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Antonio J, Evans C, Ferrando AA, Stout JR, Antonio B, Cinteo H, Harty P, Arent SM, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Kerksick CM, Pereira F, Gonzalez D, Kreider RB. Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2341903. [PMID: 38626029 PMCID: PMC11022925 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2341903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation often refers to increasing the intake of this particular macronutrient through dietary supplements in the form of powders, ready-to-drink shakes, and bars. The primary purpose of protein supplementation is to augment dietary protein intake, aiding individuals in meeting their protein requirements, especially when it may be challenging to do so through regular food (i.e. chicken, beef, fish, pork, etc.) sources alone. A large body of evidence shows that protein has an important role in exercising and sedentary individuals. A PubMed search of "protein and exercise performance" reveals thousands of publications. Despite the considerable volume of evidence, it is somewhat surprising that several persistent questions and misconceptions about protein exist. The following are addressed: 1) Is protein harmful to your kidneys? 2) Does consuming "excess" protein increase fat mass? 3) Can dietary protein have a harmful effect on bone health? 4) Can vegans and vegetarians consume enough protein to support training adaptations? 5) Is cheese or peanut butter a good protein source? 6) Does consuming meat (i.e., animal protein) cause unfavorable health outcomes? 7) Do you need protein if you are not physically active? 8) Do you need to consume protein ≤ 1 hour following resistance training sessions to create an anabolic environment in skeletal muscle? 9) Do endurance athletes need additional protein? 10) Does one need protein supplements to meet the daily requirements of exercise-trained individuals? 11) Is there a limit to how much protein one can consume in a single meal? To address these questions, we have conducted a thorough scientific assessment of the literature concerning protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Harry Cinteo
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Harty
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, Canada
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Flavia Pereira
- Keiser University, Exercise and Sport Science, West Palm Beach Flagship Campus, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
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Dubin RL, Heymsfield SB, Ravussin E, Greenway FL. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist-based agents and weight loss composition: Filling the gaps. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024. [PMID: 39344838 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Excess adiposity is at the root of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have emerged as first-line treatments for T2D based on significant weight loss results. The composition of weight loss using most diets consists of <25% fat-free mass (FFM) loss, with the remainder from fat stores. Higher amounts of weight loss (achieved with metabolic bariatric surgery) result in greater reductions in FFM. Our aim was to assess the impact that GLP-1RA-based treatments have on FFM. We analysed studies that reported changes in FFM with the following agents: exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide, and the dual incretin receptor agonist tirzepatide. We performed an analysis of various weight loss interventions to provide a reference for expected changes in FFM. We evaluated studies using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for measuring FFM (a crude surrogate for skeletal muscle). In evaluating the composition of weight loss, the percentage lost as fat-free mass (%FFML) was equal to ΔFFM/total weight change. The %FFML using GLP-1RA-based agents was between 20% and 40%. In the 28 clinical trials evaluated, the proportion of FFM loss was highly variable, but the majority reported %FFML exceeding 25%. Our review was limited to small substudies and the use of DXA, which does not measure skeletal muscle mass directly. Since FFM contains a variable amount of muscle (approximately 55%), this indirect measure may explain the heterogeneity in the data. Assessing quantity and quality of skeletal muscle using advanced imaging (magnetic resonance imaging) with functional testing will help fill the gaps in our current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Dubin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Finsterer J. Cohort studies using 3D-CT are needed to assess whether "home Gym-Bed" exercises are beneficial against sarcopenia. Eur J Transl Myol 2024; 34. [PMID: 39356237 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2024.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
I was interested to read the article by Quadrelli et al. on a study on the prevention of sarcopenia using daily "Home Gym Bed" training for 30 minutes per day over 10 years in a 70-year-old man who was examined using 3D CT imaging.1 It was found that muscle mass did not change over the 10 years despite ageing.1 It was concluded that whole-body exercise in bed can help preserve muscle mass and density in older people,1 and that advanced imaging techniques can quantify the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions against sarcopenia.1 The study is excellent, but some points should be discussed.[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Department of Neurology, Neurology and Neurophysiology Center, Vienna.
