this admixture could represent a useful adaptive management option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Silvia Giberti
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano - Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ben du Toit
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lucrezia Unterholzner
- Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
- Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Kamil Bielak
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Enno Uhl
- School of Life Sciences, Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Freising, Germany
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Gestión Forestal Sostenible (iuFOR). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias de Palencia, Universidad de Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Giustino Tonon
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano - Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Camilla Wellstein
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano - Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
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Wang S, Deng Y, Gao L, Zhang Y, Shi X, Gou X. Influence of monsoon anomalies on intra-annual density fluctuations of Chinese pine in the Loess Plateau. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:847-856. [PMID: 36977830 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) has experienced an unprecedented weakening, exacerbating drought in northern China, especially in the monsoon margin area. Improving our understanding of monsoon variability will benefit agricultural production, ecological construction, and disaster management. Tree-ring is widely used as proxy data for extending the monsoon history. However, in the East Asian monsoon margin, the tree-ring width were mostly formed before the rainy season, thus may have limited ability to indicate the monsoon variability. Intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) can provide higher resolution information on tree growth as well as evidence of short-term climate events. Here, we used Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) samples from the eastern edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), where the climate is deeply affected by monsoon, to investigate the response of tree growth and IADFs frequency to climate variation. We show that tree-ring width and IADFs record significantly different climatic signals. The former was mainly affected by moisture conditions at the end of the previous growing season and the current spring. While the latter was common in years when severe droughts occurred in June and July, especially in June. This period coincides with the onset of the EASM, so we further analyzed the relationship between IADFs frequency and the rainy season. Both correlation analysis and the GAM model suggest that the frequent occurrence of IADFs may be related to the late start of the monsoon rainy season, meaning that we have found a new indicator in tree-ring records that can capture monsoon anomalies. Our results provide further insight into drought variation in the eastern CLP, which also implicates the Asian summer monsoon dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yang Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Linlin Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xingying Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaohua Gou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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5
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Hong Y, Liu X, Camarero JJ, Xu G, Zhang L, Zeng X, Aritsara ANA, Zhang Y, Wang W, Xing X, Lu Q. The effects of intrinsic water-use efficiency and climate on wood anatomy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00484-023-02475-7. [PMID: 37072578 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming may induce growth decline in warm-temperate areas subjected to seasonal soil moisture deficit, whereas increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) is expected to enhance tree growth. An accurate understanding of tree growth and physiological processes responding to climate warming and increasing Ca is critical. Here, we analyzed tree-ring stable carbon isotope and wood anatomical traits of Pinus tabuliformis from Qinling Mountains in China to understand how lumen diameter (LD) determining potential hydraulic conductivity and cell-wall thickness (CWT) determining carbon storage responded to climate and Ca. The effects of climate and Ca on intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) were isolated, and iWUE values due to only-climate (iWUEClim) and only-CO2 effects (iWUECO2) were obtained. During a low-iWUE period, the influences of climate on earlywood (EW) LD and latewood (LW) CWT prevailed. During a high-iWUE period, CO2 fertilization promoted cell enlargement and carbon storage but this was counteracted by a negative influence of climate warming. The limiting direct effects of iWUEClim and indirect effects of climate on EW LD were greater than on LW CWT. P. tabuliformis in temperate forests will face a decline of growth and carbon fixation, but will produce embolism-resistant tracheids with narrow lumen responding to future hotter droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Hong
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50092, Spain
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lingnan Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Amy Ny Aina Aritsara
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xing
- Qinling National Botanical Garden, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiangqiang Lu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, 710061, China
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Schmied G, Hilmers T, Mellert KH, Uhl E, Buness V, Ambs D, Steckel M, Biber P, Šeho M, Hoffmann YD, Pretzsch H. Nutrient regime modulates drought response patterns of three temperate tree species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161601. [PMID: 36646222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Against the backdrop of global change, the intensity, duration, and frequency of droughts are projected to increase and threaten forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree responses to drought are complex and likely to vary among species, drought characteristics, and site conditions. Here, we examined the drought response patterns of three major temperate tree species, s. fir (Abies alba), E. beech (Fagus sylvatica), and N. spruce (Picea abies), along an ecological gradient in the South - Central - East part of Germany that included a total of 37 sites with varying climatic and soil conditions. We relied on annual tree-ring data to assess the influence of different drought characteristics and (micro-) site conditions on components of tree resilience and to detect associated temporal changes. Our study revealed that nutrient regime, drought frequency, and hydraulic conditions in the previous and subsequent years were the main determinants of drought responses, with pronounced differences among species. Specifically, we found that (a) higher drought frequency was associated with higher resistance and resilience for N. spruce and E. beech; (b) more favorable climatic conditions in the two preceding and following years increased drought resilience and determined recovery potential of E. beech after extreme drought; (c) a site's nutrient regime, rather than micro-site differences in water availability, determined drought responses, with trees growing on sites with a balanced nutrient regime having a higher capacity to withstand extreme drought stress; (d) E. beech and N. spruce experienced a long-term decline in resilience. Our results indicate that trees under extreme drought stress benefit from a balanced nutrient supply and highlight the relevance of water availability immediately after droughts. Observed long-term trends confirm that N. spruce is suffering from persistent climatic changes, while s. fir is coping better. These findings might be especially relevant for monitoring, scenario analyses, and forest ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schmied
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Torben Hilmers
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Mellert
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Enno Uhl
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vincent Buness
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Ambs
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mathias Steckel
- Forst Baden-Württemberg (AöR), State Forest Enterprise Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Peter Biber
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Muhidin Šeho
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Yves-Daniel Hoffmann
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Hans Pretzsch
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Farooq TH, Yasmeen S, Shakoor A, Nawaz MF, Rashid MHU, Ahmad S, Rasheed M, Li H, Li Q. Xylem anatomical responses of Larix Gmelinii and Pinus Sylvestris influenced by the climate of Daxing'an mountains in Northeastern China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1095888. [PMID: 36794215 PMCID: PMC9923116 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1095888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wood anatomy and plant hydraulics play a significant role in understanding species-specific responses and their ability to manage rapid environmental changes. This study used the dendro-anatomical approach to assess the anatomical characteristics and their relation to local climate variability in the boreal coniferous tree species Larix gmelinii (Dahurian larch) and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (Scots pine) at an altitude range of 660 m to 842 m. We measured the xylem anatomical traits (lumen area (LA), cell wall thickness (CWt), cell counts per ring (CN), ring width (RW), and cell sizes in rings) of both species at four different sites Mangui (MG), Wuerqihan (WEQH), Moredagha (MEDG) and Alihe (ALH) and investigated their relationship with temperature and precipitation of those sites along a latitude gradient. Results showed that all chronologies have strong summer temperature correlations. LA extremes were mostly associated with climatic variation than CWt and RWt. MEDG site species showed an inverse correlation in different growing seasons. The correlation coefficient with temperature indicated significant variations in the May-September months at MG, WEQH, and ALH sites. These results suggest that climatic seasonality changes in the selected sites positively affect hydraulic efficiency (increase in the diameter of the earlywood cells) and the width of the latewood produced in P. sylvestris. In contrast, L. gmelinii showed the opposite response to warm temperatures. It is concluded that xylem anatomical responses of L. gmelinii and P. sylvestris showed varied responses to different climatic factors at different sites. These differences between the two species responses to climate are due to the change of site condition on a large spatial and temporal scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor Hassan Farooq
- Bangor College China, a Joint Unit of Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sumaira Yasmeen
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Awais Shakoor
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils and Land Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Muhammad Farrakh Nawaz
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sarir Ahmad
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Department of Forestry, University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Majeeda Rasheed
