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Wallis CM. Characterization of data observing Meloidogyne incognita, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Xylella fastidiosa infection effects on development of grapevine phenolic compound levels and resistance to subsequent Neofusicoccum parvum infections. Data Brief 2024; 54:110301. [PMID: 38524842 PMCID: PMC10957448 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2024.110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Grapevines encounter many different pathogens throughout their lifespans, including the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, which causes Pierce's disease that results in vascular occlusion and eventual plant host death, the fungal pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum, which causes stem cankers that kill individual vines and reduce fruit yields, and the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, which destroys root tissues that impacts host vigour. To date, little research has been conducted to examine how one infection could impact subsequent infections by the same or different pathogens despite this is important to ensure healthy vineyards. Therefore, grapevines initially infected with either X. fastidiosa, N. parvum, or M. incognita were subsequently infected with N. parvum eight weeks later to observe developing lesion lengths, which were assessed to determine grapevine resistance to infections. Collected data shows that when prior infections were present, the N. parvum lesions lengths were smaller. This suggests grapevines had induced resistance to combat infections. Further, defence-associated phenolics were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine roles in observed resistance to the secondary N. parvum infections. Data shows that of the different phenolics examined, only stilbenoids were different due to infections, with lowered levels observed in plants that were infected compared with non-infected controls. These data provide insight into how infections by different pathogens could impact grapevine host resistance to new, subsequent pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Wallis
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648, USA
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Wallis CM, Gorman Z. Pre-inoculation water deficit effects on grapevine physiology, Xylella fastidiosa titers, and Pierce's disease progression. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:119. [PMID: 38678272 PMCID: PMC11055374 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Drought and Pierce's disease are common throughout many grapevine-growing regions such as Mexico and the United States. Yet, how ongoing water deficits affect infections of Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease, is poorly understood. Symptoms were observed to be significantly more severe in water-stressed plants one month after X. fastidiosa inoculation, and, in one experiment, titers were significantly lower in water-stressed than well-watered grapevines. Host chemistry examinations revealed overall amino acid and phenolic levels did not statistically differ due to water deficits, but sugar levels were significantly greater in water stressed than well-watered plants. Results highlight the need to especially manage Pierce's disease spread in grapevines experiencing drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Wallis
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA.
| | - Zachary Gorman
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
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Anguita-Maeso M, Navas-Cortés JA, Landa BB. Insights into the Methodological, Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing the Characterization of Xylem-Inhabiting Microbial Communities of Olive Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:912. [PMID: 36840260 PMCID: PMC9967459 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular pathogens are the causal agents of some of the most devastating plant diseases in the world, which can cause, under specific conditions, the destruction of entire crops. These plant pathogens activate a range of physiological and immune reactions in the host plant following infection, which may trigger the proliferation of a specific microbiome to combat them by, among others, inhibiting their growth and/or competing for space. Nowadays, it has been demonstrated that the plant microbiome can be modified by transplanting specific members of the microbiome, with exciting results for the control of plant diseases. However, its practical application in agriculture for the control of vascular plant pathogens is hampered by the limited knowledge of the plant endosphere, and, in particular, of the xylem niche. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of how research on the plant microbiome has evolved during the last decades to unravel the factors and complex interactions that affect the associated microbial communities and their surrounding environment, focusing on the microbial communities inhabiting the xylem vessels of olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. europaea), the most ancient and important woody crop in the Mediterranean Basin. For that purpose, we have highlighted the role of xylem composition and its associated microorganisms in plants by describing the methodological approaches explored to study xylem microbiota, starting from the methods used to extract xylem microbial communities to their assessment by culture-dependent and next-generation sequencing approaches. Additionally, we have categorized some of the key biotic and abiotic factors, such as the host plant niche and genotype, the environment and the infection with vascular pathogens, that can be potential determinants to critically affect olive physiology and health status in a holobiont context (host and its associated organisms). Finally, we have outlined future directions and challenges for xylem microbiome studies based on the recent advances in molecular biology, focusing on metagenomics and culturomics, and bioinformatics network analysis. A better understanding of the xylem olive microbiome will contribute to facilitate the exploration and selection of specific keystone microorganisms that can live in close association with olives under a range of environmental/agronomic conditions. These microorganisms could be ideal targets for the design of microbial consortia that can be applied by endotherapy treatments to prevent or control diseases caused by vascular pathogens or modify the physiology and growth of olive trees.
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Wallis CM. Exploring potential induction of grapevine (Vitis spp.) root phenolic compounds by ring nematodes, Mesocriconema xenoplax. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:375. [PMID: 36544195 PMCID: PMC9773590 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ring nematodes can decrease vineyard productivity when plated in conditions favorable for their survival. Resistant rootstocks are available to combat harm due to ring nematodes, and compounds called phenolics were hypothesized as imparting this resistance. Therefore, this study measured phenolic compound levels in four different rootstocks and attempted to find associations with ring nematode populations. Furthermore, select phenolics called stilbenoids were tested in a bioassay to observe if these compounds affect ring nematode survival. This was part of a larger effort to assess the role of phenolics in protecting grapevines from nematodes and other pathogens or pests. DATA DESCRIPTION This study was conducted over 2 years, 2018 and 2019, and phenolic levels were much greater in 2019 than 2018 likely due to uncontrolled differences in climatic controls. Ring nematode infected grapevines also did not have different phenolic compound levels than healthy controls. Bioassays of different stilbenoid polymers revealed no significant effects on ring nematode survival. These results suggest that analyzed root phenolic compounds were not involved in resistance or susceptibility to ring nematodes. These data should steer future researchers into analyzing other potential sources of nematode resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Wallis
- grid.512850.bCrop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA
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Wallis CM, Gorman Z, Galarneau ERA, Baumgartner K. Mixed infections of fungal trunk pathogens and induced systemic phenolic compound production in grapevines. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:1001143. [PMID: 37746162 PMCID: PMC10512385 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
As grapevines mature in California vineyards they accumulate chronic wood infections by the Ascomycete fungi that cause trunk diseases, including Botryosphaeria dieback (caused by Diplodia seriata and Neofusicoccum parvum) and Esca (caused by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora). It is thought that such mixed infections become localized to separate internal lesions/cankers of the permanent, woody structure of an individual vine, but nonetheless the fungi all colonize the same vascular system. In response to infection by one pathogen, the host may initiate systemic biochemical changes, which in turn may affect the extent of subsequent infections by other pathogens. To test this hypothesis, we measured changes in phenolic compounds in the wood and lesion lengths of the pathogens, during sequential co-inoculations with different or identical pair-wise sequences of infection by D. seriata, N. parvum, or P. chlamydospora. Prior fungal infections only affected the development of subsequent D. seriata infections. Effects of fungal infections on phenolic compounds were variable, yet initial infection by D. seriata was associated with significantly higher concentrations of most phenolic compounds distally, compared to all other initial inoculation treatments. It was hypothesized that pre-existing phenolic levels can slow initial lesion development of fungal trunk pathogens, especially for D. seriata, but over time the pathogens appeared to overcome or neutralize phenolic compounds and grow unimpeded. These results demonstrate that effects of one fungal trunk pathogen infection is generally unable to distally affect another long-term, albeit shifts in host phenolics and other plant defenses do occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Wallis
- Crop Diseases, Pest and Genetics Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Zachary Gorman
- Crop Diseases, Pest and Genetics Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Erin R. -A. Galarneau
- Plant Genetics Resources Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Geneva, NY, United States
| | - Kendra Baumgartner
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, United States
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Apoplastic and vascular defences. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:595-605. [PMID: 36062526 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space between cell membranes, includes the xylem, and extends to the rhizoplane and the outer surfaces of the plant. The apoplast plays roles in different biological processes including plant immunity. This highly specialised space is often the first place where pathogen recognition occurs, and this then triggers the immune response. The immune response in the apoplast involves different mechanisms that restrict pathogen infection. Among these responses, secretion of different molecules like proteases, proteins related to immunity, small RNAs and secondary metabolites play important and often additive or synergistic roles. In addition, production of reactive oxygen species occurs to cause direct deleterious effects on the pathogen as well as reinforce the plant's immune response by triggering modifications to cell wall composition and providing additional defence signalling capabilities. The pool of available sugar in the apoplast also plays a role in immunity. These sugars can be manipulated by both interactors, pathogens gaining access to nutrients whilst the plant's responses restrict the pathogen's access to nutrients. In this review, we describe the latest findings in the field to highlight the importance of the apoplast in plant-pathogen interactions and plant immunity. We also indicate where new discoveries are needed.
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Krugner R, Rogers EE, Burbank LP, Wallis CM, Ledbetter CA. Insights Regarding Resistance of 'Nemaguard' Rootstock to the Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2074-2081. [PMID: 35253489 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0136-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
'Nemaguard' is a commonly used rootstock for almond and stone fruits due to resistance to nematodes and enhanced scion vigor. Nemaguard also happens to be resistant to strains of Xylella fastidiosa that cause almond leaf scorch disease. Previous research showed that prior to June-budding, this rootstock can prevent infection of almond nursery stock by X. fastidiosa. Further, the rootstock also promotes recovery from infection in susceptible almond scions. Objectives of this study were to 1) compare movement and bacterial populations of X. fastidiosa in almond and Nemaguard, 2) determine whether the metabolic profile of infected versus noninfected plants of each species correspond with differences in pathogen distribution, and 3) evaluate the impact of feeding on Nemaguard on transmission efficiency and pathogen populations in insects. Results showed limited or no movement of X. fastidiosa beyond the point of mechanical inoculation in Nemaguard, whereas X. fastidiosa was detected in susceptible almond and isolated from plant samples distal to the point of inoculation. Large differences in the concentration of phenolic compounds between Nemaguard and almond were also found, although this was not impacted by infection status. After acquiring X. fastidiosa from infected plants, vector access periods of up to 14 days on Nemaguard neither reduced pathogen populations in vectors nor reduced transmission efficiency of X. fastidiosa to susceptible plants when compared with similar vector-access periods on susceptible grapevines. Results suggest Nemaguard, in spite of having high phenolic concentrations in its xylem, does not directly impact X. fastidiosa survival and that future research should focus on identification of potential physical traits that prevent bacterial attachment, multiplication, or movement within the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Krugner
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Elizabeth E Rogers
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5023
| | - Lindsey P Burbank
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Christopher M Wallis
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Craig A Ledbetter
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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Wallis CM. Microplate bioassay to examine the effects of grapevine-isolated stilbenoids on survival of root knot nematodes. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:220. [PMID: 35752842 PMCID: PMC9233838 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Root knot nematodes can be major pests in vineyards and cause significant yield losses over time. Control involves the use of different resistant grapevine rootstocks, but it remains unclear the mechanisms that such rootstocks possess to limit root knot nematode infections. Defense-associated compounds called stilbenoids, a type of phenolic compound, are present in relatively substantial amounts in grapevine root tissues. Therefore, experiments were performed to assess how different stilbenoid compounds impact nematode survival in microplate assays. Data generated were part of a larger effort to understand potential mechanisms that resistant grapevine rootstocks have to limit root knot infections. DATA DESCRIPTION The percentage of surviving root knot nematodes was assessed 1, 3, and 5 days after J2 juveniles were placed into microplate wells amended with 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 ppm of piceid, ε-viniferin, a resveratrol trimer putatively identified as miyabenol C, or a putative mixture of resveratrol tetramers putatively identified as vitisin B and hopeaphenol. Both ε-viniferin and the resveratrol tetramers significantly reduced root knot survival at the higher concentrations. These data provide insight about one potential mechanism that grapevine rootstocks might possess to combat nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Wallis
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA.
