1
|
Singh K, Gupta R, Shokat S, Iqbal N, Kocsy G, Pérez-Pérez JM, Riyazuddin R. Ascorbate, plant hormones and their interactions during plant responses to biotic stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14388. [PMID: 38946634 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Plants can experience a variety of environmental stresses that significantly impact their fitness and survival. Additionally, biotic stress can harm agriculture, leading to reduced crop yields and economic losses worldwide. As a result, plants have developed defense strategies to combat potential invaders. These strategies involve regulating redox homeostasis. Several studies have documented the positive role of plant antioxidants, including Ascorbate (Asc), under biotic stress conditions. Asc is a multifaceted antioxidant that scavenges ROS, acts as a co-factor for different enzymes, regulates gene expression, and facilitates iron transport. However, little attention has been given to Asc and its transport, regulatory effects, interplay with phytohormones, and involvement in defense processes under biotic stress. Asc interacts with other components of the redox system and phytohormones to activate various defense responses that reduce the growth of plant pathogens and promote plant growth and development under biotic stress conditions. Scientific reports indicate that Asc can significantly contribute to plant resistance against biotic stress through mutual interactions with components of the redox and hormonal systems. This review focuses on the role of Asc in enhancing plant resistance against pathogens. Further research is necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular regulatory processes involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpita Singh
- Department of Biological Resources, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Sajid Shokat
- Section for Crop Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kocsy
- Department of Biological Resources, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), Martonvásár, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Foyer CH, Kunert K. The ascorbate-glutathione cycle coming of age. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2682-2699. [PMID: 38243395 PMCID: PMC11066808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Concepts regarding the operation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the associated water/water cycle in the processing of metabolically generated hydrogen peroxide and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well established in the literature. However, our knowledge of the functions of these cycles and their component enzymes continues to grow and evolve. Recent insights include participation in the intrinsic environmental and developmental signalling pathways that regulate plant growth, development, and defence. In addition to ROS processing, the enzymes of the two cycles not only support the functions of ascorbate and glutathione, they also have 'moonlighting' functions. They are subject to post-translational modifications and have an extensive interactome, particularly with other signalling proteins. In this assessment of current knowledge, we highlight the central position of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the network of cellular redox systems that underpin the energy-sensitive communication within the different cellular compartments and integrate plant signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karl Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 2001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baldet P, Mori K, Decros G, Beauvoit B, Colombié S, Prigent S, Pétriacq P, Gibon Y. Multi-regulated GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase calls the tune in ascorbate biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2631-2643. [PMID: 38349339 PMCID: PMC11066804 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbate is involved in numerous vital processes, in particular in response to abiotic but also biotic stresses whose frequency and amplitude increase with climate change. Ascorbate levels vary greatly depending on species, tissues, or stages of development, but also in response to stress. Since its discovery, the ascorbate biosynthetic pathway has been intensely studied and it appears that GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) is the enzyme with the greatest role in the control of ascorbate biosynthesis. Like other enzymes of this pathway, its expression is induced by various environmental and also developmental factors. Although mRNAs encoding it are among the most abundant in the transcriptome, the protein is only present in very small quantities. In fact, GGP translation is repressed by a negative feedback mechanism involving a small open reading frame located upstream of the coding sequence (uORF). Moreover, its activity is inhibited by a PAS/LOV type photoreceptor, the action of which is counteracted by blue light. Consequently, this multi-level regulation of GGP would allow fine control of ascorbate synthesis. Indeed, experiments varying the expression of GGP have shown that it plays a central role in response to stress. This new understanding will be useful for developing varieties adapted to future environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Baldet
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Guillaume Decros
- Max Planck-Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smirnoff N, Wheeler GL. The ascorbate biosynthesis pathway in plants is known, but there is a way to go with understanding control and functions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2604-2630. [PMID: 38300237 PMCID: PMC11066809 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is one of the most abundant primary metabolites in plants. Its complex chemistry enables it to function as an antioxidant, as a free radical scavenger, and as a reductant for iron and copper. Ascorbate biosynthesis occurs via the mannose/l-galactose pathway in green plants, and the evidence for this pathway being the major route is reviewed. Ascorbate accumulation is leaves is responsive to light, reflecting various roles in photoprotection. GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) is the first dedicated step in the pathway and is important in controlling ascorbate synthesis. Its expression is determined by a combination of transcription and translation. Translation is controlled by an upstream open reading frame (uORF) which blocks translation of the main GGP-coding sequence, possibly in an ascorbate-dependent manner. GGP associates with a PAS-LOV protein, inhibiting its activity, and dissociation is induced by blue light. While low ascorbate mutants are susceptible to oxidative stress, they grow nearly normally. In contrast, mutants lacking ascorbate do not grow unless rescued by supplementation. Further research should investigate possible basal functions of ascorbate in severely deficient plants involving prevention of iron overoxidation in 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and iron mobilization during seed development and germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mishra S, Sharma A, Srivastava AK. Ascorbic acid: a metabolite switch for designing stress-smart crops. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38163756 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2286428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity are continually being challenged by a diverse array of abiotic stresses, including: water scarcity, extreme temperatures, heavy metal exposure, and soil salinity. A common theme in these stresses is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which disrupts cellular redox homeostasis causing oxidative damage. Ascorbic acid (AsA), commonly known as vitamin C, is an essential nutrient for humans, and also plays a crucial role in the plant kingdom. AsA is synthesized by plants through the d-mannose/l-galactose pathway that functions as a powerful antioxidant and protects plant cells from ROS generated during photosynthesis. AsA controls several key physiological processes, including: photosynthesis, respiration, and carbohydrate metabolism, either by acting as a co-factor for metabolic enzymes or by regulating cellular redox-status. AsA's multi-functionality uniquely positions it to integrate and recalibrate redox-responsive transcriptional/metabolic circuits and essential biological processes, in accordance to developmental and environmental cues. In recognition of this, we present a systematic overview of current evidence highlighting AsA as a central metabolite-switch in plants. Further, a comprehensive overview of genetic manipulation of genes involved in AsA metabolism has been provided along with the bottlenecks and future research directions, that could serve as a framework for designing "stress-smart" crops in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Mishra
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankush Sharma
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang T, Hu H, Wang Z, Feng T, Yu L, Zhang J, Gao W, Zhou Y, Sun M, Liu P, Zhong K, Chen Z, Chen J, Li W, Yang J. Wheat yellow mosaic virus NIb targets TaVTC2 to elicit broad-spectrum pathogen resistance in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1073-1088. [PMID: 36715229 PMCID: PMC10106851 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (VTC2) catalyses the conversion of GDP-L-galactose to L-galactose-1-P, a vital step of ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in plants. AsA is well known for its function in the amelioration of oxidative stress caused by most pathogen infection, but its function against viral infection remains unclear. Here, we have identified a VTC2 gene in wheat named as TaVTC2 and investigated its function in association with the wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) infection. Our results showed that overexpression of TaVTC2 significantly increased viral accumulation, whereas knocking down TaVTC2 inhibited the viral infection in wheat, suggesting a positive regulation on viral infection by TaVTC2. Moreover, less AsA was produced in TaVTC2 knocking down plants (TaVTC2-RNAi) which due to the reduction in TaVTC2 expression and subsequently in TaVTC2 activity, resulting in a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in leaves. Furthermore, the enhanced WYMV resistance in TaVTC2-RNAi plants was diminished by exogenously applied AsA. We further demonstrated that WYMV NIb directly bound to TaVTC2 and inhibited TaVTC2 enzymatic activity in vitro. The effect of TaVTC2 on ROS scavenge was suppressed by NIb in a dosage-dependent manner, indicating the ROS scavenging was highly regulated by the interaction of TaVTC2 with NIb. Furthermore, TaVTC2 RNAi plants conferred broad-spectrum disease resistance. Therefore, the data indicate that TaVTC2 recruits WYMV NIb to down-regulate its own enzymatic activity, reducing AsA accumulation to elicit a burst of ROS which confers the resistance to WYMV infection. Thus, a new mechanism of the formation of plant innate immunity was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Haichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | | | - Lu Yu
- Guizhou UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meihao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life ScienceZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaChina
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Kaili Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - ZhiHui Chen