- Department of Life Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - He Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Bangor College China, a Joint Unit of Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Zsolnay N, Walentowitz A, Aas G. Impact of climatic conditions on radial growth of non-native Cedrus libani compared to native conifers in Central Europe. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0275317. [PMID: 37172061 PMCID: PMC10180601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing climate change increasingly affects growth conditions of native conifers such as Picea abies (Norway spruce) and Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) in Central Europe. These conifers are primarily cultivated for wood production. To obtain ecologically and economically stable forests, forestry seeks alternative species that might be less prone to novel climatic conditions, such as Cedrus libani (Lebanon cedar). We aim at investigating growth responses to climatic factors of C. libani compared to native P. abies and P. sylvestris in Central Europe for 25 years (1994-2019). Growth responses were used as a proxy for tolerance towards climatic stress events, such as heat and drought. Height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and radial increment were measured for 40-year-old tree stands of C. libani and native conifers. Radial growth responses to selected climate parameters were analysed using bootstrapped correlations with detrended growth index chronologies and growth response indices for drought years (2003, 2012, 2015, 2018). For C. libani, radial growth was positively correlated with high water availability in late winter and spring, while for P. abies, February and summer and for P. sylvestris, July showed such a relationship. Cedrus libani exhibited the highest resistance, recovery, and resilience in response to climatic extremes. Against the background of climate change, C. libani could serve as an alternative conifer species to establish climate-resistant viable forests in Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Zsolnay
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Walentowitz
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gregor Aas
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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9
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Larysch E, Stangler DF, Puhlmann H, Rathgeber CBK, Seifert T, Kahle HP. The 2018 hot drought pushed conifer wood formation to the limit of its plasticity: Consequences for woody biomass production and tree ring structure. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1171-1185. [PMID: 35277910 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hot droughts are expected to increase in Europe and disturb forest ecosystem functioning. Wood formation of trees has the potential to adapt to those events by compensatory mechanisms between the rates and durations of tracheid differentiation to form the typical pattern of vital wood anatomical structures. We monitored xylogenesis and measured wood anatomy of mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees along an elevational gradient in the Black Forest during the hot drought year of 2018. We assessed the kinetics of tracheid differentiation and the final tracheid dimensions and quantified the relationship between rates and durations of cell differentiation over the growing season. Cell differentiation kinetics were decoupled, and temperature and water availability signals were imprinted in the tree ring structure. The sudden decline in woody biomass production provided evidence for a disruption in carbon sequestration processes due to heat and drought stress. Growth processes of Scots pine (pioneer species) were mainly affected by the spring drought, whereas silver fir (climax species) growth processes were more disturbed by the summer drought. Our study provides novel insights on the plasticity of wood formation and carbon allocation in temperate conifer tree species in response to extreme climatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Larysch
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D F Stangler
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Puhlmann
- Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C B K Rathgeber
- INRAE, SILVA, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, Nancy, France
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - T Seifert
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - H-P Kahle
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Vicente E, Didion-Gency M, Morcillo L, Morin X, Vilagrosa A, Grossiord C. Aridity and cold temperatures drive divergent adjustments of European beech xylem anatomy, hydraulics and leaf physiological traits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1720-1735. [PMID: 35285500 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding plant trait coordination and variance across climatic gradients is critical for assessing forests' adaptive potential to climate change. We measured 11 hydraulic, anatomical and leaf-level physiological traits in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) along a moisture and temperature gradient in the French Alps. We assessed how traits covaried, and how their population-level variances shifted along the gradient. The intrapopulation variances of vessel size and xylem-specific conductivity reduced in colder locations as narrow vessels were observed in response to low temperature. This decreased individual-level water transport capacity compared with the warmer and more xeric sites. Conversely, the maximum stomatal conductance and Huber value variances were constrained in the arid and warm locations, where trees showed restricted gas exchange and higher xylem-specific conductivity. The populations growing under drier and warmer conditions presented wide variance for the xylem anatomical and hydraulic traits. Our results suggest that short-term physiological acclimation to raising aridity and heat in southern beech populations may occur mainly at the leaf level. Furthermore, the wide variance of the xylem anatomical and hydraulic traits at these sites may be advantageous since more heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity could imply populations' greater tree-tree complementarity and resilience against climatic variability. Our study highlights that both intrapopulation trait variance and trait network analysis are key approaches for understanding species adaptation and the acclimation potential to a shifting environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vicente
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, IMEM Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante 03080, Spain
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante 03080, Spain
| | - Margaux Didion-Gency
- Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Luna Morcillo
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante 03080, Spain
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFE UMR 5175 (CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, IRD), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34293, France
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante 03080, Spain
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, PO box 96, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, PO box 96, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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11
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Oberleitner F, Hartmann H, Hasibeder R, Huang J, Losso A, Mayr S, Oberhuber W, Wieser G, Bahn M. Amplifying effects of recurrent drought on the dynamics of tree growth and water use in a subalpine forest. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2617-2635. [PMID: 35610775 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in our understanding of drought impacts on tree functioning, we lack knowledge about the dynamic responses of mature trees to recurrent drought stress. At a subalpine forest site, we assessed the effects of three years of recurrent experimental summer drought on tree growth and water relations of Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L. Karst.), two common European conifers representative for contrasting water-use strategies. We combined dendrometer and xylem sap flow measurements with analyses of xylem anatomy and non-structural carbohydrates and their carbon-isotope composition. Recurrent drought increased the effects of soil moisture limitation on growth and xylogenesis, and to a lesser extent on xylem sap flow. P. abies showed stronger growth responses to recurrent drought, reduced starch concentrations in branches and increased water-use efficiency when compared to L. decidua. Despite comparatively larger maximum tree water deficits than in P. abies, xylem formation of L. decidua was less affected by drought, suggesting a stronger capacity of rehydration or lower cambial turgor thresholds for growth. Our study shows that recurrent drought progressively increases impacts on mature trees of both species, which suggests that in a future climate increasing drought frequency could impose strong legacies on carbon and water dynamics of treeline species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Hasibeder
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jianbei Huang
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wieser
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Li S, Li X, Wang J, Chen Z, Lu S, Wan X, Sun H, Wang L, Delzon S, Cochard H, Jiang X, Shu J, Zheng J, Yin Y. Hydraulic traits are coupled with plant anatomical traits under drought-rewatering cycles in Ginkgo biloba L. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1216-1227. [PMID: 34962276 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the responses of plant anatomical traits of trees to drought-rewatering cycles helps us to understand their responses to climate change; however, such work has not been adequately reported. In this study, Ginkgo biloba L. saplings were subjected to moderate, severe, extreme and lethal drought conditions by withholding water according to the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) and rewatering on a regular basis. Samples of phloem, cambium and xylem were collected to quantify their cellular properties including cambium and phloem cell vitality, xylem growth ring width, pit aspiration rates and pit membrane thickness using light microscopy and transmission microscopy. The results showed that the mortality rate of G. biloba saplings reached 90% at approximately P88 (xylem water potential inducing 88% loss of hydraulic conductivity). The onset of cambium and phloem cell mortality might be in accordance with that of xylem embolism. Close negative correlations between xylem water potential and PLC and between xylem water potential and cambium and phloem mortality suggested that xylem hydraulic traits are coupled with anatomical traits under declining xylem water potential. Cambium and phloem cell vitality as well as xylem growth ring width decreased significantly with increasing drought conditions. However, xylem pit membrane thickness, cambial zone width and cambial cell geometry were not affected by the drought-rewatering cycles. The tracheid radial diameter, intertracheid cell wall thickness and tracheid density decreased significantly during both drought conditions and rewatering conditions. In addition to hydraulic traits, cambium and phloem cell vitality can be used as anatomical traits to evaluate the mortality of G. biloba under drought. Future work is proposed to observe the dynamics of pit aspiration rates under drought-rewatering cycles in situ to deepen our understanding of the essential role of bordered pits in the 'air-seeding' mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Key laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Sen Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Key laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Herve Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Shu