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Popp KL, Bozzini BN, Reynoso M, Coulombe J, Guerriere KI, Proctor SP, Castellani CM, Walker LA, Zurinaga N, Kuhn K, Foulis SA, Bouxsein ML, Hughes JM, Santoro N. Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis suppression is common among women during US Army Basic Combat Training. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:1052-1060. [PMID: 39043442 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Less than half of servicewomen report loss of menses during initial military training. However, self-reported menstrual status may not accurately reflect hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis suppression and may underestimate reproductive health consequences of military training. Our aim was to characterise HPO axis function during US Army Basic Combat Training (BCT) in non-hormonal contraceptive-using women and explore potential contributors to HPO axis suppression. METHODS In this 10-week prospective observational study, we enrolled multi-ethnic women entering BCT. Trainees provided daily first-morning voided urine, and weekly blood samples during BCT. Urinary luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and metabolites of estradiol and progesterone were measured by chemiluminescent assays (Siemens Centaur XP) to determine hormone patterns and luteal activity. We measured body composition, via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, at the beginning and end of BCT. RESULTS Trainees (n=55) were young (mean (95% CI): 22 (22, 23) years) with average body mass index (23.9 (23.1, 24.7) kg/m2). Most trainees (78%) reported regular menstrual cycles before BCT. During BCT, 23 (42%) trainees reported regular menses. However, only seven trainees (12.5%) had menstrual cycles with evidence of luteal activity (ELA) (ie, presumed ovulation), all with shortened luteal phases. 41 trainees (75%) showed no ELA (NELA), and 7 (12.5%) were categorised as indeterminant. Overall, women gained body mass and lean mass, but lost fat mass during BCT. Changes in body mass and composition appear unrelated to luteal activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal profound HPO axis suppression with NELA in the majority of women during BCT. This HPO axis suppression occurs among women who report normal menstrual cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Popp
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- TRIA Orthopaedic Center, HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brittany N Bozzini
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marinaliz Reynoso
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Coulombe
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katelyn I Guerriere
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan P Proctor
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colleen M Castellani
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leila A Walker
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas Zurinaga
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen A Foulis
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Endcrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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VAN Vossel K, Hardeel J, VAN DER Stede T, Cools T, Vandecauter J, Vanhaecke L, Boone J, Blemker SS, Lievens E, Derave W. Evidence for Simultaneous Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy in Response to Resistance Training in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1634-1643. [PMID: 38687626 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human skeletal muscle has the profound ability to hypertrophy in response to resistance training (RT). However, this has a high energy and protein cost and is presumably mainly restricted to recruited muscles. It remains largely unknown what happens with nonrecruited muscles during RT. This study investigated the volume changes of 17 recruited and 13 nonrecruited muscles during a 10-wk single-joint RT program targeting upper arm and upper leg musculature. METHODS Muscle volume changes were measured by manual or automatic 3D segmentation in 21 RT novices. Subjects ate ad libitum during the study and energy and protein intake were assessed by self-reported diaries. RESULTS Posttraining, all recruited muscles increased in volume (range: +2.2% to +17.7%, P < 0.05), whereas the nonrecruited adductor magnus (mean: -1.5% ± 3.1%, P = 0.038) and soleus (-2.4% ± 2.3%, P = 0.0004) decreased in volume. Net muscle growth ( r = 0.453, P = 0.045) and changes in adductor magnus volume ( r = 0.450, P = 0.047) were positively associated with protein intake. Changes in total nonrecruited muscle volume ( r = 0.469, P = 0.037), adductor magnus ( r = 0.640, P = 0.002), adductor longus ( r = 0.465, P = 0.039), and soleus muscle volume ( r = 0.481, P = 0.032) were positively related to energy intake. When subjects were divided into a HIGH or LOW energy intake group, overall nonrecruited muscle volume (-1.7% ± 2.0%), adductor longus (-5.6% ± 3.7%), adductor magnus (-2.8% ± 2.4%), and soleus volume (-3.7% ± 1.8%) decreased significantly ( P < 0.05) in the LOW but not the HIGH group. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting that some nonrecruited muscles significantly atrophy during a period of RT. Our data therefore suggest muscle mass reallocation, that is, that hypertrophy in recruited muscles takes place at the expense of atrophy in nonrecruited muscles, especially when energy and protein availability are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim VAN Vossel
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
| | - Julie Hardeel
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
| | | | - Tom Cools
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, BELGIUM
| | - Jonas Vandecauter
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
| | | | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
| | | | - Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
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Neeland IJ, Linge J, Birkenfeld AL. Changes in lean body mass with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies and mitigation strategies. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26 Suppl 4:16-27. [PMID: 38937282 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Weight loss induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R)/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists is coming closer to the magnitudes achieved with surgery. However, with greater weight loss there is concern about potential side effects on muscle quantity (mass), health and function. There is heterogeneity in the reported effects of GLP-1-based therapies on lean mass changes in clinical trials: in some studies, reductions in lean mass range between 40% and 60% as a proportion of total weight lost, while other studies show lean mass reductions of approximately 15% or less of total weight lost. There are several potential reasons underlying this heterogeneity, including population, drug-specific/molecular, and comorbidity effects. Furthermore, changes in lean mass may not always reflect changes in muscle mass as the former measure includes not only muscle but also organs, bone, fluids, and water in fat tissue. Based on contemporary evidence with the addition of magnetic resonance imaging-based studies, skeletal muscle changes with GLP-1RA treatments appear to be adaptive: reductions in muscle volume seem to be commensurate with what is expected given ageing, disease status, and weight loss achieved, and the improvement in insulin sensitivity and muscle fat infiltration likely contributes to an adaptive process with improved muscle quality, lowering the probability for loss in strength and function. Nevertheless, factors such as older age and severity of disease may influence the selection of appropriate candidates for these therapies due to risk of sarcopenia. To further improve muscle health during weight loss, several pharmacological treatments to maintain or improve muscle mass designed in combination with GLP-1-based therapies are under development. Future research on GLP-1-based and other therapies designed for weight loss should focus on more accurate and meaningful assessments of muscle mass, composition, as well as function, mobility or strength, to better define their impact on muscle health for the substantial number of patients who will likely be taking these medications well into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Neeland
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer Linge
- AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, University Clinic Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Diabetes, Life Sciences & Medicine Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
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Reljic D, Zieseniss N, Herrmann HJ, Neurath MF, Zopf Y. Protein Supplementation Increases Adaptations to Low-Volume, Intra-Session Concurrent Training in Untrained Healthy Adults: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:2713. [PMID: 39203849 PMCID: PMC11357491 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Combined endurance and resistance training, also known as "concurrent training", is a common practice in exercise routines. While concurrent training offers the benefit of targeting both cardiovascular and muscular fitness, it imposes greater physiological demands on the body compared to performing each modality in isolation. Increased protein consumption has been suggested to support adaptations to concurrent training. However, the impact of protein supplementation on responses to low-volume concurrent training is still unclear. Forty-four untrained, healthy individuals (27 ± 6 years) performed two sessions/week of low-volume high-intensity interval training on cycle ergometers followed by five machine-based resistance training exercises for 8 weeks. Volunteers randomly received (double-blinded) 40 g of whey-based protein (PRO group) or an isocaloric placebo (maltodextrin, PLA group) after each session. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and overall fitness scores (computed from volunteers' VO2max and one-repetition maximum scores, 1-RM) significantly increased in both groups. The PRO group showed significantly improved 1-RM in all major muscle groups, while the PLA group only improved 1-RM in chest and upper back muscles. Improvements in 1-RM in leg muscles were significantly greater in the PRO group versus the PLA group. In conclusion, our results indicate that adaptations to low-volume concurrent training, particularly leg muscle strength, can be improved with targeted post-exercise protein supplementation in untrained healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Reljic
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nilas Zieseniss
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Herrmann
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Friedrich Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yurdagül Zopf
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Szlachta B, Birková A, Čižmárová B, Głogowska-Gruszka A, Zalejska-Fiolka P, Dydoń M, Zalejska-Fiolka J. Erythrocyte Oxidative Status in People with Obesity: Relation to Tissue Losses, Glucose Levels, and Weight Reduction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:960. [PMID: 39199206 PMCID: PMC11351941 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the impact of reductions in various body mass components on the erythrocyte oxidative status and glycemic state of people with obesity (PWO). METHODS A total of 53 PWO followed a six-month individualized low-calorie diet with exercise, during which anthropometric, biochemical, and oxidative parameters were measured. The participants were divided into groups based on weight (W), visceral fat area (VFA), total body water (TBW), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) losses, as well as normoglycemia (NG) and hyperglycemia (HG). RESULTS Weight reduction normalized glycemia and influenced erythrocyte enzyme activity. Regardless of the tissue type lost (VFA, TBW, or SMM), glutathione peroxidase activity decreased in all groups, accompanied by an increase in glutathione reductase activity. Lipofuscin (LPS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations decreased regardless of the type of tissue lost. The α-/γ-tocopherol ratio increased in those losing >10% body weight, >15% VFA, and >5% TBW. In the NG group, compared to the HG group, there was a decrease in glutathione peroxidase and an increase in glutathione reductase, with these changes being stronger in the HG group. The LPS and MDA concentrations decreased in both groups. Significant correlations were observed between glucose reduction and changes in catalase, retinol, and α-tocopherol, as well as between VFA reduction and changes in vitamin E, L-LPS, and the activities of L-GR and L-GST. CONCLUSIONS This analysis highlights the complex interactions between glucose metabolism, oxidative state, and erythrocyte membrane integrity, crucial for understanding diabetes and its management. This study shows the significant metabolic adaptability of erythrocytes in response to systemic changes induced by obesity and hyperglycemia, suggesting potential therapeutic targets to improve metabolic health in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szlachta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Zabrze Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.); (A.G.-G.); (P.Z.-F.); (M.D.); (J.Z.-F.)
| | - Anna Birková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Beáta Čižmárová
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Anna Głogowska-Gruszka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Zabrze Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.); (A.G.-G.); (P.Z.-F.); (M.D.); (J.Z.-F.)
| | - Paulina Zalejska-Fiolka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Zabrze Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.); (A.G.-G.); (P.Z.-F.); (M.D.); (J.Z.-F.)
| | - Maria Dydoń
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Zabrze Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.); (A.G.-G.); (P.Z.-F.); (M.D.); (J.Z.-F.)
| | - Jolanta Zalejska-Fiolka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Zabrze Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.); (A.G.-G.); (P.Z.-F.); (M.D.); (J.Z.-F.)