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hao K, Yang M, Cui Y, Jiao Z, Gao X, Du Z, Wang Z, An M, Xia Z, Wu Y. Transcriptomic and Functional Analyses Reveal the Different Roles of Vitamins C, E, and K in Regulating Viral Infections in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098012. [PMID: 37175719 PMCID: PMC10178231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), one of the most important maize viral diseases, is caused by maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) infection in combination with a potyvirid, such as sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). However, the resistance mechanism of maize to MLN remains largely unknown. In this study, we obtained isoform expression profiles of maize after SCMV and MCMV single and synergistic infection (S + M) via comparative analysis of SMRT- and Illumina-based RNA sequencing. A total of 15,508, 7567, and 2378 differentially expressed isoforms (DEIs) were identified in S + M, MCMV, and SCMV libraries, which were primarily involved in photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and some pathways related to disease resistance. The results of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assays revealed that silencing of a vitamin C biosynthesis-related gene, ZmGalDH or ZmAPX1, promoted viral infections, while silencing ZmTAT or ZmNQO1, the gene involved in vitamin E or K biosynthesis, inhibited MCMV and S + M infections, likely by regulating the expressions of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Moreover, the relationship between viral infections and expression of the above four genes in ten maize inbred lines was determined. We further demonstrated that the exogenous application of vitamin C could effectively suppress viral infections, while vitamins E and K promoted MCMV infection. These findings provide novel insights into the gene regulatory networks of maize in response to MLN, and the roles of vitamins C, E, and K in conditioning viral infections in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Miaoren Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yakun Cui
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinran Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhichao Du
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mengnan An
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zu Y, Miyagi A, Hashida SN, Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi M, Kawai-Yamada M. Loss of chloroplast-localized NAD kinase causes ROS stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:97-106. [PMID: 36367584 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast-localized NAD kinase (NADK2) is responsible for the production of NADP+, which is an electron acceptor in the linear electron flow of photosynthesis. The Arabidopsis T-DNA-inserted mutant of NADK2 (nadk2) showed delayed growth and pale-green leaves under continuous light conditions. Under short-day conditions (8 h light / 16 h dark), the nadk2 mutant showed more severe growth inhibition.The genomic fragment containing the promoter and coding region of NADK2 complemented the phenotypes of nadk2 obtained under continuous light and short-day conditions. The nadk2 mutant produced higher amounts of H2O2 and O2-, which were reduced in the complementary line. Under short-day conditions, the nadk2 mutant accumulated more H2O2 than under continuous light conditions. The accumulation of ascorbate and up-regulation of the PDF1.2 and PR1 genes indicated that the nadk2 mutant is under ROS stress and responding to keep its living activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zu
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
- Graduate School of Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-Machi, , Tsuruoka-Shi, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Hashida
- Sustainable Systems Research Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Chemistry Research Division, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu J, Liu M, Zhang A, Dai Y, Chen W, Chen F, Wang W, Shen D, Telebanco-Yanoria MJ, Ren B, Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhou B, Wang P, Zhang Z. Co-evolved plant and blast fungus ascorbate oxidases orchestrate the redox state of host apoplast to modulate rice immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1347-1366. [PMID: 35799449 PMCID: PMC11163382 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apoplastic ascorbate oxidases (AOs) play a critical role in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated innate host immunity by regulating the apoplast redox state. To date, little is known about how apoplastic effectors of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae modulate the apoplast redox state of rice to subvert plant immunity. In this study, we demonstrated that M. oryzae MoAo1 is an AO that plays a role in virulence by modulating the apoplast redox status of rice cells. We showed that MoAo1 inhibits the activity of rice OsAO3 and OsAO4, which also regulate the apoplast redox status and plant immunity. In addition, we found that MoAo1, OsAO3, and OsAO4 all exhibit polymorphic variations whose varied interactions orchestrate pathogen virulence and rice immunity. Taken together, our results reveal a critical role for extracellular redox enzymes during rice blast infection and shed light on the importance of the apoplast redox state and its regulation in plant-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenya Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanbin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao Y, Vlasselaer L, Ribeiro B, Terzoudis K, Van den Ende W, Hertog M, Nicolaï B, De Coninck B. Constitutive Defense Mechanisms Have a Major Role in the Resistance of Woodland Strawberry Leaves Against Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:912667. [PMID: 35874021 PMCID: PMC9298464 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.912667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is a major threat to strawberry cultivation worldwide. By screening different Fragaria vesca genotypes for susceptibility to B. cinerea, we identified two genotypes with different resistance levels, a susceptible genotype F. vesca ssp. vesca Tenno 3 (T3) and a moderately resistant genotype F. vesca ssp. vesca Kreuzkogel 1 (K1). These two genotypes were used to identify the molecular basis for the increased resistance of K1 compared to T3. Fungal DNA quantification and microscopic observation of fungal growth in woodland strawberry leaves confirmed that the growth of B. cinerea was restricted during early stages of infection in K1 compared to T3. Gene expression analysis in both genotypes upon B. cinerea inoculation suggested that the restricted growth of B. cinerea was rather due to the constitutive resistance mechanisms of K1 instead of the induction of defense responses. Furthermore, we observed that the amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids, glucose, galactose, citric acid and ascorbic acid correlated positively with higher resistance, while H2O2 and sucrose correlated negatively. Therefore, we propose that K1 leaves are more resistant against B. cinerea compared to T3 leaves, prior to B. cinerea inoculation, due to a lower amount of innate H2O2, which is attributed to a higher level of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in K1. To conclude, this study provides important insights into the resistance mechanisms against B. cinerea, which highly depend on the innate antioxidative profile and specialized metabolites of woodland strawberry leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhao
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Liese Vlasselaer
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bianca Ribeiro
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Konstantinos Terzoudis
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Hertog
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Z, Cao XL, Niu JP. Effects of exogenous ascorbic acid on seed germination and seedling salt-tolerance of alfalfa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250926. [PMID: 33914821 PMCID: PMC8084155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important legume crop for forage, agriculture, and environment in the world. Ascorbic acid (AsA) plays positive roles in plants. However, its effects on germination and salt-tolerance of alfalfa are unknown. The effects of AsA applications on seed germination and seedling salt-tolerance of alfalfa were investigated. The results revealed that 0.1 and 1 mmol L-1 of exogenous AsA increased germination, amylase, and protease, as well as seedling length, fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and endogenous AsA both in the shoots and roots, except that 1 mmol L-1 AsA reduced the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase and protease on day 3. However, 10 and 100 mmol L-1 AsA inhibited these parameters and even caused serious rot. It indicates that 0.1 mmol L-1 AsA has the optimal effects, whereas 100 mmol L-1 AsA has the worst impacts. Another part of the results showed that 0.1 mmol L-1 AsA not only enhanced stem elongation, FW and DW, but also increased chlorophyll and carotenoids both under non-stress and 150 mmol L-1 NaCl stress. Furthermore, 0.1 mmol L-1 AsA mitigated the damages of membrane permeability, malondialdehyde, and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ions both in the shoots and roots under 150 mmol L-1 NaCl stress. Hence, 0.1 mmol L-1 AsA improves growth and induces salt-tolerance by inhibiting excessive ROS, down-regulating the ion toxicity and up-regulating the antioxidant system. The principal component analysis included two main components both in the shoots and roots, and it explained the results well. In summary, the optimum concentration of 0.1 mmol L-1 AsA can be implemented to improve the seed germination and seedling growth of alfalfa under salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling China
| | - Xin-long Cao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling China
| | - Jun-peng Niu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Littlejohn GR, Breen S, Smirnoff N, Grant M. Chloroplast immunity illuminated. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3088-3107. [PMID: 33206379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast has recently emerged as pivotal to co-ordinating plant defence responses and as a target of plant pathogens. Beyond its central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism - key targets in the complex virulence strategies of diverse pathogens - the chloroplast integrates, decodes and responds to environmental signals. The capacity of chloroplasts to synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, combined with retrograde and reactive oxygen signalling, provides exquisite flexibility to both perceive and respond to biotic stresses. These processes also represent a plethora of opportunities for pathogens to evolve strategies to directly or indirectly target 'chloroplast immunity'. This review covers the contribution of the chloroplast to pathogen associated molecular pattern and effector triggered immunity as well as systemic acquired immunity. We address phytohormone modulation of immunity and surmise how chloroplast-derived reactive oxygen species underpin chloroplast immunity through indirect evidence inferred from genetic modification of core chloroplast components and direct pathogen targeting of the chloroplast. We assess the impact of transcriptional reprogramming of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes during disease and defence and look at future research challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R Littlejohn
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Susan Breen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chávez-Martínez AI, Ortega-Amaro MA, Torres M, Serrano M, Jiménez-Bremont JF. Arabidopsis adc-silenced line exhibits differential defense responses to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:494-503. [PMID: 33049445 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During plant-microbe interactions, polyamines participate in the plant defense response. Previously, we reported that silencing of ADC genes in Arabidopsis thaliana causes a drastic reduction of polyamine levels as well as increments in reactive oxygen species content. In this study, we examined the response of the adc-silenced line to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae infection. The adc-silenced line was more susceptible to Botrytis cinerea, showing larger lesion length and a higher incidence of fungal infection. Pre-treatments with putrescine reestablished the response of the adc-silenced line to Botrytis cinerea, resulting in a similar phenotype to the parental plant. Expression levels of defense-related genes were analyzed during fungal infection showing that the salicylic acid-induced gene PR1 was up-regulated, while the jasmonic acid-related genes LOX3 and PDF1.2, as well as, the camalexin biosynthetic gene PAD3 were down-regulated in the adc-silenced line. Furthermore, methyl jasmonate pre-treatments reduced Botrytis cinerea infection in the adc-silenced line. On the other hand, the adc-silenced line showed an increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae infection. SA-related genes such as PR1, ZAT1.2, WRKY54 and WRKY70 were highly expressed in the adc-silenced line upon bacterial interaction. Our data show that the adc-silenced line has altered the defense-response against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae, that is consistent with deregulation of SA- and JA-mediated response pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Chávez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a La Presa de San José, 2055, Lomas 4 sección, A.C, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - María Azucena Ortega-Amaro