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Jingming Zheng
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
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13
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Guidi C, Frey B, Brunner I, Meusburger K, Vogel ME, Chen X, Stucky T, Gwiazdowicz DJ, Skubała P, Bose AK, Schaub M, Rigling A, Hagedorn F. Soil fauna drives vertical redistribution of soil organic carbon in a long-term irrigated dry pine forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3145-3160. [PMID: 35124879 PMCID: PMC9306871 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Summer droughts strongly affect soil organic carbon (SOC) cycling, but net effects on SOC storage are unclear as drought affects both C inputs and outputs from soils. Here, we explored the overlooked role of soil fauna on SOC storage in forests, hypothesizing that soil faunal activity is particularly drought-sensitive, thereby reducing litter incorporation into the mineral soil and, eventually, long-term SOC storage. In a drought-prone pine forest (Switzerland), we performed a large-scale irrigation experiment for 17 years and assessed its impact on vertical SOC distribution and composition. We also examined litter mass loss of dominant tree species using different mesh-size litterbags and determined soil fauna abundance and community composition. The 17-year-long irrigation resulted in a C loss in the organic layers (-1.0 kg C m-2 ) and a comparable C gain in the mineral soil (+0.8 kg C m-2 ) and thus did not affect total SOC stocks. Irrigation increased the mass loss of Quercus pubescens and Viburnum lantana leaf litter, with greater effect sizes when meso- and macrofauna were included (+215%) than when excluded (+44%). The enhanced faunal-mediated litter mass loss was paralleled by a many-fold increase in the abundance of meso- and macrofauna during irrigation. Moreover, Acari and Collembola community composition shifted, with a higher presence of drought-sensitive species in irrigated soils. In comparison, microbial SOC mineralization was less sensitive to soil moisture. Our results suggest that the vertical redistribution of SOC with irrigation was mainly driven by faunal-mediated litter incorporation, together with increased root C inputs. Our study shows that soil fauna is highly sensitive to natural drought, which leads to a reduced C transfer from organic layers to the mineral soil. In the longer term, this potentially affects SOC storage and, therefore, soil fauna plays a key but so far largely overlooked role in shaping SOC responses to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Guidi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Beat Frey
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Michael E. Vogel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Present address:
School of Geography and Remote SensingGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tobias Stucky
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Piotr Skubała
- Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of Silesia in KatowiceKatowicePoland
| | - Arun K. Bose
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forestry and Wood Technology DisciplineKhulna UniversityKhulnaBangladesh
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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14
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Sturm J, Santos MJ, Schmid B, Damm A. Satellite data reveal differential responses of Swiss forests to unprecedented 2018 drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2956-2978. [PMID: 35182091 PMCID: PMC9310759 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extreme events such as the summer drought of 2018 in Central Europe are projected to occur more frequently in the future and may cause major damages including increased tree mortality and negative impacts on forest ecosystem services. Here, we quantify the response of >1 million forest pixels of 10 × 10 m across Switzerland to the 2018 drought in terms of resistance, recovery, and resilience. We used the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) derived from Sentinel-2 satellite data as a proxy for canopy water content and analyzed its relative change. We calculated NDWI change between the 2017 pre-drought and 2018 drought years (indicating resistance), 2018 and the 2019 post-drought (indicating recovery), and between 2017-2019 (indicating resilience). Analyzing the data from this large natural experiment, we found that for 4.3% of the Swiss forest the NDWI declined between 2017 and 2018, indicating areas with low resistance of the forest canopy to drought effects. While roughly 50% of this area recovered, in 2.7% of the forested area NDWI continued to decline from 2018 to 2019, suggesting prolonged negative effects or delayed damage. We found differential forest responses to drought associated with site topographic characteristics and forest stand characteristics, and to a lesser extent with climatic conditions and interactions between these drivers. Low drought resistance and high recovery were most prominent at forest edges, but also on south-facing slopes and lower elevations. Tree functional type was the most important driver of drought resilience, with most of the damage in stands with high conifer abundance. Our results demonstrate the suitability of satellite-based quantification of drought-induced forest damage at high spatial resolution across large areas. Such information is important to predict how local site characteristics may impact forest vulnerability to future extreme events and help in the search for appropriate adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sturm
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Maria J. Santos
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Alexander Damm
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZürichSwitzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
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15
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Annual Carbon Sequestration Patterns in Trees: A Case Study from Scots Pine Monospecific Stands and Mixed Stands with Sessile Oak in Central Poland. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The need to understand the carbon sequestration ability of trees under current and future climatic scenarios is fundamental to predict the role of forest in counterbalancing the global warming. In this study, we investigated the carbon sequestration ability of Pinus sylvestris L. in a setting of pure and mixed forests with Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. in Central Poland. Beside the traditional growth measures, i.e., Ring Width, Basal Area Increment, and wood density, we utilized also a new Index called BAIden, which combines Basal Area Increment and mean ring wood density to depict the carbon sequestration ability of trees. Pinus sylvestris showed different sensitivity to climatic variability depending on tree admixture, while the Basal Area Increment and wood density presented few differences between pure and mixed forests. According to the BAIden index, carbon accumulation in P. sylvestris showed similar sensitivity to climatic variability in pure and mixed forests. The new index was also informative on the main climatic drivers of carbon sequestration. Considering future climatic scenarios, the carbon sequestration ability of P. sylvestris will be facilitated by rising temperatures in late winter-early spring and reduced by decreasing precipitation and rising temperatures during summer. Finally, we discussed the perspective and applicability of BAIden for further studies on carbon sequestration ability under climate change.
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16
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Short-Term Effects of Droughts and Cold Winters on the Growth of Scots Pine at Coastal Sand Dunes around the South Baltic Sea. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Coastal dunes near the Baltic Sea are often stabilized by Scots pine forests and are characterized by a mild climate. These ecosystems are affected by water shortages and might be influenced by climate extremes. Considering future climate change, utilizing tree rings could help assess the role of climate extremes on coastal forest growth. We used superposed epoch analysis to study Scots pine responses to droughts and cold winters, with focus on frequency, timing, and duration. We measured ring widths (RW) and latewood blue intensity (LBI) on samples extracted from trees growing at dune ridge and bottom microsites at the south Baltic Sea. At the regional scale, we observed some similarities in tree responses to both extremes between RW and LBI within the same microsite type and region. At the local scale, RW and LBI were more frequently influenced by cold winters than droughts. RW and LBI from dune ridges were more frequently influenced by droughts than RW and LBI from dune bottoms. LBI from both microsites was more often influenced by droughts than RW. RW and LBI from both microsites were similarly often influenced by cold winters. At both scales, the response time of RW and LBI after droughts predominantly lagged by one year, while cold winters were recorded in the same year. The typical duration of growth reductions after both extremes was one year for both RW and LBI. Our study indicates that Scots pine from the Baltic Sea region is sensitive to climate extremes, especially cold winters.
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17
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High temperatures constrain latewood formation in Larix gmelinii xylem in boreal forests. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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The Role of Aging and Wind in Inducing Death and/or Growth Reduction in Korean Fir (Abies Koreana Wilson) on Mt. Halla, Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12091135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of strong winds and aging in the death and/or decline in the growth of Korean fir on Mt. Halla in Korea. Bangeoreum (BA-S), Jindalrebat (JD-E), and Youngsil (YS-W) on the southern, eastern, and western slopes of Mt. Halla (ca. 1600 and 1700 m a.s.l.) were selected for the study. The site chronologies were established using more than 10 living Korean firs at each site. Additionally, to date the years and seasons of death of standing/fallen dead Korean firs, 15/15, 14/15, and 10/10 trees were selected at BA-S, JD-E, and YS-W, respectively. After adjusting the age with the period of growth up to the sampling point, the oldest Korean fir found among the living trees was 114 years old at JD-E and the oldest fir among the dead trees was 131 years old at JD-E. Besides this, most of the trees at BA-S and JD-E were found to have died between 2008 and 2015, and at irregular intervals between 1976 and 2013 at YS-W. Also, the maximum number of trees, that is, 62.7% died between spring and summer, followed by 20.9% between summer and autumn, and 16.4% between autumn of the current year and spring of the following year. Abrupt growth reductions occurred at BA-S and JD-E, and have become more significant in recent years, whereas at YS-W, the abrupt growth reduction and recovery occur in a cyclic order. The intensity and frequency of the typhoons increased from 2012, and this trend was in-line with the increased number of abrupt growth reductions at BA-S and JD-E. Therefore, the typhoons of 2012 are considered as the most likely influencing factor in death and/or growth reduction in Korean firs. In contrast, the decline in the growth of the Korean firs located on the windward slope (YS-W) showed a relationship with winds stronger than 25–33 m/s.