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9
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Li G, Li Z, Liu J. Amino acids regulating skeletal muscle metabolism: mechanisms of action, physical training dosage recommendations and adverse effects. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:41. [PMID: 38956658 PMCID: PMC11220999 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining skeletal muscle mass is important for improving muscle strength and function. Hence, maximizing lean body mass (LBM) is the primary goal for both elite athletes and fitness enthusiasts. The use of amino acids as dietary supplements is widespread among athletes and physically active individuals. Extensive literature analysis reveals that branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), creatine, glutamine and β-alanine may be beneficial in regulating skeletal muscle metabolism, enhancing LBM and mitigating exercise-induced muscle damage. This review details the mechanisms of these amino acids, offering insights into their efficacy as supplements. Recommended dosage and potential side effects are then outlined to aid athletes in making informed choices and safeguard their health. Lastly, limitations within the current literature are addressed, highlighting opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Li
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal university, No. 5268, Renmin Street, Changchun city, Jilin province, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Li
- Gaomi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gaomi city, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Liu
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal university, No. 5268, Renmin Street, Changchun city, Jilin province, 130024, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Burén J, Svensson M, Liv P, Sjödin A. Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:2030. [PMID: 38999778 PMCID: PMC11243114 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet on body composition in healthy, young, normal-weight women. With the increasing interest in ketogenic diets for their various health benefits, this research aims to understand their impact on body composition, focusing on women who are often underrepresented in such studies. Conducting a randomized controlled feeding trial with a crossover design, this study compares a ketogenic LCHF diet to a Swedish National Food Agency (NFA)-recommended control diet over four weeks. Seventeen healthy, young, normal-weight women adhered strictly to the provided diets, with ketosis confirmed through blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was utilized for precise body composition measurements. To avoid bias, all statistical analyses were performed blind. The findings reveal that the ketogenic LCHF diet led to a significant reduction in both lean mass (-1.45 kg 95% CI: [-1.90;-1.00]; p < 0.001) and fat mass (-0.66 kg 95% CI: [-1.00;-0.32]; p < 0.001) compared to the control diet, despite similar energy intake and physical activity levels. This study concludes that while the ketogenic LCHF diet is effective for weight loss, it disproportionately reduces lean mass over fat mass, suggesting the need for concurrent strength training to mitigate muscle loss in women following this diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Burén
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Umeå School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Michael Svensson
- Umeå School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Sports Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Liv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Anna Sjödin
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Umeå School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
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11
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Liu Z, Jin P, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wu X, Weng M, Cao S, Wang Y, Zeng C, Yang R, Liu C, Sun P, Tian C, Li N, Zeng Q. A comprehensive approach to lifestyle intervention based on a calorie-restricted diet ameliorates liver fat in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD: a multicenter randomized controlled trial in China. Nutr J 2024; 23:64. [PMID: 38872173 PMCID: PMC11170812 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a globally increasing health epidemic. Lifestyle intervention is recommended as the main therapy for NAFLD. However, the optimal approach is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive approach of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) concerning enhanced control of calorie-restricted diet (CRD), exercise, and personalized nutrition counseling on liver steatosis and extrahepatic metabolic status in Chinese overweight and obese patients with NAFLD. METHODS This study was a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted across seven hospitals in China. It involved 226 participants with a body mass index (BMI) above 25. These participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the ILI group, which followed a low carbohydrate, high protein CRD combined with exercise and intensive counseling from a dietitian, and a control group, which adhered to a balanced CRD along with exercise and standard counseling. The main measure of the study was the change in the fat attenuation parameter (FAP) from the start of the study to week 12, analyzed within the per-protocol set. Secondary measures included changes in BMI, liver stiffness measurement (LSM), and the improvement of various metabolic indexes. Additionally, predetermined subgroup analyses of the FAP were conducted based on variables like gender, age, BMI, ethnicity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. RESULTS A total of 167 participants completed the whole study. Compared to the control group, ILI participants achieved a significant reduction in FAP (LS mean difference, 16.07 [95% CI: 8.90-23.25] dB/m) and BMI (LS mean difference, 1.46 [95% CI: 1.09-1.82] kg/m2) but not in LSM improvement (LS mean difference, 0.20 [95% CI: -0.19-0.59] kPa). The ILI also substantially improved other secondary outcomes (including ALT, AST, GGT, body fat mass, muscle mass and skeletal muscle mass, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, blood pressure, and homocysteine). Further subgroup analyses showed that ILI, rather than control intervention, led to more significant FAP reduction, especially in patients with concurrent hypertension (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In this RCT, a 12-week intensive lifestyle intervention program led to significant improvements in liver steatosis and other metabolic indicators in overweight and obese Chinese patients suffering from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Further research is required to confirm the long-term advantages and practicality of this approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT03972631) in June 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Piaopiao Jin
- Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Department of Health Management, Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Zhimian Zhang
- Health Management Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiangming Wu
- Zhejiang Nutriease Health Technology Company Limited, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Min Weng
- Department of Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650034, China
| | - Suyan Cao
- Health Management Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Health Management Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chang Zeng
