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Radojkovic DB, Pesic M, Radojkovic M, Vukelic Nikolic M, Jevtovic Stoimenov T, Radenkovic S, Ciric V, Basic D, Radjenovic Petkovic T. Significance of Duodenal Prolactin Receptor Modulation by Calcium and Vitamin D in Sulpiride-Induced Hyperprolactinemia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:942. [PMID: 38929559 PMCID: PMC11205369 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Hyperprolactinemia, as a potential side-effect of some antipsychotic medications, is associated with decreased bone density and an increased risk of fractures. This study investigates whether calcium and vitamin D supplementation affects prolactin receptor (Prlr) gene expression in the duodenum, vertebrae, and kidneys of female rats with sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one-week-old female Wistar rats were assigned to three groups: Group S consisted of ten rats who received sulpiride injections (10 mg/kg) twice daily for 6 weeks; Group D (10 rats) received daily supplementation of 50 mg calcium and 500 IU vitamin D along with sulpiride for the last 3 weeks; and Group C consisting of seven age-matched nulliparous rats serving as a control group. Real-time PCR was used to assess Prlr gene expression in the duodenum, vertebrae, and kidneys. Results: In Group S, Prlr gene expression was notably decreased in the duodenum (p < 0.01) but elevated in the vertebrae and kidneys compared to Group C. Conversely, Group D exhibited significantly increased Prlr expression in the duodenum (p < 0.01) alongside elevated expression in the vertebrae and kidneys. Conclusions: In sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia, decreased Prlr gene expression in the duodenum may lead to reduced intestinal calcium absorption. Consequently, prolactin may draw calcium from the skeletal system to maintain calcium balance, facilitated by increased Prlr gene expression in the vertebrae. However, vitamin D supplementation in sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia notably enhances Prlr gene expression in the duodenum, potentially ameliorating intestinal calcium absorption and mitigating adverse effects on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Branislav Radojkovic
- Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.V.N.); (T.J.S.); (S.R.); (V.C.)
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, University Clinical Center Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 48, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Milica Pesic
- Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.V.N.); (T.J.S.); (S.R.); (V.C.)
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, University Clinical Center Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 48, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Milan Radojkovic
- Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.V.N.); (T.J.S.); (S.R.); (V.C.)
- Surgery Clinic, University Clinical Center Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 48, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Marija Vukelic Nikolic
- Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.V.N.); (T.J.S.); (S.R.); (V.C.)
| | - Tatjana Jevtovic Stoimenov
- Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.V.N.); (T.J.S.); (S.R.); (V.C.)
| | - Sasa Radenkovic
- Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.V.N.); (T.J.S.); (S.R.); (V.C.)
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, University Clinical Center Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 48, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Vojislav Ciric
- Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia; (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.V.N.); (T.J.S.); (S.R.); (V.C.)
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, University Clinical Center Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 48, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Dijana Basic
- Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center Nis, Blvd. Dr Zoran Djindjic 48, 18000 Nis, Serbia;
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Wimalawansa SJ. Physiology of Vitamin D-Focusing on Disease Prevention. Nutrients 2024; 16:1666. [PMID: 38892599 PMCID: PMC11174958 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a crucial micronutrient, critical to human health, and influences many physiological processes. Oral and skin-derived vitamin D is hydroxylated to form calcifediol (25(OH)D) in the liver, then to 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) in the kidney. Alongside the parathyroid hormone, calcitriol regulates neuro-musculoskeletal activities by tightly controlling blood-ionized calcium concentrations through intestinal calcium absorption, renal tubular reabsorption, and skeletal mineralization. Beyond its classical roles, evidence underscores the impact of vitamin D on the prevention and reduction of the severity of diverse conditions such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, autoimmune disorders, infection, and cancer. Peripheral target cells, like immune cells, obtain vitamin D and 25(OH)D through concentration-dependent diffusion from the circulation. Calcitriol is synthesized intracellularly in these cells from these precursors, which is crucial for their protective physiological actions. Its deficiency exacerbates inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders and infections; deficiency also causes premature deaths. Thus, maintaining optimal serum levels above 40 ng/mL is vital for health and disease prevention. However, achieving it requires several times more than the government's recommended vitamin D doses. Despite extensive published research, recommended daily intake and therapeutic serum 25(OH)D concentrations have lagged and are outdated, preventing people from benefiting. Evidence suggests that maintaining the 25(OH)D concentrations above 40 ng/mL with a range of 40-80 ng/mL in the population is optimal for disease prevention and reducing morbidities and mortality without adverse effects. The recommendation for individuals is to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) for optimal clinical outcomes. Insights from metabolomics, transcriptomics, and epigenetics offer promise for better clinical outcomes from vitamin D sufficiency. Given its broader positive impact on human health with minimal cost and little adverse effects, proactively integrating vitamin D assessment and supplementation into clinical practice promises significant benefits, including reduced healthcare costs. This review synthesized recent novel findings related to the physiology of vitamin D that have significant implications for disease prevention.
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Yu WX, Poon CCW, Zhou LP, Wong KY, Cao SS, Lam CY, Lee WYW, Wong MS. Oleanolic acid exerts bone anabolic effects via activation of osteoblastic 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha hydroxylase. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116402. [PMID: 38471277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is previously shown to exert bone protective effects in aged animals. However, its role in regulating osteoblastic vitamin D bioactivation, which is one of major causes of age-related bone loss, remains unclear. Our results revealed that treatment of OA significantly increased skeletal CYP27B1 expression and circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 in ovariectomized mice (p <0.01). Moreover, OA upregulated CYP27B1 protein expression and activity, as well as the vitamin D-responsive bone markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteopontin (OPN) protein expression, in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells (p<0.05). CYP27B1 expression increased along with the osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). CYP27B1 expression and cellular 1,25(OH)2D3 production were further potentiated by OA in cells at mature osteogenic stages. Notably, our study suggested that the osteogenic actions of OA were CYP27B1 dependent. In summary, the bone protective effects of OA were associated with the induction of CYP27B1 activity and expression in bone tissues and osteoblastic lineages. Hence, OA might be a potential approach for management of age-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xuan Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen, China
| | - Christina Chui-Wa Poon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen, China; Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China; School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Ying Wong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen, China
| | - Si-Si Cao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Yan Lam
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen, China; Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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Ha NNY, Huynh TKT, Phan NUP, Nguyen TH, Vong LB, Trinh NT. Synergistic effect of metformin and vitamin D 3 on osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells under high d-glucose conditions. Regen Ther 2024; 25:147-156. [PMID: 38486821 PMCID: PMC10937201 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitamin D3 plays a vital role in bone health, with low levels of vitamin D3 being related to skeletal fragility, fractures, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Metformin is known as an antihyperglycemic agent for regulating blood sugar. A correlation between diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis is attracting considerable interest, and research to find the prevention and treatment is gradually being studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of metformin and vitamin D3 on osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) under high d-glucose concentrations and optimized by combining vitamin D3 and metformin in the process. Methods ROS production of AT-MSCs under high d-glucose conditions was measured by DCFH-DA assay. The differentiated AT-MSCs were analyzed by Alizarin Red S staining and optical density measurement. The investigation involved the examination of osteogenic master genes' expressions using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques. Results Interestingly, the results have shown that human AT-MSCs will exhibit high ROS accumulation and low osteogenic differentiation capabilities, indicated by low calcium deposition, as well as low expression of indicative genes such as ALP, Runx-2 under high d-glucose conditions. The combination of vitamin D3 and metformin remarkedly accelerated the osteogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs under high d-glucose concentrations more effectively than the administration of either agent. Conclusions This study partially explains an aspect of an in vitro model for pre-clinical drug screening for osteoporosis-related diabetic pathological mechanisms, which can be applied for further research on the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Nguyen-Yen Ha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC), 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Kim Tan Huynh
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC), 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
| | | | - Thi-Hiep Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC), 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
| | - Long Binh Vong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC), 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
| | - Nhu-Thuy Trinh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC), 700000 HCMC, Viet Nam
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Forbord KM, Okla M, Lunde NN, Bosnjak-Olsen T, Arnekleiv G, Hesselson D, Johansen HT, Tang JCY, Kassem M, Solberg R, Jafari A. The Cysteine Protease Legumain Is Upregulated by Vitamin D and Is a Regulator of Vitamin D Metabolism in Mice. Cells 2023; 13:36. [PMID: 38201240 PMCID: PMC10778535 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Legumain is a lysosomal cysteine protease that has been implicated in an increasing amount of physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, the upstream mechanisms regulating the expression and function of legumain are not well understood. Here, we provide in vitro and in vivo data showing that vitamin D3 (VD3) enhances legumain expression and function. In turn, legumain alters VD3 bioavailability, possibly through proteolytic cleavage of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). Active VD3 (1,25(OH)2D3) increased legumain expression, activity, and secretion in osteogenic cultures of human bone marrow stromal cells. Upregulation of legumain was also observed in vivo, evidenced by increased legumain mRNA in the liver and spleen, as well as increased legumain activity in kidneys from wild-type mice treated with 25(OH)D3 (50 µg/kg, subcutaneously) for 8 days compared to a control. In addition, the serum level of legumain was also increased. We further showed that active legumain cleaved purified VDBP (55 kDa) in vitro, forming a 45 kDa fragment. In vivo, no VDBP cleavage was found in kidneys or liver from legumain-deficient mice (Lgmn-/-), whereas VDBP was cleaved in wild-type control mice (Lgmn+/+). Finally, legumain deficiency resulted in increased plasma levels of 25(OH)D3 and total VD3 and altered expression of key renal enzymes involved in VD3 metabolism (CYP24A1 and CYP27B1). In conclusion, a regulatory interplay between VD3 and legumain is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Martin Forbord
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.F.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Meshail Okla
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ngoc Nguyen Lunde
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.F.)
| | - Tatjana Bosnjak-Olsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.F.)
| | - Guro Arnekleiv
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.F.)
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Harald Thidemann Johansen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.F.)
| | - Jonathan C. Y. Tang
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;
- Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rigmor Solberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.F.)