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Bhusal N, Lee M, Lee H, Adhikari A, Han AR, Han A, Kim HS. Evaluation of morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits for assessing drought resistance in eleven tree species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146466. [PMID: 33744562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and severity of drought are expected to increase due to climate change; therefore, selection of tree species for afforestation should consider drought resistance of the species for maximum survival and conservation of natural habitats. In this study, three soil moisture regimes: control (100% precipitation), mild drought (40% reduction in precipitation), and severe drought (80% reduction in precipitation) were applied to six gymnosperm and five angiosperm species for two consecutive years. We quantified the drought resistance index based on the root collar diameter and assessed the correlation between species drought resistance and other morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits by regression analysis. The prolonged drought stress altered the morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits, but the responses were species-specific. The species with high drought resistance had high leaf mass per area (LMA), photosynthetic rate (Pn), and midday leaf water potential (ΨMD), and low carbon isotopic discrimination (δ13C), flavonoid and polyphenol content, superoxide dismutase and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The highly drought-resistant species had a relatively less decrease in leaf size, Pn, and predawn leaf water potential (ΨPD), and less increase in δ13C, abscisic acid and sucrose content, and LMA compared to the control. The interannual variation in drought resistance (∆Rd) was positively correlated with the species hydroscopic slope (isohydric and anisohydric). Korean pine was highly resistant, sawtooth oak, hinoki cypress, East Asian white birch, East Asian ash, and mono maple were highly susceptible, and Korean red pine, Japanese larch, Sargent cherry, needle fir, and black pine were moderate in drought resistance under long-term drought. These findings will help species selection for afforestation programs and establishment of sustainable forests, especially of drought-tolerant species, under increased frequency and intensity of spring and summer droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Bhusal
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Arjun Adhikari
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Reum Han
- Division of Basic Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Han
- Division of Basic Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Dox I, Prislan P, Gričar J, Mariën B, Delpierre N, Flores O, Leys S, Rathgeber CBK, Fonti P, Campioli M. Drought elicits contrasting responses on the autumn dynamics of wood formation in late successional deciduous tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1171-1185. [PMID: 33616191 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on wood phenology has mainly focused on reactivation of the cambium in spring. In this study we investigated if summer drought advances cessation of wood formation and if it has any influence on wood structure in late successional forest trees of the temperate zone. The end of xylogenesis was monitored between August and November in stands of European beech and pedunculate oak in Belgium for two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018, with the latter year having experienced an exceptional summer drought. Wood formation in oak was affected by the drought, with oak trees ceasing cambial activity and wood maturation about 3 weeks earlier in 2018 compared with 2017. Beech ceased wood formation before oak, but its wood phenology did not differ between years. Furthermore, between the 2 years, no significant difference was found in ring width, percentage of mature fibers in the late season, vessel size and density. In 2018, beech did show thinner fiber walls, whereas oak showed thicker walls. In this paper, we showed that summer drought can have an important impact on late season wood phenology xylem development. This will help to better understand forest ecosystems and improve forest models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Dox
- Research Group of Plants and Ecosystems, PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Prislan
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture & Department for Forest Technique and Economics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture & Department for Forest Technique and Economics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bertold Mariën
- Research Group of Plants and Ecosystems, PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, rue du Doyen André Guinier 362, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), rue Descartes 1, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Omar Flores
- Research Group of Plants and Ecosystems, PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Leys
- Research Group of Plants and Ecosystems, PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Cyrille B K Rathgeber
- SILVA, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Cours Léopold 34, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Dendrosciences group, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Research Group of Plants and Ecosystems, PLECO, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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21
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Differences in Growth and Log Quality of Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) Provenances. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is a non-native conifer from western North America that was introduced into European forests at the end of the 19th century. Plantations of Douglas-fir in Europe have shown good performance, quality, and resilience to exacerbating climatic conditions. However, all these qualities strongly depend on provenance. A total of 1061 surviving trees of fifteen different Douglas-fir provenances were measured in a Slovenian provenance trial that was established within the framework of the 1966/1967 IUFRO seed collection program. We found significant differences among provenances with respect to survival rate, growth performance, and log quality. The total recorded yield of the 46-year-old stand was 602.9 m3/ha, and the average survival rate was 43%. The correlation of juvenile tree heights in 1985 and their average breast height diameters in 2017 is positive and significant. Based on vitality and diameter, the best performing provenances were Yelm and Cathlamet. The provenance with the best log quality assessed through branchiness is Jefferson (Olympic Peninsula, western Washington). All the most promising provenances for western Slovenia (Central Europe) originate from the low-altitude western coast of Washington (WACO), with the Cathlamet provenance showing the best combination of good growth, survival rate, and log quality.
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Gessler A, Bottero A, Marshall J, Arend M. The way back: recovery of trees from drought and its implication for acclimation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1704-1709. [PMID: 32452535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Bottero
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogens ekologi och skötsel, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Matthias Arend
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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23
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Csilléry K, Buchmann N, Fady B. Adaptation to drought is coupled with slow growth, but independent from phenology in marginal silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) populations. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2357-2376. [PMID: 33042220 PMCID: PMC7539328 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the most important selection pressures for forest trees in the context of climate change. Yet, the different evolutionary mechanisms, and their environmental drivers, by which certain populations become more drought tolerant than others is still little understood. We studied adaptation to drought in 16 silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations from the French Mediterranean Alps by combining observations on seedlings from a greenhouse experiment (N = 8,199) and on adult tress in situ (N = 315). In the greenhouse, we followed half-sib families for four growing seasons for growth and phenology traits, and tested their water stress response in a "drought until death" experiment. Adult trees in the field were assessed for δ 13C, a proxy for water use efficiency, and genotyped at 357 SNP loci. SNP data was used to generate a null expectation for seedling trait divergence between populations in order to detect the signature of selection, and 31 environmental variables were used to identify the selective environment. We found that seedlings originating from populations with low soil water capacity grew more slowly, attained a smaller stature, and resisted water stress for a longer period of time in the greenhouse. Additionally, adult trees of these populations exhibited a higher water use efficiency as evidenced by their δ 13C. These results suggest a correlated evolution of the growth-drought tolerance trait complex. Population divergence in bud break phenology was adaptive only in the second growing season, and evolved independently from the growth-drought tolerance trait complex. Adaptive divergence in bud break phenology was principally driven by the inter- and intra-annual variation in temperature at the geographic origin of the population. Our results illustrate the different evolutionary strategies used by populations to cope with drought stress at the range limits across a highly heterogeneous landscape, and can be used to inform assisted migration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Csilléry
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Biodiversity & Conservation BiologySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Bruno Fady
- INRAEcology of Mediterranean Forests (URFM)UR629AvignonFrance
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24
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Gebauer R, Plichta R, Urban J, Volařík D, Hájíčková M. The resistance and resilience of European beech seedlings to drought stress during the period of leaf development. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1147-1164. [PMID: 32470134 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spring drought is becoming a frequently occurring stress factor in temperate forests. However, the understanding of tree resistance and resilience to the spring drought remains insufficient. In this study, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings at the early stage of leaf development were moderately and severely drought stressed for 1 month and then subjected to a 2-week recovery period after rewatering. The study aimed to disentangle the complex relationships between leaf gas exchange, vascular anatomy, tree morphology and patterns of biomass allocation. Stomatal conductance decreased by 80 and 85% upon moderate and severe drought stress, respectively, which brought about a decline in net photosynthesis. However, drought did not affect the indices of slow chlorophyll fluorescence, indicating no permanent damage to the light part of the photosynthetic apparatus. Stem hydraulic conductivity decreased by more than 92% at both drought levels. Consequently, the cambial activity of stressed seedlings declined, which led to lower stem biomass, reduced tree ring width and a lower number of vessels in the current tree ring, these latter also with smaller dimensions. In contrast, the petiole structure was not affected, but at the cost of reduced leaf biomass. Root biomass was reduced only by severe drought. After rewatering, the recovery of gas exchange and regrowth of the current tree ring were observed, all delayed by several days and by lower magnitudes in severely stressed seedlings. The reduced stem hydraulic conductivity inhibited the recovery of gas exchange, but xylem function started to recover by regrowth and refilling of embolized vessels. Despite the damage to conductive xylem, no mortality occurred. These results suggest the low resistance but high resilience of European beech to spring drought. Nevertheless, beech resilience could be weakened if the period between drought events is short, as the recovery of severely stressed seedlings took longer than 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Gebauer
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Urban
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Daniel Volařík
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hájíčková
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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25