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Healthcare Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chenbing Liu
- Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Health Management, Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Cuihuan Tian
- Health Management Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Nan Li
- Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Health Management Institute, the Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
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12
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Cho KH, Han EY, Jung MK, Kang CM, Shin JC, Im SH. Effects of protein-enriched nutritional support on skeletal muscle mass and rehabilitative outcomes in brain tumor patients: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12909. [PMID: 38839858 PMCID: PMC11153212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with brain tumors require extensive and prolonged rehabilitation efforts as they suffer from lesion-induced motor weakness as well as treatment-related side effects, often leading to a significant decline in function. Protein supplements have shown positive effects on promoting muscle strength and physical performance in various tumor etiologies. However, reports on their effects specifically in brain tumor patients remain scarce. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of protein supplements in enhancing rehabilitative outcomes via muscle strengthening and functional gain in brain tumor patients with neurological demise. Sixty brain tumor patients were randomly assigned to either a protein supplement or a control group, receiving either protein supplements or a placebo for 6 weeks, in conjunction with conventional rehabilitation therapy. Assessments before and after the intervention included laboratory tests, anthropometric measures using bioimpedance analysis, and functional assessments, which included the MMSE, the modified Barthel Index, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Brief Fatigue Inventory, the Timed Up and Go test, the 6-min walk test, the isokinetic quadriceps muscle strength test, and the handgrip power. After the intervention, the levels of serum hemoglobin, protein, albumin, and C-reactive protein were improved in both groups, however, the change was significant only in the protein group. The muscle strength was enhanced in both groups, however, the significant increase in pinch grasp power was only noted in the protein group (P < 0.05). The distance on 6MWT was also significantly extended at follow-up in the protein group (P < 0.01). In the subgroup analysis according to nutritional status, the moderate malnutrition group showed greater augmentation of muscle mass than those with adequate nutrition (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the amelioration of malnutrition was observed only the in protein group. This study using protein supplements to promote the rehabilitative potential of brain tumor patients revealed a significant effect on improving hemodynamic nutritional indices, muscle power reimbursement, and functional improvement, especially in malnourished patients. The safety and feasibility of protein supplements in brain tumor patients were affirmative in this study. Further studies with more patients may help confirm the secondary functional gain resulting from increased muscle power.Trial registration: This study was retrospectively registered in the Clinical Research Information Service, CRIS no. KCT0009113 on Jan 12, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye Hee Cho
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Jung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Moo Kang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Cheol Shin
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Im
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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van der Velden AIM, Koudijs A, Kooijman S, Rietjens RGJ, Sol WMPJ, Avramut MC, Wang G, Rensen PCN, Rabelink TJ, van der Vlag J, van den Berg BM. Fasting mimicking diet in diabetic mice partially preserves glomerular endothelial glycocalyx coverage, without changing the diabetic metabolic environment. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F681-F693. [PMID: 38205540 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00333.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting has become of interest for its possible metabolic benefits and reduction of inflammation and oxidative damage, all of which play a role in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. We tested in a streptozotocin (60 mg/kg)-induced diabetic apolipoprotein E knockout mouse model whether repeated fasting mimicking diet (FMD) prevents glomerular damage. Diabetic mice received 5 FMD cycles in 10 wk, and during cycles 1 and 5 caloric measurements were performed. After 10 wk, glomerular endothelial morphology was determined together with albuminuria, urinary heparanase-1 activity, and spatial mass spectrometry imaging to identify specific glomerular metabolic dysregulation. During FMD cycles, blood glucose levels dropped while a temporal metabolic switch was observed to increase fatty acid oxidation. Overall body weight at the end of the study was reduced together with albuminuria, although urine production was dramatically increased without affecting urinary heparanase-1 activity. Weight loss was found to be due to lean mass and water, not fat mass. Although capillary loop morphology and endothelial glycocalyx heparan sulfate contents were preserved, hyaluronan surface expression was reduced together with the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid. Mass spectrometry imaging further revealed reduced protein catabolic breakdown products and increased oxidative stress, not different from diabetic mice. In conclusion, although FMD preserves partially glomerular endothelial glycocalyx, loss of lean mass and increased glomerular oxidative stress argue whether such diet regimes are safe in patients with diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Repeated fasting mimicking diet (FMD) partially prevents glomerular damage in a diabetic mouse model; however, although endothelial glycocalyx heparan sulfate contents were preserved, hyaluronan surface expression was reduced in the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid. The weight loss observed was of lean mass, not fat mass, and increased glomerular oxidative stress argue whether such a diet is safe in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk I M van der Velden
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Koudijs
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie G J Rietjens
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy M P J Sol
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Cristina Avramut
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gangqi Wang