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ratsma DMA, Muller M, Koedam M, Zillikens MC, van der Eerden BCJ. In vitro regulation of fibroblast growth factor 23 by 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesized by osteocyte-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:448-459. [PMID: 37796032 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is produced and secreted by osteocytes and is essential for maintaining phosphate homeostasis. One of the main regulators of FGF23, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3), is primarily synthesized in the kidney from 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) by 1α-hydroxylase (encoded by CYP27B1). Hitherto, it is unclear whether osteocytes can convert 25(OH)D and thereby allow for 1,25(OH)2D3 to induce FGF23 production and secretion locally. Here, we differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells toward osteocyte-like cells expressing and secreting FGF23. Treatment with 10-6 M 25(OH)D resulted in conversion of 25(OH)D to 150 pmol/L 1,25(OH)2D3 and increased FGF23 expression and secretion, but the converted amount of 1,25(OH)2D3 was insufficient to trigger an FGF23 response, so the effect on FGF23 was most likely directly caused by 25(OH)D. Interestingly, combining phosphate with 25(OH)D resulted in a synergistic increase in FGF23 expression and secretion, likely due to activation of additional signaling pathways by phosphate. Blockage of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) only partially abolished the effects of 25(OH)D or 25(OH)D combined with phosphate on Fgf23, while completely inhibiting the upregulation of cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp24a1), encoding for 24-hydroxylase. RNA sequencing and in silico analyses showed that this could potentially be mediated by the nuclear receptors Retinoic Acid Receptor β (RARB) and Estrogen Receptor 2 (ESR2). Taken together, we demonstrate that osteocytes are able to convert 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D3, but this is insufficient for FGF23 activation, implicating a direct effect of 25(OH)D in the regulation of FGF23, which occurs at least partially independent from its cognate VDR. Moreover, phosphate and 25(OH)D synergistically increase expression and secretion of FGF23, which warrants investigating consequences in patients receiving a combination of vitamin D analogues and phosphate supplements. These observations help us to further understand the complex relations between phosphate, vitamin D, and FGF23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M A Ratsma
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Max Muller
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke Koedam
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone metabolism and Erasmus MC Bone Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
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Tong X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Li T, Zou H, Yuan Y, Bian J, Liu Z, Gu J. Vitamin D Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Inhibition of Chicken Bone Marrow Stromal Cells' Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2544. [PMID: 37570352 PMCID: PMC10417335 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a lipid soluble vitamin that is mostly used to treat bone metabolism-related diseases. In this study, the effect of Cd toxicity in vitro on osteogenic differentiation derived from BMSCs and the alleviating effect of lα, 25-(OH)2D3 were investigated. Cell index in real time was monitored using a Real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) system. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the calcified nodules and the distribution of Runx2 protein were detected using ALP staining, alizarin red staining, and immunofluorescence, respectively. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential and the apoptotic rate of BMSCs, the mRNA levels of RUNX2 and type Ⅰ collagen alpha2 (COL1A2) genes, and the protein expression of Col1 and Runx2 were detected using flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. The proliferation of BMSCs and osteogenic differentiation were enhanced after treatment with different concentrations of lα, 25-(OH)2D3 compared with the control group. However, 5 μmol/L Cd inhibited the proliferation of BMSCs. In addition, 10 nmol/L lα,25-(OH)2D3 attenuated the toxicity and the apoptosis of BMSCs treated by Cd, and also promoted the osteogenic differentiation including the activity of ALP, and the protein expression of Col1 and Runx2. lα, 25-(OH)2D3 can alleviate cadmium-induced osteogenic toxicity in White Leghorn chickens in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishuai Tong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China;
| | - Yutian Zhao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yawen Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hui Zou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.T.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.B.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Yang Y, Tseng WJ, Wang B. Abaloparatide Maintains Normal Rat Blood Calcium Level in Part Via 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D/osteocalcin Signaling Pathway. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad117. [PMID: 37493045 PMCID: PMC10424883 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The PTH-related peptide(1-34) analog, abaloparatide (ABL), is the second anabolic drug available for the treatment of osteoporosis. Previous research demonstrated that ABL had a potent anabolic effect but caused hypercalcemia at a significantly lower rate. However, the mechanism by which ABL maintains the stability of blood calcium levels remains poorly understood. Our in vivo data showed that ABL treatment (40 µg/kg/day for 7 days) significantly increased rat blood level of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] without raising the blood calcium value. ABL also significantly augmented the carboxylated osteocalcin (Gla-Ocn) in the blood and bone that is synthesized by osteoblasts, and increased noncarboxylated Ocn, which is released from the bone matrix to the circulation because of osteoclast activation. The in vitro data showed that ABL (10 nM for 24 hours) had little direct effects on 1,25-(OH)2D synthesis and Gla-Ocn formation in nonrenal cells (rat osteoblast-like cells). However, ABL significantly promoted both 1,25-(OH)2D and Gla-Ocn formation when 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the substrate of 1α-hydroxylase, was added to the cells. Thus, the increased 1,25-(OH)2D levels in rats treated by ABL result in high levels of Gla-Ocn and transient calcium increase in the circulation. Gla-Ocn then mediates calcium ions in the extracellular fluid at bone sites to bind to hydroxyapatite at bone surfaces. This regulation by Gla-Ocn at least, in part, maintains the stability of blood calcium levels during ABL treatment. We conclude that the signaling pathway of ABL/1,25-(OH)2D/Gla-Ocn contributes to calcium homeostasis and may help understand the mechanism of ABL for osteoporosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yang
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Tseng
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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9
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Mandal SK, Tare M, Deepa PR. COVID-19 infection and metabolic comorbidities: Mitigating role of nutritional sufficiency and drug - nutraceutical combinations of vitamin D. HUMAN NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2023; 31:200179. [PMID: 38620788 PMCID: PMC9762046 DOI: 10.1016/j.hnm.2022.200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The vulnerability of human health is amplified in recent times with global increase in non-communicable diseases (due to lifestyle changes and environmental insults) and infectious diseases (caused by newer pathogens and drug-resistance strains). Clinical management of diseases is further complicated by disease severity caused by other comorbid factors. Drug-based therapy may not be the sole approach, particularly in scenarios like the COVID-19 pandemic, where there is no specific drug against SARS-CoV-2. Nutritional interventions are significant in armouring human populations in disease prevention, and as adjunctive therapy for disease alleviation. Amidst ongoing clinical trials to determine the efficacy of Vit. D against infections and associated complications, this review examines the pleiotropic benefits of nutritional adequacy of vitamin D (Vit. D) in combating viral infections (COVID-19), its severity and complications due to co-morbidities (obesity, diabetes, stroke and Kawasaki disease), based on research findings and clinical studies. Supplements of Vit. D in combination with other nutrients, and drugs, are suggested as promising preventive-health and adjunct-treatment strategies in the clinical management of viral infections with metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Meghana Tare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - P R Deepa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
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10
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Vitamin D and Bone: A Story of Endocrine and Auto/Paracrine Action in Osteoblasts. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030480. [PMID: 36771187 PMCID: PMC9919888 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its rigid structure, the bone is a dynamic organ, and is highly regulated by endocrine factors. One of the major bone regulatory hormones is vitamin D. Its renal metabolite 1α,25-OH2D3 has both direct and indirect effects on the maintenance of bone structure in health and disease. In this review, we describe the underlying processes that are directed by bone-forming cells, the osteoblasts. During the bone formation process, osteoblasts undergo different stages which play a central role in the signaling pathways that are activated via the vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D is involved in directing the osteoblasts towards proliferation or apoptosis, regulates their differentiation to bone matrix producing cells, and controls the subsequent mineralization of the bone matrix. The stage of differentiation/mineralization in osteoblasts is important for the vitamin D effect on gene transcription and the cellular response, and many genes are uniquely regulated either before or during mineralization. Moreover, osteoblasts contain the complete machinery to metabolize active 1α,25-OH2D3 to ensure a direct local effect. The enzyme 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) that synthesizes the active 1α,25-OH2D3 metabolite is functional in osteoblasts, as well as the enzyme 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) that degrades 1α,25-OH2D3. This shows that in the past 100 years of vitamin D research, 1α,25-OH2D3 has evolved from an endocrine regulator into an autocrine/paracrine regulator of osteoblasts and bone formation.
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Christodoulou M, Aspray TJ, Piec I, Washbourne C, Tang JCY, Fraser WD, Schoenmakers I, Francis RM, McColl E, Chadwick T, Prentice A, Schoenmakers I. Vitamin D Supplementation for 12 Months in Older Adults Alters Regulators of Bone Metabolism but Does Not Change Wnt Signaling Pathway Markers. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10619. [PMID: 35509637 PMCID: PMC9059470 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D status and supplementation regulates bone metabolism and may modulate Wnt signaling. We studied the response of hormonal regulators of bone metabolism, markers of Wnt signaling and bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in a randomized vitamin D intervention trial (12,000 IU, 24,000 IU, 48,000 IU/mo for 1 year; men and women aged >70 years; n = 379; ISRCTN35648481). Associations with total and free 25(OH)D concentrations were analyzed by linear regression. Baseline vitamin D status was (mean ± SD) 25(OH)D: 40.0 ± 20.1 nmol/L. Supplementation dose-dependently increased total and free 25(OH)D concentrations and decreased plasma phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH) (all p < 0.05). The procollagen 1 intact N-terminal (PINP)/C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) ratio, C-terminal fibroblast growth factor-23 (cFGF23), and intact FGF23 (iFGF23) significantly increased with no between-group differences, whereas Klotho was unchanged. 1,25(OH)2D and PINP significantly increased in the 24 IU and 48,000 IU groups. Sclerostin (SOST), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), BMD, BMC, and CTX remained unchanged. Subgroup analyses with baseline 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L (n = 94) provided similar results. Baseline total and free 25(OH)D concentrations were positively associated with 1,25(OH)2D, 24,25(OH)2D (p < 0.001), vitamin D binding protein (DBP) (p < 0.05), BMD, and BMC (p < 0.05). Associations with PTH (p <0.001), cFGF23 (p < 0.01), and BAP (p < 0.05) were negative. After supplementation, total and free 25(OH)D concentrations remained positively associated only with 24,25(OH)2D (p < 0.001) and DBP (p < 0.001) and negatively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p < 0.01). PTH and SOST were significantly associated only with free 25(OH)D. There were no significant relationships with BMD and BMC after supplementation. The decrease in PTH and increase in PINP/CTX ratio suggest a protective effect of supplementation on bone metabolism, although no significant effect on BMD or pronounced changes in regulators of Wnt signaling were found. The increase in FGF23 warrants caution because of its negative association with skeletal and cardiovascular health. Associations of total and free 25(OH)D with biomarkers were similar and known positive associations between vitamin D status and BMD were confirmed. The change in associations after supplementation might suggest a threshold effect. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terence J Aspray
- Freeman Hospital, Bone ClinicUniversity of Newcastle upon TyneNewcastle upon TyneUK
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12
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Ureña Torres PA, Souberbielle JC, Solal MC. Bone Fragility in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 5: The Use of Vitamin D Supplementation. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030266. [PMID: 35323709 PMCID: PMC8953916 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequently silent until advanced stages, bone fragility associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD) is one of the most devastating complications of CKD. Its pathophysiology includes the reduction of active vitamin D metabolites, phosphate accumulation, decreased intestinal calcium absorption, renal alpha klotho production, and elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels. Altogether, these factors contribute firstly to secondary hyperparathyroidism, and ultimately, to micro- and macrostructural bone changes, which lead to low bone mineral density and an increased risk of fracture. A vitamin D deficiency is common in CKD patients, and low circulating 25(OH)D levels are invariably associated with high serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels as well as with bone mineralization defects, such as osteomalacia in case of severe forms. It is also associated with a variety of non-skeletal diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and reduced immunological response. Current international guidelines recommend supplementing CKD patients with nutritional vitamin D as in the general population; however, there is no randomized clinical trial (RCT) evaluating the effect of vitamin D (or vitamin D+calcium) supplementation on the risk of fracture in the setting of CKD. It is also unknown what level of circulating 25(OH)D would be sufficient to prevent bone abnormalities and fractures in these patients. The impact of vitamin D supplementation on other surrogate endpoints, including bone mineral density and bone-related circulating biomarkers (PTH, FGF23, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, sclerostin) has been evaluated in several RTCs; however, the results were not always translated into an improvement in long-term outcomes, such as reduced fracture risk. This review provides a brief and comprehensive update on CKD-related bone fragility and the use of natural vitamin D supplementation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Antonio Ureña Torres
- Department of Dialysis AURA Nord Saint Ouen, 12, Rue Anselme, 93400 Saint Ouen, France
- Department of Renal Physiology, Necker Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (P.A.U.T.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Jean Claude Souberbielle
- Department of Renal Physiology, Necker Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Martine Cohen Solal
- Bioscar INSERM U1132, Department of Rheumatology, Université de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (P.A.U.T.); (M.C.S.)