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Wallis CM. Potential effects of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (genus Ampelovirus; family Closteroviridae) or Grapevine red blotch virus (genus Grablovirus; family Geminiviridae) infection on foliar phenolic and amino acid levels. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:213. [PMID: 35725650 PMCID: PMC9208157 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Grapevine (Vitis spp.) viral infections, including those by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) and Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), greatly reduce fruit yields and quality. Evidence exists that host chemistry shifts result in reductions in fruit quality. However, changes over the season in foliar chemistry has not been well examined. Therefore, phenolic and amino acid levels were examined in leaves collected in grapevines with different rootstocks that were healthy or were infected with GLRaV-3 or GRBV. This was part of an effort to assess changes that different pathogens cause in grapevine tissues. Results Month and year appeared to account for the greatest variability in grapevine foliar phenolic or amino acid levels, followed by differences in rootstock, and then differences in infection status. GLRaV-3 infection significantly lowered levels of total and individual hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and GRBV lowered total phenolic levels, total and individual hydroxycinnamic acids. Amino acid levels were increased over controls in vines infected by GLRaV-3, but not with GRBV. Overall, changes within grapevine leaves due to viral infection were likely too small to overcome variability due to sampling time or rootstock cultivar, and therefore such factors should be considered in determining infection effects on plant foliar chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Wallis
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA.
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Landa BB, Saponari M, Feitosa-Junior OR, Giampetruzzi A, Vieira FJD, Mor E, Robatzek S. Xylella fastidiosa's relationships: the bacterium, the host plants, and the plant microbiome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1598-1605. [PMID: 35279849 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of important crop diseases and is transmitted by xylem-sap-feeding insects. The bacterium colonizes xylem vessels and can persist with a commensal or pathogen lifestyle in more than 500 plant species. In the past decade, reports of X. fastidiosa across the globe have dramatically increased its known occurrence. This raises important questions: How does X. fastidiosa interact with the different host plants? How does the bacterium interact with the plant immune system? How does it influence the host's microbiome? We discuss recent strain genetic typing and plant transcriptome and microbiome analyses, which have advanced our understanding of factors that are important for X. fastidiosa plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca B Landa
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Alameda del Obispo S/N, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Maria Saponari
- CNR - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- CNR - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Filipe J D Vieira
- Genetics, LMU Biocentre, Grosshadener Strasse 4, Planegg, 82152, Germany
| | - Eliana Mor
- Genetics, LMU Biocentre, Grosshadener Strasse 4, Planegg, 82152, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- Genetics, LMU Biocentre, Grosshadener Strasse 4, Planegg, 82152, Germany
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Wallis CM, Gorman Z, Rattner R, Hajeri S, Yokomi R. Amino acid, sugar, phenolic, and terpenoid profiles are capable of distinguishing Citrus tristeza virus infection status in citrus cultivars: Grapefruit, lemon, mandarin, and sweet orange. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268255. [PMID: 35536831 PMCID: PMC9089872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most severe viral disease for citrus production. Many strains of CTV have been characterized and their symptomology widely varies, ranging from asymptomatic or mild infections to severe symptomology that results in substantial yield loss or host death. The capacity of the different CTV strains to affect the biochemistry of different citrus species has remained largely unstudied, despite that associated metabolomic shifts would be relevant toward symptom development. Thus, amino acid, sugar, phenolic, and terpenoid levels were assessed in leaves of healthy and CTV-infected grapefruit, lemon, mandarin, and two different sweet orange cultivars. Both mild [VT-negative (VT-)] and severe [VT-positive (VT+)] CTV genotype strains were utilized. When looking at overall totals of these metabolite classes, only amino acid levels were significantly increased by infection of citrus with severe CTV strains, relative to mild CTV strains or healthy plants. No significant trends of CTV infection on summed amounts of all sugar, phenolic, or terpenoid compounds were observed. However, individual compound levels were affected by CTV infections. Subsequent canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) that utilized profiles of individual amino acids, terpenoids, or phenolics successfully distinguished leaf samples to specific citrus varieties and identified infection status with good accuracy. Collectively, this study reveals biochemical patterns associated with severity of CTV infections that can potentially be utilized to help identify in-field CTV infections of economic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Wallis
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, United States of America
| | - Zachary Gorman
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Rattner
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, United States of America
| | - Subhas Hajeri
- Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, Tulare, California, United States of America
| | - Raymond Yokomi
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, United States of America
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Huang Y, Sridhar K, Tsai P. Enzymatically hydrolysed asparagus (
Asparagus officinalis
L.) hard‐stem exhibits the ability to inhibit angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE). Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Chun Huang
- Department of Food Science National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Neipu Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’œuf INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes‐Angers Rennes France
| | - Pi‐Jen Tsai
- Department of Food Science National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Neipu Pingtung Taiwan
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Backus EA, Shugart HJ, Gutierrez J, Ebert TA, Walker MA. Field-Collected Glassy-Winged Sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Perform More Xylella fastidiosa-Inoculating Behaviors on Susceptible Vitis vinifera cv. 'Chardonnay' Than on Resistant Vitis champinii Grapevines. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1991-2008. [PMID: 34494096 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae), is an introduced vector of the xylem-dwelling bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) in California. Once acquired, X. fastidiosa colonizes the functional foregut of the vector. Bacteria can be inoculated directly into grapevine xylem during the xylem cell acceptance process in sharpshooter stylet probing, represented by the X wave using electropenetrography (EPG). Since 2001, an effort has been underway to develop PD-resistant grapevines, Vitis vinifera L., through classical breeding of various species of resistant wild grapevines with more susceptible V. vinifera. The present study used EPG to compare H. vitripennis stylet probing behaviors in a factorial experiment between V. champinii (a V. candicans/V. rupestris natural hybrid with moderate trichomes) and V. vinifera cv. 'Chardonnay' (which lacks trichomes) that had been gently scraped to remove trichomes or was not scraped. Results showed that sharpshooters performed significantly more X waves/X. fastidiosa inoculation behaviors of overall longer duration on Chardonnay than on V. champinii, regardless of shaving or not-shaving to remove trichomes. In addition, trichomes caused more frequent standing/walking/test-probing behaviors on V. champinii, whose xylem was rapidly accepted for sharpshooter ingestion once probing began. Thus, EPG can detect a novel type of grapevine resistance to X. fastidiosa-to the vector's probing process and inoculation of bacteria-in addition to the bacterial infection and symptom development processes that are the basis for most resistance breeding today. Future research could use EPG to screen grapevines for this novel type of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Backus
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Holly J Shugart
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
- Present Address: Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jose Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
- Present Address: Nichino America, Inc., Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Timothy A Ebert
- Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - M Andrew Walker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Greco D, Aprile A, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Diseases Caused by Xylella fastidiosa in Prunus Genus: An Overview of the Research on an Increasingly Widespread Pathogen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712452. [PMID: 34484274 PMCID: PMC8414816 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated plants belonging to the genus Prunus are globally widespread and for some countries, are economically important crops; and they play a key role in the composition of a landscape. Xylella fastidiosa is a key threat to plant health, and several Prunus species are heavily stressed by this pathogen, such as almond, peach, and plum; many strain types of different subspecies can cause severe diseases. This review highlights different approaches to managing epidemic events related to X. fastidiosa in stone fruit plants. In fact, in most new European and Asian outbreaks, almond is the main and very common host and peach, plum, apricot, and cherry are widespread and profitable crops for the involved areas. Various diseases associated with stone fruit plants show different degrees of severity in relation to cultivar, although investigations are still limited. The development and selection of tolerant and resistant cultivars and the study of resistance mechanisms activated by the plant against X. fastidiosa infections seem to be the best way to find long-term solutions aimed at making affected areas recover. In addition, observations in orchards severely affected by the disease can be essential for collecting tolerant or resistant materials within the local germplasm. In areas where the bacterium is not yet present, a qualitative-quantitative study on entomofauna is also important for the timely identification of potential vectors and for developing effective control strategies.
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Grapevine phenolic compounds influence cell surface adhesion of Xylella fastidiosa and bind to lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240101. [PMID: 33007036 PMCID: PMC7531785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa specifically colonizes the plant vascular tissue through a complex process of cell adhesion, biofilm formation, and dispersive movement. Adaptation to the chemical environment of the xylem is essential for bacterial growth and progression of infection. Grapevine xylem sap contains a range of plant secondary metabolites such as phenolics, which fluctuate in response to pathogen infection and plant physiological state. Phenolic compounds are often involved in host-pathogen interactions and influence infection dynamics through signaling activity, antimicrobial properties, and alteration of bacterial phenotypes. The effect of biologically relevant concentrations of phenolic compounds coumaric acid, gallic acid, epicatechin, and resveratrol on growth of X. fastidiosa was assessed in vitro. None of these compounds inhibited bacterial growth, but epicatechin and gallic acid reduced cell-surface adhesion. Cell-cell aggregation decreased with resveratrol treatment, but the other phenolic compounds tested had minimal effect on aggregation. Expression of attachment (xadA) and aggregation (fimA) related genes were altered by presence of the phenolic compounds, consistent with observed phenotypes. All four of the phenolic compounds bound to purified X. fastidiosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell-surface component. Information regarding the impact of chemical environment on pathogen colonization in plants is important for understanding the infection process and factors associated with host susceptibility.