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a La Presa de San José, 2055, Lomas 4 sección, A.C, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Martha Torres
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan Francisco Jiménez-Bremont
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a La Presa de San José, 2055, Lomas 4 sección, A.C, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Tullio MC. Is ascorbic acid a key signaling molecule integrating the activities of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases? Shifting the paradigm. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 178:104173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
15
|
González‐Fuente M, Carrère S, Monachello D, Marsella BG, Cazalé A, Zischek C, Mitra RM, Rezé N, Cottret L, Mukhtar MS, Lurin C, Noël LD, Peeters N. EffectorK, a comprehensive resource to mine for Ralstonia, Xanthomonas, and other published effector interactors in the Arabidopsis proteome. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1257-1270. [PMID: 33245626 PMCID: PMC7488465 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens deploy effector proteins that interact with host proteins to manipulate the host physiology to the pathogen's own benefit. However, effectors can also be recognized by host immune proteins, leading to the activation of defence responses. Effectors are thus essential components in determining the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Despite major efforts to decipher effector functions, our current knowledge on effector biology is scattered and often limited. In this study, we conducted two systematic large-scale yeast two-hybrid screenings to detect interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana proteins and effectors from two vascular bacterial pathogens: Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris. We then constructed an interactomic network focused on Arabidopsis and effector proteins from a wide variety of bacterial, oomycete, fungal, and invertebrate pathogens. This network contains our experimental data and protein-protein interactions from 2,035 peer-reviewed publications (48,200 Arabidopsis-Arabidopsis and 1,300 Arabidopsis-effector protein interactions). Our results show that effectors from different species interact with both common and specific Arabidopsis interactors, suggesting dual roles as modulators of generic and adaptive host processes. Network analyses revealed that effector interactors, particularly "effector hubs" and bacterial core effector interactors, occupy important positions for network organization, as shown by their larger number of protein interactions and centrality. These interactomic data were incorporated in EffectorK, a new graph-oriented knowledge database that allows users to navigate the network, search for homology, or find possible paths between host and/or effector proteins. EffectorK is available at www.effectork.org and allows users to submit their own interactomic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González‐Fuente
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Dario Monachello
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris SaclayUEVEINRAECNRSUniversité Paris SudUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | | | - Anne‐Claire Cazalé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Claudine Zischek
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Raka M. Mitra
- Department of BiologyCarleton CollegeNorthfieldMNUSA
| | - Nathalie Rezé
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris SaclayUEVEINRAECNRSUniversité Paris SudUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Ludovic Cottret
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Claire Lurin
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris SaclayUEVEINRAECNRSUniversité Paris SudUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Nemo Peeters
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Singh RR, Verstraeten B, Siddique S, Tegene AM, Tenhaken R, Frei M, Haeck A, Demeestere K, Pokhare S, Gheysen G, Kyndt T. Ascorbate oxidation activates systemic defence against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4271-4284. [PMID: 32242224 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is the major antioxidant buffer produced in the shoot tissue of plants. Previous studies on root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne graminicola)-infected rice (Oryza sativa) plants showed differential expression of AA-recycling genes, although their functional role was unknown. Our results confirmed increased dehydroascorbate (DHA) levels in nematode-induced root galls, while AA mutants were significantly more susceptible to nematode infection. External applications of ascorbate oxidase (AO), DHA, or reduced AA, revealed systemic effects of ascorbate oxidation on rice defence versus RKN, associated with a primed accumulation of H2O2 upon nematode infection. To confirm and further investigate these systemic effects, a transcriptome analysis was done on roots of foliar AO-treated plants, revealing activation of the ethylene (ET) response and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathways in roots, which was confirmed by hormone measurements. Activation of these pathways by methyl-JA, or ethephon treatment can complement the susceptibility phenotype of the rice Vitamin C (vtc1) mutant. Experiments on the jasmonate signalling (jar1) mutant or using chemical JA/ET inhibitors confirm that the effects of ascorbate oxidation are dependent on both the JA and ET pathways. Collectively, our data reveal a novel pathway in which ascorbate oxidation induces systemic defence against RKNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahid Siddique
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA, USA
| | | | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Bio Sciences; Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Frei
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Somnath Pokhare
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu L, Gao B, Li Y, Tan W, Li M, Zhou L, Peng C, Xiao L, Liu Y. The synthesis of strigolactone is affected by endogenous ascorbic acid in transgenic rice for l-galactono-1, 4-lactone dehydrogenase suppressed or overexpressing. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 246-247:153139. [PMID: 32114415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice tillering, which determines the panicle number per plant, is an important agronomic trait for grain production. In higher plants, ascorbic acid (Asc) plays a major role in ROS-scavenging activity. l-Galactono-1, 4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH, EC1.3.2.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the last step of Asc biosynthesis in plants. Previously, we have reported that homozygous L-GalLDH-suppressed transgenic rice plants (GI) display a reduced tiller number and a lower level of foliar carotenoids (Car) compared with wild type. Strigolactones (SL), which play an important role in the suppression of shoot branching, are synthesized in the roots of rice plant using Car as substrates. In this paper, the relationship between Asc, SL, the accumulation of H2O2, changes in antioxidant capacity, enzyme activities, and gene transcriptions related to the synthesis of SL were analyzed in transgenic rice plants for L-GalLDH suppressed (GI-1 and GI-2) and overexpressing (GO-2). The results showed that the altered level of Asc in the L-GalLDH transgenic rice plants leads to a change in redox homeostasis, resulting in a marked accumulation of H2O2 and decreased antioxidant capacity in GI-1 and GI-2, but lower H2O2 content and increased antioxidant capacity in GO-2. Meanwhile, the altered level of Asc also leads to altered enzyme activities and gene transcript abundances related to SL synthesis in L-GalLDH transgenics. These observations support the conclusion that Asc influences tiller number in the L-GalLDH transgenics by affecting H2O2 accumulation and antioxidant capacity, and altering those enzyme activities and gene transcript abundances related to SL synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Yelin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijian Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingkang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China
| | - Changlian Peng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yonghai Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Foyer CH, Kyndt T, Hancock RD. Vitamin C in Plants: Novel Concepts, New Perspectives, and Outstanding Issues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:463-485. [PMID: 31701753 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The concept that vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) is at the heart of the peroxide processing and redox signaling hub in plants is well established, but our knowledge of the precise mechanisms involved remains patchy at best. Recent Advances: Ascorbate participates in the multifaceted signaling pathways initiated by both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. Crucially, the apoplastic ascorbate/dehydroascorbate (DHA) ratio that is regulated by ascorbate oxidase (AO) sculpts the apoplastic ROS (apoROS) signal that controls polarized cell growth, biotic and abiotic defences, and cell to cell signaling, as well as exerting control over the light-dependent regulation of photosynthesis. Critical Issues: Here we re-evaluate the roles of ascorbate in photosynthesis and other processes, addressing the question of how much we really know about the regulation of ascorbate homeostasis and its functions in plants, or how AO is regulated to modulate apoROS signals. Future Directions: The role of microRNAs in the regulation of AO activity in relation to stress perception and signaling must be resolved. Similarly, the molecular characterization of ascorbate transporters and mechanistic links between photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport and ascorbate synthesis/homeostasis are a prerequisite to understanding ascorbate homeostasis and function. Similarly, there is little in vivo evidence for ascorbate functions as an enzyme cofactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department Biotechnology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert D Hancock
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vitamin C in Plants: From Functions to Biofortification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8110519. [PMID: 31671820 PMCID: PMC6912510 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) is an excellent free radical scavenger, not only for its capability to donate reducing equivalents but also for the relative stability of the derived monodehydroascorbate radical. However, vitamin C is not only an antioxidant, since it is also a cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in plant and human metabolism. In humans, vitamin C takes part in various physiological processes, such as iron absorption, collagen synthesis, immune stimulation, and epigenetic regulation. Due to the functional loss of the gene coding for l-gulonolactone oxidase, humans cannot synthesize vitamin C; thus, they principally utilize plant-based foods for their needs. For this reason, increasing the vitamin C content of crops could have helpful effects on human health. To achieve this objective, exhaustive knowledge of the metabolism and functions of vitamin C in plants is needed. In this review, the multiple roles of vitamin C in plant physiology as well as the regulation of its content, through biosynthetic or recycling pathways, are analyzed. Finally, attention is paid to the strategies that have been used to increase the content of vitamin C in crops, emphasizing not only the improvement of nutritional value of the crops but also the acquisition of plant stress resistance.