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13
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Protein Expression of AEBP1, MCM4, and FABP4 Differentiate Osteogenic, Adipogenic, and Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052568. [PMID: 35269711 PMCID: PMC8910760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) gain an increasing focus in the field of regenerative medicine due to their differentiation abilities into chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteoblastic cells. However, it is apparent that the transformation processes are extremely complex and cause cellular heterogeneity. The study aimed to characterize differences between MSCs and cells after adipogenic (AD) or osteoblastic (OB) differentiation at the proteome level. Comparative proteomic profiling was performed using tandem mass spectrometry in data-independent acquisition mode. Proteins were quantified by deep neural networks in library-free mode and correlated to the Molecular Signature Database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collections for functional annotation. We analyzed 4108 proteins across all samples, which revealed a distinct clustering between MSCs and cell differentiation states. Protein expression profiling identified activation of the Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) signaling pathway after AD. In addition, two distinct protein marker panels could be defined for osteoblastic and adipocytic cell lineages. Hereby, overexpression of AEBP1 and MCM4 for OB as well as of FABP4 for AD was detected as the most promising molecular markers. Combination of deep neural network and machine-learning algorithms with data-independent mass spectrometry distinguish MSCs and cell lineages after adipogenic or osteoblastic differentiation. We identified specific proteins as the molecular basis for bone formation, which could be used for regenerative medicine in the future.
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14
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Wawrzyniak A, Skrzypczak-Zielińska M, Michalak M, Kaczmarek-Ryś M, Ratajczak AE, Rychter AM, Skoracka K, Marcinkowska M, Słomski R, Dobrowolska A, Krela-Kaźmierczak I. Does the VDR gene polymorphism influence the efficacy of denosumab therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1063762. [PMID: 36714573 PMCID: PMC9880251 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1063762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the challenges of personalized medicine is a departure from traditional pharmacology toward individualized, genotype-based therapies. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a prevalent condition requiring intensive treatment, whose effects are measurable only after a long time, and the goal is bone fracture prevention. This study aimed to determine the influence of VDR gene variation on anti-osteoporotic one-year treatment with denosumab in 63 Polish women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebral column (L1-L4) and femoral neck, and genotype distributions for the ApaI, BsmI, FokI, and TaqI variants of the VDR gene was analyzed. Bone fractures during denosumab therapy were also investigated. RESULTS In the case of the Bsml polymorphism, female patients with BB and Bb genotypes had statistically significantly higher values of BMD and T-score/Z-score indicators, which persisted after a year of denosumab treatment. Our results indicated that the Bsml polymorphism contributes to better bone status, and, consequently, to more efficient biological therapy. The study did not reveal significant differences between changes (delta) in BMD and genotypes for the analyzed VDR gene loci. In the entire study group, one bone fracture was observed in one patient throughout the yearlong period of denosumab therapy. CONCLUSIONS BB and Bb genotypes of the Bsml polymorphism of the VDR gene determine higher DXA parameter values both before and after one-year denosumab therapy in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wawrzyniak
- Department of Family Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Michał Michalak
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Ewa Ratajczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Alicja Ewa Ratajczak,
| | - Anna Maria Rychter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kinga Skoracka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrowolska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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15
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Mak RH, Querfeld U, Gonzalez A, Gunta S, Cheung WW. Differential Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 versus 1α 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Adipose Tissue Browning in CKD-Associated Cachexia. Cells 2021; 10:3382. [PMID: 34943890 PMCID: PMC8699879 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. We investigated the differential effects of 25(OH)D3 versus 1,25(OH)2D3 repletion in mice with surgically induced CKD. Intraperitoneal supplementation of 25(OH)D3 (75 μg/kg/day) or 1,25(OH)2D3 (60 ng/kg/day) for 6 weeks normalized serum 25(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations in CKD mice, respectively. Repletion of 25(OH)D3 normalized appetite, significantly improved weight gain, increased fat and lean mass content and in vivo muscle function, as well as attenuated elevated resting metabolic rate relative to repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. Repletion of 25(OH)D3 in CKD mice attenuated adipose tissue browning as well as ameliorated perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, whereas repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 did not. Significant improvement of muscle fiber size and normalization of fat infiltration of gastrocnemius was apparent with repletion of 25(OH)D3 but not with 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. This was accompanied by attenuation of the aberrant gene expression of muscle mass regulatory signaling, molecular pathways related to muscle fibrosis as well as muscle expression profile associated with skeletal muscle wasting in CKD mice. Our findings provide evidence that repletion of 25(OH)D3 exerts metabolic advantages over repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 by attenuating adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in CKD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Mak
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (S.G.); (W.W.C.)
| | - Uwe Querfeld
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (S.G.); (W.W.C.)
| | - Sujana Gunta
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (S.G.); (W.W.C.)
- Pediatric Services, Vista Community Clinic, Vista, CA 92084, USA
| | - Wai W. Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (S.G.); (W.W.C.)
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Bernardor J, Alioli C, Meaux MN, Peyruchaud O, Machuca-Gayet I, Bacchetta J. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) to Dissect the Underlying Mechanisms of Bone Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease and Rare Renal Diseases. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:553-562. [PMID: 34773213 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the methods that can be used to obtain functional and mature osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and report the data obtained with this model in two peculiar diseases, namely pediatric chronic kidney disease-associated mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) and nephropathic cystinosis. To discuss future research possibilities in the field. RECENT FINDINGS Bone tissue undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life to maintain bone architecture; it involves two processes: bone formation and bone resorption with the coordinated activity of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Animal models fail to fully explain human bone pathophysiology during chronic kidney disease, mainly due to interspecies differences. The development of in vitro models has permitted to mimic human bone-related diseases as an alternative to in vivo models. Since 1997, osteoclasts have been generated in cell cultures, notably when culturing PBMCs with specific growth factors and cytokines (i.e., M-CSF and RANK-L), without the need for osteoblasts or stromal cells. These models may improve the global understanding of bone pathophysiology. They can be been used not only to evaluate the direct effects of cytokines, hormones, cells, or drugs on bone remodeling during CKD-MBD, but also in peculiar genetic renal diseases inducing specific bone impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bernardor
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France.
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Filière Maladies Rares OSCAR, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Filières Maladies Rares ORKID et ERK-Net, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
- Unité d'hémodialyse pédiatrique, Archet 2, CHU de Nice, 06202, Nice, France.
| | - Candide Alioli
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Meaux
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Peyruchaud
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Irma Machuca-Gayet
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Filière Maladies Rares OSCAR, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Filières Maladies Rares ORKID et ERK-Net, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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He Q, Qin R, Glowacki J, Zhou S, Shi J, Wang S, Gao Y, Cheng L. Synergistic stimulation of osteoblast differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells by leptin and 25(OH)D 3 is mediated by inhibition of chaperone-mediated autophagy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:557. [PMID: 34717752 PMCID: PMC8557551 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is important for the mineralization of bones by stimulating osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). BMMSCs are a target of vitamin D action, and the metabolism of 25(OH)D3 to biologically active 1α,25(OH)2D3 in BMMSCs promotes osteoblastogenesis in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Our previous study with human BMMSCs showed that megalin is required for the 25(OH)D3-DBP complex to enter cells and for 25(OH)D3 to stimulate osteoblast differentiation in BMMSCs. Furthermore, we reported that leptin up-regulates megalin in those cells. Leptin is a known inhibitor of PI3K/AKT-dependent chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that leptin acts synergistically with 25(OH)D3 to promote osteoblastogenesis in rat BMMSCs by a mechanism that entails inhibition of PI3K/AKT-dependent CMA. Methods BMMSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow (4-week-old male SD rats); qRT-PCR and western immunoblots or immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the expression of megalin, ALP, COL1A1, RUNX2, OSX, OSP, and CMA in rBMMSCs. The osteoblast differentiation was evaluated by ALP activity, ALP staining, and calcium deposition. The viability of rBMMSCs was assessed with the CCK-8 kit. Biosynthesis of 1α,25(OH)2D3 was measured by a Rat 1α,25(OH)2D3 ELISA Kit. Results The combination of leptin and 25(OH)D3 treatment significantly enhanced osteoblast differentiation as shown by ALP activity, ALP staining, and calcium deposition, the expression of osteogenic genes ALP, COL1A1, RUNX2, OSX, and OSP by qRT-PCR and western immunoblots in rBMMSCs. Leptin enhanced the expression of megalin and synthesis of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in rBMMSCs. Our data showed that leptin inhibited CMA activity of rBMMSCs by activating PI3K/AKT signal pathway; the ability of leptin to enhance 25(OH)D3 promoted osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs was weakened by the PI3K/AKT signal pathway inhibitor. Conclusions Our data reveal the mechanism by which leptin and 25(OH)D3 promote osteoblast differentiation in rBMMSCs. Leptin promoted the expression of megalin by inhibiting CMA, increased the utilization of 25(OH)D3 by rBMMSCs, and enhanced the ability of 25(OH)D3 to induce osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs. PI3K/AKT is at least partially involved in the regulation of CMA. These data indicate the importance of megalin in BMMSCs for vitamin D’s role in skeletal health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02623-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiting He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Julie Glowacki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyi Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Cianciolo G, Cappuccilli M, Tondolo F, Gasperoni L, Zappulo F, Barbuto S, Iacovella F, Conte D, Capelli I, La Manna G. Vitamin D Effects on Bone Homeostasis and Cardiovascular System in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Transplant Recipients. Nutrients 2021; 13:1453. [PMID: 33922902 PMCID: PMC8145016 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor vitamin D status is common in patients with impaired renal function and represents one main component of the complex scenario of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Therapeutic and dietary efforts to limit the consequences of uremia-associated vitamin D deficiency are a current hot topic for researchers and clinicians in the nephrology area. Evidence indicates that the low levels of vitamin D in patients with CKD stage above 4 (GFR < 15 mL/min) have a multifactorial origin, mainly related to uremic malnutrition, namely impaired gastrointestinal absorption, dietary restrictions (low-protein and low-phosphate diets), and proteinuria. This condition is further worsened by the compromised response of CKD patients to high-dose cholecalciferol supplementation due to the defective activation of renal hydroxylation of vitamin D. Currently, the literature lacks large and interventional studies on the so-called non-calcemic activities of vitamin D and, above all, the modulation of renal and cardiovascular functions and immune response. Here, we review the current state of the art of the benefits of supplementation with native vitamin D in various clinical settings of nephrological interest: CKD, dialysis, and renal transplant, with a special focus on the effects on bone homeostasis and cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaetano La Manna
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (M.C.); (F.T.); (L.G.); (F.Z.); (S.B.); (F.I.); (D.C.); (I.C.)