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Hahm JH, Nirmala FS, Ha TY, Ahn J. Nutritional approaches targeting mitochondria for the prevention of sarcopenia. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:676-694. [PMID: 37475189 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in function and loss of mass, a condition known as sarcopenia, is observed in the skeletal muscles with aging. Sarcopenia has a negative effect on the quality of life of elderly. Individuals with sarcopenia are at particular risk for adverse outcomes, such as reduced mobility, fall-related injuries, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although the pathogenesis of sarcopenia is multifaceted, mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a major contributor for muscle aging. Hence, the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function during aging is imperative for sarcopenia treatment. However, effective and specific drugs that can be used for the treatment are not yet approved. Instead studies on the relationship between food intake and muscle aging have suggested that nutritional intake or dietary control could be an alternative approach for the amelioration of muscle aging. This narrative review approaches various nutritional components and diets as a treatment for sarcopenia by modulating mitochondrial homeostasis and improving mitochondria. Age-related changes in mitochondrial function and the molecular mechanisms that help improve mitochondrial homeostasis are discussed, and the nutritional components and diet that modulate these molecular mechanisms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Farida S Nirmala
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
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15
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O'Leary TJ, Gifford RM, Knight RL, Wright J, Handford S, Venables MC, Reynolds RM, Woods D, Wardle SL, Greeves JP. Sex differences in energy balance, body composition, and metabolic and endocrine markers during prolonged arduous military training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:938-948. [PMID: 38385180 PMCID: PMC11305646 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00864.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated sex differences in energy balance, body composition, and metabolic and endocrine markers during prolonged military training. Twenty-three trainees (14 women) completed 44-wk military training (three terms of 14 wk with 2-wk adventurous training). Dietary intake and total energy expenditure were measured over 10 days during each term by weighed food and doubly labeled water. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and at the end of each term. Circulating metabolic and endocrine markers were measured at baseline and at the end of terms 2 and 3. Absolute energy intake and total energy expenditure were higher, and energy balance was lower, for men than women (P ≤ 0.008). Absolute energy intake and balance were lower, and total energy expenditure was higher, during term 2 than terms 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). Lean mass did not change with training (P = 0.081). Fat mass and body fat increased from term 1 to terms 2 and 3 (P ≤ 0.045). Leptin increased from baseline to terms 2 and 3 in women (P ≤ 0.002) but not in men (P ≥ 0.251). Testosterone and free androgen index increased from baseline to term 3 (P ≤ 0.018). Free thyroxine (T4) decreased and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increased from baseline to term 2 and term 3 (P ≤ 0.031). Cortisol decreased from baseline to term 3 (P = 0.030). IGF-I and total triiodothyronine (T3) did not change with training (P ≥ 0.148). Men experienced greater energy deficits than women during military training due to higher total energy expenditure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Energy deficits are common in military training and can result in endocrine and metabolic disturbances. This study provides first investigation of sex differences in energy balance, body composition, and endocrine and metabolic markers in response to prolonged and arduous military training. Men experienced greater energy deficits than women due to higher energy expenditure, which was not compensated for by increased energy intake. These energy deficits were not associated with decreases in fat or lean mass or metabolic or endocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Gifford
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Knight
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Wright
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Handford
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle C Venables
- Medical Research Council, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Woods
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Northumbria and Newcastle NHS Trusts, Wansbeck General and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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16
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Moughan PJ, Fulgoni VL, Wolfe RR. The Importance of Dietary Protein Quality in Mid- to High-Income Countries. J Nutr 2024; 154:804-814. [PMID: 38253225 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In wealthy countries, the protein intake of adults is usually considered to be adequate, and considerations of protein quality are often deemed irrelevant. The objective was to examine dietary protein intakes of adults in developed countries in the context of dietary protein quality. An analysis of NHANES population data on actual protein intakes in the United States (a developed country) demonstrated that for a dietary Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) of 100%, 11% of the adult (19-50 y) population had habitual protein intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and 22% below the Recommended Dietary Allowance. The percentage of the population with utilizable protein intakes potentially falling below the EAR increased as the assumed DIAAS declined. Analysis of the NHANES data and several other datasets also indicated that total protein intakes can be limiting or close to limiting for the elderly and some vegetarians and vegans. Here, lower dietary protein quality can potentially lead to inadequate utilizable protein intakes. For many people in specific physiological states (e.g., weight loss, endurance sports, resistance exercise) attempting to meet higher dietary protein targets often with accompanying lowered energy intakes, low dietary protein quality can lead to protein calories expressed as a proportion of total calories, falling outside what may be acceptable limits (maximum of 30% protein calories from total calories). In general, individuals within the adult population may be susceptible to macronutrient imbalance (whenever total protein intakes are high, daily energy intakes low) and for diets with lower protein quality (DIAAS <100%). Our analysis shows that dietary protein quality is relevant in mid- to high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | - Robert R Wolfe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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17
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Burtscher J, Strasser B, Burtscher M. A mito-centric view on muscle aging and function. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1330131. [PMID: 38269379 PMCID: PMC10806989 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1330131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Strasser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Chien KY, Chen YJ, Hsu KJ, Chen CN. High-protein diet with immediate post-exercise protein drink: Impact on appetite in middle-aged obesity. Physiol Behav 2024; 273:114404. [PMID: 37935299 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Successful management of obesity can be challenging if individuals constantly experience cravings. The present study investigated the effects of a high-protein diet, including a high-protein drink consumed immediately after high-intensity interval training (HIIT), on appetite and weight loss in obese middle-aged individuals. A total of 52 obese middle-aged individuals (58.2 ± 4.11 years old) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the exercise group (E, n=19), exercise and high-protein diet group (ED, n=21), and a control group (n=12). The E and ED groups engaged in cycling HIIT (comprising 90 % of peak heart rate (HRpeak) for 3 min, followed by 70 % of HRpeak for 3 min, for a total of 5 cycles) three times a week for 3 months. The ED group consumed a high-protein drink immediately after HIIT and had a daily protein intake of 1.6g/kg. Body composition and eating behavior were assessed before and after the intervention. Additionally, appetite levels were measured before and after each exercise session, before dinner, and before bedtime during three phases of the intervention: the first phase (weeks 3-4), the second phase (weeks 5-8), and the third phase (weeks 9-12). Results showed that only the ED group experienced a decrease in body mass index (from 27.4 ± 4.28 to 26.8 ± 4.09 kg/m2, p=0.04). Appetite significantly increased after exercise in both E and ED groups (p values for the three phases ranged from 0.04 to 0.001 for the E group and from 0.042 to 0.003 for the ED group). The desire to eat significantly increased after exercise in the E group (phase 1: p = 0.026; phase 2: p = 0.011; phase 3: p = 0.003), but not in the ED group. Furthermore, the frequency of late-night snacking decreased in the ED group (the score changed from 2.4 ± 0.86 to 2.7 ± 0.80, p = 0.034). Notably, the E group tended to have a higher pre-dinner appetite score than the ED group in the third phase (p = 0.063). In summary, a high daily protein intake, combined with the consumption of high-protein drinks after exercise, resulted in reduced post-exercise appetite and a decrease in the frequency of late-night snacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Yu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Hsu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Nan Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wood BS, Batchek DJ, Lynch DH, Spangler HB, Gross DC, Petersen CL, Batsis JA. Impact of EASO/ESPEN-Defined Sarcopenic Obesity Following a Technology-Based Weight Loss Intervention. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 114:60-73. [PMID: 37758867 PMCID: PMC11193940 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic Obesity is the co-existence of increased adipose tissue (obesity) and decreased muscle mass or strength (sarcopenia) and is associated with worse outcomes than obesity alone. The new EASO/ESPEN consensus provides a framework to standardize its definition. This study sought to evaluate whether there are preliminary differences observed in weight loss or physical function in older adults with and without sarcopenic obesity taking part in a multicomponent weight loss intervention using these new definitions. METHODS A 6-month, non-randomized, non-blinded, single-arm pilot study was conducted from 2018 to 2020 in adults ≥ 65 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. Weekly dietitian visits and twice-weekly physical therapist-led exercise classes were delivered using telemedicine. We conducted a secondary retrospective analysis of the parent study (n = 53 enrolled, n = 44 completers) that investigated the feasibility of a technology-based weight management intervention in rural older adults with obesity. Herein, we applied five definitions of sarcopenic obesity (outlined in the consensus) to ascertain whether the response to the intervention differed among those with and without sarcopenic obesity. Primary outcomes evaluated included weight loss and physical function (30-s sit-to-stand). RESULTS In the parent study, mean weight loss was - 4.6 kg (95% CI - 3.6, - 5.6; p < 0.001). Physical function measures of 30-s sit-to-stand showed a mean increase of 3.1 in sit-to-stand repetitions (+ 1.9, + 4.3; p < 0.001). In this current analysis, there was a significant decrease in weight and an increase in repetitions between baseline and follow-up within each group of individuals with and without sarcopenia for each of the proposed definitions. However, we did not observe any significant differences in the changes between groups from baseline to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The potential lack of significant differences in weight loss or physical function between older adults with and without sarcopenic obesity participating in a weight loss intervention may suggest that well-designed, multicomponent interventions can lead to similar outcomes irrespective of sarcopenia status in persons with obesity. Fully powered randomized clinical trials are critically needed to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Wood
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dakota J Batchek
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 5017 Old Clinic Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David H Lynch
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hillary B Spangler
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Danae C Gross
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 5017 Old Clinic Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Curtis L Petersen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John A Batsis
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 5017 Old Clinic Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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20
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Larsen MS, Witard OC, Holm L, Scaife P, Hansen R, Smith K, Tipton KD, Mose M, Bengtsen MB, Lauritsen KM, Mikkelsen UR, Hansen M. Dose-Response of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis To Ingested Whey Protein During Energy Restriction in Overweight Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:3173-3184. [PMID: 37598750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet-induced weight loss is associated with a decline in lean body mass, as mediated by an impaired response of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The dose-response of MPS to ingested protein, with or without resistance exercise, is well characterized during energy balance but limited data exist under conditions of energy restriction in clinical populations. OBJECTIVE To determine the dose-response of MPS to ingested whey protein following short-term diet-induced energy restriction in overweight, postmenopausal, women at rest and postexercise. DESIGN Forty middle-aged (58.6±0.4 y), overweight (BMI: 28.6±0.4), postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: Three groups underwent 5 d of energy restriction (∼800 kcal/d). On day 6, participants performed a unilateral leg resistance exercise bout before ingesting either a bolus of 15g (ERW15, n = 10), 35g (ERW35, n = 10) or 60g (ERW60, n = 10) of whey protein. The fourth group (n = 10) ingested a 35g whey protein bolus after 5 d of an energy balanced diet (EBW35, n = 10). Myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate (FSR) was calculated under basal, fed (FED) and postexercise (FED-EX) conditions by combining an L-[ring-13C6] phenylalanine tracer infusion with the collection of bilateral muscle biopsies. RESULTS Myofibrillar FSR was greater in ERW35 (0.043±0.003%/h, P = 0.013) and ERW60 (0.042±0.003%/h, P = 0.026) than ERW15 (0.032 ± 0.003%/h), with no differences between ERW35 and ERW60 (P = 1.000). Myofibrillar FSR was greater in FED (0.044 ± 0.003%/h, P < 0.001) and FED-EX (0.048 ± 0.003%/h, P < 0.001) than BASAL (0.027 ± 0.003%/h), but no differences were detected between FED and FED-EX (P = 0.732) conditions. No differences in myofibrillar FSR were observed between EBW35 (0.042 ± 0.003%/h) and ERW35 (0.043 ± 0.003%/h, P = 0.744). CONCLUSION A 35 g dose of whey protein, ingested with or without resistance exercise, is sufficient to stimulate a maximal acute response of MPS following short-term energy restriction in overweight, postmenopausal women, and thus may provide a per serving protein recommendation to mitigate muscle loss during a weight loss program. TRIAL REGISTRY clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03326284).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark; Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Denmark