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Vergine M, Nicolì F, Sabella E, Aprile A, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Secondary Metabolites in Xylella fastidiosa-Plant Interaction. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090675. [PMID: 32825425 PMCID: PMC7559865 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During their evolutionary history, plants have evolved the ability to synthesize and accumulate small molecules known as secondary metabolites. These compounds are not essential in the primary cell functions but play a significant role in the plants’ adaptation to environmental changes and in overcoming stress. Their high concentrations may contribute to the resistance of the plants to the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which has recently re-emerged as a plant pathogen of global importance. Although it is established in several areas globally and is considered one of the most dangerous plant pathogens, no cure has been developed due to the lack of effective bactericides and the difficulties in accessing the xylem vessels where the pathogen grows and produces cell aggregates and biofilm. This review highlights the role of secondary metabolites in the defense of the main economic hosts of X. fastidiosa and identifies how knowledge about biosynthetic pathways could improve our understanding of disease resistance. In addition, current developments in non-invasive techniques and strategies of combining molecular and physiological techniques are examined, in an attempt to identify new metabolic engineering options for plant defense.
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Wallis CM, Zeilinger AR, Sicard A, Beal DJ, Walker MA, Almeida RPP. Impact of phenolic compounds on progression of Xylella fastidiosa infections in susceptible and PdR1-locus containing resistant grapevines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237545. [PMID: 32764829 PMCID: PMC7413749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pierce’s disease is of major concern for grapevine (Vitis vinifera) production wherever the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa and its vectors are present. Long-term management includes the deployment of resistant grapevines such as those containing the PdR1 locus from the wild grapevine species Vitis arizonica, which do not develop Pierce’s disease symptoms upon infection. However, little is understood about how the PdR1 locus functions to prevent disease symptom development. Therefore, we assessed the concentrations of plant defense-associated compounds called phenolics in healthy and X. fastidiosa-infected PdR1-resistant and susceptible grapevine siblings over time. Soluble foliar phenolic levels, especially flavonoids, in X. fastidiosa-infected PdR1-resistant grapevines were discovered to be significantly lower than those in infected susceptible grapevines. Therefore, it was hypothesized that PdR1-resistant grapevines, by possessing lowered flavonoid levels, affects biofilm formation and causes reduced X. fastidiosa intra-plant colonization, thus limiting the ability to increase pathogen populations and cause Pierce’s disease. These results therefore reveal that differences in plant metabolite levels might be a component of the mechanisms that PdR1 utilizes to prevent Pierce’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Wallis
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam R. Zeilinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anne Sicard
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Dylan J. Beal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - M. Andrew Walker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Wallis CM. Grapevine (Vitis spp.) rootstock stilbenoid associations with host resistance to and induction by root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:360. [PMID: 32727572 PMCID: PMC7392673 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The root knot nematodes (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita can severely reduce grapevine yields over time. Grapevine rootstocks have been developed from wild Vitis species that provide resistance to nematode infections. However, the potential biochemical or mechanical mechanisms of resistance have not been thoroughly explored. Therefore, this study measured levels of stilbenoids in roots of non-infected and RKN-infected grapevines with Cabernet Sauvignon scion grafted to susceptible (O39-16) or resistant (Freedom) rootstocks. This was part of a larger effort to assess phenolic compound levels within grapevine rootstocks to determine roles of stilbenoid compounds in improving nematode resistance and overall plant health. Results None of the assessed compounds were consistently greater in RKN infected plants versus healthy controls. Stilbenoids putatively identified as pallidol, ɑ-viniferin, miyabenol C, and hopeaphenol were overall much greater in Freedom than O39-16 rootstocks. By contrast, the stilbenoids ampelopsin A, ω-viniferin, and vitisin B were greater in O39-16 than Freedom. O39-16 and Freedom had similar levels of other stilbenoids especially monomers and dimers. Potentially the greater levels of specific stilbenoids present in Freedom than O39-16 provided RKN resistance. If validated, breeding programs could utilize the increased presence of these compounds as a marker for increased resistance to nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Wallis
- USDA-ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA.
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Paljakka T, Rissanen K, Vanhatalo A, Salmon Y, Jyske T, Prisle NL, Linnakoski R, Lin JJ, Laakso T, Kasanen R, Bäck J, Hölttä T. Is Decreased Xylem Sap Surface Tension Associated With Embolism and Loss of Xylem Hydraulic Conductivity in Pathogen-Infected Norway Spruce Saplings? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1090. [PMID: 32765568 PMCID: PMC7378778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased abiotic stress along with increasing temperatures, dry periods and forest disturbances may favor biotic stressors such as simultaneous invasion of bark beetle and ophiostomatoid fungi. It is not fully understood how tree desiccation is associated with colonization of sapwood by fungi. A decrease in xylem sap surface tension (σxylem) as a result of infection has been hypothesized to cause xylem embolism by lowering the threshold for air-seeding at the pits between conduits and disruptions in tree water transport. However, this hypothesis has not yet been tested. We investigated tree water relations by measuring the stem xylem hydraulic conductivity (Kstem), σxylem, stem relative water content (RWCstem), and water potential (Ψstem), and canopy conductance (gcanopy), as well as the compound composition in xylem sap in Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings. We conducted our measurements at the later stage of Endoconidiophora polonica infection when visible symptoms had occurred in xylem. Saplings of two clones (44 trees altogether) were allocated to treatments of inoculated, wounded control and intact control trees in a greenhouse. The saplings were destructively sampled every second week during summer 2016. σxylem, Kstem and RWCstem decreased following the inoculation, which may indicate that decreased σxylem resulted in increased embolism. gcanopy did not differ between treatments indicating that stomata responded to Ψstem rather than to embolism formation. Concentrations of quinic acid, myo-inositol, sucrose and alkylphenol increased in the xylem sap of inoculated trees. Myo-inositol concentrations also correlated negatively with σxylem and Kstem. Our study is a preliminary investigation of the role of σxylem in E. polonica infected trees based on previous hypotheses. The results suggest that E. polonica infection can lead to a simultaneous decrease in xylem sap surface tension and a decline in tree hydraulic conductivity, thus hampering tree water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Paljakka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Rissanen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Nønne L. Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Jack J. Lin
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tapio Laakso
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Risto Kasanen
- Forest Sciences/Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences/Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forest Sciences/Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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A Reference List of Phenolic Compounds (Including Stilbenes) in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Roots, Woods, Canes, Stems, and Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050398. [PMID: 32397203 PMCID: PMC7278806 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their biological activities, both in plants and in humans, there is a great interest in finding natural sources of phenolic compounds or ways to artificially manipulate their levels. During the last decade, a significant amount of these compounds has been reported in the vegetative organs of the vine plant. In the roots, woods, canes, stems, and leaves, at least 183 phenolic compounds have been identified, including 78 stilbenes (23 monomers, 30 dimers, 8 trimers, 16 tetramers, and 1 hexamer), 15 hydroxycinnamic acids, 9 hydroxybenzoic acids, 17 flavan-3-ols (of which 9 are proanthocyanidins), 14 anthocyanins, 8 flavanones, 35 flavonols, 2 flavones, and 5 coumarins. There is great variability in the distribution of these chemicals along the vine plant, with leaves and stems/canes having flavonols (83.43% of total phenolic levels) and flavan-3-ols (61.63%) as their main compounds, respectively. In light of the pattern described from the same organs, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and caftaric acid are the main flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids in the leaves; the most commonly represented flavan-3-ols and flavonols in the stems and canes are catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and quercetin-3-O-galactoside. The main stilbenes (trans-ε-viniferin, trans-resveratrol, isohopeaphenol/hopeaphenol, vitisin B, and ampelopsins) accumulate primarily in the woods, followed by the roots, the canes, and the stems, whereas the leaves, which are more exposed to environmental stresses, have a low concentration of these compounds. Data provided in this review could be used as (i) a metabolomic tool for screening in targeted and untargeted analyses and (ii) a reference list in studies aimed at finding ways to induce naturally occurring polyphenols on an industrial scale for pant and human disease control.
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Sunitha S, Rock CD. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of TAS4 and MYBA7 loci in grapevine rootstock 101-14. Transgenic Res 2020; 29:355-367. [PMID: 32328868 PMCID: PMC7283210 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-020-00196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pierce’s disease (PD) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa and is vectored by xylem sap-sucking insects, whereas Grapevine Red Blotch Virus (GRBV) causes Red Blotch Disease and is transmitted in the laboratory by alfalfa leafhopper Spissistilus festinus. The significance of anthocyanin accumulations in distinct tissues of grapevine by these pathogens is unknown, but vector feeding preferences and olfactory cues from host anthocyanins may be important for these disease etiologies. Phosphate, sugar, and UV light are known to regulate anthocyanin accumulation via miR828 and Trans-Acting Small-interfering locus4 (TAS4), specifically in grape by production of phased TAS4a/b/c small-interfering RNAs that are differentially expressed and target MYBA5/6/7 transcription factor transcripts for post-transcriptional slicing and antisense-mediated silencing. To generate materials that can critically test these genes’ functions in PD and GRBV disease symptoms, we produced transgenic grape plants targeting TAS4b and MYBA7 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We obtained five MYBA7 lines all with bi-allelic editing events and no off-targets detected at genomic loci with homology to the guide sequence. We obtained two independent edited TAS4b lines; one bi-allelic, the other heterozygous while both had fortuitous evidences of bi-allelic TAS4a off-target editing events at the paralogous locus. No visible anthocyanin accumulation phenotypes were observed in regenerated plants, possibly due to the presence of genetically redundant TAS4c and MYBA5/6 loci or absence of inductive environmental stress conditions. The editing events encompass single base insertions and di/trinucleotide deletions of Vvi-TAS4a/b and Vvi-MYBA7 at expected positions 3 nt upstream from the guideRNA proximal adjacent motifs NGG. We also identified evidences of homologous recombinations of TAS4a with TAS4b at the TAS4a off-target in one of the TAS4b lines, resulting in a chimeric locus with a bi-allelic polymorphism, supporting independent recombination events in transgenic plants associated with apparent high Cas9 activities. The lack of obvious visible pigment phenotypes in edited plants precluded pathogen challenge tests of the role of anthocyanins in host PD and GRBV resistance/tolerance mechanisms. Nonetheless, we demonstrate successful genome-editing of non-coding RNA and MYB transcription factor loci which can serve future characterizations of the functions of TAS4a/b/c and MYBA7 in developmental, physiological, and environmental biotic/abiotic stress response pathways important for value-added nutraceutical synthesis and pathogen responses of winegrape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Sunitha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3131, USA
| | - Christopher D Rock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3131, USA.