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Guérin M, von Arx G, Martin-Benito D, Andreu-Hayles L, Griffin KL, McDowell NG, Pockman W, Gentine P. Distinct xylem responses to acute vs prolonged drought in pine trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:605-620. [PMID: 31976523 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing dryness challenges trees' ability to maintain water transport to the leaves. Most plant hydraulics models use a static xylem response to water stress. Yet, in reality, lower soil moisture and warmer temperatures during growing seasons feed back onto xylem development. In turn, adjustments to water stress in the newly built xylem influence future physiological responses to droughts. In this study, we investigate the annual variation of anatomical traits in branch xylem in response to different soil and atmospheric moisture conditions and tree stress levels, as indicated by seasonal predawn leaf water potential (ΨL,pd). We used a 6-year field experiment in southwestern USA with three soil water treatments applied to Pinus edulis Engelm trees-ambient, drought (45% rain reduction) and irrigation (15-35% annual water addition). All trees were also subject to a natural 1-year acute drought (soil and atmospheric) that occurred during the experiment. The irrigated trees showed only moderate changes in anatomy-derived hydraulic traits compared with the ambient trees, suggesting a generally stable, well-balanced xylem structure under unstressed conditions. The artificial prolonged soil drought increased hydraulic efficiency but lowered xylem construction costs and decreased tracheid implosion safety ((t/b)2), suggesting that annual adjustments of xylem structure follow a safety-efficiency trade-off. The acute drought plunged hydraulic efficiency across all treatments. The combination of acute and prolonged drought resulted in vulnerable and inefficient new xylem, disrupting the stability of the anatomical trade-off observed in the rest of the years. The xylem hydraulic traits showed no consistent direct link to ΨL,pd. In the future, changes in seasonality of soil and atmospheric moisture are likely to have a critical impact on the ability of P. edulis to acclimate its xylem to warmer climate. Furthermore, the increasing frequency of acute droughts might reduce hydraulic resilience of P. edulis by repeatedly creating vulnerable and less efficient anatomical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marceau Guérin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Georg von Arx
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Dario Martin-Benito
- INIA, CIFOR, Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laia Andreu-Hayles
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9 W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - William Pockman
- Biology Department, MSC03 202, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, Hogan Hall, 2910 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
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26
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Gebregeorgis EG, Robertson I, Koprowski M, Zhou LP, Gao P, Williams AP, Eshetu Z, Wils THG. Historical droughts recorded in extended Juniperus procera ring-width chronologies from the Ethiopian Highlands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2020; 64:739-753. [PMID: 32008098 PMCID: PMC7220890 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Horn of Africa, little is known about temporal changes in hydroclimate owing to the influence of multiple weather systems, the complex terrain, and the sparse instrumental records. Absolutely dated tree-ring records offer the potential to extend our understanding of climate into the pre-instrumental era, but tree-ring studies in this region, and indeed all of tropical Africa, have been rare largely due to lack of an annual climate cycle that reliably produces annual tree-rings. In this study, 40 cores were obtained from 31 Juniperus procera trees growing in the grounds of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo churches in the Gonder region of Ethiopia. The samples were cross-dated using a re-iterative process involving identifying anatomical features from high-resolution images. The tentative ring-width chronologies were revised after the determination of bomb-peak accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates. Individual series were significantly correlated to the respective master chronologies (r > 0.55; P < 0.05), and expressed population signal values ranged from 0.55 to 0.92. Historical drought years were successfully traced in the chronologies by pointer year analysis. This study confirms that Juniperus procera growing in areas of unimodal precipitation exhibits annual tree-rings and offers the potential as an indirect measure of past climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gebrehiwot Gebregeorgis
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - I Robertson
- Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - M Koprowski
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - L P Zhou
- Department of Geography, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - P Gao
- Department of Geography, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - A P Williams
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Z Eshetu
- Department of Earth Science, College of Life Science, Climate Science Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - T H G Wils
- Department of Geography, School of Teacher Training for Secondary Education, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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27
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Lange J, Carrer M, Pisaric MFJ, Porter TJ, Seo JW, Trouillier M, Wilmking M. Moisture-driven shift in the climate sensitivity of white spruce xylem anatomical traits is coupled to large-scale oscillation patterns across northern treeline in northwest North America. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1842-1856. [PMID: 31799729 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tree growth at northern treelines is generally temperature-limited due to cold and short growing seasons. However, temperature-induced drought stress was repeatedly reported for certain regions of the boreal forest in northwestern North America, provoked by a significant increase in temperature and possibly reinforced by a regime shift of the pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). The aim of this study is to better understand physiological growth reactions of white spruce, a dominant species of the North American boreal forest, to PDO regime shifts using quantitative wood anatomy and traditional tree-ring width (TRW) analysis. We investigated white spruce growth at latitudinal treeline across a >1,000 km gradient in northwestern North America. Functionally important xylem anatomical traits (lumen area, cell-wall thickness, cell number) and TRW were correlated with the drought-sensitive standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index of the growing season. Correlations were computed separately for complete phases of the PDO in the 20th century, representing alternating warm/dry (1925-1946), cool/wet (1947-1976) and again warm/dry (1977-1998) climate regimes. Xylem anatomical traits revealed water-limiting conditions in both warm/dry PDO regimes, while no or spatially contrasting associations were found for the cool/wet regime, indicating a moisture-driven shift in growth-limiting factors between PDO periods. TRW reflected only the last shift of 1976/1977, suggesting different climate thresholds and a higher sensitivity to moisture availability of xylem anatomical traits compared to TRW. This high sensitivity of xylem anatomical traits permits to identify first signs of moisture-driven growth in treeline white spruce at an early stage, suggesting quantitative wood anatomy being a powerful tool to study climate change effects in the northwestern North American treeline ecotone. Projected temperature increase might challenge growth performance of white spruce as a key component of the North American boreal forest biome in the future, when drier conditions are likely to occur with higher frequency and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lange
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department TESAF, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael F J Pisaric
- Department of Geography and Tourism Studies, Brock University, Saint Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor J Porter
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Jeong-Wook Seo
- Department of Wood & Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mario Trouillier
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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28
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Fonti MV, Fakhrutdinova VV, Kalinina EV, Tychkov II, Popkova MI, Shishov VV, Nikolaev AN. Long-Term Variability of Anatomic Features of Annual Tree Rings of Larch, Pine and Spruce in the Permafrost Zone in Central Siberia. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425519070035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Cabon A, Fernández-de-Uña L, Gea-Izquierdo G, Meinzer FC, Woodruff DR, Martínez-Vilalta J, De Cáceres M. Water potential control of turgor-driven tracheid enlargement in Scots pine at its xeric distribution edge. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:209-221. [PMID: 31461530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which water availability can be used to predict the enlargement and final dimensions of xylem conduits remains an open issue. We reconstructed the time course of tracheid enlargement in Pinus sylvestris trees in central Spain by repeated measurements of tracheid diameter on microcores sampled weekly during a 2 yr period. We analyzed the role of water availability in these dynamics empirically through time-series correlation analysis and mechanistically by building a model that simulates daily tracheid enlargement rate and duration based on Lockhart's equation and water potential as the sole input. Tracheid enlargement followed a sigmoid-like time course, which varied intra- and interannually. Our empirical analysis showed that final tracheid diameter was strongly related to water availability during tracheid enlargement. The mechanistic model was calibrated and successfully validated (R2 = 0.92) against the observed tracheid enlargement time course. The model was also able to reproduce the seasonal variations of tracheid enlargement rate, duration and final diameter (R2 = 0.84-0.99). Our results support the hypothesis that tracheid enlargement and final dimensions can be modeled based on the direct effect of water potential on turgor-driven cell expansion. We argue that such a mechanism is consistent with other reported patterns of tracheid dimension variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Cabon
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Solsona, 25280, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-de-Uña
- INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña km. 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- UMR Silva, AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, INRA, Nancy, 54000, France
| | | | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - David R Woodruff
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
| | - Miquel De Cáceres
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Solsona, 25280, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
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30
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Kalinina EV, Knorre AA, Fonti MV, Vaganov EA. Seasonal Formation of Tree Rings in Siberian Larch and Scots Pine in the Southern Taiga of Central Siberia. RUSS J ECOL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413619030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Tumajer J, Treml V. Disentangling the effects of disturbance, climate and tree age on xylem hydraulic conductivity of Betula pendula. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:783-792. [PMID: 30551134 PMCID: PMC6526315 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The increasing frequency of disturbances in temperate forests is responsible for the greater numbers of trees with mechanically damaged cambial zones. Adjustment of wood anatomical structure to balance between safe and efficient water conductivity is one mechanism trees employ to cope with mechanical damage. The relative role of disturbances, tree age and climate in shaping xylem conduits and affecting xylem hydraulic conductivity remains unknown. METHODS We performed an experiment with five different mechanical treatments simulating natural disturbances of juvenile Betula pendula trees (stem scarring, tilting, decapitation, root exposure and stem-base burial). After 3 years, trees were cut down, conduit size and density were measured, and specific hydraulic conductivity of each tree ring was calculated. Between-tree and between-year variability in xylem conductivity was decomposed into effects of tree age, climate and disturbances using linear mixed-effects models. KEY RESULTS Xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity decreased significantly after treatment in decapitated, tilted and scarred trees. In the last treatment, wood anatomical adjustment was restricted to the area next to the callus tissue zone; in contrast, specific hydraulic conductivity declined over the entire stem circumference after tilting or decapitation. The response of trees with buried stems and exposed roots was generally weak. The overall effect of disturbances on inter-annual variability of wood anatomical structure was greater than the contribution of tree age and climate. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that disturbances are important drivers of xylem hydraulic conductivity. Expected increases in the frequency and intensity of disturbances may alter the theoretical capacity of forest stands for water conductance with a feedback to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tumajer