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19
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Mieszkowski J, Kochanowicz A, Piskorska E, Niespodziński B, Siódmiak J, Buśko K, Stankiewicz B, Olszewska-Słonina D, Antosiewicz J. Serum levels of bone formation and resorption markers in relation to vitamin D status in professional gymnastics and physically active men during upper and lower body high-intensity exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:29. [PMID: 33849553 PMCID: PMC8045337 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose/introduction To compare serum levels of bone turnover markers in athletes and non-athletes, and to evaluate the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and exercise-induced changes in biomarker levels. Methods Sixteen elite male artistic gymnasts (EG; 21.4 ± 0.8 years-old) and 16 physically active men (the control group, PAM; 20.9 ± 1.2 years-old) performed lower and upper body 30-s Wingate anaerobic tests (LBWT and UBWT, respectively). For biomarker analysis, blood samples were collected before, and 5 and 30 min after exercise. Samples for vitamin D levels were collected before exercise. N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) was analysed as a marker of bone formation. C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) was analysed as a marker of bone resorption. Results UBWT fitness readings were better in the EG group than in the PAM group, with no difference in LBWT readings between the groups. UBWT mean power was 8.8% higher in subjects with 25(OH)D3 levels over 22.50 ng/ml and in those with 24,25(OH)2D3 levels over 1.27 ng/ml. Serum CTX levels increased after both tests in the PAM group, with no change in the EG group. PINP levels did not change in either group; however, in PAM subjects with 25(OH)D3 levels above the median, they were higher than those in EG subjects. Conclusion Vitamin D metabolites affect the anaerobic performance and bone turnover markers at rest and after exercise. Further, adaptation to physical activity modulates the effect of anaerobic exercise on bone metabolism markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Piskorska
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Siódmiak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Buśko
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Blazej Stankiewicz
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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20
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Nazzal ZA, Hamdan Z, Natour N, Barbar M, Rimawi R, Salaymeh E. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Hemodialysis Patients in Palestine: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Nephrol 2021; 2021:6684276. [PMID: 33791129 PMCID: PMC7984929 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6684276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The level of vitamin D status and its relationship to kidney function and liver function among patients with and without type 2 diabetes were not studied among Palestinian hemodialysis patients before. The aim of this study was to assess the status of vitamin D in hemodialysis patients with and without type 2 diabetes and its determinants. METHODS Data were collected on 163 patients on hemodialysis therapy in the Nephrology Department at Najah National University Hospital. Information on age, sex, plasma 25 (OH)D, serum calcium, serum phosphate, parathyroid hormone, dialysis period, hypertension, diabetes, ALT, AST, albumin, alkaline phosphates, and BMI was obtained from the medical records. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Findings. The mean level of 25 (OH)D was 17.3 ± 10.5 ng/ml. Only 12.9% of subjects had 25 (OH)D levels >30 ng/ml, whereas 65% had levels between 10 and 30 ng/ml; the remaining 22.1% were severely vitamin D deficient (<10 ng/ml). Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent among females. It was not related to PTH, calcium, kidney, or liver function tests. CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among patients on hemodialysis with or without DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A. Nazzal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 44839, State of Palestine
| | - Zakaria Hamdan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 44839, State of Palestine
- Department of Nephrology, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus 44839, State of Palestine
| | - Nihal Natour
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 44839, State of Palestine
| | - Maram Barbar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 44839, State of Palestine
| | - Rawan Rimawi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 44839, State of Palestine
| | - Eziyeh Salaymeh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 44839, State of Palestine
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21
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Ziemińska M, Sieklucka B, Pawlak K. Vitamin K and D Supplementation and Bone Health in Chronic Kidney Disease-Apart or Together? Nutrients 2021; 13:809. [PMID: 33804453 PMCID: PMC7999920 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) and vitamin D (VD) deficiency/insufficiency is a common feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD), leading to impaired bone quality and a higher risk of fractures. CKD patients, with disturbances in VK and VD metabolism, do not have sufficient levels of these vitamins for maintaining normal bone formation and mineralization. So far, there has been no consensus on what serum VK and VD levels can be considered sufficient in this particular population. Moreover, there are no clear guidelines how supplementation of these vitamins should be carried out in the course of CKD. Based on the existing results of preclinical studies and clinical evidence, this review intends to discuss the effect of VK and VD on bone remodeling in CKD. Although the mechanisms of action and the effects of these vitamins on bone are distinct, we try to find evidence for synergy between them in relation to bone metabolism, to answer the question of whether combined supplementation of VK and VD will be more beneficial for bone health in the CKD population than administering each of these vitamins separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ziemińska
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Beata Sieklucka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Pawlak
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
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22
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Eraslan Sahin M, Sahin E, Madendag Y, Col Madendag I, Karakukcu C, Acmaz G. Umbilical cord N-terminal procollagen of type l collagen (P1NP) and beta C-terminal telopeptide (βCTX) levels in term pregnancies with vitamin D deficiency. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:211-215. [PMID: 33034225 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1830967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to evaluate umbilical cord N-terminal procollagen of type l collagen (P1NP) and beta C-terminal telopeptide (βCTX) levels in term pregnancies with vitamin D deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-two pregnant women between 19 and 35-years-old who delivered at term gestational age were included in the study and divided into deficient (n = 32), insufficient (n = 30), and normal (control) vitamin D levels (n = 30). RESULTS Maternal demographic characteristics and biochemical parameters were similar among groups. The mean umbilical cord P1NP level was 221.4 (211.7-231.0, 95%CI) pg/mL in the vitamin D deficiency group, 282.5 (271.2-293.8, 95%CI) pg/mL in the vitamin D insufficiency group, and 280.9 (270.9-290.8, 95%CI) pg/mL in the control group and significantly lower in vitamin D deficiency group than others (p < .001). Umbilical cord P1NP level was similar in the vitamin D insufficiency group and control group (p = .971). The mean umbilical cord βCTX level was 5530, 9 (5511.5-5550.3, 95%CI) pg/mL in the vitamin D deficiency group, 5516.3 (5498.4-5534.2, 95%CI) pg/mL in the vitamin D insufficiency group, and 5510 (5491.4-5528.5, 95%CI) pg/mL in the control group, which was statistically similar among the groups (p = .251). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy affects fetal bone osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erdem Sahin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erciyes University Medicine Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Madendag
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erciyes University Medicine Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Col Madendag
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Karakukcu
- Department of Biochemistry, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Acmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erciyes University Medicine Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
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23
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Chen C, White DL, Marshall B, Kim WK. Role of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in Chicken Embryo Osteogenesis, Adipogenesis, Myogenesis, and Vitamin D 3 Metabolism. Front Physiol 2021; 12:637629. [PMID: 33597896 PMCID: PMC7882680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.637629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to understand the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25OHD) administration on the expression of key genes related to osteogenesis, adipogenesis, myogenesis, and vitamin D3 metabolism in the chicken embryo. A total of 120 fertilized Cobb 500 eggs were used in the current study and were reared under standard incubation conditions. On embryonic day 3 (ED 3), PBS (C), PBS with 40ng 1,25OHD (1,25D-L), 200ng 1,25OHD (1,25D-H), 40ng 25OHD (25D-L), or 200ng 25OHD (25D-H) were injected into the dorsal vein of developing embryos. Whole embryos were harvested at 1, 3, and 6h post-injection for gene expression analyses (n=8). Gene expression for key osteogenesis markers (RUNX2: runt-related transcription factor 2; BMP2: bone morphogenetic protein 2; COL1A2: collagen type I alpha 2 chain; BGLAP: bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein; SPP1: secreted phosphoprotein 1; and ALP: alkaline phosphatese), adipogenesis markers (PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; FASN: fatty acid synthase; and FABP4: fatty acid binding protein 4), myogenesis markers (MYOG: myogenin; MYOD1: myogenic differentiation 1; and MYF5: myogenic factor 5), and the enzyme responsible for vitamin D3 inactivation (CYP24A1: cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1) were measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data were normalized by the ΔΔCT method and analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. Results indicated that at 1h post-injection, no differences were found among treatments. At 3h, the early osteogenesis differentiation marker, ALP, was increased by 1,25D-H and 25D-H, and 25D-H also stimulated the expression of adipogenesis markers (FAPB4 and FASN). In contrast, the expression of myogenesis markers (MYOD1 and MYF5) was suppressed by 25OHD or 1,25OHD treatments, respectively. At 6h, a late osteogenic differentiation marker, SPP1, was increased by 25D-H. MYOD1 and MYF5 were continuously suppressed by 25OHD treatments or 1,25D-H. The evidence of vitamin D3 metabolite retention was assessed by measuring CYP24A1 expression. At 1h, there were no differences in CYP24A1 expression. At 3h, all treatments upregulated CYP24A1 expression relative to control (PBS) embryos. However, at 6h, only the 25D-H group retained higher CYP24A1 expression compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, the results suggested both 1,25OHD and 25OHD induced chicken embryo osteogenesis and adipogenesis, but inhibited myogenesis during early chicken embryo development. The higher dosage of 25OHD showed a possibility of a longer retention time in the embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiao Chen
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Dima Lynn White
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brett Marshall
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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24
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Liu K, Han B, Hou J, Zhang J, Su J, Meng H. Expression of vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase in human gingival fibroblasts in vivo. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10279. [PMID: 33505780 PMCID: PMC7789863 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase CYP27B1 is the key factor in the vitamin D pathway. Previously, we analyzed the expression of CYP27B1 in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. In the present study, we analyzed the gingival expression of CYP27B1 in vivo. Methods Forty-two patients with periodontitis Stage IV Grade C and 33 controls were recruited. All patients with periodontitis had unsalvageable teeth and part of the wall of the periodontal pocket was resected and obtained after tooth extraction. All controls needed crown-lengthening surgery, and samples of gingiva resected during surgery were also harvested. All the individuals' gingivae were used for immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. In addition, gingivae from seventeen subjects of the diseased group and twelve subjects of the control group were analyzed by real-time PCR. Results Expression of CYP27B1 was detected both in gingival epithelia and in gingival connective tissues, and the expression in connective tissues colocalized with vimentin, indicating that CYP27B1 protein is expressed in gingival fibroblasts. The expression of CYP27B1 mRNA in gingival connective tissues and the CYP27B1 staining scores in gingival fibroblasts in the diseased group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Conclusions Expression of CYP27B1 in human gingival tissues was detected, not only in the fibroblasts of gingival connective tissues, but also in the gingival epithelial cells, and might be positively correlated with periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxia Hou