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22
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Li S, Wang J, Yin Y, Li X, Deng L, Jiang X, Chen Z, Li Y. Investigating Effects of Bordered Pit Membrane Morphology and Properties on Plant Xylem Hydraulic Functions-A Case Study from 3D Reconstruction and Microflow Modelling of Pit Membranes in Angiosperm Xylem. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E231. [PMID: 32054100 PMCID: PMC7076482 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pit membranes in between neighboring conduits of xylem play a crucial role in plant water transport. In this review, the morphological characteristics, chemical composition and mechanical properties of bordered pit membranes were summarized and linked with their functional roles in xylem hydraulics. The trade-off between xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety was closely related with morphology and properties of pit membranes, and xylem embolism resistance was also determined by the pit membrane morphology and properties. Besides, to further investigate the effects of bordered pit membranes morphology and properties on plant xylem hydraulic functions, here we modelled three-dimensional structure of bordered pit membranes by applying a deposition technique. Based on reconstructed 3D pit membrane structures, a virtual fibril network was generated to model the microflow pattern across inter-vessel pit membranes. Moreover, the mechanical behavior of intervessel pit membranes was estimated from a single microfibril's mechanical property. Pit membranes morphology varied among different angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Our modelling work suggested that larger pores of pit membranes do not necessarily contribute to major flow rate across pit membranes; instead, the obstructed degree of flow pathway across the pit membranes plays a more important role. Our work provides useful information for studying the mechanism of microfluid flow transport across pit membranes and also sheds light on investigating the response of pit membranes both at normal and stressed conditions, thus improving our understanding on functional roles of pit membranes in xylem hydraulic function. Further work could be done to study the morphological and mechanical response of bordered pit membranes under different dehydrated conditions, as well as the related microflow behavior, based on our constructed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Liping Deng
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.D.); (X.J.)
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Institute of New Forestry Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yujun Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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23
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Han L, Li J, Shi X, Hikichi Y, Ohnishi K. Involvement of a PadR regulator PrhP on virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum by controlling detoxification of phenolic acids and type III secretion system. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1477-1490. [PMID: 31392803 PMCID: PMC6804342 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum can metabolize ferulic acid (FA) and salicylic acid (SA), two representative phenolic acids, to protect it from toxicity of phenolic acids. Here, we genetically demonstrated a novel phenolic acid decarboxylase regulator (PadR)-like regulator PrhP as a positive regulator on detoxification of SA and FA in R. solanacearum. Although the ability to degrade SA and FA enhances the infection process of R. solanacearum toward host plants, PrhP greatly contributes to the infection process besides degradation of SA and FA. Our results from the growth assay, promoter activity assay, RNA-seq and qRT-PCR revealed that PrhP plays multiple roles in the virulence of R. solanacearum: (1) positively regulates expression of genes for degradation of SA and FA; (2) positively regulates expression of genes encoding type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III effectors both in vitro and in planta; (3) positively regulates expression of many virulence-related genes, such as the flagella, type IV pili and cell wall degradation enzymes; and (4) is important for the extensive proliferation in planta. The T3SS is one of the essential pathogenicity determinants in many pathogenic bacteria, and PrhP positively regulates its expression mediated with the key regulator HrpB but through some novel pathway to HrpB in R. solanacearum. This is the first report on PadR regulators to regulate the T3SS and it could improve our understanding of the various biological functions of PadR regulators and the complex regulatory pathway on T3SS in R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer ResourcesChongqing
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Liangliang Han
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi UniversityKochiJapan
| | - Jing Li
- The Ninth Peoples Hospital of ChongqingChongqingChina
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer ResourcesChongqing
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and BiotechnologyKochi UniversityKochiJapan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi UniversityKochiJapan
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Sharma KP. Tannin degradation by phytopathogen's tannase: A Plant's defense perspective. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Hu X, Puri KD, Gurung S, Klosterman SJ, Wallis CM, Britton M, Durbin-Johnson B, Phinney B, Salemi M, Short DPG, Subbarao KV. Proteome and metabolome analyses reveal differential responses in tomato -Verticillium dahliae-interactions. J Proteomics 2019; 207:103449. [PMID: 31323424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae colonizes vascular tissue and causes vascular discoloration in susceptible hosts. Two well-defined races exist in V. dahliae populations from tomato and lettuce. In this study, proteins and metabolites obtained from stems of race 1-incompatible (Beefsteak) and -compatible (Early Pak) tomato cultivars were characterized. A total of 814 and 584 proteins in Beefsteak; and 456 and 637 proteins in Early Pak were identified in stem extracts of plants inoculated with races 1 and 2, respectively. A significant number of defense-related proteins were expressed in each tomato-V. dahliae interaction, as anticipated. However, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), an important defense-associated enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, in addition to remorin 1, NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase, and polyphenol oxidase were uniquely expressed in the incompatible interaction. Compared with the uninoculated control, significant overexpression of gene ontology terms associated with lignin biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid pathway and carbohydrate methylation were identified exclusively in the incompatible interaction. Phenolic compounds known to be involved in plant defense mechanisms were at higher levels in the incompatible relative to the compatible interactions. Based on our findings, PAL and enzymes involved defense-related secondary metabolism and the strengthening of cell walls is likely critical to confer resistance to race 1 of V. dahliae in tomato. SIGNIFICANCE: Verticillium dahliae, a soilborne fungal pathogen and a widely distributed fungal pathogen, colonizes vascular tissue and causes vascular discoloration in roots and stems, leaf wilting, and death of susceptible plant hosts. It causes billions of dollars in annual crop losses all over the world. The study focused on the proteomic and metabalomic of V. dahliae interactions (incompatible with Beefsteak and compatible with Early Pak tomato cultivars). Based on our findings, PAL and enzymes involved defense-related secondary metabolism and the strengthening of cell walls is likely critical to confer resistance to race 1 of V. dahliae in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | | | | | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | - Christopher M Wallis
- USDA-ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648, USA
| | - Monica Britton
- Genome Center and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Genome Center and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Genome Center and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Genome Center and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Girelli CR, Angilè F, Del Coco L, Migoni D, Zampella L, Marcelletti S, Cristella N, Marangi P, Scortichini M, Fanizzi FP. 1H-NMR Metabolite Fingerprinting Analysis Reveals a Disease Biomarker and a Field Treatment Response in Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca-Infected Olive Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E115. [PMID: 31035723 PMCID: PMC6571561 DOI: 10.3390/plants8050115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca is a xylem-limited bacterial phytopathogen currently found associated on many hectares with the "olive quick decline syndrome" in the Apulia region (Southern Italy), and the cultivars Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò result in being particularly sensitive to the disease. In order to find compounds showing the capability of reducing the population cell density of the pathogen within the leaves, we tested, in some olive orchards naturally-infected by the bacterium, a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex, namely Dentamet®, by spraying it to the crown, once per month, during spring and summer. The occurrence of the pathogen in the four olive orchards chosen for the trial was molecularly assessed. A 1H NMR metabolomic approach, in conjunction with a multivariate statistical analysis, was applied to investigate the metabolic pattern of both infected and treated adult olive cultivars, Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò trees, in two sampling periods, performed during the first year of the trial. For both cultivars and sampling periods, the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) gave good models of separation according to the treatment application. In both cultivars, some metabolites such as quinic acid, the aldehydic form of oleoeuropein, ligstroside and phenolic compounds, were consistently found as discriminative for the untreated olive trees in comparison with the Dentamet®-treated trees. Quinic acid, a precursor of lignin, was confirmed as a disease biomarker for the olive trees infected by X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca. When treated with Dentamet®, the two cultivars showed a distinct response. A consistent increase in malic acid was observed for the Ogliarola salentina trees, whereas in the Cellina di Nardò trees the treatments attenuate the metabolic response to the infection. To note that in Cellina di Nardò trees at the first sampling, an increase in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was observed. This study highlights how the infection incited by X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca strongly modifies the overall metabolism of olive trees, and how a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex can induce an early re-programming of the metabolic pathways in the infected trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Roberta Girelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Federica Angilè
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Laura Del Coco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Danilo Migoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Luigi Zampella
- Council for Agricultural research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit Trees and Citrus, Via Torrino, 3, I-81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Simone Marcelletti
- Council for Agricultural research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit Trees and Citrus, Via Torrino, 3, I-81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Nicola Cristella
- Studio Agro-Ambientale ed Ingegneria Terranostra srls, Via XXIV Maggio, 10, I-74020 Lizzano (TA), Italy.
| | - Paolo Marangi
- Studio Agro-Ambientale ed Ingegneria Terranostra srls, Via XXIV Maggio, 10, I-74020 Lizzano (TA), Italy.