Collapse
|
20
|
Nepal N, Yactayo‐Chang JP, Medina‐Jiménez K, Acosta‐Gamboa LM, González‐Romero ME, Arteaga‐Vázquez MA, Lorence A. Mechanisms underlying the enhanced biomass and abiotic stress tolerance phenotype of an Arabidopsis MIOX over-expresser. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00165. [PMID: 31497751 PMCID: PMC6718051 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is the first enzyme in the inositol route to ascorbate (L-ascorbic acid, AsA, vitamin C). We have previously shown that Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing MIOX have elevated foliar AsA content and displayed enhanced growth rate, biomass accumulation, and increased tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. In this work, we used a combination of transcriptomics, chromatography, microscopy, and physiological measurements to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms mediating the phenotype of the AtMIOX4 line. Transcriptomic analysis revealed increased expression of genes involved in auxin synthesis, hydrolysis, transport, and metabolism, which are supported by elevated auxin levels both in vitro and in vivo, and confirmed by assays demonstrating their effect on epidermal cell elongation in the AtMIOX4 over-expressers. Additionally, we detected up-regulation of transcripts involved in photosynthesis and this was validated by increased efficiency of the photosystem II and proton motive force. We also found increased expression of amylase leading to higher intracellular glucose levels. Multiple gene families conferring plants tolerance/expressed in response to cold, water limitation, and heat stresses were found to be elevated in the AtMIOX4 line. Interestingly, the high AsA plants also displayed up-regulation of transcripts and hormones involved in defense including jasmonates, defensin, glucosinolates, and transcription factors that are known to be important for biotic stress tolerance. These results overall indicate that elevated levels of auxin and glucose, and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency in combination with up-regulation of abiotic stresses response genes underly the higher growth rate and abiotic stresses tolerance phenotype of the AtMIOX4 over-expressers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirman Nepal
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityState UniversityARUSA
| | | | - Karina Medina‐Jiménez
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityState UniversityARUSA
- INBIOTECAUniversidad VeracruzanaXalapaMéxico
| | | | | | | | - Argelia Lorence
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityState UniversityARUSA
- Department of Chemistry and PhysicsArkansas State UniversityState UniversityARUSA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nahirñak V, Rivarola M, Almasia NI, Barrios Barón MP, Hopp HE, Vile D, Paniego N, Vazquez Rovere C. Snakin-1 affects reactive oxygen species and ascorbic acid levels and hormone balance in potato. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214165. [PMID: 30909287 PMCID: PMC6433472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakin-1 is a member of the Solanum tuberosum Snakin/GASA family. We previously demonstrated that Snakin-1 is involved in plant defense to pathogens as well as in plant growth and development, but its mechanism of action has not been completely elucidated yet. Here, we showed that leaves of Snakin-1 silenced potato transgenic plants exhibited increased levels of reactive oxygen species and significantly reduced content of ascorbic acid. Furthermore, Snakin-1 silencing enhanced salicylic acid content in accordance with an increased expression of SA-inducible PRs genes. Interestingly, gibberellic acid levels were also enhanced and transcriptome analysis revealed that a large number of genes related to sterol biosynthesis were downregulated in these silenced lines. Moreover, we demonstrated that Snakin-1 directly interacts with StDIM/DWF1, an enzyme involved in plant sterols biosynthesis. Additionally, the analysis of the expression pattern of PStSN1::GUS in potato showed that Snakin-1 is present mainly in young tissues associated with active growth and cell division zones. Our comprehensive analysis of Snakin-1 silenced lines demonstrated for the first time in potato that Snakin-1 plays a role in redox balance and participates in a complex crosstalk among different hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Nahirñak
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, CNIA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Máximo Rivarola
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, CNIA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Inés Almasia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, CNIA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Horacio Esteban Hopp
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, CNIA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Norma Paniego
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, CNIA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Vazquez Rovere
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, CNIA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- INTA LABINTEX Agropolis International, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
RBOH-Dependent ROS Synthesis and ROS Scavenging by Plant Specialized Metabolites To Modulate Plant Development and Stress Responses. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:370-396. [PMID: 30781949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate plant growth and development. ROS are kept at low levels in cells to prevent oxidative damage, allowing them to be effective signaling molecules upon increased synthesis. In plants and animals, NADPH oxidase/respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) proteins provide localized ROS bursts to regulate growth, developmental processes, and stress responses. This review details ROS production via RBOH enzymes in the context of plant development and stress responses and defines the locations and tissues in which members of this family function in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To ensure that these ROS signals do not reach damaging levels, plants use an array of antioxidant strategies. In addition to antioxidant machineries similar to those found in animals, plants also have a variety of specialized metabolites that scavenge ROS. These plant specialized metabolites exhibit immense structural diversity and have highly localized accumulation. This makes them important players in plant developmental processes and stress responses that use ROS-dependent signaling mechanisms. This review summarizes the unique properties of plant specialized metabolites, including carotenoids, ascorbate, tocochromanols (vitamin E), and flavonoids, in modulating ROS homeostasis. Flavonols, a subclass of flavonoids with potent antioxidant activity, are induced during stress and development, suggesting that they have a role in maintaining ROS homeostasis. Recent results using genetic approaches have shown how flavonols regulate development and stress responses through their action as antioxidants.
Collapse
|
23
|
Smirnoff N, Arnaud D. Hydrogen peroxide metabolism and functions in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1197-1214. [PMID: 30222198 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1197 I. Introduction 1198 II. Measurement and imaging of H2 O2 1198 III. H2 O2 and O2·- toxicity 1199 IV. Production of H2 O2 : enzymes and subcellular locations 1200 V. H2 O2 transport 1205 VI. Control of H2 O2 concentration: how and where? 1205 VII. Metabolic functions of H2 O2 1207 VIII. H2 O2 signalling 1207 IX. Where next? 1209 Acknowledgements 1209 References 1209 SUMMARY: Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is produced, via superoxide and superoxide dismutase, by electron transport in chloroplasts and mitochondria, plasma membrane NADPH oxidases, peroxisomal oxidases, type III peroxidases and other apoplastic oxidases. Intracellular transport is facilitated by aquaporins and H2 O2 is removed by catalase, peroxiredoxin, glutathione peroxidase-like enzymes and ascorbate peroxidase, all of which have cell compartment-specific isoforms. Apoplastic H2 O2 influences cell expansion, development and defence by its involvement in type III peroxidase-mediated polymer cross-linking, lignification and, possibly, cell expansion via H2 O2 -derived hydroxyl radicals. Excess H2 O2 triggers chloroplast and peroxisome autophagy and programmed cell death. The role of H2 O2 in signalling, for example during acclimation to stress and pathogen defence, has received much attention, but the signal transduction mechanisms are poorly defined. H2 O2 oxidizes specific cysteine residues of target proteins to the sulfenic acid form and, similar to other organisms, this modification could initiate thiol-based redox relays and modify target enzymes, receptor kinases and transcription factors. Quantification of the sources and sinks of H2 O2 is being improved by the spatial and temporal resolution of genetically encoded H2 O2 sensors, such as HyPer and roGFP2-Orp1. These H2 O2 sensors, combined with the detection of specific proteins modified by H2 O2 , will allow a deeper understanding of its signalling roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Dominique Arnaud
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mediation of Impacts of Elevated CO 2 and Light Environment on Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Chemical Defense against Insect Herbivory Via Photosynthesis. J Chem Ecol 2018; 45:61-73. [PMID: 30465148 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 alters C3 plant tolerance to insect herbivory, as well as the induction kinetics of defense hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), but the underlying physiological mechanism causing this response is not well understood. In principle, SA could be induced under elevated CO2 by reactive oxygen signals generated in photosynthesis, ultimately influencing chemical defense. To test whether the effects of elevated CO2 on C3 plant chemical defense against herbivorous insects are modulated by photosynthesis, Arabidopsis thaliana var. Col-0 plants were grown in two 2 × 2 × 2 nested factorial combinations of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) CO2, and two dimensions of light regimes comprising intensity ('mild' 150 μmol E m-2 s-1 vs. 'low' light, 75 μmol E m-2 s-1) and periodicity ('continuous', 150 μmol E m-2 s-1 vs. 'dynamic', in which lights were turned off, then on, for 15 min every 2 h). Plants were challenged with herbivore damage from third instar Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper). Consistent with experimental predictions, elevated CO2 interacted with light as well as herbivory to induce foliar concentration of SA, while JA was suppressed. Under dynamic light, foliar content of total glucosinolates was reduced. Under combination of elevated CO2 and dynamic light, T. ni removed significantly more leaf tissue relative to control plants. The observations that CO2 and light interactively modulate defense against T. ni in A. thaliana provide an empirical argument for a role of photosynthesis in C3 plant chemical defense.