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Treml
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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32
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Seidel H, Matiu M, Menzel A. Compensatory Growth of Scots Pine Seedlings Mitigates Impacts of Multiple Droughts Within and Across Years. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:519. [PMID: 31105722 PMCID: PMC6491932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tree seedling resistance to and recovery from abiotic stressors such as drought and warming are crucial for forest regeneration and persistence. Selection of more resilient provenances and their use in forest management programs might alleviate pressures of climate change on forest ecosystems. Scots pine forests in particular have suffered frequent drought-induced mortality, suggesting high vulnerability to extreme events. Here, we conducted an experiment using potted Scots pine seedlings from ten provenances of its south-western distribution range to investigate provenance-specific impacts of multiple drought events. Seedlings were grown under ambient and elevated temperatures for 1.5 years and were subjected to consecutive droughts during spring and summer. Growth (height, diameter, and needle) and spring phenology were monitored during the whole study period and complemented by biomass assessments (bud, needle, wood, and needle/wood ratio) as well as measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and of needle stable carbon isotope ratio. Phenology, growth and biomass parameters as well as carbon isotope ratio and their (direct) responses to reoccurring droughts differed between provenances, indicating genotypic adaptation. Seedling growth was plastic during drought with intra- and inter-annual compensatory growth after drought stress release (carryover effects), however, not fully compensating the initial impact. For (smaller) seedlings from southern/drier origins, sometimes greater drought resistance was observed which diminished under warmer conditions in the greenhouse. Warming increased diameter growth and advanced phenological development, which was (partly) delayed by drought in 2013, but advanced in 2014. Earlier phenology was linked to higher growth in 2013, but interestingly later phenology had positive effects on wood and needle biomass when subjected to drought. Lastly, stable carbon isotope ratios indicated a clear drought response of carbon assimilation. Drought-induced reduction of the photosystem II efficiency was only observed under warmer conditions but showed compensation under ambient temperatures. Besides these direct drought impacts, also interactive effects of previous drought events were shown, either reinforcing or sometimes attenuating the actual impact. Thus, depending on amount and timing of events, Scots pine seedlings, particularly from southern origins, might be well adapted and resilient to drought stress and should be considered when discussing assisted migration under changing climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Seidel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Matiu
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Earth Observation, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Annette Menzel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
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Mrak T, Štraus I, Grebenc T, Gričar J, Hoshika Y, Carriero G, Paoletti E, Kraigher H. Different belowground responses to elevated ozone and soil water deficit in three European oak species (Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens and Q. robur). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1310-1320. [PMID: 30360263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effects on roots due to ozone and/or soil water deficit often occur through diminished belowground allocation of carbon. Responses of root biomass, morphology, anatomy and ectomycorrhizal communities were investigated in seedlings of three oak species: Quercus ilex L., Q. pubescens Willd. and Q. robur L., exposed to combined effects of elevated ozone (ambient air and 1.4 × ambient air) and water deficit (100% and 10% irrigation relative to field capacity) for one growing season at a free-air ozone exposure facility. Effects on root biomass were observed as general reduction in coarse root biomass by -26.8% and in fine root biomass by -13.1% due to water deficit. Effect on coarse root biomass was the most prominent in Q. robur (-36.3%). Root morphological changes manifested as changes in proportions of fine root (<2 mm) diameter classes due to ozone and water deficit in Q. pubescens and due to water deficit in Q. robur. In addition, reduced fine root diameter (-8.49%) in Q. robur was observed under water deficit. Changes in root anatomy were observed as increased vessel density (+18.5%) due to ozone in all three species, as reduced vessel tangential diameter (-46.7%) in Q. ilex due to interaction of ozone and water, and as generally increased bark to secondary xylem ratio (+47.0%) due to interaction of ozone and water. Water deficit influenced occurrence of distinct growth ring boundaries in roots of Q. ilex and Q. robur. It shifted the ectomycorrhizal community towards dominance of stress-resistant species, with reduced relative abundance of Tomentella sp. 2 and increased relative abundances of Sphaerosporella brunnea and Thelephora sp. Our results provide evidence that expression of stress effects varies between root traits; therefore the combined analysis of root traits is necessary to obtain a complete picture of belowground responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Mrak
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ines Štraus
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Giulia Carriero
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Hojka Kraigher
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
The general aim of this research was to determine whether the cherry root cambium possesses similar water-stress adaptation abilities as the scion. Specifically, this study aimed to determine whether there is a shift in root xylem structure due to precipitation fluctuations and temperature increase during the growing season in two cherry species. Oblačinska sour cherry and European ground cherry roots with secondary structure were anatomically surveyed in detail, and correlated with meteorological conditions occurring during the vegetation when the roots were formed. Under environmental signals, both investigated species altered their radial root growth imprinting stops and starts in a cambial activity that resulted in the occurrence of intra-annual false growth rings. Changing environmental conditions triggered the shifts of large and small vessels throughout the false growth rings, but their size seemed to be mainly genetically controlled. Taking into consideration all the above, genotypes with moderate vessel lumen area—lesser or around 1200 μm2 in the inner zone, as well as no greater than 1500 μm2 in the outer zone—are presumed to be both size-controlling and stable upon the drought events. Thus, further field trials will be focused on the SV2 European ground cherry genotype, and OV13, OV32, and OV34 Oblačinska sour cherry genotypes.
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Fernández-de-Uña L, Aranda I, Rossi S, Fonti P, Cañellas I, Gea-Izquierdo G. Divergent phenological and leaf gas exchange strategies of two competing tree species drive contrasting responses to drought at their altitudinal boundary. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1152-1165. [PMID: 29718459 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Mediterranean mountains, Pinus sylvestris L. is expected to be displaced under a warming climate by more drought-tolerant species such as the sub-Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Understanding how environmental factors drive tree physiology and phenology is, therefore, essential to assess the effect of changing climatic conditions on the performance of these species and, ultimately, their distribution. We compared the cambial and leaf phenology and leaf gas exchange of Q. pyrenaica and P. sylvestris at their altitudinal boundary in Central Spain and assessed the environmental variables involved. Results indicate that P. sylvestris cambial phenology was more sensitive to weather conditions (temperature at the onset and water deficit at the end of the growing season) than Q. pyrenaica. On the other hand, Q. pyrenaica cambial and leaf phenology were synchronized and driven by photoperiod and temperatures. Pinus sylvestris showed lower photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency and higher intrinsic water-use efficiency than Q. pyrenaica as a result of a tighter stomatal control in response to summer dry conditions, despite its less negative midday leaf water potentials. These phenological and leaf gas exchange responses evidence a stronger sensitivity to drought of P. sylvestris than that of Q. pyrenaica, which may therefore hold a competitive advantage over P. sylvestris under the predicted increase in recurrence and intensity of drought events. On the other hand, both species could benefit from warmer springs through an advanced phenology, although this effect could be limited in Q. pyrenaica if it maintains a photoperiod control over the onset of xylogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-de-Uña
- INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña, km 7.5, Madrid, Spain
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, INRA Grand Est-Nancy, Rue d'Amance, Champenoux, France
| | | | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (QC), Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 111 Zürcherstrasse, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Babushkina EA, Belokopytova LV, Kostyakova TV, Kokova VI. Earlywood and Latewood Features of Pinus sylvestris in Semiarid Natural Zones of South Siberia. RUSS J ECOL+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413618030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Meigel FJ, Alim K. Flow rate of transport network controls uniform metabolite supply to tissue. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180075. [PMID: 29720455 PMCID: PMC6000175 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Life and functioning of higher organisms depends on the continuous supply of metabolites to tissues and organs. What are the requirements on the transport network pervading a tissue to provide a uniform supply of nutrients, minerals or hormones? To theoretically answer this question, we present an analytical scaling argument and numerical simulations on how flow dynamics and network architecture control active spread and uniform supply of metabolites by studying the example of xylem vessels in plants. We identify the fluid inflow rate as the key factor for uniform supply. While at low inflow rates metabolites are already exhausted close to flow inlets, too high inflow flushes metabolites through the network and deprives tissue close to inlets of supply. In between these two regimes, there exists an optimal inflow rate that yields a uniform supply of metabolites. We determine this optimal inflow analytically in quantitative agreement with numerical results. Optimizing network architecture by reducing the supply variance over all network tubes, we identify patterns of tube dilation or contraction that compensate sub-optimal supply for the case of too low or too high inflow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Meigel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karen Alim
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Hudson PJ, Limousin JM, Krofcheck DJ, Boutz AL, Pangle RE, Gehres N, McDowell NG, Pockman WT. Impacts of long-term precipitation manipulation on hydraulic architecture and xylem anatomy of piñon and juniper in Southwest USA. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:421-435. [PMID: 29215745 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic architecture imposes a fundamental control on water transport, underpinning plant productivity, and survival. The extent to which hydraulic architecture of mature trees acclimates to chronic drought is poorly understood, limiting accuracy in predictions of forest responses to future droughts. We measured seasonal shoot hydraulic performance for multiple years to assess xylem acclimation in mature piñon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) after 3+ years of precipitation manipulation. Our treatments consisted of water addition (+20% ambient precipitation), partial precipitation-exclusion (-45% ambient precipitation), and exclusion-structure control. Supplemental watering elevated leaf water potential, sapwood-area specific hydraulic conductivity, and leaf-area specific hydraulic conductivity relative to precipitation exclusion. Shifts in allocation of leaf area to sapwood area enhanced differences between irrigated and droughted KL in piñon but not juniper. Piñon and juniper achieved similar KL under ambient conditions, but juniper matched or outperformed piñon in all physiological measurements under both increased and decreased precipitation treatments. Embolism vulnerability and xylem anatomy were unaffected by treatments in either species. Absence of significant acclimation combined with inferior performance for both hydraulic transport and safety suggests piñon has greater risk of local extirpation if aridity increases as predicted in the southwestern USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hudson