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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25
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Nepal AK, van Essen HW, van der Veen AJ, van Wieringen WN, Stavenuiter AWD, Cayami FK, Pals G, Micha D, Vanderschueren D, Lips P, Bravenboer N. Mechanical stress regulates bone regulatory gene expression independent of estrogen and vitamin D deficiency in rats. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:42-52. [PMID: 32530517 PMCID: PMC7818391 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress determines bone mass and structure. It is not known whether mechanical loading affects expression of bone regulatory genes in a combined deficiency of estrogen and vitamin D. We studied the effect of mechanical loading on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of bone regulatory genes during vitamin D and/or estrogen deficiency. We performed a single bout in vivo axial loading with 14 N peak load, 2 Hz frequency and 360 cycles in right ulnae of nineteen weeks old female control Wistar rats with or without ovariectomy (OVX), vitamin D deficiency and the combination of OVX and vitamin D deficiency (N = 10/group). Total bone RNA was isolated 6 hours after loading, and mRNA expression was detected of Mepe, Fgf23, Dmp1, Phex, Sost, Col1a1, Cyp27b1, Vdr, and Esr1. Serum levels of 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2 D and estradiol were also measured at this time point. The effect of loading, vitamin D and estrogen deficiency and their interaction on bone gene expression was tested using a mixed effect model analysis. Mechanical loading significantly increased the mRNA expression of Mepe, and Sost, whereas it decreased the mRNA expression of Fgf23 and Esr1. Mechanical loading showed a significant interaction with vitamin D deficiency with regard to mRNA expression of Vdr and Esr1. Mechanical loading affected gene expression of Mepe, Fgf23, Sost, and Esr1 independently of vitamin D or estrogen, indicating that mechanical loading may affect bone turnover even during vitamin D deficiency and after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar Nepal
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Huib W. van Essen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Albert J. van der Veen
- Department of Physics and Medical Technology, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wessel N. van Wieringen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of MathematicsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea W. D. Stavenuiter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ferdy Kurniawan Cayami
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of MedicineDiponegoro UniversitySemarangIndonesia
| | - Gerard Pals
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and AgeingKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Paul Lips
- Endocrine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Endocrine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Division Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Bone QualityLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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26
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Ertilav E, Barcin NE, Ozdem S. Comparison of Serum Free and Bioavailable 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Control Patients. Lab Med 2020; 52:219-225. [PMID: 32893866 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies have investigated lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with those in control patients. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate serum free and bioavailable 25(OH)D levels in patients with AD and in healthy control patients. METHODS The AD group consisted of 85 patients aged >60 years who were diagnosed with possible AD according to National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria and 85 healthy control patients. Serum levels of total 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, total 25(OH)D, vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), parathormone, calcium, phosphorus and albumin, free 25(OH)D, bioavailable 25(OH)D, and the bioavailable 25(OH)D/total 25(OH)D ratio were compared in both groups. RESULTS Total 25(OH)D, free 25(OH)D, bioavailable 25(OH)D, and the bioavailable 25(OH)D/total 25(OH)D ratio were significantly lower (P <.001, P <.001, P <.001, P <.05, respectively) in the AD group, whereas the VDBP level was significantly higher (P <.05) in the AD than in the control group. CONCLUSION Free and bioavailable 25(OH)D detected at lower levels in patients with AD limit the target central effects of 25(OH)D; this result suggests that reduced levels of the active free form of vitamin D may be a risk factor for AD and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Ertilav
- Department of Neurology, Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Nur Ebru Barcin
- Department of Neurology, and Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sebahat Ozdem
- Department of Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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27
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Schröder M, Riksen EA, He J, Skallerud BH, Møller ME, Lian AM, Syversen U, Reseland JE. Vitamin K2 Modulates Vitamin D-Induced Mechanical Properties of Human 3D Bone Spheroids In Vitro. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10394. [PMID: 32995695 PMCID: PMC7507351 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotational culture promotes primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) to form three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids with bone tissue-like structure without any scaffolding material. Cell-based bone models enable us to investigate the effect of different agents on the mechanical strength of bone. Given that low dietary intake of both vitamin D and K is negatively associated with fracture risk, we aimed to assess the effect of these vitamins in this system. Osteospheres of hOBs were generated with menaquinone-4 (MK-4; 10μM) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3; 0.01μM], alone and in combination, or without vitamins. The mechanical properties were tested by nanoindentation using a flat-punch compression method, and the mineralized extracellular bone matrix was characterized by microscopy. The in vitro response of hOBs to MK-4 and 25(OH)D3 was further evaluated in two-dimensional (2D) cultures and in the 3D bone constructs applying gene expression analysis and multiplex immunoassays. Mechanical testing revealed that 25(OH)D3 induced a stiffer and MK-4 a softer or more flexible osteosphere compared with control. Combined vitamin conditions induced the same flexibility as MK-4 alone. Enhanced levels of periostin (p < 0.001) and altered distribution of collagen type I (COL-1) were found in osteospheres supplemented with MK-4. In contrast, 25(OH)D3 reduced COL-1, both at the mRNA and protein levels, increased alkaline phosphatase, and stimulated mineral deposition in the osteospheres. With the two vitamins in combination, enhanced gene expression of periostin and COL-1 was seen, as well as extended osteoid formation into the central region and increased mineral deposition all over the area. Moreover, we observed enhanced levels of osteocalcin in 2D and osteopontin in 3D cultures exposed to 25(OH)D3 alone and combined with MK-4. In conclusion, the two vitamins seem to affect bone mechanical properties differently: vitamin D enhancing stiffness and K2 conveying flexibility to bone. These effects may translate to increased fracture resistance in vivo. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schröder
- Department of Biomaterials University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | - Jianying He
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Bjørn Helge Skallerud
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Aina-Mari Lian
- Oral Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Unni Syversen
- Oral Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine NTNU Trondheim Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital Trondheim University Hospital Trondheim Norway
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Bouillon R, Bikle D. Vitamin D Metabolism Revised: Fall of Dogmas. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1985-1992. [PMID: 31589774 PMCID: PMC9000993 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dan Bikle
- Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Is vitamin D deficiency behind the scenes for high incidence of Giant cell tumor amongst the Indian population? Unraveling the vitamin D – RANKL association. Med Hypotheses 2019; 123:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Buskermolen J, van der Meijden K, Furrer R, Mons DJ, van Essen HW, Heijboer AC, Lips P, Jaspers RT, Bravenboer N. Effects of different training modalities on phosphate homeostasis and local vitamin D metabolism in rat bone. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6184. [PMID: 30697476 PMCID: PMC6348094 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mechanical loading may be an important factor in the regulation of bone derived hormones involved in phosphate homeostasis. This study investigated the effects of peak power and endurance training on expression levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27b1) in bone. Methods Thirty-eight rats were assigned to six weeks of training in four groups: peak power (PT), endurance (ET), PT followed by ET (PET) or no training (control). In cortical bone, FGF23 was quantified using immunohistochemistry. mRNA expression levels of proteins involved in phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis were quantified in cortical bone and kidney. C-terminal FGF23, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium and phosphate concentrations were measured in plasma or serum. Results Neither FGF23 mRNA and protein expression levels in cortical bone nor FGF23 plasma concentrations differed between the groups. In cortical bone, mRNA expression levels of sclerostin (SOST), dental matrix protein 1 (DMP1), phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) were lower after PT compared to ET and PET. Expression levels of CYP27b1 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in tibial bone were decreased after PT compared to ET. In kidney, no differences between groups were observed for mRNA expression levels of CYP27b1, 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), VDR, NaPi-IIa cotransporter (NPT2a) and NaPi-IIc cotransporter (NPT2c). Serum PTH concentrations were higher after PT compared to controls. Conclusion After six weeks, none of the training modalities induced changes in FGF23 expression levels. However, PT might have caused changes in local phosphate regulation within bone compared to ET and PET. CYP27b1 and VDR expression in bone was reduced after PT compared to ET, suggesting high intensity peak power training in this rat model is associated with decreased vitamin D signalling in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Buskermolen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen van der Meijden
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regula Furrer
- Laboratory for Myology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Mons
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib W van Essen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Lips
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lu CL, Yeih DF, Hou YC, Jow GM, Li ZY, Liu WC, Zheng CM, Lin YF, Shyu JF, Chen R, Huang CY, Lu KC. The Emerging Role of Nutritional Vitamin D in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in CKD. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121890. [PMID: 30513912 PMCID: PMC6316278 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperphosphatemia induces fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) expression that disturbs renal 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25D) synthesis; thereby increasing parathyroid hormone (PTH) production. FGF-23 acts on the parathyroid gland (PTG) to increase 1α-hydroxylase activity and results in increase intra-gland 1,25D production that attenuates PTH secretion efficiently if sufficient 25D are available. Interesting, calcimimetics can further increase PTG 1α-hydroxylase activity that emphasizes the demand for nutritional vitamin D (NVD) under high PTH status. In addition, the changes in hydroxylase enzyme activity highlight the greater parathyroid 25-hydroxyvitmain D (25D) requirement in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT); the higher proportion of oxyphil cells as hyperplastic parathyroid progression; lower cytosolic vitamin D binding protein (DBP) content in the oxyphil cell; and calcitriol promote vitamin D degradation are all possible reasons supports nutritional vitamin D (NVD; e.g., Cholecalciferol) supplement is crucial in SHPT. Clinically, NVD can effectively restore serum 25D concentration and prevent the further increase in PTH level. Therefore, NVD might have the benefit of alleviating the development of SHPT in early CKD and further lowering PTH in moderate to severe SHPT in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Lin Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Dong-Feng Yeih
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chou Hou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal-Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 23155, Taiwan.