Collapse
|
25
|
Smirnoff N. Ascorbic acid metabolism and functions: A comparison of plants and mammals. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:116-129. [PMID: 29567393 PMCID: PMC6191929 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is synthesised by eukaryotes, the known exceptions being primates and some other animal groups which have lost functional gulonolactone oxidase. Prokaryotes do not synthesise ascorbate and do not need an ascorbate supply, so the functions that are essential for mammals and plants are not required or are substituted by other compounds. The ability of ascorbate to donate electrons enables it to act as a free radical scavenger and to reduce higher oxidation states of iron to Fe2+. These reactions are the basis of its biological activity along with the relative stability of the resulting resonance stabilised monodehydroascorbate radical. The importance of these properties is emphasised by the evolution of at least three biosynthetic pathways and production of an ascorbate analogue, erythroascorbate, by fungi. The iron reducing activity of ascorbate maintains the reactive centre Fe2+ of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-ODDs) thus preventing inactivation. These enzymes have diverse functions and, recently, the possibility that ascorbate status in mammals could influence 2-ODDs involved in histone and DNA demethylation thereby influencing stem cell differentiation and cancer has been uncovered. Ascorbate is involved in iron uptake and transport in plants and animals. While the above biochemical functions are shared between mammals and plants, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is an enzyme family limited to plants and photosynthetic protists. It provides these organisms with increased capacity to remove H2O2 produced by photosynthetic electron transport and photorespiration. The Fe reducing activity of ascorbate enables hydroxyl radical production (pro-oxidant effect) and the reactivity of dehydroascorbate (DHA) and reaction of its degradation products with proteins (dehydroascorbylation and glycation) is potentially damaging. Ascorbate status influences gene expression in plants and mammals but at present there is little evidence that it acts as a specific signalling molecule. It most likely acts indirectly by influencing the redox state of thiols and 2-ODD activity. However, the possibility that dehydroascorbylation is a regulatory post-translational protein modification could be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
de Simone A, Hubbard R, de la Torre NV, Velappan Y, Wilson M, Considine MJ, Soppe WJJ, Foyer CH. Redox Changes During the Cell Cycle in the Embryonic Root Meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1505-1519. [PMID: 28457165 PMCID: PMC5678362 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to characterize redox changes in the nuclei and cytosol occurring during the mitotic cell cycle in the embryonic roots of germinating Arabidopsis seedlings, and to determine how redox cycling was modified in mutants with a decreased capacity for ascorbate synthesis. RESULTS Using an in vivo reduction-oxidation (redox) reporter (roGFP2), we show that transient oxidation of the cytosol and the nuclei occurred at G1 in the synchronized dividing cells of the Arabidopsis root apical meristem, with reduction at G2 and mitosis. This redox cycle was absent from low ascorbate mutants in which nuclei were significantly more oxidized than controls. The cell cycle-dependent increase in nuclear size was impaired in the ascorbate-deficient mutants, which had fewer cells per unit area in the root proliferation zone. The transcript profile of the dry seeds and size of the imbibed seeds was strongly influenced by low ascorbate but germination, dormancy release and seed aging characteristics were unaffected. INNOVATION These data demonstrate the presence of a redox cycle within the plant cell cycle and that the redox state of the nuclei is an important factor in cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS Controlled oxidation is a key feature of the early stages of the plant cell cycle. However, sustained mild oxidation restricts nuclear functions and impairs progression through the cell cycle leading to fewer cells in the root apical meristem. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1505-1519.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambra de Simone
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hubbard
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natanael Viñegra de la Torre
- 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Cologne, Germany
| | - Yazhini Velappan
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,3 School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Wilson
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Considine
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,3 School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .,4 School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .,5 The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .,6 The Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, Australia
| | - Wim J J Soppe
- 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Cologne, Germany .,7 Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine H Foyer
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,4 School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Alagarasan G, Aswathy KS, Madhaiyan M. Shoot the Message, Not the Messenger-Combating Pathogenic Virulence in Plants by Inhibiting Quorum Sensing Mediated Signaling Molecules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:556. [PMID: 28446917 PMCID: PMC5388769 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunity, virulence, biofilm formation, and survival in the host environment are regulated by the versatile nature of density dependent microbial cell signaling, also called quorum sensing (QS). The QS molecules can associate with host plant tissues and, at times, cause a change in its gene expression at the downstream level through inter-kingdom cross talking. Progress in controlling QS through fungicide/bactericide in pathogenic microscopic organisms has lead to a rise of antibiotic resistance pathogens. Here, we review the application of selective quorum quenching (QQ) endophytes to control phytopathogens that are shared by most, if not all, terrestrial plant species as well as aquatic plants. Allowing the plants to posses endophytic colonies through biotization will be an additional and a sustainable encompassing methodology resulting in attenuated virulence rather than killing the pathogens. Furthermore, the introduced endophytes could serve as a potential biofertilizer and bioprotection agent, which in turn increases the PAMP- triggered immunity and hormonal systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants through SA-JA-ET signaling systems. This paper discusses major challenges imposed by QS and QQ application in biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Alagarasan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Krishi VishwavidyalayaRaipur, India
| | - Kumar S. Aswathy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamilnadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatore, India
| | - Munusamy Madhaiyan
- Biomaterials and Biocatalyst, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu J, Yang R, Yang Z, Yao S, Zhao S, Wang Y, Li P, Song X, Jin L, Zhou T, Lan Y, Xie L, Zhou X, Chu C, Qi Y, Cao X, Li Y. ROS accumulation and antiviral defence control by microRNA528 in rice. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:16203. [PMID: 28059073 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of plant-pathogen interactions. Modulating miRNA function has emerged as a new strategy to produce virus resistance traits1-5. However, the miRNAs involved in antiviral defence and the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. We previously demonstrated that sequestration by Argonaute (AGO) proteins plays an important role in regulating miRNA function in antiviral defence pathways6. Here we reveal that cleavage-defective AGO18 complexes sequester microRNA528 (miR528) upon viral infection. We show that miR528 negatively regulates viral resistance in rice by cleaving L-ascorbate oxidase (AO) messenger RNA, thereby reducing AO-mediated accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Upon viral infection, miR528 becomes preferentially associated with AGO18, leading to elevated AO activity, higher basal reactive oxygen species accumulation and enhanced antiviral defence. Our findings reveal a mechanism in which antiviral defence is boosted through suppression of an miRNA that negatively regulates viral resistance. This mechanism could be manipulated to engineer virus-resistant crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rongxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengze Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pingchuan Li
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Xianwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lian Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ying Lan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lianhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Knocking Down the Expression of GMPase Gene OsVTC1-1 Decreases Salt Tolerance of Rice at Seedling and Reproductive Stages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168650. [PMID: 27992560 PMCID: PMC5167552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a severe environmental stress that greatly impairs production of crops worldwide. Previous studies have shown that GMPase plays an important role in tolerance of plants to salt stress at vegetative stage. However, the function of GMPase in plant responses to salt stress at reproductive stage remains unclear. Studies have shown that heterologous expression of rice GMPase OsVTC1-1 enhanced salt tolerance of tobacco seedlings, but the native role of OsVTC1-1 in salt stress tolerance of rice is unknown. To illustrate the native function of GMPase in response of rice to salt stress, OsVTC1-1 expression was suppressed using RNAi-mediated gene silencing. Suppressing OsVTC1-1 expression obviously decreased salt tolerance of rice varieties at vegetative stage. Intriguingly, grain yield of OsVTC1-1 RNAi rice was also significantly reduced under salt stress, indicating that OsVTC1-1 plays an important role in salt tolerance of rice at both seedling and reproductive stages. OsVTC1-1 RNAi rice accumulated more ROS under salt stress, and supplying exogenous ascorbic acid restored salt tolerance of OsVTC1-1 RNAi lines, suggesting that OsVTC1-1 is involved in salt tolerance of rice through the biosynthesis regulation of ascorbic acid. Altogether, results of present study showed that rice GMPase gene OsVTC1-1 plays a critical role in salt tolerance of rice at both vegetative and reproductive stages through AsA scavenging of excess ROS.