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Council for Agricultural research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit Trees and Citrus, Via Torrino, 3, I-81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Pereira WEL, Ferreira CB, Caserta R, Melotto M, de Souza AA. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca and fastidiosa Colonize Arabidopsis Systemically and Induce Anthocyanin Accumulation in Infected Leaves. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:225-232. [PMID: 30277118 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-18-0155-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is a multihost pathogen that affects perennial crops such as grapevine, sweet orange, and olive tree worldwide. It is inherently difficult to study these pathosystems owing to the long-term growth habit of the host plant. Thus, the availability of model plants becomes essential to accelerate discoveries with economic impact. In this study, we uncovered evidence that the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana can be colonized by two different X. fastidiosa subspecies, pauca and fastidiosa. We observed that these bacteria are able to move away from the inoculation point as high bacterial populations were found in distant tissues. In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of bacterial movement inside the petiole revealed the ability of the bacterium to move against the net xylem flow during the time course of colonization forming biofilm. These findings provide evidence for the capacity of X. fastidiosa to colonize Arabidopsis. Furthermore, leaves inoculated with X. fastidiosa showed a significant accumulation of anthocyanin. We propose that the X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca or fastidiosa colonization pattern and anthocyanin accumulation in the Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0 can be used as marker phenotypes to facilitate further studies aimed at improving genetic components involved in X. fastidiosa-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E L Pereira
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira-Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil; first and second authors: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil; and first and fourth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - C B Ferreira
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira-Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil; first and second authors: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil; and first and fourth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - R Caserta
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira-Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil; first and second authors: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil; and first and fourth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - M Melotto
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira-Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil; first and second authors: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil; and first and fourth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - A A de Souza
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira-Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil; first and second authors: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil; and first and fourth authors: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis
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Nicolì F, Negro C, Nutricati E, Vergine M, Aprile A, Sabella E, Damiano G, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Accumulation of Azelaic Acid in Xylella fastidiosa-Infected Olive Trees: A Mobile Metabolite for Health Screening. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:318-325. [PMID: 30566025 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-18-0236-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring Xylella fastidiosa is critical for eradicating or at least containing this harmful pathogen. New low-cost and rapid methods for early detection capability are very much needed. Metabolomics may play a key role in diagnosis; in fact, mobile metabolites could avoid errors in sampling due to erratically distributed pathogens. Of the various different mobile signals, we studied dicarboxylic azelaic acid (AzA) which is a key molecule for biotic stress plant response but has not yet been associated with pathogens in olive trees. We found that infected Olea europaea L. plants of cultivars Cellina di Nardò (susceptible to X. fastidiosa) and Leccino (resistant to the pathogen) showed an increase in AzA accumulation in leaf petioles and in sprigs by approximately seven- and sixfold, respectively, compared with plants negative to X. fastidiosa or affected by other pathogens. No statistically significant variation was found between the X. fastidiosa population level and the amount of AzA in either of the plant tissues, suggesting that AzA accumulation was almost independent of the amount of pathogen in the sample. Furthermore, the association of AzA with X. fastidiosa seemed to be reliable for samples judged as potentially false-negative by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (cycle threshold [Ct] > 33), considering both the absolute value of AzA concentration and the values normalized on negative samples, which diverged significantly from control plants. The accumulation of AzA in infected plants was partially supported by the differential expression of two genes (named OeLTP1 and OeLTP2) encoding lipid transport proteins (LTPs), which shared a specific domain with the LTPs involved in AzA activity in systemic acquired resistance in other plant species. The expression level of OeLTP1 and OeLTP2 in petiole samples showed significant upregulation in samples positive to X. fastidiosa of both cultivars, with higher expression levels in positive samples of Cellina di Nardò compared with Leccino, whereas the two transcripts had a low expression level (Ct > 40) in negative samples of the susceptible cultivar. Although the results derived from the quantification of AzA cannot confirm the presence of the erratically distributed X. fastidiosa, which can be definitively assessed by traditional methods, we believe they represent a fast and cheap screening method for large-scale monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nicolì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Eliana Nutricati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gina Damiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Killiny N, Jones SE, Nehela Y, Hijaz F, Dutt M, Gmitter FG, Grosser JW. All roads lead to Rome: Towards understanding different avenues of tolerance to huanglongbing in citrus cultivars. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:1-10. [PMID: 29783096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Citrus tolerance to huanglongbing could result from tolerance to the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and/or to its vector Diaphorina citri. Field observations and greenhouse-controlled studies showed that some citrus cultivars were more tolerant than others. However, the mechanism(s) behind the tolerance has not been determined yet. Using GC-MS, we investigated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the non-volatile metabolite profiles of two tolerant citrus cultivars- Australian finger lime, 'LB8-9' Sugar Belle® mandarin hybrid, and a recently released mandarin hybrid 'Bingo'. The three were grafted onto the rootstock, Carrizo citrange. Our findings showed that the metabolomic profiles of Australian finger lime were different from that of 'LB8-9'. Finger lime was high in many amino acids and tricarboxylic acid intermediates, whereas 'LB8-9' was high in several amino acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols. 'LB8-9' was high in thymol, which is known for its strong antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria. The metabolomic profiles of 'Bingo' were intensely different from the other mandarin hybrid, 'LB8-9', including a reduced thymol biosynthetic pathway and low amounts of most of the amino acids and sugar alcohols. Remarkably, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) was only detected in 'Bingo', indicating that eucalyptol could have feeding and ovipositional repellency against D. citri. The metabolite profiles generated for HLB-tolerant citrus species will improve the ability of citrus breeders and will allow them to take more informed decisions. Metabolomic profiling of HLB-tolerant citrus species could identify tolerance specific markers that can be introduced to other commercial citrus cultivars to improve their tolerance to HLB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA.
| | - Shelley E Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Frederick G Gmitter
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Jude W Grosser
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
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30
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Rapicavoli J, Ingel B, Blanco‐Ulate B, Cantu D, Roper C. Xylella fastidiosa: an examination of a re-emerging plant pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:786-800. [PMID: 28742234 PMCID: PMC6637975 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen with an extremely wide host range. This species has recently been resolved into subspecies that correlate with host specificity. This review focuses on the status of X. fastidiosa pathogenic associations in plant hosts in which the bacterium is either endemic or has been recently introduced. Plant diseases associated with X. fastidiosa have been documented for over a century, and much about what is known in the context of host-pathogen interactions is based on these hosts, such as grape and citrus, in which this pathogen has been well described. Recent attention has focused on newly emerging X. fastidiosa diseases, such as in olives. TAXONOMY Bacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; family Xanthomonadaceae; genus Xylella; species fastidiosa. MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Gram-negative rod (0.25-0.35 × 0.9-3.5 μm), non-flagellate, motile via Type IV pili-mediated twitching, fastidious. HOST RANGE Xylella fastidiosa has a broad host range that includes ornamental, ecological and agricultural plants belonging to over 300 different species in 63 different families. To date, X. fastidiosa has been found to be pathogenic in over 100 plant species. In addition, it can establish non-symptomatic associations with many plants as a commensal endophyte. Here, we list the four distinct subspecies of X. fastidiosa and some of the agriculturally relevant diseases caused by them: X. fastidiosa ssp. fastidiosa causes Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera); X. fastidiosa ssp. multiplex causes almond leaf scorch (ALS) and diseases on other nut and shade tree crops; X. fastidiosa ssp. pauca causes citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) (Citrus spp.), coffee leaf scorch and olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) (Olea europaea); X. fastidiosa ssp. sandyi causes oleander leaf scorch (OLS) (Nerium oleander). Significant host specificity seemingly exists for some of the subspecies, although this could be a result of technical biases based on the limited number of plants tested, whereas some subspecies are not as stringent in their host range and can infect several plant hosts. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Most X. fastidiosa-related diseases appear as marginal leaf necrosis and scorching of the leaves. In the case of PD, X. fastidiosa can also cause desiccation of berries (termed 'raisining'), irregular periderm development and abnormal abscission of petioles. In olive trees affected with OQDS, leaves exhibit marginal necrosis and defoliation, and overall tree decline occurs. Plants with ALS and OLS also exhibit the characteristic leaf scorch symptoms. Not all X. fastidiosa-related diseases exhibit the typical leaf scorch symptoms. These include CVC and Phony Peach disease, amongst others. In the case of CVC, symptoms include foliar wilt and interveinal chlorosis on the upper surfaces of the leaves (similar to zinc deficiency), which correspond to necrotic, gum-like regions on the undersides of the leaves. Additional symptoms of CVC include defoliation, dieback and hardening of fruits. Plants infected with Phony Peach disease exhibit a denser, more compact canopy (as a result of shortened internodes, darker green leaves and delayed leaf senescence), premature bloom and reduced fruit size. Some occlusions occur in the xylem vessels, but there are no foliar wilting, chlorosis or necrosis symptoms . USEFUL WEBSITES: http://www.piercesdisease.org/; https://pubmlst.org/xfastidiosa/; http://www.xylella.lncc.br/; https://nature.berkeley.edu/xylella/; https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/plant_health_biosecurity/legislation/emergency_measures/xylella-fastidiosa_en.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Rapicavoli
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
| | - Brian Ingel
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
| | | | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA
| | - Caroline Roper
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
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Schenk HJ, Espino S, Rich-Cavazos SM, Jansen S. From the sap's perspective: The nature of vessel surfaces in angiosperm xylem. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:172-185. [PMID: 29578294 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Xylem sap in angiosperms moves under negative pressure in conduits and cell wall pores that are nanometers to micrometers in diameter, so sap is always very close to surfaces. Surfaces matter for water transport because hydrophobic ones favor nucleation of bubbles, and surface chemistry can have strong effects on flow. Vessel walls contain cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectins, proteins, and possibly lipids, but what is the nature of the inner, lumen-facing surface that is in contact with sap? METHODS Vessel lumen surfaces of five angiosperms from different lineages were examined via transmission electron microscopy and confocal and fluorescence microscopy, using fluorophores and autofluorescence to detect cell wall components. Elemental composition was studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and treatments with phospholipase C (PLC) were used to test for phospholipids. KEY RESULTS Vessel surfaces consisted mainly of lignin, with strong cellulose signals confined to pit membranes. Proteins were found mainly in inter-vessel pits and pectins only on outer rims of pit membranes and in vessel-parenchyma pits. Continuous layers of lipids were detected on most vessel surfaces and on most pit membranes and were shown by PLC treatment to consist at least partly of phospholipids. CONCLUSIONS Vessel surfaces appear to be wettable because lignin is not strongly hydrophobic and a coating with amphiphilic lipids would render any surface hydrophilic. New questions arise about these lipids and their possible origins from living xylem cells, especially about their effects on surface tension, surface bubble nucleation, and pit membrane function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Susana Espino
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Sarah M Rich-Cavazos