| | - Guey-Mei Jow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Zong-Yu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chih Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung City 433, Taiwan.
| | - Cai-Mei Zheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11103, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11103, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Fwu Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Remy Chen
- Kidney Dialysis Center, Kamifukuoka General Hospital, Saitama 356, Japan.
| | - Chung-Yu Huang
- Department of Medicine, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 50008, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
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Temperature-dependent vitamin D signaling regulates developmental trajectory associated with diapause in an annual killifish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12763-12768. [PMID: 30446615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804590115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that integrate environmental signals into developmental programs remain largely uncharacterized. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated transcription factors that orchestrate the expression of complex phenotypes. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is an NR activated by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], a hormone derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). VDR signaling is best known for regulating calcium homeostasis in mammals, but recent evidence suggests a diversity of uncharacterized roles. In response to incubation temperature, embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus can develop along two alternative trajectories: active development and diapause. These trajectories diverge early in development, from a biochemical, morphological, and physiological perspective. We manipulated incubation temperature to induce the two trajectories and profiled changes in gene expression using RNA sequencing and weighted gene coexpression network analysis. We report that transcripts involved in 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis and signaling are expressed in a trajectory-specific manner. Furthermore, exposure of embryos to vitamin D3 analogs and Δ4-dafachronic acid directs continuous development under diapause-inducing conditions. Conversely, blocking synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 induces diapause in A. limnaeus and a diapause-like state in zebrafish, suggesting vitamin D signaling is critical for normal vertebrate development. These data support vitamin D signaling as a molecular pathway that can regulate developmental trajectory and metabolic dormancy in a vertebrate. Interestingly, the VDR is homologous to the daf-12 and ecdysone NRs that regulate dormancy in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila We suggest that 7-DHC-derived hormones and their associated NRs represent a conserved pathway for the integration of environmental information into developmental programs associated with life history transitions in animals.
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Ji Y, Zhang P, Xing Y, Jia L, Zhang Y, Jia T, Wu X, Zhao B, Xu X. Effect of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells and the underlying regulatory mechanism. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:167-176. [PMID: 30365053 PMCID: PMC6257868 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3), an active vitamin D metabolite, is a well-known regulator of osteogenic differentiation. However, how 1,25-D3 regulates osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to clarify this issue through well-controlled in vitro experiments. After hPDLSCs were treated with 1,25-D3, immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to detect the expression of vitamin D receptor; Cell Counting Kit-8 and western blotting were used to assay the cell proliferation ability. Alkaline phosphatase staining, Alizarin Red staining and western blotting were used to detect the osteogenic differentiation. It was found that treating hPDLSCs with 1,25-D3: i) Inhibited cell proliferation; ii) promoted osteogenic differentiation; iii) upregulated the expression of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), an important downstream effector of Hippo signaling that has been demonstrated to be involved in the osteogenic differentiation of stem/progenitor cells; and iv) that co-treatment of TAZ-overexpressing hPDLSCs with 1,25-D3 synergistically stimulated the expression of osteogenic markers. These results suggested that the induction of osteogenic differentiation promoted by 1,25-D3 in hPDLSCs involves, at least in part, the action of TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Ji
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yixiao Xing
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Linglu Jia
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Jia
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Intrinsic activation of the vitamin D antimicrobial pathway by M. leprae infection is inhibited by type I IFN. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006815. [PMID: 30300363 PMCID: PMC6177120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection, virulent mycobacteria persist and grow within the macrophage, suggesting that the intrinsic activation of an innate antimicrobial response is subverted by the intracellular pathogen. For Mycobacterium leprae, the intracellular bacterium that causes leprosy, the addition of exogenous innate or adaptive immune ligands to the infected monocytes/macrophages was required to detect a vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial activity. We investigated whether there is an intrinsic immune response to M. leprae in macrophages that is inhibited by the pathogen. Upon infection of monocytes with M. leprae, there was no upregulation of CYP27B1 nor its enzymatic activity converting the inactive prohormone form of vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) to the bioactive form (1,25α-dihydroxyvitamin D). Given that M. leprae-induced type I interferon (IFN) inhibited monocyte activation, we blocked the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR), revealing the intrinsic capacity of monocytes to recognize M. leprae and upregulate CYP27B1. Consistent with these in vitro studies, an inverse relationship between expression of CYP27B1 vs. type I IFN downstream gene OAS1 was detected in leprosy patient lesions, leading us to study cytokine-derived macrophages (MΦ) to model cellular responses at the site of disease. Infection of IL-15-derived MΦ, similar to MΦ in lesions from the self-limited form of leprosy, with M. leprae did not inhibit induction of the vitamin D antimicrobial pathway. In contrast, infection of IL-10-derived MΦ, similar to MΦ in lesions from patients with the progressive form of leprosy, resulted in induction of type I IFN and suppression of the vitamin D directed pathway. Importantly, blockade of the type I IFN response in infected IL-10 MΦ decreased M. leprae viability. These results indicate that M. leprae evades the intrinsic capacity of human monocytes/MΦ to activate the vitamin D-mediated antimicrobial pathway via the induction of type I IFN. Our macrophages are equipped with the ability to detect and kill invading pathogens, and yet, these cells of the innate immune system are still subject to infection by intracellular bacterium. In particular, mycobacterium, the type of intracellular bacteria responsible for diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy, are very successful at establishing infection within macrophages. By studying Mycobacterium leprae, the etiological agent of leprosy, we describe an immune evasion mechanism whereby this bacterial pathogen utilizes our own antiviral immune response against the macrophage. Type I interferons (IFN) are a major part of our immune response to viral infections; however, this response will also suppress our ability to fight opportunistic bacterial infection. During infection of our macrophages, M. leprae induces an aberrant type I IFN response that subsequently suppresses our macrophage’s ability to activate the vitamin D-mediated antimicrobial pathway, a critical antimicrobial response for containment of mycobacterium. Thus, understanding how these pathogens can evade our immune response will be important for the development of new therapies against these chronic infections.
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Lu CL, Shyu JF, Wu CC, Hung CF, Liao MT, Liu WC, Zheng CM, Hou YC, Lin YF, Lu KC. Association of Anabolic Effect of Calcitriol with Osteoclast-Derived Wnt 10b Secretion. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091164. [PMID: 30149605 PMCID: PMC6164019 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt (Wingless/Integrated) signaling is crucial in bone development and the Wnt ligand can promote osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal progenitor cells. Calcitriol, an active vitamin D3, is used clinically for treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The bone effects of calcitriol in SHPT remains uncertain. We hypothesized that calcitriol improves bone mass by suppressing osteoclast activity, and simultaneously promoting Wnt ligand secretion. We designed a cross-sectional study in maintenance hemodialysis patients to explore the effects of calcitriol on different bone turnover markers and specifically emphasized the Wnt 10b levels. Then, we explored the source of Wnt 10b secretion by using osteoclasts and osteoblasts treated with calcitriol in cell culture studies. Finally, we explored the effects of calcitriol on bone microarchitectures in CKD mice, using the 5/6 nephrectomy CKD animal model with analysis using micro-computed tomography. Calcitriol promoted the growth of both trabecular and cortical bones in the CKD mice. Wnt 10b and Procollagen 1 N-terminal Propeptide (P1NP) significantly increased, but Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (Trap 5b) significantly decreased in the calcitriol-treated maintenance hemodialysis patients. Calcitriol enhanced Wnt 10b secretion from osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of SHPT with calcitriol improved the bone anabolism by inhibiting osteoclasts and promoting osteoblasts that might be achieved by increasing the Wnt 10b level.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Anabolic Agents/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Bone Remodeling/drug effects
- Calcitriol/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/drug therapy
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/etiology
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/metabolism
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoclasts/drug effects
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Renal Dialysis
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy
- Secretory Pathway/drug effects
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Lin Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Fwu Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 262, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chih Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung City 433, Taiwan.