Collapse
|
30
|
Boubakri H, Gargouri M, Mliki A, Brini F, Chong J, Jbara M. Vitamins for enhancing plant resistance. PLANTA 2016; 244:529-43. [PMID: 27315123 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview on vitamins with inducing activities in plants, the molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated, and the hormonal signalling-network regulating this process. Moreover, it reports how vitamins might be part of the molecular events linked to induced resistance by the conventional elicitors. Induced resistance (IR), exploiting the plant innate-defense system is a sustainable strategy for plant disease control. In the last decade, vitamins have been proven to act as inducers of disease resistance, and these findings have received an important attention owing to their safety and cost effectiveness. Vitamins, including thiamine (TH, vitamin B1), riboflavin (RF, vitamin B2), menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB, vitamin K3), Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA, vitamin Bx), and folic acid (FA, vitamin B9) provided an efficient protection against a wide range of pathogens through the modulation of specific host-defense facets. However, other vitamins, such as ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) and tocopherols (vitamin E), have been shown to be a part of the molecular mechanisms associated to IR. The present review is the first to summarize what vitamins are acting as inducers of disease resistance in plants and how could they be modulated by the conventional elicitors. Thus, this report provides an overview on the protective abilities of vitamins and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying their activities. Moreover, it describes the hormonal-signalling network regulating vitamin-signal transduction during IR. Finally, a biochemical model describing how vitamins are involved in the establishment of IR process is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Boubakri
- Laboratory of Leguminous, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Mahmoud Gargouri
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Mliki
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Route Sidi-Mansour, BP.1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Julie Chong
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement (LVBE, EA3991), Université de Haute Alsace, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Moez Jbara
- Laboratory of Leguminous, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fujiwara A, Togawa S, Hikawa T, Matsuura H, Masuta C, Inukai T. Ascorbic acid accumulates as a defense response to Turnip mosaic virus in resistant Brassica rapa cultivars. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4391-402. [PMID: 27255930 PMCID: PMC5301938 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We initially observed that Brassica rapa cultivars containing the Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resistance gene, Rnt1-1, accumulated a high level of endogenous ascorbic acid (AS) and dehydroascobic acid (DHA) when infected with TuMV. We here hypothesized a possible contribution of an elevated level of AS+DHA (TAA) to the Rnt1-1-mediated resistance, and conducted a series of experiments using B. rapa and Arabidopsis plants. The application of l-galactose (the key substrate in AS synthesis) to a susceptible cultivar could increase the TAA level ~2-fold, and simultaneously lead to some degree of enhanced viral resistance. To confirm some positive correlation between TAA levels and viral resistance, we analyzed two Arabidopsis knockout mutants (ao and vtc1) in the AS pathways; the TAA levels were significantly increased and decreased in ao and vtc1 plants, respectively. While the ao plants showed enhanced resistance to TuMV, vtc1 plants were more susceptible than the control, supporting our hypothesis. When we analyzed the expression profiles of the genes involved in the AS pathways upon TuMV infection, we found that the observed TAA increase was mainly brought about by the reduction of AS oxidation and activation of AS recycling. We then investigated the secondary signals that regulate endogenous TAA levels in response to viral infection, and found that jasmonic acid (JA) might play an important role in TAA accumulation. In conclusion, we reason that the elevated TAA accumulation in B. rapa plants would be at least partly mediated by the JA-dependent signaling pathway and may significantly contribute to viral resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Fujiwara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Satoko Togawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hikawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inukai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huang L, Tang X, Zhang W, Jiang R, Chen D, Zhang J, Zhong H. Imaging of Endogenous Metabolites of Plant Leaves by Mass Spectrometry Based on Laser Activated Electron Tunneling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24164. [PMID: 27053227 PMCID: PMC4823709 DOI: 10.1038/srep24164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A new mass spectrometric imaging approach based on laser activated electron tunneling (LAET) was described and applied to analysis of endogenous metabolites of plant leaves. LAET is an electron-directed soft ionization technique. Compressed thin films of semiconductor nanoparticles of bismuth cobalt zinc oxide were placed on the sample plate for proof-of-principle demonstration because they can not only absorb ultraviolet laser but also have high electron mobility. Upon laser irradiation, electrons are excited from valence bands to conduction bands. With appropriate kinetic energies, photoexcited electrons can tunnel away from the barrier and eventually be captured by charge deficient atoms present in neutral molecules. Resultant unpaired electron subsequently initiates specific chemical bond cleavage and generates ions that can be detected in negative ion mode of the mass spectrometer. LAET avoids the co-crystallization process of routinely used organic matrix materials with analyzes in MALDI (matrix assisted-laser desorption ionization) analysis. Thus uneven distribution of crystals with different sizes and shapes as well as background peaks in the low mass range resulting from matrix molecules is eliminated. Advantages of LAET imaging technique include not only improved spatial resolution but also photoelectron capture dissociation which produces predictable fragment ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Huang
- Mass Spectrometry Center for Structural Identification of Biological Molecules and Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Mass Spectrometry Center for Structural Identification of Biological Molecules and Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Wenyang Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry Center for Structural Identification of Biological Molecules and Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ruowei Jiang
- Mass Spectrometry Center for Structural Identification of Biological Molecules and Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Disong Chen
- Mass Spectrometry Center for Structural Identification of Biological Molecules and Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry Center for Structural Identification of Biological Molecules and Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hongying Zhong
- Mass Spectrometry Center for Structural Identification of Biological Molecules and Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang Z, Zhao J, Ding L, Zou L, Li Y, Chen G, Zhang T. Constitutive expression of a novel antimicrobial protein, Hcm1, confers resistance to both Verticillium and Fusarium wilts in cotton. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20773. [PMID: 26856318 PMCID: PMC4746735 DOI: 10.1038/srep20773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium and Verticillium wilts, two of the most important diseases in cotton, pose serious threats to cotton production. Here we introduced a novel antimicrobial protein Hcm1, which comprised harpin protein from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), and the chimeric protein, cecropin A-melittin, into cotton. The transgenic cotton lines with stable Hcm1 expression showed a higher resistance to Verticillium and Fusarium wilts both in greenhouse and field trials compared to controls. Hcm1 enabled the transgenic cotton to produced a microscopic hypersensitive response (micro-HR), reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, and caused the activation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in response to biotic stress, indicating that the transgenic cotton was in a primed state and ready to protect the host from pathogenic infection. Simultaneously, Hcm1 protein inhibited the growth of Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) in vitro. The spread of fungal biomass was also inhibited in vivo since the V. dahliae biomass was decreased dramatically in transgenic cotton plants after inoculation with V. dahliae. Together, these results demonstrate that Hcm1 could activate innate immunity and inhibit the growth of V. dahliae and F. oxysporum to protect cotton against Verticillium and Fusarium wilts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Zou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurong Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lim B, Smirnoff N, Cobbett CS, Golz JF. Ascorbate-Deficient vtc2 Mutants in Arabidopsis Do Not Exhibit Decreased Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1025. [PMID: 27468291 PMCID: PMC4943039 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants the L-galactose pathway represents the major route for ascorbate biosynthesis. The first committed step of this pathway is catalyzed by the enzyme GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase and is encoded by two paralogs in Arabidopsis - VITAMIN C2 (VTC2) and VTC5. The first mutant of this enzyme, vtc2-1, isolated via an EMS mutagenesis screen, has approximately 20-30% of wildtype ascorbate levels and has been reported to have decreased growth under standard laboratory conditions. Here, we show that a T-DNA insertion into the VTC2 causes a similar reduction in ascorbate levels, but does not greatly affect plant growth. Subsequent segregation analysis revealed the growth defects of vtc2-1 mutants segregate independently of the vtc2-1 mutation. These observations suggest that it is the presence of an independent cryptic mutation that affects growth of vtc2-1 mutants, and not the 70-80% decrease in ascorbate levels that has been assumed in past studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benson Lim
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeter, UK
| | | | - John F. Golz
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: John F. Golz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9478-5459
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Murgia I, Giacometti S, Balestrazzi A, Paparella S, Pagliano C, Morandini P. Analysis of the transgenerational iron deficiency stress memory in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:745. [PMID: 26442058 PMCID: PMC4585125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the existence of the transgenerational memory of iron (Fe) deficiency stress, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants were grown under Fe deficiency/sufficiency, and so were their offspring. The frequency of somatic homologous recombination (SHR) events, of DNA strand breaks as well as the expression of the transcription elongation factor TFIIS-like gene increase when plants are grown under Fe deficiency. However, SHR frequency, DNA strand break events, and TFIIS-like gene expression do not increase further when plants are grown for more than one generation under the same stress, and furthermore, they decrease back to control values within two succeeding generations grown under control conditions, regardless of the Fe deficiency stress history of the mother plants. Seedlings produced from plants grown under Fe deficiency evolve more oxygen than control seedlings, when grown under Fe sufficiency: however, this trait is not associated with any change in the protein profile of the photosynthetic apparatus and is not transmitted to more than one generation. Lastly, plants grown for multiple generations under Fe deficiency produce seeds with greater longevity: however, this trait is not inherited in offspring generations unexposed to stress. These findings suggest the existence of multiple-step control of mechanisms to prevent a genuine and stable transgenerational transmission of Fe deficiency stress memory, with the tightest control on DNA integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Department of Biosciences, University of MilanoMilano, Italy
| | | | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Paparella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department – BioSolar Lab, Polytechnic University of TurinAlessandria, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Biosciences, University of MilanoMilano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jozefczak M, Bohler S, Schat H, Horemans N, Guisez Y, Remans T, Vangronsveld J, Cuypers A. Both the concentration and redox state of glutathione and ascorbate influence the sensitivity of arabidopsis to cadmium. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:601-12. [PMID: 26070641 PMCID: PMC4577996 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that elicits oxidative stress. Plants respond to Cd toxicity via increasing their Cd-chelating and antioxidative capacities. They predominantly chelate Cd via glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs), while antioxidative defence is mainly based on the use and recycling of both GSH and ascorbate (AsA), complemented by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In addition, both metabolites act as a substrate for the regeneration of other essential antioxidants, which neutralize and regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Together, these functions influence the concentration and cellular redox state of GSH and AsA. In this study, these two parameters were examined in plants of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to sub-lethal Cd concentrations. METHODS Wild-type plants and mutant arabidopsis plants containing 30-45 % of wild-type levels of GSH (cad2-1) or 40-50 % of AsA (vtc1-1), together with the double-mutant (cad2-1 vtc1-1) were cultivated in a hydroponic system and exposed to sub-lethal Cd concentrations. Cadmium detoxification was investigated at different levels including gene expression and metabolite concentrations. KEY RESULTS In comparison with wild-type plants, elevated basal thiol levels and enhanced PC synthesis upon exposure to Cd efficiently compensated AsA deficiency in vtc1-1 plants and contributed to decreased sensitivity towards Cd. Glutathione-deficient (cad2-1 and cad2-1 vtc1-1) mutants, however, showed a more oxidized GSH redox state, resulting in initial oxidative stress and a higher sensitivity to Cd. In order to cope with the Cd stress to which they were exposed, GSH-deficient mutants activated multiple alternative pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate that GSH and AsA deficiency differentially alter plant GSH homeostasis, resulting in opposite Cd sensitivities relative to wild-type plants. Upon Cd exposure, GSH-deficient mutants were hampered in chelation. They experienced phenotypic disturbances and even more oxidative stress, and therefore activated multiple alternative pathways such as SOD, CAT and ascorbate peroxidase, indicating a higher Cd sensitivity. Ascorbate deficiency, however, was associated with enhanced PC synthesis in comparison with wild-type plants after Cd exposure, which contributed to decreased sensitivity towards Cd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Jozefczak
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sacha Bohler
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Henk Schat
- Free University of Amsterdam, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nele Horemans
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium and
| | - Yves Guisez
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Middelheim campus, G.U616, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tony Remans
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mintoff SJL, Rookes JE, Cahill DM. Sub-lethal UV-C radiation induces callose, hydrogen peroxide and defence-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:703-11. [PMID: 25381714 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of plants to UV-C irradiation induces gene expression and cellular responses that are commonly associated with wounding and pathogen defence, and in some cases can lead to increased resistance against pathogen infection. We examined, at a physiological, molecular and biochemical level, the effects of and responses to, sub-lethal UV-C exposure on Arabidopsis plants when irradiated with increasing dosages of UV-C radiation. Following UV-C exposure plants had reduced leaf areas over time, with the severity of reduction increasing with dosage. Severe morphological changes that included leaf glazing, bronzing and curling were found to occur in plants treated with the 1000 J·m(-2) dosage. Extensive damage to the mesophyll was observed, and cell death occurred in both a dosage- and time-dependent manner. Analysis of H₂O₂ activity and the pathogen defence marker genes PR1 and PDF1.2 demonstrated induction of these defence-related responses at each UV-C dosage tested. Interestingly, in response to UV-C irradiation the production of callose (β-1,3-glucan) was identified at all dosages examined. Together, these results show plant responses to UV-C irradiation at much lower doses than have previously been reported, and that there is potential for the use of UV-C as an inducer of plant defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J L Mintoff
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sultana N, Florance HV, Johns A, Smirnoff N. Ascorbate deficiency influences the leaf cell wall glycoproteome in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:375-84. [PMID: 24393051 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall forms the first line of interaction between the plant and the external environment. Based on the observation that ascorbate-deficient vtc mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana have increased cell wall peroxidase activity, the cell wall glycoproteome of vtc2-2 was investigated. Glycoproteins were purified from fully expanded leaves by Concanavalin A affinity chromatography and analysed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This procedure identified 63 proteins with predicted glycosylation sites and cell wall localization. Of these, 11 proteins were differentially expressed between vtc2-2 and wild type. In particular, PRX33/34 were identified as contributing to increased peroxidase activity in response to ascorbate deficiency. This is the same peroxidase previously shown to contribute to hydrogen peroxide generation and pathogen resistance. Three fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLA1, 2 and 8) had lower abundance in vtc2-2. Inspection of published microarray data shows that these also have lower gene expression in vtc1 and vtc2-1 and are decreased in expression by pathogen challenge and oxidative stresses. Ascorbate deficiency therefore impacts expression of cell wall proteins involved in pathogen responses and these presumably contribute to the increased resistance of vtc mutants to biotrophic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nighat Sultana
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Salicylic Acid Signaling in Plant Innate Immunity. PLANT HORMONE SIGNALING SYSTEMS IN PLANT INNATE IMMUNITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9285-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
40
|
Zhang N, Tonsor SJ, Traw MB. A geographic cline in leaf salicylic acid with increasing elevation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e992741. [PMID: 25875692 PMCID: PMC4622845 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.992741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) occupies a key role as a hormone central to both plant resistance to bacterial pathogens and tolerance of abiotic stresses. Plants at high elevation experience colder temperatures and elevated UV levels. While it has been predicted that SA concentrations will be higher in plants from high elevation populations, few studies have addressed this question. Here, we asked how concentrations of SA vary in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana collected across an elevational gradient on the Iberian Peninsula. In a series of common garden experiments, we found that constitutive SA concentrations were highest in genotypes from the low elevation populations. This result was in the opposite direction from our prediction and is an exception to the general finding that phenolic compounds increase with increasing elevation. These data suggest that high constitutive SA is not associated with resistance to cold temperatures in these plants. Furthermore, we also found that leaf constitutive camalexin concentrations, an important defense against some bacterial and fungal enemies, were highest in the low elevation populations, suggesting that pathogen pressures may be important. Further examination of this elevational cline will likely provide additional insights into the interplay between phenolic compounds and biotic and abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Stephen J Tonsor
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - M Brian Traw
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dinler BS, Demir E, Kompe YO. Regulation of auxin, abscisic acid and salicylic acid levels by ascorbate application under heat stress in sensitive and tolerant maize leaves. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2014; 65:469-80. [PMID: 25475985 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.65.2014.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of ascorbic acid (5 mM) on some physiological parameters and three hormones (auxin, abscisic acid, salicylic acid) was determined under heat stress (40 °C) in maize tolerant cv. (MAY 69) and sensitive cv. SHEMAL (SH) at 0 h, 4 h and 8 h. Heat stress reduced total chlorophyll content (CHL), relative water content (RWC) and stomatal conductance (gs) in SH but did not lead to changes in MAY 69 at 4 h and 8 h. However, pretreatment with ascorbic acid increased (CHL), (RWC) and (gs) in SH under heat stress while it reduced MDA content significantly in both cv. We also observed that heat stress led to a reduction in SA level but increased ABA and IAA levels in SH, whereas it increased SA and IAA levels but did not change ABA level in MAY 69 at 4 h. Furthermore, in SH, ASC application under heat stress increased SA level and decreased IAA and ABA levels at 4 h, but it had no effect on SA and ABA at 8 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emel Demir
- The Black Sea Agriculture Resources Institute Samsun Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chai J, Liu J, Zhou J, Xing D. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 regulates NPR1 gene expression and activation during leaf senescence induced by salicylic acid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6513-28. [PMID: 25210078 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant senescence is a highly regulated process that can be induced by a range of factors. The nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (npr1) mutant is defective in the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway, displaying delayed yellowing during developmental senescence. However, the regulating mechanism of NPR1 on exogenous SA-induced senescence in detached Arabidopsis leaves has not yet been clarified. It was shown here that mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) is involved in promoting exogenous SA-induced detached leaf senescence. During the process of SA-induced senescence, the expression of NPR1 and senescence-related transcription factor WRKY6 was suppressed in mpk6 mutant plants. Further analyses showed that the NPR1 mRNA level is reduced in wrky6 mutants and enhanced in WRKY6 overexpressing lines. Meanwhile, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that WRKY6 binds directly to the NPR1 promoter containing W-box motifs. Moreover, inhibition of MPK6 function diminished SA-induced monomerization and nuclear localization of NPR1. In addition, the expression of Trx h5, which catalyses the SA-induced NPR1 activation, was suppressed in the mpk6 mutant, suggesting that MPK6 promotes NPR1 activation, possibly by regulating the expression of Trx h5. Collectively, MPK6-mediated WRKY6 and Trx h5 transcriptional activation co-regulated the expression of the NPR1 gene and the monomerization of NPR1 protein, allowing it to enter the nucleus, thereby promoting SA-induced leaf senescence. These results provide new insight into the mechanism of exogenous SA-induced detached leaf senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jian Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dietz KJ. Redox regulation of transcription factors in plant stress acclimation and development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1356-72. [PMID: 24182193 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The redox regulatory signaling network of the plant cell controls and co-regulates transcriptional activities, thereby enabling adjustment of metabolism and development in response to environmental cues, including abiotic stress. RECENT ADVANCES Our rapidly expanding knowledge on redox regulation of plant transcription is driven by methodological advancements such as sensitive redox proteomics and in silico predictions in combination with classical targeted genetic and molecular approaches, often in Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, transcription factors (TFs) are both direct and indirect targets of redox-dependent activity modulation. Redox control of TF activity involves conformational switching, nucleo-cytosolic partitioning, assembly with coregulators, metal-S-cluster regulation, redox control of upstream signaling elements, and proteolysis. CRITICAL ISSUES While the significance of redox regulation of transcription is well established for prokaryotes and non-plant eukaryotes, the momentousness of redox-dependent control of transcription in plants still receives insufficient awareness and, therefore, is discussed in detail in this review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Improved proteome sensitivity will enable characterization of low abundant proteins and to simultaneously address the various post-translational modifications such as nitrosylation, hydroxylation, and glutathionylation. Combining such approaches by gradually increasing biotic and abiotic stress strength is expected to result in a systematic understanding of redox regulation. In the end, only the combination of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro results will provide conclusive pictures on the rather complex mechanism of redox regulation of transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University , Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang N, Lariviere A, Tonsor SJ, Traw MB. Constitutive camalexin production and environmental stress response variation in Arabidopsis populations from the Iberian Peninsula. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 225:77-85. [PMID: 25017162 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Optimal defense theory predicts that induction of defensive secondary metabolites in plants will be inversely correlated with constitutive expression of those compounds. Here, we asked whether camalexin, an important defense against fungal and bacterial pathogens, support this prediction in structured natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana from the Iberian Peninsula. In common garden experiments, we found that genotypes from the VIE population constitutively hyper-accumulated camalexin. Camalexin concentrations were not induced significantly when plants were exposed to a temperature of 10°C for 48h. However, they were induced when plants were exposed to 48h of infection by the virulent bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Genotypes from the VIE population with the hyper-accumulation of camalexin were significantly more resistant to bacterial growth. Induction of camalexin was negatively correlated with constitutive camalexin concentrations following log transformation and two different corrections for autocorrelation, thus supporting the tradeoff predicted by optimal defense theory. Constitutive overexpression of camalexin was not explained by the only known natural genetic polymorphism at the Accelerated Cell Death 6, ACD6, locus. Collectively, the results support an important role of camalexin in defense against P. syringae as well as significant structured variation in defense levels within wild populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Andy Lariviere
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Stephen J Tonsor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - M Brian Traw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kerchev PI, Karpińska B, Morris JA, Hussain A, Verrall SR, Hedley PE, Fenton B, Foyer CH, Hancock RD. Vitamin C and the abscisic acid-insensitive 4 transcription factor are important determinants of aphid resistance in Arabidopsis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2091-105. [PMID: 23343093 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aphids, like other insects, are probably unable to synthesize vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is therefore an essential dietary nutrient that has to be obtained from the host plant. Plant responses to aphids involve hormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA), but hormone/redox interactions remain poorly characterized. We therefore investigated hormone/redox signaling in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to infestation by the aphid Myzus persicae, focusing on the interactions between ascorbic acid and ABA, together with the influence of altered ascorbate and ABA signaling on the SA- and JA-dependent pathways. RESULTS Whole-genome microarray analysis revealed highly dynamic transcriptional responses to aphid infestation with extensive differences between transcript profiles of infested and systemic leaves, revealing aphid-dependent effects on the suites of transcripts involved in the redox, SA, and ABA responses. Central roles for ascorbate, ABA-insensitive 4 (ABI4), and oxidative signal-inducible 1 in plant resistance to aphids were demonstrated by altered fecundity on respective mutants. However, ABA had a negative effect on aphid resistance, as did ABI4 or redox-responsive transcription factor 1. The decrease in aphid fecundity observed in mutants defective in ascorbate accumulation (vtc2) was absent from abi4vtc2 double mutants that are also deficient in ABA signaling (abi4). Aphid-dependent transcriptome responses reveal a role for ascorbate-regulated receptor-like kinases in plant defenses against aphids. INNOVATION Vitamin C deficiency enhances plant resistance to aphids through redox signaling pathways rather than dietary requirements. CONCLUSION ABI4 is a linchpin of redox regulation of the innate immune response to aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Kerchev
- Faculty of Biology, Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhu Y, Du B, Qian J, Zou B, Hua J. Disease resistance gene-induced growth inhibition is enhanced by rcd1 independent of defense activation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:2005-13. [PMID: 23365132 PMCID: PMC3613471 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.213363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Activation of plant immune responses is often associated with an inhibition of plant growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying this fitness cost are unknown. Here, we utilize the autoimmune response mutant suppressor of npr1, constitutive1 (snc1) resulting from an activated form of the Disease Resistance (R) gene to dissect the genetic component mediating growth inhibition in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The radical-induced cell death1 (rcd1) mutant defective in responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS) was isolated as an enhancer of the snc1 mutant in growth inhibition but not in defense response activation. Similarly, the vitamin C2 (vtc2) and vtc3 mutants defective in ROS detoxification enhanced the growth defects of snc1. Thus, perturbation of ROS status by R gene activation is responsible for the growth inhibition, and this effect is independent of defense response activation. This was further supported by the partial rescue of growth defects of rcd1 snc1 by the respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (rbohD) and rbohF mutations compromising the generation of ROS burst. Collectively, these findings indicate that perturbation of ROS homeostasis contributes to the fitness cost independent of defense activation.
Collapse
|
47
|
Liu Y, Yu L, Tong J, Ding J, Wang R, Lu Y, Xiao L. Tiller number is altered in the ascorbic acid-deficient rice suppressed for L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:389-396. [PMID: 23290459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The tiller of rice (Oryza sativa L.), which determines the panicle number per plant, is an important agronomic trait for grain production. Ascorbic acid (Asc) is a major plant antioxidant that serves many functions in plants. L-Galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GLDH, EC 1.3.2.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the last step of Asc biosynthesis in plants. Here we show that the GLDH-suppressed transgenic rices, GI-1 and GI-2, which have constitutively low (between 30% and 50%) leaf Asc content compared with the wild-type plants, exhibit a significantly reduced tiller number. Moreover, lower growth rate and plant height were observed in the Asc-deficient plants relative to the trait values of the wild-type plants at different tillering stages. Further examination showed that the deficiency of Asc resulted in a higher lipid peroxidation, a loss of chlorophyll, a loss of carotenoids, and a lower rate of CO(2) assimilation. In addition, the level of abscisic acid was higher in GI-1 plants, while the level of jasmonic acid was higher in GI-1 and GI-2 plants at different tillering stages. The results we presented here indicated that Asc deficiency was likely responsible for the promotion of premature senescence, which was accompanied by a marked decrease in photosynthesis. These observations support the conclusion that the deficiency of Asc alters the tiller number in the GLDH-suppressed transgenics through promoting premature senescence and changing phytohormones related to senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghai Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kempinski CF, Crowell SV, Smeeth C, Barth C. The novel Arabidopsis thaliana svt2 suppressor of the ascorbic acid-deficient mutant vtc1-1 exhibits phenotypic and genotypic instability. F1000Res 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 24627766 PMCID: PMC3938180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-6.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is a potent antioxidant that detoxifies reactive oxygen species when plants are exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions. In addition to its antioxidant properties, ascorbic acid and its biosynthetic precursors fulfill a variety of other physiological and molecular functions. A mutation in the ascorbic acid biosynthesis gene
VTC1, which encodes GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, results in conditional root growth inhibition in the presence of ammonium. To isolate suppressors of
vtc1-1, which is in the
Arabidopsis Columbia-0 background, seeds of the mutant were subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. A suppressor mutant of
vtc1-1 2,
svt2, with wild-type levels of ascorbic acid and root growth similar to the wild type in the presence of ammonium was isolated. Interestingly,
svt2 has
Arabidopsis Landsberg
erecta features, although
svt2 is delayed in flowering and has an enlarged morphology. Moreover, the
svt2 genotype shares similarities with L
er polymorphism markers and sequences, despite the fact that the mutant derived from mutagenesis of Col-0
vtc1-1 seed. We provide evidence that
svt2 is not an artifact of the experiment, a contamination of L
er seed, or a result of outcrossing of the
svt2 mutant with L
er pollen. Instead, our results show that
svt2 exhibits transgenerational genotypic and phenotypic instability, which is manifested in a fraction of
svt2 progeny, producing revertants that have Col-like phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Some of those Col-like revertants then revert back to
svt2-like plants in the subsequent generation. Our findings have important implications for undiscovered phenomena in transmitting genetic information in addition to the Mendelian laws of inheritance. Our results suggest that stress can trigger a genome restoration mechanism that could be advantageous for plants to survive environmental changes for which the ancestral genes were better adapted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chase F Kempinski
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA ; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA
| | - Samuel V Crowell
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA ; Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Caleb Smeeth
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA ; ACTION-Housing Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, USA
| | - Carina Barth
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, USA ; ConRuhr North America, New York, 10017, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Munné-Bosch S, Queval G, Foyer CH. The impact of global change factors on redox signaling underpinning stress tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:5-19. [PMID: 23151347 PMCID: PMC3532280 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.205690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
|
50
|
Botanga CJ, Bethke G, Chen Z, Gallie DR, Fiehn O, Glazebrook J. Metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis inoculated with Alternaria brassicicola reveals that ascorbate reduces disease severity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1628-38. [PMID: 23134520 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-12-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the pathogenic ascomycete Alternaria brassicicola and Arabidopsis was investigated by metabolite profiling. The effect of A. brassicicola challenge on metabolite levels was substantial, with nearly 50% of detected compounds undergoing significant changes. Mutations blocking ethylene, jasmonic acid, or ethylene signaling had little effect on metabolite levels. The effects of altering levels of some metabolites were tested by exogenous application during A. brassicicola inoculation. Gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) or xylitol promoted, while trehalose and ascorbate inhibited, disease severity. GABA promoted, and ascorbate strongly inhibited, fungal growth in culture. Arabidopsis vtc1 and vtc2 mutants, that have low levels of ascorbate, were more susceptible to A. brassicicola. Ascorbate levels declined following A. brassicicola inoculation while levels of dehydroascorbate increased, resulting in a shift of the redox balance between these compounds in the direction of oxidation. These results demonstrate that ascorbate is an important component of resistance to this pathogen.
Collapse
|