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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Sabella E, Luvisi A, Aprile A, Negro C, Vergine M, Nicolì F, Miceli A, De Bellis L. Xylella fastidiosa induces differential expression of lignification related-genes and lignin accumulation in tolerant olive trees cv. Leccino. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 220:60-68. [PMID: 29149645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Xylella fastidiosa was reported in Italy, associated with the "Olive Quick Decline Syndrome". The cv. Leccino exhibits an evident tolerance with a slow disease progression compared with the other cultivars. Between the mechanisms proposed to explain the putative tolerance of some hosts to X. fastidiosa diseases, lignin deposition plays an important role. Analysis of phenolic compounds in healthy and infected Leccino and Cellina di Nardò leaves showed, in the two cultivars, a reduction of hydroxytyrosol glucoside (usually associated with drought and cold stress) and, only in Leccino, an increase of quinic acid, precursor of lignin. To determine if lignin biosynthesis is involved in defence response, we investigated the expression of genes coding for entry-point enzymes in different branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway. In stems of Cellina di Nardò infected plants, Cinnamate-4-Hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase (4CL) resulted strongly down-regulated, indicating a plant disease response since the inhibition of C4H is reported to promote the accumulation of benzoic acid and salicylic acid as defence signals. Instead, in the cv. Leccino, Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase (CCR, reported to be strongly induced during the formation of lignin defence response associated) was up-regulated in the stem of infected plants; moreover, Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), coding for an enzyme involved in the hydroxytyrosol biosynthesis, was down-regulated. The quantification of lignin in healthy and infected branches of both cultivars, showed a significant increase of total lignin in infected Leccino compared with the sensitive cultivar; moreover, histochemical observations of stem sections exhibited a different lignin distribution in the sclerenchyma and in the xylem tissue of infected Leccino plants compared to sections of healthy ones. Results suggest a critical role for lignin in X. fastidiosa tolerance of cv. Leccino.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Nicolì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Miceli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Massonnet M, Figueroa-Balderas R, Galarneau ERA, Miki S, Lawrence DP, Sun Q, Wallis CM, Baumgartner K, Cantu D. Neofusicoccum parvum Colonization of the Grapevine Woody Stem Triggers Asynchronous Host Responses at the Site of Infection and in the Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1117. [PMID: 28702038 PMCID: PMC5487829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases cause important economic losses in vineyards worldwide. Neofusicoccum parvum, one of the most aggressive causal agents of the trunk disease Botryosphaeria dieback, colonizes cells and tissues of the grapevine wood, leading to the formation of an internal canker. Symptoms then extend to distal shoots, with wilting of leaves and bud mortality. Our aim was to characterize the transcriptional dynamics of grapevine genes in the woody stem and in the leaves during Neofusicoccum parvum colonization. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling at seven distinct time points (0, 3, and 24 hours; 2, 6, 8, and 12 weeks) showed that both stems and leaves undergo extensive transcriptomic reprogramming in response to infection of the stem. While most intense transcriptional responses were detected in the stems at 24 hours, strong responses were not detected in the leaves until the next sampling point at 2 weeks post-inoculation. Network co-expression analysis identified modules of co-expressed genes common to both organs and showed most of these genes were asynchronously modulated. The temporal shift between stem vs. leaf responses affected transcriptional modulation of genes involved in both signal perception and transduction, as well as downstream biological processes, including oxidative stress, cell wall rearrangement and cell death. Promoter analysis of the genes asynchronously modulated in stem and leaves during N. parvum colonization suggests that the temporal shift of transcriptional reprogramming between the two organs might be due to asynchronous co-regulation by common transcriptional regulators. Topology analysis of stem and leaf co-expression networks pointed to specific transcription factor-encoding genes, including WRKY and MYB, which may be associated with the observed transcriptional responses in the two organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Massonnet
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Rosa Figueroa-Balderas
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Erin R. A. Galarneau
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Shiho Miki
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane UniversityMatsue, Japan
| | - Daniel P. Lawrence
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Biology, University of WisconsinStevens Point, WI, United States
| | - Christopher M. Wallis
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences CenterParlier, CA, United States
| | - Kendra Baumgartner
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research UnitDavis, CA, United States
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
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Lima MRM, Machado AF, Gubler WD. Metabolomic Study of Chardonnay Grapevines Double Stressed with Esca-Associated Fungi and Drought. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:669-680. [PMID: 28402211 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-16-0410-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Esca is a complex grapevine trunk disease associated with fungal infection of the xylem. However, the inconstancy of external symptoms and the ability of esca-associated fungi to inhabit grapevines without causing apparent disease suggests that abiotic factors might be involved in the disease. Water stress has been proposed to be one of the factors influencing esca symptom manifestation but the specific role played by water stress on esca development is unknown. We conducted a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomic study aiming at unveiling drought-induced modifications in xylem sap composition that could contribute to esca-related infection progression. Vitis vinifera 'Chardonnay' plants were inoculated with Phaeomoniella chlamydospora or Phaeoacremonium minimum and exposed to water stress. Using this approach, 28 metabolites were identified in xylem sap. The results show that water stress induces a concentration increase of most metabolites in xylem sap. An average increase >100% was found for asparagine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, valine, sarcosine, and trigonelline. The increase of these compounds seems to be also modulated by fungal infection. This study offers further support to the putative role of drought in esca expression, and opens new avenues of research by extending the current knowledge about metabolites possibly involved in esca disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R M Lima
- University of California Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, One Shields Avenue, Hutchison Hall, Davis 95616
| | - Antoinette F Machado
- University of California Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, One Shields Avenue, Hutchison Hall, Davis 95616
| | - Walter D Gubler
- University of California Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, One Shields Avenue, Hutchison Hall, Davis 95616
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35
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Hao L, Johnson K, Cursino L, Mowery P, Burr TJ. Characterization of the Xylella fastidiosa PD1311 gene mutant and its suppression of Pierce's disease on grapevines. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:684-694. [PMID: 27388152 PMCID: PMC6638296 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa causes Pierce's disease (PD) on grapevines, leading to significant economic losses in grape and wine production. To further our understanding of X. fastidiosa virulence on grapevines, we examined the PD1311 gene, which encodes a putative acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) synthetase, and is highly conserved across Xylella species. It was determined that PD1311 is required for virulence, as the deletion mutant, ΔPD1311, was unable to cause disease on grapevines. The ΔPD1311 strain was impaired in behaviours known to be associated with PD development, including motility, aggregation and biofilm formation. ΔPD1311 also expressed enhanced sensitivity to H2 O2 and polymyxin B, and showed reduced survival in grapevine sap, when compared with wild-type X. fastidiosa Temecula 1 (TM1). Following inoculation, ΔPD1311 could not be detected in grape shoots, which may be related to its altered growth and sensitivity phenotypes. Inoculation with ΔPD1311 2 weeks prior to TM1 prevented the development of PD in a significant fraction of vines and eliminated detectable levels of TM1. In contrast, vines inoculated simultaneously with TM1 and ΔPD1311 developed disease at the same level as TM1 alone. In these vines, TM1 populations were distributed similarly to populations in TM1-only inoculated plants. These findings suggest that, through an indirect mechanism, pretreatment of vines with ΔPD1311 suppresses pathogen population and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Hao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University‐New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
| | - Kameka Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University‐New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
| | - Luciana Cursino
- Department of BiologyHobart and William Smith CollegesGenevaNY14456USA
- Present address:
Division of Natural SciencesKeuka CollegeKeuka ParkNY14478USA
| | - Patricia Mowery
- Department of BiologyHobart and William Smith CollegesGenevaNY14456USA
| | - Thomas J. Burr
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University‐New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
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36
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Sisterson MS, Wallis CM, Stenger DC. Effects of Xylem-Sap Composition on Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Egg Maturation on High- and Low-Quality Host Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:299-310. [PMID: 28334386 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glassy-winged sharpshooters must feed as adults to produce mature eggs. Cowpea and sunflower are both readily accepted by the glassy-winged sharpshooter for feeding, but egg production on sunflower was reported to be lower than egg production on cowpea. To better understand the role of adult diet in egg production, effects of xylem-sap chemistry on glassy-winged sharpshooter egg maturation was compared for females confined to cowpea and sunflower. Females confined to cowpea consumed more xylem-sap than females held on sunflower. In response, females held on cowpea produced more eggs, had heavier bodies, and greater lipid content than females held on sunflower. Analysis of cowpea and sunflower xylem-sap found that 17 of 19 amino acids were more concentrated in cowpea xylem-sap than in sunflower xylem-sap. Thus, decreased consumption of sunflower xylem-sap was likely owing to perceived lower quality, with decreased egg production owing to a combination of decreased feeding and lower return per unit volume of xylem-sap consumed. Examination of pairwise correlation coefficients among amino acids indicated that concentrations of several amino acids within a plant species were correlated. Principal component analyses identified latent variables describing amino acid composition of xylem-sap. For females held on cowpea, egg maturation was affected by test date, volume of excreta produced, and principal components describing amino acid composition of xylem-sap. Principal component analyses aided in identifying amino acids that were positively or negatively associated with egg production, although determining causality with respect to key nutritional requirements for glassy-winged sharpshooter egg production will require additional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Sisterson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Ave., Parlier CA 93648-9757 (; ; )
| | - Christopher M Wallis
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Ave., Parlier CA 93648-9757 (; ; )
| | - Drake C Stenger
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Ave., Parlier CA 93648-9757 (; ; )
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Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang W, Wang R, Qiu Q, Luo F, Hikichi Y, Ohnishi K, Ding W. Ferulic Acid, But Not All Hydroxycinnamic Acids, Is a Novel T3SS Inducer of Ralstonia solanacearum and Promotes Its Infection Process in Host Plants under Hydroponic Condition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1595. [PMID: 28955375 PMCID: PMC5601421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are typical monocyclic phenylpropanoids, including cinnamic acid (Cin), coumaric acid (Cou), caffeic acid (Caf), ferulic acid (FA) and their isomers, and involved in the interactions between pathogens and host plants. Here, we focused on the impact of HCAs on expression of type III secretion system (T3SS) in Ralstonia solanacearum. FA significantly induced the expression of the T3SS and some type III effectors (T3Es) genes in hrp-inducing medium, while did not the other HCAs. However, exogenously supplemented FA did not affect the T3SS expression in planta and the elicitation of the hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves. Consistent with its central roles in pathogenicity, the FA-induced expression of the T3SS led to significant promotion on infection process of R. solanacearum in tomato plants under hydroponics cultivation. Moreover, the FA-induced expression of the T3SS was specifically mediated by the well-characterized signaling cascade PrhA-prhI/R-PrhJ-HrpG-HrpB, independent of the other known regulatory pathways. In summary, our results demonstrated that FA, a novel inducer of the T3SS in R. solanacearum, was able to promote its infection process in host plants under hydroponics condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
- The Ninth Peoples Hospital of ChongqingChongqing, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Rongsheng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Qiaoqing Qiu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Feng Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi UniversityKochi, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi UniversityKochi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kouhei Ohnishi, Wei Ding,
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Kouhei Ohnishi, Wei Ding,