| | - Cai-Mei Zheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11103, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chou Hou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal-Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 23155, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11103, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
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Musa IR, Rayis DA, Ahmed MA, Khamis AH, Nasr AM, Adam I. Thyroid Function and 25 (OH) Vitamin D Level among Sudanese Women in Early Pregnancy. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:488-492. [PMID: 29610606 PMCID: PMC5874371 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Saad Abualila Hospital (Khartoum, Sudan) to evaluate the vitamin D levels and thyroid function among pregnant Sudanese women (132) in early pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Saad Abualila hospital (Khartoum, Sudan) during the period from March to July 2015. Women who were in early pregnancy with a singleton pregnancy were approached to participate in the study after signing informed consent. A sample size of 132 participants was calculated guided by the normal interval of thyroid function in Sudanese women in the first trimester and not the level of 25(OH) vitamin D. The 25 - hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) vitamins levels were measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on an Elecsys 2010 Analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). RESULTS: The mean (SD) of age, gravidity and gestational age was 27.6 (5.5) years, 2.2 (1.6) and 10.4 (2.2) weeks, respectively. The mean (SD) of the body mass index (BMI) and haemoglobin was 27.1 (5.2) kg/m2 and 10.8 (1.1) g/dl, respectively. Median (interquartile) values of TSH, FT3, and FT4 were 1.164 IU/ml (0.079 -2.177 IU/ml), 4.639 nmol/l (3.843 - 6.562 nmol/l), and 16.86 pmol/l (13.02 - 31.48 pmol/l), respectively. There was no significant correlation between vitamin D levels and TSH, FT3 and FT4 CONCLUSION: There is no correlation between 25 (OH) vitamin D levels and thyroid function during early pregnancy among Sudanese pregnant women, despite prevalent vitamin D deficiency among these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad R Musa
- King Abdu Aziz Armed Forces, Hospital at Air Base, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Duria A Rayis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ammar H Khamis
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abubakr M Nasr
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ishag Adam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Abstract
The bone remodelling cycle replaces old and damaged bone and is a highly regulated, lifelong process essential for preserving bone integrity and maintaining mineral homeostasis. During the bone remodelling cycle, osteoclastic resorption is tightly coupled to osteoblastic bone formation. The remodelling cycle occurs within the basic multicellular unit and comprises five co-ordinated steps; activation, resorption, reversal, formation and termination. These steps occur simultaneously but asynchronously at multiple different locations within the skeleton. Study of rare human bone disease and animal models have helped to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the bone remodelling cycle. The key signalling pathways controlling osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation are receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK)/RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin and canonical Wnt signalling. Cytokines, growth factors and prostaglandins act as paracrine regulators of the cycle, whereas endocrine regulators include parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, growth hormone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones, and thyroid hormone. Disruption of the bone remodelling cycle and any resulting imbalance between bone resorption and formation leads to metabolic bone disease, most commonly osteoporosis. The advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying bone remodelling have also provided targets for pharmacological interventions which include antiresorptive and anabolic therapies. This review will describe the remodelling process and its regulation, discuss osteoporosis and summarize the commonest pharmacological interventions used in its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kenkre
- 1 Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jhd Bassett
- 2 Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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38
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Bikle DD, Patzek S, Wang Y. Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: Case report and review. Bone Rep 2018; 8:255-267. [PMID: 29963603 PMCID: PMC6021194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the kidney was initially thought to be the sole organ responsible for the production of 1,25(OH)2D via the enzyme CYP27b1, it is now appreciated that the expression of CYP27b1 in tissues other than the kidney is wide spread. However, the kidney is the major source for circulating 1,25(OH)2D. Only in certain granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis does the extra renal tissue produce sufficient 1,25(OH)2D to contribute to the circulating levels, generally associated with hypercalcemia, as illustrated by the case report preceding the review. Therefore the expression of CYP27b1 outside the kidney under normal circumstances begs the question why, and in particular whether the extra renal production of 1,25(OH)2D has physiologic importance. In this chapter this question will be discussed. First we discuss the sites for extra renal 1,25(OH)2D production. This is followed by a discussion of the regulation of CYP27b1 expression and activity in extra renal tissues, pointing out that such regulation is tissue specific and different from that of CYP27b1 in the kidney. Finally the physiologic significance of extra renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production is examined, with special focus on the role of CYP27b1 in regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. At this point the data do not clearly demonstrate an essential role for CYP27b1 expression in any tissue outside the kidney, but several examples pointing in this direction are provided. With the availability of the mouse enabling tissue specific deletion of CYP27b1, the role of extra renal CYP27b1 expression in normal and pathologic states can now be addressed definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Sophie Patzek
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, United States
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Hansen AK, Figenschau Y, Zubiaurre-Martinez I. Co-expression of 1α-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor in human articular chondrocytes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:432. [PMID: 29110708 PMCID: PMC5674837 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate whether resident chondrocytes in human articular cartilage and in subculture express vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the enzyme that hydroxylates the prohormone 25(OH)D3 to the active hormone 1α,25(OH)2D3, namely 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Any putative effects of vitamin D on chondrocytes were also explored. METHODS Cartilage from human osteoarthritic knee joints, cultured chondrocytes and cells grown in 3D spheroids were examined for the expression of VDR and 1α-hydroxylase by PCR, Western blots and immunolabelling. Receptor engagement was judged by visualizing nuclear translocation. The effects of 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 on chondrocyte functions were assessed in proliferation-, chondrogenesis- and cartilage signature-gene expression assays. The capability of chondrocytes to hydroxylate 25(OH)D3 was determined by measuring the concentration of metabolites. Finally, a putative regulation of receptor and enzyme expression by 1α,25(OH)2D3 or interleukin (IL)-1β, was investigated by Western blot. RESULTS Gene expression was positive for VDR in freshly isolated cells from native cartilage, cells subcultured in monolayers and in spheroids, whereas protein expression, otherwise judged low, was apparent in monolayers. Nuclear translocation of VDR occurred upon 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Transcripts for 1α-hydroxylase were detected in freshly isolated cells, cultured cells and spheroids. Western blots and immunolabelling detected 1α-hydroxylase protein in all materials, while staining of tissue appeared confined to cells at the superficial layer. A dose-dependent 1α,25(OH)2D3 production was measured when the enzyme substrate was supplied to cell cultures. Western blots revealed that the VDR, but not 1α-hydroxylase, was induced by IL-1β treatment in adherent cells. Proliferation in monolayers was enhanced by both 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3, and both compounds had negative effects on chondrogenesis and cartilage-matrix genes. CONCLUSIONS VDR expression in resident cartilage chondrocytes, generally considered differentiated cells, is elusive. A similar pattern applies for redifferentiated chondrocytes in spheroid cultures, whereas dedifferentiated cells, established in monolayers, stably express VDR. Both 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 are able to potentiate cell proliferation but have a negative impact in proteoglycan synthesis. Chondrocytes express 1α-hydroxylase and may contribute to the production of 1α,25(OH)2D3 into the joint environment. Effects of vitamin D could be unfavourable in the context of cartilage matrix synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kristin Hansen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Bone and joint research group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Yngve Figenschau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inigo Zubiaurre-Martinez
- Bone and joint research group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In addition to the actions of the endocrine hormone, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) in stimulating intestinal calcium absorption, the regulation of bone mineral metabolism by 1,25(OH)2D is also considered an important contributor to calcium homeostasis. However, recent evidence suggest that 1,25(OH)2D acting either via endocrine or autocrine pathways plays varied roles in bone, which suggests that vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of bone mineral in addition to its catabolic roles. This review highlights the contrasting evidence for the direct action for vitamin D metabolism and activity in bone. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous cells within bone express vitamin D receptor (VDR), synthesise and catabolise 1,25(OH)2D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) enzymes, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that all three genes are required to regulate processes of bone resorption, mineralization and fracture repair. The actions of vitamin D in bone appear to negatively or positively regulate bone mineral depending on the physiological and pathological circumstances, suggesting that vitamin D plays pleiotropic roles in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Anderson
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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41
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van Driel M, van Leeuwen JPTM. Vitamin D endocrinology of bone mineralization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:46-51. [PMID: 28606868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that is strongly influenced by endocrine factors to restore the balance between bone resorption and bone formation. Bone formation involves the mineralization of the extracellular matrix formed by osteoblasts. In this process the role of vitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D3) is both direct and indirect. The direct effects are enabled via the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR); the outcome is dependent on the presence of other factors as well as origin of the osteoblasts, treatment procedures and species differences. Vitamin D stimulates mineralization of human osteoblasts but is often found inhibitory for mineralization of murine osteoblasts. In this review we will overview the current knowledge of the role of the vitamin D endocrine system in controlling the mineralization process in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Yang T, Williams BO. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1211-1228. [PMID: 28615463 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) provided a foundation for subsequent studies in lipoprotein metabolism, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and many other fundamental biological functions. The importance of the LDLR led to numerous studies that identified homologous molecules and ultimately resulted in the description of the LDL-receptor superfamily, a group of proteins that contain domains also found in the LDLR. Subsequent studies have revealed that members of the LDLR-related protein family play roles in regulating many aspects of signal transduction. This review is focused on the roles of selected members of this protein family in skeletal development and disease. We present background on the identification of this subgroup of receptors, discuss the phenotypes associated with alterations in their function in human patients and mouse models, and describe the current efforts to therapeutically target these proteins to treat human skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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43
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25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 induces osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42816. [PMID: 28211493 PMCID: PMC5314335 DOI: 10.1038/srep42816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] has recently been found to be an active hormone. Its biological actions are demonstrated in various cell types. 25(OH)D3 deficiency results in failure in bone formation and skeletal deformation. Here, we investigated the effect of 25(OH)D3 on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We also studied the effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25-(OH)2D3], a metabolite of 25(OH)D3. One of the vitamin D responsive genes, 25(OH)D3-24-hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1) mRNA expression is up-regulated by 25(OH)D3 at 250-500 nM and by 1α,25-(OH)2D3 at 1-10 nM. 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25-(OH)2D3 at a time-dependent manner alter cell morphology towards osteoblast-associated characteristics. The osteogenic markers, alkaline phosphatase, secreted phosphoprotein 1 (osteopontin), and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (osteocalcin) are increased by 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25-(OH)2D3 in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, mineralisation is significantly increased by 25(OH)D3 but not by 1α,25-(OH)2D3. Moreover, we found that hMSCs express very low level of 25(OH)D3-1α-hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1), and there is no detectable 1α,25-(OH)2D3 product. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that 25(OH)D3 at 250-500 nM can induce osteogenic differentiation and that 25(OH)D3 has great potential for cell-based bone tissue engineering.
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44
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Xiang W, Liao W, Yi Z, He X, Ding Y. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1-α-hydroxylase in apoliporotein E knockout mice: The role of protecting vascular smooth muscle cell from calcification. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:971-977. [PMID: 28178628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous publications widely reported that 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) regulated the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which has a close association between altered activity of vitamin D and vascular calcification has been reported in various human diseases, including chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. Vascular calcification is a clinically significant component of atherosclerosis and may be promoted by ROS associated inflammatory. In this study, we evaluated the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-α-hydroxylase on the atherosclerosis disease both in apolipoprotein (apo) E-/- mice and wild-type mice. We also isolated endothelial cell (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in aortic from the wild type mice and apoE-/- mice respectively, then investigated that after parathyroid hormone (PTH) both of the CYP27B1 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expressions in apoE-/-EC and apoE-/-VSMC were higher than the wide-type EC and VSMCs. However, the increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis have showed in EC and VSMC compared with the cells from apo E-/- mice. Moreover, the index associated with vascular calcification such as intracellular Ca2+ concentration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity have been tested and the result suggested that the levels of the former index have improved in the apoE-/-EC and apoE-/-VSMC. We got similar conclusions under the pre-treatment with 1, 25(OH) 2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570102, China; Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health care Hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou 570206, China
| | - Wang Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Zhuwen Yi
- Department of Nephropathy, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- Department of Nephropathy, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Maternal and Child Health care Hospital of Hainan Province,15 Long Kun-Nan Road, Haikou 570206, China.