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - J M Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - D J Krofcheck
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - A L Boutz
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - R E Pangle
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - N Gehres
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - N G McDowell
- Earth Systems Analysis and Modeling, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - W T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
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Popkova MI, Vaganov EA, Shishov VV, Babushkina EA, Rossi S, Fonti MV, Fonti P. Modeled Tracheidograms Disclose Drought Influence on Pinus sylvestris Tree-Rings Structure From Siberian Forest-Steppe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1144. [PMID: 30127799 PMCID: PMC6088211 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation allows trees to adjust in a changing climate. Understanding what determine its adjustment is crucial to evaluate impacts of climatic changes on trees and forests growth. Despite efforts to characterize wood formation, little is known on its impact on the xylem cellular structure. In this study we apply the Vaganov-Shashkin model to generate synthetic tracheidograms and verify its use to investigate the formation of intra-annual density fluctuations (IADF), one of the most frequent climate tree-ring markers in drought-exposed sites. Results indicate that the model can produce realistic tracheidograms, except for narrow rings (<1 mm), when cambial activity stops due to an excess of drought or a lack of growth vigor. These observations suggest that IADFs are caused by a release of drought limitation to cells formation in the first half of the growing season, but that narrow rings are indicators of an even more extreme and persistent water stress. Taking the example of IADFs formation, this study demonstrated that the Vaganov-Shashkin model is a useful tool to study the climatic impact on tree-ring structures. The ability to produce synthetic tracheidogram represents an unavoidable step to link climate to tree growth and xylem functioning under future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita I. Popkova
- Department of Mathematical Methods and Information Technology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- *Correspondence: Margarita I. Popkova, Patrick Fonti,
| | - Eugene A. Vaganov
- Siberian Federal University, Rectorate, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Shishov
- Department of Mathematical Methods and Information Technology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- LE STUDIUM Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
| | | | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marina V. Fonti
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Patrick Fonti
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Landscape Dynamics, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Margarita I. Popkova, Patrick Fonti,
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Buras A, Menzel A. Projecting Tree Species Composition Changes of European Forests for 2061-2090 Under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 Scenarios. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1986. [PMID: 30687375 PMCID: PMC6337730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses certain threats to the World's forests. That is, tree performance declines if species-specific, climatic thresholds are surpassed. Prominent climatic changes negatively affecting tree performance are mainly associated with so-called hotter droughts. In combination with biotic pathogens, hotter droughts cause a higher tree vulnerability and thus mortality. As a consequence, global forests are expected to undergo vast changes in the course of climate change. Changed climatic conditions may on the one hand locally result in more frequent dieback of a particular tree species but on the other hand allow other-locally yet absent species-to establish themselves, thereby potentially changing local tree-species diversity. Although several studies provide valuable insights into potential risks of prominent European tree species, we yet lack a comprehensive assessment on how and to which extent the composition of European forests may change. To overcome this research gap, we here project future tree-species compositions of European forests. We combine the concept of climate analogs with national forest inventory data to project the tree-species composition for the 26 most important European tree species at any given location in Europe for the period 2061-2090 and the two most relevant CMIP5 scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Our results indicate significant changes in European forests species compositions. Species richness generally declined in the Mediterranean and Central European lowlands, while Scandinavian and Central European high-elevation forests were projected an increasing diversity. Moreover, 76% (RCP 4.5) and 80% (RCP 8.5) of the investigated locations indicated a decreasing abundance of the locally yet most abundant tree species while 74 and 68% were projected an increasing tree-species diversity. Altogether, our study confirms the expectation of European forests undergoing remarkable changes until the end of the 21st century (i.e., 2061-2090) and provides a scientific basement for climate change adaptation with important implications for forestry and nature conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Buras
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Land-Surface-Atmosphere-Interactions, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Allan Buras,
| | - Annette Menzel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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41
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Warming Effects on Pinus sylvestris in the Cold–Dry Siberian Forest–Steppe: Positive or Negative Balance of Trade? FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8120490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Effects of Drought on Xylem Anatomy and Water-Use Efficiency of Two Co-Occurring Pine Species. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fernández-de-Uña L, Rossi S, Aranda I, Fonti P, González-González BD, Cañellas I, Gea-Izquierdo G. Xylem and Leaf Functional Adjustments to Drought in Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica at Their Elevational Boundary. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 28744292 PMCID: PMC5504171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Climatic scenarios for the Mediterranean region forecast increasing frequency and intensity of drought events. Consequently, a reduction in Pinus sylvestris L. distribution range is projected within the region, with this species being outcompeted at lower elevations by more drought-tolerant taxa such as Quercus pyrenaica Willd. The functional response of these species to the projected shifts in water availability will partially determine their performance and, thus, their competitive success under these changing climatic conditions. We studied how the cambial and leaf phenology and xylem anatomy of these two species responded to a 3-year rainfall exclusion experiment set at their elevational boundary in Central Spain. Additionally, P. sylvestris leaf gas exchange, water potential and carbon isotope content response to the treatment were measured. Likewise, we assessed inter-annual variability in the studied functional traits under control and rainfall exclusion conditions. Prolonged exposure to drier conditions did not affect the onset of xylogenesis in either of the studied species, whereas xylem formation ceased 1-3 weeks earlier in P. sylvestris. The rainfall exclusion had, however, no effect on leaf phenology on either species, which suggests that cambial phenology is more sensitive to drought than leaf phenology. P. sylvestris formed fewer, but larger tracheids under dry conditions and reduced the proportion of latewood in the tree ring. On the other hand, Q. pyrenaica did not suffer earlywood hydraulic diameter changes under rainfall exclusion, but experienced a cumulative reduction in latewood width, which could ultimately challenge its hydraulic performance. The phenological and anatomical response of the studied species to drought is consistent with a shift in resource allocation under drought stress from xylem to other sinks. Additionally, the tighter stomatal control and higher intrinsic water use efficiency observed in drought-stressed P. sylvestris may eventually limit carbon uptake in this species. Our results suggest that both species are potentially vulnerable to the forecasted increase in drought stress, although P. sylvestris might experience a higher risk of drought-induced decline at its low elevational limit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimi, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Isabel Cañellas
- Department of Silviculture and Management of Forest Systems, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
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Prendin AL, Petit G, Carrer M, Fonti P, Björklund J, von Arx G. New research perspectives from a novel approach to quantify tracheid wall thickness. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:976-983. [PMID: 28379577 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of xylem cell anatomical features in dated tree rings provides insights into xylem functional responses and past growth conditions at intra-annual resolution. So far, special focus has been given to the lumen of the water-conducting cells, whereas the equally relevant cell wall thickness (CWT) has been less investigated due to methodological limitations. Here we present a novel approach to measure tracheid CWT in high-resolution images of wood cross-sections that is implemented within the specialized image-analysis tool 'ROXAS'. Compared with the traditional manual line measurements along a selection of few radial files, this novel image-analysis tool can: (i) measure CWT of all tracheids in a tree-ring cross-section, thus increasing the number of individual tracheid measurements by a factor of ~10-20; (ii) measure the tangential and radial walls separately; and (iii) laterally integrate the measurements in a customizable way from only the thinnest central part of the cell walls up to the thickest part of the tracheids at the corners. Cell wall thickness measurements performed with our novel approach and the traditional manual approach showed comparable accuracy for several image resolutions, with an optimal accuracy-efficiency balance at 100× magnification. The configurable settings intended to underscore different cell wall properties indeed changed the absolute levels and intra- and inter-annual patterns of CWT. This versatility, together with the high data production capacity, allows to tailor the measurements of CWT to the specific goal of each study, which opens new research perspectives, e.g., for investigating structure-function relationships, tree stress responses and carbon allocation patterns, and for reconstructing climate based on intra- and inter-annual variability of anatomical wood density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Luisa Prendin
- Department TeSAF - Department of Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Department TeSAF - Department of Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department TeSAF - Department of Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jesper Björklund
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Bvd Carl Vogt, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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45