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Wang L, Sun X, Weiszmann J, Weckwerth W. System-Level and Granger Network Analysis of Integrated Proteomic and Metabolomic Dynamics Identifies Key Points of Grape Berry Development at the Interface of Primary and Secondary Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1066. [PMID: 28713396 PMCID: PMC5491621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is a fruit crop with worldwide economic importance. The grape berry undergoes complex biochemical changes from fruit set until ripening. This ripening process and production processes define the wine quality. Thus, a thorough understanding of berry ripening is crucial for the prediction of wine quality. For a systemic analysis of grape berry development we applied mass spectrometry based platforms to analyse the metabolome and proteome of Early Campbell at 12 stages covering major developmental phases. Primary metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism, such as sugars, organic acids and amino acids together with various bioactive secondary metabolites like flavonols, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins were annotated and quantified. At the same time, the proteomic analysis revealed the protein dynamics of the developing grape berries. Multivariate statistical analysis of the integrated metabolomic and proteomic dataset revealed the growth trajectory and corresponding metabolites and proteins contributing most to the specific developmental process. K-means clustering analysis revealed 12 highly specific clusters of co-regulated metabolites and proteins. Granger causality network analysis allowed for the identification of time-shift correlations between metabolite-metabolite, protein- protein and protein-metabolite pairs which is especially interesting for the understanding of developmental processes. The integration of metabolite and protein dynamics with their corresponding biochemical pathways revealed an energy-linked metabolism before veraison with high abundances of amino acids and accumulation of organic acids, followed by protein and secondary metabolite synthesis. Anthocyanins were strongly accumulated after veraison whereas other flavonoids were in higher abundance at early developmental stages and decreased during the grape berry developmental processes. A comparison of the anthocyanin profile of Early Campbell to other cultivars revealed similarities to Concord grape and indicates the strong effect of genetic background on metabolic partitioning in primary and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoliang Sun
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Weiszmann
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Wolfram Weckwerth
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Jung SM, Hur YY, Preece JE, Fiehn O, Kim YH. Profiling of Disease-Related Metabolites in Grapevine Internode Tissues Infected with Agrobacterium vitis. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:489-499. [PMID: 27904455 PMCID: PMC5117857 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.08.2016.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Green shoot cuttings of 10 different grapevine species were inoculated with Agrobacterium vitis to find disease-related metabolites in the grapevine. Crown galls formed 60 days after inoculation varied in gall severity (GS) evaluated by gall incidence (GI) and gall diameter (GD), which were classified into three response types as RR (low GI and small GD), SR (high GI and small GD), and SS (high GI and large GD), corresponding to resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible responses, respectively. In this, 4, 4, and 2 Vitis species were classified into RR, SR, and SS, respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the grapevine stem metabolites with A. vitis infection showed 134 metabolites in various compound classes critically occurred, which were differentially clustered with the response types by the principal component analysis. Multivariate analysis of the metabolite profile revealed that 11 metabolites increased significantly in relation to the response types, mostly at post-inoculation stages, more prevalently (8 metabolites) at two days after inoculation than other stages, and more related to SS (7 metabolites) than RR (3 metabolites) or SR (one metabolite). This suggests most of the disease-related metabolites may be rarely pre-existing but mostly induced by pathogen infection largely for facilitating gall development except stilbene compound resveratrol, a phytoalexin that may be involved in the resistance response. All of these aspects may be used for the selection of resistant grapevine cultivars and their rootstocks for the control of the crown gall disease of the grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Jung
- Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Youn-Young Hur
- Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - John E. Preece
- National Clonal Germplasm Repository, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Davis, CA 95616,
USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
USA
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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40
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Magnin-Robert M, Spagnolo A, Boulanger A, Joyeux C, Clément C, Abou-Mansour E, Fontaine F. Changes in Plant Metabolism and Accumulation of Fungal Metabolites in Response to Esca Proper and Apoplexy Expression in the Whole Grapevine. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:541-53. [PMID: 26882851 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-15-0207-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Trunk diseases have become among the most important grapevine diseases worldwide. They are caused by fungal pathogens that attack the permanent woody structure of the vines and cause various symptoms in woody and annual organs. This study examined modifications of plant responses in green stem, cordon, and trunk of grapevines expressing Esca proper (E) or apoplexy (A) event, which are the most frequent grapevine trunk disease symptoms observed in Europe. Transcript expression of a set of plant defense- and stress-related genes was monitored by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction while plant phytoalexins and fungal metabolites were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to characterize the interaction between the grapevine and trunk disease agents. Expression of genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and trans-resveratrol content were altered in the three organs of diseased plants, especially in the young tissues of A plants. Pathogenesis-related proteins and the antioxidant system were severely modulated in A plants, which indicates a drastic stress effect. In the meantime, fungal polyketides 6-MSA, (R)-mellein, and (3R,4R)-4-hydroxymellein, were accumulated in A plants, which suggests their potential effect on plant metabolism during the appearance of foliar symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Magnin-Robert
- First, second, fifth, and seventh authors: SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France; third and fourth authors: Université de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, 3bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France; and sixth author: Plant Biology Department, University of Fribourg, 3 rue Albert Gockel, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Spagnolo
- First, second, fifth, and seventh authors: SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France; third and fourth authors: Université de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, 3bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France; and sixth author: Plant Biology Department, University of Fribourg, 3 rue Albert Gockel, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anna Boulanger
- First, second, fifth, and seventh authors: SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France; third and fourth authors: Université de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, 3bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France; and sixth author: Plant Biology Department, University of Fribourg, 3 rue Albert Gockel, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Joyeux
- First, second, fifth, and seventh authors: SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France; third and fourth authors: Université de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, 3bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France; and sixth author: Plant Biology Department, University of Fribourg, 3 rue Albert Gockel, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Clément
- First, second, fifth, and seventh authors: SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France; third and fourth authors: Université de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, 3bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France; and sixth author: Plant Biology Department, University of Fribourg, 3 rue Albert Gockel, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Abou-Mansour
- First, second, fifth, and seventh authors: SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France; third and fourth authors: Université de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, 3bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France; and sixth author: Plant Biology Department, University of Fribourg, 3 rue Albert Gockel, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Florence Fontaine
- First, second, fifth, and seventh authors: SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France; third and fourth authors: Université de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, 3bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France; and sixth author: Plant Biology Department, University of Fribourg, 3 rue Albert Gockel, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Chakraborty S, Nascimento R, Zaini PA, Gouran H, Rao BJ, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Sequence/structural analysis of xylem proteome emphasizes pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and β-1, 3-glucanases as key players in grapevine defense against Xylella fastidiosa. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2007. [PMID: 27257535 PMCID: PMC4888286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of various plant diseases including Pierce’s disease in the US, and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil, remains a continual source of concern and economic losses, especially since almost all commercial varieties are sensitive to this Gammaproteobacteria. Differential expression of proteins in infected tissue is an established methodology to identify key elements involved in plant defense pathways. Methods. In the current work, we developed a methodology named CHURNER that emphasizes relevant protein functions from proteomic data, based on identification of proteins with similar structures that do not necessarily have sequence homology. Such clustering emphasizes protein functions which have multiple copies that are up/down-regulated, and highlights similar proteins which are differentially regulated. As a working example we present proteomic data enumerating differentially expressed proteins in xylem sap from grapevines that were infected with X. fastidiosa. Results. Analysis of this data by CHURNER highlighted pathogenesis related PR-1 proteins, reinforcing this as the foremost protein function in xylem sap involved in the grapevine defense response to X. fastidiosa. β-1, 3-glucanase, which has both anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, is also up-regulated. Simultaneously, chitinases are found to be both up and down-regulated by CHURNER, and thus the net gain of this protein function loses its significance in the defense response. Discussion. We demonstrate how structural data can be incorporated in the pipeline of proteomic data analysis prior to making inferences on the importance of individual proteins to plant defense mechanisms. We expect CHURNER to be applicable to any proteomic data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America; Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama , Uberlândia Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
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42
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Abeysekara NS, Swaminathan S, Desai N, Guo L, Bhattacharyya MK. The plant immunity inducer pipecolic acid accumulates in the xylem sap and leaves of soybean seedlings following Fusarium virguliforme infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 243:105-14. [PMID: 26795155 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The causal agent of the soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), Fusarium virguliforme, remains in infected roots and secretes toxins to cause foliar SDS. In this study we investigated the xylem sap, roots, and leaves of F. virguliforme-infected and -uninfected soybean seedlings for any changes in a set of over 3,000 metabolites following pathogen infection by conducting GC/MS and LC/MS/MS, and detected 273 biochemicals. Levels of many intermediates of the TCA cycle were reduced suggesting suppression of this metabolic pathway by the pathogen. There was an increased accumulation of peroxidated lipids in leaves of F. virguliforme-infected plants suggesting possible involvement of free radicals and lipoxygenases in foliar SDS development. Levels of both isoflavone conjugates and isoflavonoid phytoalexins were decreased in infected roots suggesting degradation of these metabolites by the pathogen to promote root necrosis. The levels of the plant immunity inducer pipecolic acid (Pip) and the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) were significantly increased in xylem sap (in case of Pip) and leaves (in case of both Pip and SA) of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants compared to the control plants. This suggests a major signaling role of Pip in inducing host defense responses in above ground parts of the F. virguliforme-infected soybean. Increased accumulation of pipecolic acid in foliar tissues was associated with the induction of GmALD1, the soybean homolog of Arabidopsis ALD1. This metabolomics study generated several novel hypotheses for studying the mechanisms of SDS development in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilwala S Abeysekara
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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43
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Chakraborty S, Nascimento R, Zaini PA, Gouran H, Rao BJ, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Sequence/structural analysis of xylem proteome emphasizes pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and β-1, 3-glucanases as key players in grapevine defense against Xylella fastidiosa. PeerJ 2016. [PMID: 27257535 DOI: 10.7717/peerj2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of various plant diseases including Pierce's disease in the US, and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil, remains a continual source of concern and economic losses, especially since almost all commercial varieties are sensitive to this Gammaproteobacteria. Differential expression of proteins in infected tissue is an established methodology to identify key elements involved in plant defense pathways. Methods. In the current work, we developed a methodology named CHURNER that emphasizes relevant protein functions from proteomic data, based on identification of proteins with similar structures that do not necessarily have sequence homology. Such clustering emphasizes protein functions which have multiple copies that are up/down-regulated, and highlights similar proteins which are differentially regulated. As a working example we present proteomic data enumerating differentially expressed proteins in xylem sap from grapevines that were infected with X. fastidiosa. Results. Analysis of this data by CHURNER highlighted pathogenesis related PR-1 proteins, reinforcing this as the foremost protein function in xylem sap involved in the grapevine defense response to X. fastidiosa. β-1, 3-glucanase, which has both anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, is also up-regulated. Simultaneously, chitinases are found to be both up and down-regulated by CHURNER, and thus the net gain of this protein function loses its significance in the defense response. Discussion. We demonstrate how structural data can be incorporated in the pipeline of proteomic data analysis prior to making inferences on the importance of individual proteins to plant defense mechanisms. We expect CHURNER to be applicable to any proteomic data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America; Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama , Uberlândia Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