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Yang D, Anderson PH, Turner AG, Morris HA, Atkins GJ. Comparison of the biological effects of exogenous and endogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on the mature osteoblast cell line MLO-A5. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:374-378. [PMID: 26949105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and animal data indicate that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D) exerts an anabolic effect on bone while serum 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) stimulates bone mineral loss, although the mechanism responsible for these divergent actions is unknown. Biological effects of 25D on bone cells are dependent on the local conversion to 1,25D by the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase enzyme, CYP27B1. Therefore, identification of possible differential activities of locally produced and exogenously supplied 1,25D in bone is likely to be informative for guiding optimal administration of vitamin D supplements for bone health. The mature osteoblastic cell line MLO-A5 expresses both the vitamin D receptor (Vdr) and Cyp27b1, and therefore is a suitable model for comparing the activities of 1,25D arising from these sources. Biologically, exogenous and endogenous sources of 1,25D have similar effects on proliferation, mineralisation and induction of a range of genes by MLO-A5 osteoblasts under osteogenic conditions although endogenous 1,25D levels are markedly lower than exogenous levels. Significant differences of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 1,25D are evident between these two sources particularly in terms of modulating gene expression for Cyp24a1 and other genes largely expressed by embedded osteoblasts/osteocytes suggesting that endogenously synthesised 1,25D is more efficiently utilised by the differentiating osteoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Yang
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Paul H Anderson
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Musculoskeletal Biology Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew G Turner
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Musculoskeletal Biology Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Howard A Morris
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Endocrine Bone Research, Chemical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Musculoskeletal Biology Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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46
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Reinke DC, Kogawa M, Barratt KR, Morris HA, Anderson PH, Atkins GJ. Evidence for altered osteoclastogenesis in splenocyte cultures from Cyp27b1 knockout mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:353-360. [PMID: 26639637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The association between increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) and reduced osteoclastic bone resorption is well known. Previously, we have demonstrated that mechanism by which this occurs, may include the conversion of 25D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) by osteoclasts, catalysed by the CYP27B1 enzyme. Local 1,25D synthesis in osteoclasts was shown to regulate osteoclastogenesis and moderating resorptive activity. Thus, we hypothesised that osteoclasts differentiated from mice with global deletion of the Cyp27b1 gene (Cyp27b1 KO) would display enhanced resorptive capacity due to the lack of an ameliorating effect of 1,25D. Splenocytes isolated from Cyp27b1 KO mice or their wild-type (WT) littermates between 6 and 8 weeks of age were cultured under osteoclast-forming conditions for up to 14 days. Osteoclast formation was measured by staining for the osteoclast marker tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Bone resorption activity was measured by plating the cells on a bone-like substrate. In Cyp27b1 KO cultures, osteoclastogenesis was reduced, as indicated by fewer TRAP-positive multinucleated cells at all time points measured (p<0.05) when compared to wild-type (WT) levels. However, Cyp27b1 KO osteoclasts demonstrated greater resorption on a per cell basis than their WT counterparts (p<0.03). In addition, the ratio of expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax to the pro-survival gene Bcl-2 was decreased in Cyp27b1 KO cultures, implying that these smaller osteoclasts survive longer than WT osteoclasts. Our data indicate abnormal osteoclastogenesis due to the absence of CYP27B1 expression, consistent with the notion that endogenous metabolism of 25D optimises osteoclastogenesis and ameliorates the resulting activity of mature osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Reinke
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Masakazu Kogawa
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate R Barratt
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Howard A Morris
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paul H Anderson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Australia.
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van der Meijden K, Buskermolen J, van Essen HW, Schuurman T, Steegenga WT, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Langenbach GEJ, van Ruijven LJ, den Heijer M, Lips P, Bravenboer N. Long-term vitamin D deficiency in older adult C57BL/6 mice does not affect bone structure, remodeling and mineralization. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:344-352. [PMID: 26361014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal models show that vitamin D deficiency may have severe consequences for skeletal health. However, most studies have been performed in young rodents for a relatively short period, while in older adult rodents the effects of long-term vitamin D deficiency on skeletal health have not been extensively studied. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to determine the effects of long-term vitamin D deficiency on bone structure, remodeling and mineralization in bones from older adult mice. The second aim was to determine the effects of long-term vitamin D deficiency on mRNA levels of genes involved in vitamin D metabolism in bones from older adult mice. Ten months old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing 0.5% calcium, 0.2% phosphate and 0 (n=8) or 1 (n=9) IU vitamin D3/gram for 14 months. At an age of 24 months, mice were sacrificed for histomorphometric and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis of humeri as well as analysis of CYP27B1, CYP24 and VDR mRNA levels in tibiae and kidneys using RT-qPCR. Plasma samples, obtained at 17 and 24 months of age, were used for measurements of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (all samples), phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH) (terminal samples) concentrations. At the age of 17 and 24 months, mean plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were below the detection limit (<4nmol/L) in mice receiving vitamin D deficient diets. Plasma phosphate and PTH concentrations did not differ between both groups. Micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis of bone mineral density, structure and remodeling did not reveal differences between control and vitamin D deficient mice. Long-term vitamin D deficiency did also not affect CYP27B1 mRNA levels in tibiae, while CYP24 mRNA levels in tibiae were below the detection threshold in both groups. VDR mRNA levels in tibiae from vitamin D deficient mice were 0.7 fold lower than those in control mice. In conclusion, long-term vitamin D deficiency in older adult C57BL/6 mice, accompanied by normal plasma PTH and phosphate concentrations, does not affect bone structure, remodeling and mineralization. In bone, expression levels of CYP27B1 are also not affected by long-term vitamin D deficiency in older adult C57BL/6 mice. Our results suggest that mice at old age have a low or absent response to vitamin D deficiency probably due to factors such as a decreased bone formation rate or a reduced response of bone cells to 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D. Older adult mice may therefore be less useful for the study of the effects of vitamin D deficiency on bone health in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- K van der Meijden
- Department of Endocrinology/Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Buskermolen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H W van Essen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Schuurman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W T Steegenga
- Division of Human Nutrition, Nutrition and Health Group/Nutrition and Epidemiology Group/Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E M Brouwer-Brolsma
- Division of Human Nutrition, Nutrition and Health Group/Nutrition and Epidemiology Group/Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G E J Langenbach
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J van Ruijven
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M den Heijer
- Department of Endocrinology/Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Lips
- Department of Endocrinology/Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zarei A, Morovat A, Javaid K, Brown CP. Vitamin D receptor expression in human bone tissue and dose-dependent activation in resorbing osteoclasts. Bone Res 2016; 4:16030. [PMID: 27785371 PMCID: PMC5057180 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of vitamin D on osteoblast mineralization are well documented. Reports of the effects of vitamin D on osteoclasts, however, are conflicting, showing both inhibition and stimulation. Finding that resorbing osteoclasts in human bone express vitamin D receptor (VDR), we examined their response to different concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] (100 or 500 nmol·L-1) and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] (0.1 or 0.5 nmol·L-1) metabolites in cell cultures. Specifically, CD14+ monocytes were cultured in charcoal-stripped serum in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histochemical staining assays and dentine resorption analysis were used to identify the size and number of osteoclast cells, number of nuclei per cell and resorption activity. The expression of VDR was detected in human bone tissue (ex vivo) by immunohistochemistry and in vitro cell cultures by western blotting. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to determine the level of expression of vitamin D-related genes in response to vitamin D metabolites. VDR-related genes during osteoclastogenesis, shown by qRT-PCR, was stimulated in response to 500 nmol·L-1 of 25(OH)D3 and 0.1-0.5 nmol·L-1 of 1,25(OH)2D3, upregulating cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1) and cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1). Osteoclast fusion transcripts transmembrane 7 subfamily member 4 (tm7sf4) and nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1 (nfatc1) where downregulated in response to vitamin D metabolites. Osteoclast number and resorption activity were also increased. Both 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced osteoclast size and number when co-treated with RANKL and M-CSF. The evidence for VDR expression in resorbing osteoclasts in vivo and low-dose effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on osteoclasts in vitro may therefore provide insight into the effects of clinical vitamin D treatments, further providing a counterpoint to the high-dose effects reported from in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allahdad Zarei
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alireza Morovat
- Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Kassim Javaid
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cameron P Brown
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Torremadé N, Bozic M, Panizo S, Barrio-Vazquez S, Fernandez-Martín JL, Encinas M, Goltzman D, Arcidiacono MV, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM. Vascular Calcification Induced by Chronic Kidney Disease Is Mediated by an Increase of 1α-Hydroxylase Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1865-1876. [PMID: 27074284 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a complication of chronic kidney disease that predicts morbidity and mortality. Uremic serum promotes VC, but the mechanism involved is unknown. A role for 1,25(OH)2 D3 in VC has been proposed, but the mechanism is unclear because both low and high levels have been shown to increase it. In this work we investigate the role of 1,25(OH)2 D3 produced in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in VC. Rats with subtotal nephrectomy and kidney recipient patients showed increased arterial expression of 1α-hydroxylase in vivo. VSMCs exposed in vitro to serum obtained from uremic rats also showed increased 1α-hydroxylase expression. Those increases were parallel to an increase in VC. After 6 days with high phosphate media, VSMCs overexpressing 1α-hydroxylase show significantly higher calcium content and RUNX2 expression than control cells. 1α-hydroxylase null mice (KO) with subtotal nephrectomy and treated with calcitriol (400 ng/kg) for 2 weeks showed significantly lower levels of vascular calcium content, Alizarin red staining, and RUNX2 expression than wild-type (WT) littermates. Serum calcium, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), PTH, and 1,25(OH)2 D3 levels were similar in both calcitriol-treated groups. In vitro, WT VSMCs treated with uremic serum also showed a significant increase in 1α-hydroxylase expression and higher calcification that was not observed in KO cells. We conclude that local activation of 1α-hydroxylase in the artery mediates VC observed in uremia. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Torremadé
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Milica Bozic
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sara Panizo
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación, REDinREN del ISCIII, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Barrio-Vazquez
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación, REDinREN del ISCIII, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jose L Fernandez-Martín
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación, REDinREN del ISCIII, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Encinas
- Oncogenic Signaling and Development group. IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Spain
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Center and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria V Arcidiacono
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elvira Fernandez
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - José M Valdivielso
- Nephrology Research Department, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain.
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50
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Koek WNH, Zillikens MC, van der Eerden BCJ, van Leeuwen JPTM. Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the CYP27B1 Gene Lead to Pseudovitamin D-Deficient Rickets. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 99:326-31. [PMID: 27364341 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pseudovitamin D deficiency is the consequence of a genetic defect in the CYP27B1 gene resulting in diminished or absent conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-(OH)D3) into 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and leads to growth retardation and rickets, usually in the first 2 years of life. DNA obtained from human leucocytes from a patient suspected of pseudovitamin D deficiency and her healthy parents was sequenced for a genetic defect in the CYP27B1 gene. In silico analyses on the mutations were performed using online available software. The 1α-hydroxylase activity of the patient, her parents, and a sample derived from a mixed buffy coat of healthy blood donors was measured by culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells with 25-(OH)D3 and measuring 1,25-(OH)2D3 production. DNA sequencing of the patient suspected of pseudovitamin D deficiency revealed compound heterozygosity in the CYP27B1 gene for a (c413G>T) mutation in exon 3 (R138L) and a (c1232G>A) mutation in exon 8 (C411Y). In silico analyses confirmed that mutations at these positions are probably damaging for the protein since the amino acids are situated in a highly conserved region. In vitro analyses showed a nearly absent 1α-hydroxylase activity in the patient compared to the healthy blood donors. Her healthy parents each of whom carried one of the mutations also had compromised conversion of 25-(OH)D3 into 1,25-(OH)2D3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, being only marginally higher than in the patient. We discovered novel compound heterozygous mutations in the CYP27B1 gene in a young girl presenting with pseudovitamin D-deficient rickets, leading to severely decreased 1,25-(OH)2D3 production. Furthermore, both heterozygous parents showed a diminished 1α-hydroxylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nadia H Koek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Po. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Po. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Po. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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