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Carrer M, Castagneri D, Prendin AL, Petit G, von Arx G. Retrospective Analysis of Wood Anatomical Traits Reveals a Recent Extension in Tree Cambial Activity in Two High-Elevation Conifers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:737. [PMID: 28533792 PMCID: PMC5420594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of xylogenesis or wood formation is a powerful, yet labor intensive monitoring approach to investigate intra-annual tree growth responses to environmental factors. However, it seldom covers more than a few growing seasons, so is in contrast to the much longer lifespan of woody plants and the time scale of many environmental processes. Here we applied a novel retrospective approach to test the long-term (1926-2012) consistency in the timing of onset and ending of cambial activity, and in the maximum cambial cell division rate in two conifer species, European larch and Norway spruce at high-elevation in the Alps. We correlated daily temperature with time series of cell number and lumen area partitioned into intra-annual sectors. For both species, we found a good correspondence (1-10 days offset) between the periods when anatomical traits had significant correlations with temperature in recent decades (1969-2012) and available xylogenesis data (1996-2005), previously collected at the same site. Yet, results for the 1926-1968 period indicate a later onset and earlier ending of the cambial activity by 6-30 days. Conversely, the peak in the correlation between annual cell number and temperature, which should correspond to the peak in secondary growth rate, was quite stable over time, with just a minor advance of 4-5 days in the recent decades. Our analyses on time series of wood anatomical traits proved useful to infer on past long-term changes in xylogenetic phases. Combined with intensive continuous monitoring, our approach will improve the understanding of tree responses to climate variability in both the short- and long-term context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carrer
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Castagneri
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Angela L. Prendin
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universitá degli Studi di PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental SciencesGeneva, Switzerland
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Colangelo M, Camarero JJ, Battipaglia G, Borghetti M, De Micco V, Gentilesca T, Ripullone F. A multi-proxy assessment of dieback causes in a Mediterranean oak species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:617-631. [PMID: 28338766 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress causes forest dieback that is often explained by two interrelated mechanisms, namely hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. However, it is still unclear which functional and structural alterations, related to these mechanisms, predispose to dieback. Here we apply a multi-proxy approach for the characterization of tree structure (radial growth, wood anatomy) and functioning (δ13C, δ18O and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs)) in tree rings before and after drought-induced dieback. We aim to discriminate which is the main mechanism and to assess which variables can act as early-warning proxies of drought-triggered damage. The study was tailored in southern Italy in two forests (i.e., San Paolo (SP) and Oriolo (OR)) where declining and non-declining trees of a ring-porous tree species (Quercus frainetto Ten.) showing anisohydric behavior coexist. Both stands showed growth decline in response to warm and dry spring conditions, although the onset of dieback was shifted between them (2002 in SP and 2009 in OR). Declining trees displayed a sharp growth drop after this onset with reductions of 49% and 44% at SP and OR sites, respectively. Further, contrary to what we expected, declining trees showed a lower intrinsic water-use efficiency compared with non-declining trees after the dieback onset (with reductions of 9.7% and 5.6% at sites SP and OR, respectively), due to enhanced water loss through transpiration, as indicated by the lower δ18O values. This was more noticeable at the most drought-affected SP stand. Sapwood NSCs did not differ between declining and non-declining trees, indicating no carbon starvation in affected trees. Thus, the characterized structural and functional alterations partially support the hydraulic failure mechanism of dieback. Finally, we show that growth data are reliable early-warning proxies of drought-triggered dieback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Colangelo
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
- École Pratique des Hautes Études (PALECO EPHE), Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, University of Montpellier 2, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marco Borghetti
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Veronica De Micco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Tiziana Gentilesca
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Ripullone
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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47
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von Arx G, Arzac A, Fonti P, Frank D, Zweifel R, Rigling A, Galiano L, Gessler A, Olano JM. Responses of sapwood ray parenchyma and non‐structural carbohydrates of
Pinus sylvestris
to drought and long‐term irrigation. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Alberto Arzac
- School of Ecology and Geography Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny pr 660041 Krasnoyarsk Russia
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad del País Vasco Barrio Sarriena s/n E–48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - David Frank
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson AZ85721 USA
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Lucia Galiano
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- SwissForestLab Zuercherstrasse 111 CH‐8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - José Miguel Olano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales EU de Ingenierías Agrarias iuFOR‐Universidad de Valladolid Campus Duques de Soria 42004 Soria Spain
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48
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Lavrič M, Eler K, Ferlan M, Vodnik D, Gričar J. Chronological Sequence of Leaf Phenology, Xylem and Phloem Formation and Sap Flow of Quercus pubescens from Abandoned Karst Grasslands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:314. [PMID: 28321232 PMCID: PMC5337753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intra-annual variations in leaf development, radial growth, including the phloem part, and sap flow have rarely been studied in deciduous trees from drought-prone environments. In order to understand better the chronological order and temporal course of these processes, we monitored leaf phenology, xylem and phloem formation and sap flow in Quercus pubescens from abandoned karst grasslands in Slovenia during the growing season of 2014. We found that the initial earlywood vessel formation started before bud opening at the beginning of April. Buds started to open in the second half of April and full leaf unfolding occurred by the end of May. LAI values increased correspondingly with leaf development. About 28% of xylem and 22% of phloem annual increment were formed by the time of bud break. Initial earlywood vessels were fully lignified and ready for water transport, indicating that they are essential to provide hydraulic conductivity for axial water flow during leaf development. Sap flow became active and increasing contemporarily with leaf development and LAI values. Similar early spring patterns of xylem sap flow and LAI denoted that water transport in oaks broadly followed canopy leaf area development. In the initial 3 weeks of radial growth, phloem growth preceded that of xylem, indicating its priority over xylem at the beginning of the growing season. This may be related to the fact that after bud break, the developing foliage is a very large sink for carbohydrates but, at the same time, represents a small transpirational area. Whether the interdependence of the chronological sequence of the studied processes is fixed in Q. pubescens needs to be confirmed with more data and several years of analyses, although the 'correct sequence' of processes is essential for synchronized plant performance and response to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lavrič
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Eler
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Forest Ecology, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Ferlan
- Department of Forest Ecology, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominik Vodnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
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49
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Borghetti M, Gentilesca T, Leonardi S, van Noije T, Rita A, Mencuccini M. Long-term temporal relationships between environmental conditions and xylem functional traits: a meta-analysis across a range of woody species along climatic and nitrogen deposition gradients. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:4-17. [PMID: 28173594 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to provide a quantitative description of the long-term effects of environmental variability on xylem functional traits, in order to better assess xylem capacity to change in response to climate change. Twenty-six sites throughout the world, primarily in Europe, were chosen where results from long-term measurements of anatomical traits were previously published. Published data on long-term xylem anatomy (conduit size and density) and ring width variability were compiled across a range of tree species, which was subsequently related to variability in temperature, precipitation and nitrogen deposition rates across the study sites using generalized additive models and Bayesian methods. We found some appreciable relationships between xylem traits (conduit area Ac and conduit density Dc) and environmental variables; whereas combined trait indices (lumen fraction: Ac × Dc and vessel composition: Ac/Dc) were found to be rather constant across a wide range of environmental conditions and to be decoupled from tree growth rates. Overall, results suggested xylem traits coordinated towards a homeostasis in xylem function, which appeared to act across a wide range of environmental conditions. Results showed also nitrogen deposition was associated with xylem traits and vessel composition: increased nitrogen availability due to nitrogen deposition might facilitate construction of a xylem structure efficient for water transport, and concurrently provide capacity to withstand the risks of drought-induced embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Borghetti
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tiziana Gentilesca
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, Italy
| | - Stefano Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, viale Usberti 11, Parma, Italy
| | - Twan van Noije
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), AE De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo Rita
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, Italy
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50
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Ziaco E, Biondi F, Heinrich I. Wood Cellular Dendroclimatology: Testing New Proxies in Great Basin Bristlecone Pine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1602. [PMID: 27826315 PMCID: PMC5078726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dendroclimatic proxies can be generated from the analysis of wood cellular structures, allowing for a more complete understanding of the physiological mechanisms that control the climatic response of tree species. Century-long (1870-2013) time series of anatomical parameters were developed for Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey) by capturing strongly contrasted microscopic images through a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope. Environmental information embedded in wood anatomical series was analyzed in comparison with ring-width series using measures of empirical signal strength. Response functions were calculated against monthly climatic variables to evaluate climate sensitivity of cellular features (e.g., lumen area; lumen diameter) for the period 1950-2013. Calibration-verification tests were used to determine the potential to generate long climate reconstructions from these anatomical proxies. A total of eight tree-ring parameters (two ring-width and six chronologies of xylem anatomical parameters) were analyzed. Synchronous variability among samples varied among tree-ring parameters, usually decreasing from ring-width to anatomical features. Cellular parameters linked to plant hydraulic performance (e.g., tracheid lumen area and radial lumen diameter) showed empirical signal strength similar to ring-width series, while noise was predominant in chronologies of lumen tangential width and cell wall thickness. Climatic signals were different between anatomical and ring-width chronologies, revealing a positive and temporally stable correlation of tracheid size (i.e., lumen and cell diameter) with monthly (i.e., March) and seasonal precipitation. In particular, tracheid lumen diameter emerged as a reliable moisture indicator and was then used to reconstruct total March-August precipitation from 1870 to 2013. Wood anatomy holds great potential to refine and expand dendroclimatic records by allowing estimates of plant physiological adaptations to external stressors. Integrating xylem cellular features with ring-width chronologies can widen our understanding of past climatic variability (including annual extreme events) and improve the evaluation of long-term plant response to drought, especially in connection with future warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Heinrich
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesPotsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geography, Humboldt-UniversityBerlin, Germany
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