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Rahman A, Wallis CM, Uddin W. Silicon-Induced Systemic Defense Responses in Perennial Ryegrass Against Infection by Magnaporthe oryzae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:748-57. [PMID: 25738553 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-14-0378-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable integrated disease management for gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass may involve use of plant defense elicitors with compatible traditional fungicides to reduce disease incidence and severity. Silicon (Si) has previously been identified as a potential inducer or modulator of plant defenses against different fungal pathogens. To this end, perennial ryegrass was inoculated with the causal agent of gray leaf spot, Magnaporthe oryzae, when grown in soil that was nonamended or amended with three different levels of calcium silicate (1, 5, or 10 metric tons [t]/ha). When applied at a rate of 5 t/ha, calcium silicate was found to significantly suppress gray leaf spot in perennial ryegrass, including a significant reduction of disease incidence (39.5%) and disease severity (47.3%). Additional studies observed nonpenetrated papillae or cell-wall appositions harboring callose, phenolic autofluorogens, and lignin-associated polyphenolic compounds in grass grown in the Si-amended soil. Regarding defense-associated enzyme levels, only following infection did grass grown in Si-amended soil exhibit greater activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase than equivalent inoculated control plants. Also following infection with M. oryzae, grass levels of several phenolic acids, including chlorogenic acid and flavonoids, and relative expression levels of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PALa and PALb) and lipoxygenase (LOXa) significantly increased in Si-amended plants compared with that of nonamended control plants. These results suggest that Si-mediated increase of host defense responses to fungal pathogens in perennial ryegrass has a great potential to be part of an effective integrated disease management strategy against gray leaf spot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgir Rahman
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Christopher M Wallis
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Wakar Uddin
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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Araujo L, Bispo WMS, Rios VS, Fernandes SA, Rodrigues FA. Induction of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway by Acibenzolar-S-Methyl and Potassium Phosphite Increases Mango Resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata Infection. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:447-459. [PMID: 30699557 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-14-0788-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study used both microscopic and biochemical analyses to investigate the possible defense responses induced by acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and potassium phosphite (Phi) in mango plants inoculated with Ceratocystis fimbriata. Disease development was evaluated in the stems of inoculated mango plants and these were examined using fluorescence and light microscopy. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify secondary metabolites in the stem sections. Spraying the plants with ASM and Phi reduced internal necrosis and disease development. The ASM and Phi induced many microscopic defense responses in the stem tissues against C. fimbriata infection. HPLC analysis revealed that the concentrations of two alkaloids (theobromine and 7-methylxanthine) and 10 phenolic compounds (catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, myricetin, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, phloridzin, sinapinic acid, and salicylhydroxamic acid) were higher in the stem tissues of plants sprayed with ASM or Phi than in inoculated control treatment. The concentrations of phenolic compounds were higher in the stem tissues of inoculated plants than in noninoculated plants, while the inverse was observed for alkaloids. Higher concentrations of secondary metabolites in the stem tissues were detected in the early stages of fungal infection, especially in plants treated with inducers. Taken together, the results from the present study clearly support the concept that the phenylpropanoid pathway in the stem tissues of mango plants infected by C. fimbriata can be induced by ASM and Phi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - F A Rodrigues
- Department of Plant Pathology, Viçosa Federal University, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Lowe TM, Ailloud F, Allen C. Hydroxycinnamic Acid Degradation, a Broadly Conserved Trait, Protects Ralstonia solanacearum from Chemical Plant Defenses and Contributes to Root Colonization and Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:286-97. [PMID: 25423265 PMCID: PMC4329107 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0292-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) defense compounds to combat pathogens, such as the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. We showed that an HCA degradation pathway is genetically and functionally conserved across diverse R. solanacearum strains. Further, a feruloyl-CoA synthetase (Δfcs) mutant that cannot degrade HCA was less virulent on tomato plants. To understand the role of HCA degradation in bacterial wilt disease, we tested the following hypotheses: HCA degradation helps the pathogen i) grow, as a carbon source; ii) spread, by reducing HCA-derived physical barriers; and iii) survive plant antimicrobial compounds. Although HCA degradation enabled R. solanacearum growth on HCA in vitro, HCA degradation was dispensable for growth in xylem sap and root exudate, suggesting that HCA are not significant carbon sources in planta. Acetyl-bromide quantification of lignin demonstrated that R. solanacearum infections did not affect the gross quantity or distribution of stem lignin. However, the Δfcs mutant was significantly more susceptible to inhibition by two HCA, namely, caffeate and p-coumarate. Finally, plant colonization assays suggested that HCA degradation facilitates early stages of infection and root colonization. Together, these results indicated that ability to degrade HCA contributes to bacterial wilt virulence by facilitating root entry and by protecting the pathogen from HCA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Lowe
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Florent Ailloud
- Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (UMR PVBMT), INRA-CIRAD, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding Author: Caitilyn Allen; ; 608-262-9578
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Wallis CM, Wallingford AK, Chen J. Grapevine rootstock effects on scion sap phenolic levels, resistance to Xylella fastidiosa infection, and progression of Pierce's disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:502. [PMID: 24376452 PMCID: PMC3860182 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) causes Pierce's disease (PD), an important disease of grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. Grapevine rootstocks were developed to provide increased resistance to root disease, but rootstock effects on cane and vine diseases remain unclear. Grapevines that consisted of Cabernet Sauvignon or Chardonnay grafted to 13 different rootstocks were inoculated with Xf and evaluated for PD severity and Xf titer after 6 months. A subset of six rootstock/scion combinations had xylem sap phenolic levels assessed in non-infected and Xf-infected grapevines. Vigor also was analyzed by measuring root lengths and masses. Cabernet Sauvignon grafted to 101-14MG, 1103P, 420A, or Schwarzmann had reduced PD severity compared to Cabernet Sauvignon grafted to 110R, 5BB, or SO4. Chardonnay grafted to Salt Creek or Freedom had reduced PD severity compared to Chardonnay grafted to RS3 or Schwarzmann. Chardonnay grafted to RS3 had greater Xf titer than Chardonnay grafted to 101-14MG, Freedom, or Salt Creek. No other differences in Xf titer among rootstocks were observed. Of the six scion/rootstock combinations which had xylem sap phenolics analyzed, Chardonnay/RS3 had the highest levels of most phenolics whereas Cabernet Sauvignon/101-14MG had the lowest phenolic levels. However, Chardonnay/101-14MG, which had mild PD symptoms, had greater sap levels of caftaric acid than other scion/rootstock combinations. Sap levels of caftaric acid, methyl salicylate, a procyanidin trimer, and quinic acid were greater in Xf-infected vs. non-infected grapevines. Chardonnay on 101-14MG or Salt Creek had greater root mass than Chardonnay on RS3. Cabernet Sauvignon on 101-14MG had greater root mass than Cabernet Sauvignon on 110R. These results identified rootstocks with the capacity for reducing PD symptom progression. Rootstocks also were shown to affect Xf titer, xylem sap phenolic levels, and plant vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Wallis
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences CenterParlier, CA, USA
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An HPLC-MS characterization of the changes in sweet orange leaf metabolite profile following infection by the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79485. [PMID: 24223954 PMCID: PMC3818228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) presumably caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) threatens the commercial U.S. citrus crop of an annual value of $3 billion. The earliest shift in metabolite profiles of leaves from greenhouse-grown sweet orange trees infected with Clas, and of healthy leaves, was characterized by HPLC-MS concurrently with PCR testing for the presence of Clas bacteria and observation of disease symptoms. Twenty, 8-month-old ‘Valencia’ and ‘Hamlin’ trees were grafted with budwood from PCR-positive HLB source trees. Five graft-inoculated trees of each variety and three control trees were sampled biweekly and analyzed by HPLC-MS and PCR. Thirteen weeks after inoculation, Clas was detected in newly growing flushes in 33% and 55% of the inoculated ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ trees, respectively. Inoculated trees remained asymptomatic in the first 20 weeks, but developed symptoms 30 weeks after grafting. No significant differences in the leaf metabolite profiles were detected in Clas-infected trees 23 weeks after inoculation. However, 27 weeks after inoculation, differences in metabolite profiles between control leaves and those of Clas-infected trees were evident. Affected compounds were identified with authentic standards or structurally classified by their UV and mass spectra. Included among these compounds are flavonoid glycosides, polymethoxylated flavones, and hydroxycinnamates. Four structurally related hydroxycinnamate compounds increased more than 10-fold in leaves from ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees in response to Clas infection. Possible roles of these hydroxycinnamates as plant defense compounds against the Clas infection are discussed.
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Rock CD. Trans-acting small interfering RNA4: key to nutraceutical synthesis in grape development? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:601-10. [PMID: 23993483 PMCID: PMC3818397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The facility and versatility of microRNAs (miRNAs) to evolve and change likely underlies how they have become dominant constituents of eukaryotic genomes. In this opinion article I propose that trans-acting small interfering RNA gene 4 (TAS4) evolution may be important for biosynthesis of polyphenolics, arbuscular symbiosis, and bacterial pathogen etiologies. Expression-based and phylogenetic evidence shows that TAS4 targets two novel grape (Vitis vinifera L.) MYB transcription factors (VvMYBA6, VvMYBA7) that spawn phased small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) which probably function in nutraceutical bioflavonoid biosynthesis and fruit development. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms of TAS4 control of plant development and integration into biotic and abiotic stress- and nutrient-signaling regulatory networks has applicability to molecular breeding and the development of strategies for engineering healthier foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Rock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University (TTU), Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA.
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De La Fuente L, Parker JK, Oliver JE, Granger S, Brannen PM, van Santen E, Cobine PA. The bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa affects the leaf ionome of plant hosts during infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62945. [PMID: 23667547 PMCID: PMC3646994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogenic bacterium that lives inside the host xylem vessels, where it forms biofilm believed to be responsible for disrupting the passage of water and nutrients. Here, Nicotiana tabacum was infected with X. fastidiosa, and the spatial and temporal changes in the whole-leaf ionome (i.e. the mineral and trace element composition) were measured as the host plant transitioned from healthy to diseased physiological status. The elemental composition of leaves was used as an indicator of the physiological changes in the host at a specific time and relative position during plant development. Bacterial infection was found to cause significant increases in concentrations of calcium prior to the appearance of symptoms and decreases in concentrations of phosphorous after symptoms appeared. Field-collected leaves from multiple varieties of grape, blueberry, and pecan plants grown in different locations over a four-year period in the Southeastern US showed the same alterations in Ca and P. This descriptive ionomics approach characterizes the existence of a mineral element-based response to X. fastidiosa using a model system suitable for further manipulation to uncover additional details of the role of mineral elements during plant-pathogen interactions. This is the first report on the dynamics of changes in the ionome of the host plant throughout the process of infection by a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America.
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