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Paula Scaife
- Metabolic Physiology, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre for Excellence in Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Smith
- Metabolic Physiology, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre for Excellence in Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, UK
| | - Maike Mose
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Mads B Bengtsen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Katrine M Lauritsen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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21
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Pérez-Beltrán YE, González-Becerra K, Rivera-Iñiguez I, Martínez-López E, Ramos-Lopez O, Alcaraz-Mejía M, Rodríguez-Echevarría R, Sáyago-Ayerdi SG, Mendivil EJ. A Nutrigenetic Strategy for Reducing Blood Lipids and Low-Grade Inflammation in Adults with Obesity and Overweight. Nutrients 2023; 15:4324. [PMID: 37892400 PMCID: PMC10609523 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of obesity and dyslipidemia involves genetic factors, such as polymorphisms related to lipid metabolism alterations predisposing their development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a nutrigenetic intervention on the blood lipid levels, body composition, and inflammation markers of adults with obesity and overweight. Eleven genetic variants associated with dyslipidemias in Mexicans were selected, and specific nutrigenetic recommendations for these polymorphisms were found. One hundred and one adults were recruited and assigned to follow either a standard or nutrigenetic diet for eight weeks. Anthropometric, biochemical, body composition, and inflammation markers were evaluated through standardized methods. Weighted genetic risk scores (wGRSs) were computed using the study polymorphisms. After intervention, both diets significantly decreased the anthropometric parameters and body composition (p < 0.05). Only the nutrigenetic diet group showed significant reductions in VLDL-c (p = 0.001), triglycerides (p = 0.002), TG:HDL (p = 0.002), IL-6 (p = 0.002), and TNF-α (p = 0.04). wGRSs had a high impact on the ΔTGs and ΔVLDL-c of both groups (standard diet: ΔTGs: Adj R2 = 0.69, p = 0.03; ΔVLDL-c: Adj R2 = 0.71, p = 0.02; nutrigenetic diet: ΔTGs: Adj R2 = 0.49, p = 0.03 and ΔVLDL-c: R2 = 0.29, p = 0.04). This nutrigenetic intervention improved lipid abnormalities in patients with excessive body weight. Hence, nutrigenetic strategies could be coadjuvant tools and enhance the standard dietary treatment for cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda E. Pérez-Beltrán
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico;
| | - Karina González-Becerra
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán 47820, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Ingrid Rivera-Iñiguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, UCSD Center for Healthy Eating and Activity Research (CHEAR), San Diego, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Erika Martínez-López
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (E.M.-L.); (R.R.-E.)
| | - Omar Ramos-Lopez
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - Mildreth Alcaraz-Mejía
- Departamento de Electrónica, Sistemas e Informática, ITESO, Unioversidad Jesuita de Guadalajara, Tlaquepaque 45604, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Echevarría
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (E.M.-L.); (R.R.-E.)
| | - Sonia G. Sáyago-Ayerdi
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico;
| | - Edgar J. Mendivil
- Departamento de Salud, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de Mexico 01219, Mexico
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22
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Muntis FR, Mayer-Davis EJ, Shaikh SR, Crandell J, Evenson KR, Smith-Ryan AE. Post-Exercise Protein Intake May Reduce Time in Hypoglycemia Following Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise among Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4268. [PMID: 37836552 PMCID: PMC10574378 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of post-exercise protein intake on post-exercise glycemia. Secondary analyses were conducted to evaluate the role of post-exercise protein intake on post-exercise glycemia using data from an exercise pilot study. Adults with T1D (n = 11), with an average age of 33.0 ± 11.4 years and BMI of 25.1 ± 3.4, participated in isoenergetic sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Participants completed food records on the days of exercise and provided continuous glucose monitoring data throughout the study, from which time in range (TIR, 70-180 mg/dL), time above range (TAR, >180 mg/dL), and time below range (TBR, <70 mg/dL) were calculated from exercise cessation until the following morning. Mixed effects regression models, adjusted for carbohydrate intake, diabetes duration, and lean mass, assessed the relationship between post-exercise protein intake on TIR, TAR, and TBR following exercise. No association was observed between protein intake and TIR, TAR, or TBR (p-values ≥ 0.07); however, a borderline significant reduction of -1.9% (95% CI: -3.9%, 0.0%; p = 0.05) TBR per 20 g protein was observed following MICT in analyses stratified by exercise mode. Increasing post-exercise protein intake may be a promising strategy to mitigate the risk of hypoglycemia following MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin R. Muntis
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (F.R.M.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (F.R.M.); (S.R.S.)
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Saame R. Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (F.R.M.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Jamie Crandell
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kelly R. Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise & Sports Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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23
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Karpęcka-Gałka E, Mazur-Kurach P, Szyguła Z, Frączek B. Diet, Supplementation and Nutritional Habits of Climbers in High Mountain Conditions. Nutrients 2023; 15:4219. [PMID: 37836503 PMCID: PMC10574574 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate nutritional preparation for a high-mountain expedition can contribute to the prevention of nutritional deficiencies affecting the deterioration of health and performance. The aim of the study was to analyze the dietary habits, supplementation and nutritional value of diets of high mountain climbers. The study group consisted of 28 men (average age 33.12 ± 5.96 years), taking part in summer mountaineering expeditions at an altitude above 3000 m above sea level, lasting at least 3 weeks. Food groups consumed with low frequency during the expedition include vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk and milk products, butter and cream, fish and meat. The energy demand of the study participants was 4559.5 ± 425 kcal, and the energy supply was 2776.8 ± 878 kcal. The participants provided 79.6 ± 18.5 g of protein (1.1 ± 0.3 g protein/kg bw), 374.0 ± 164.5 g of carbohydrates (5.3 ± 2.5 g/kg bw) and 110.7 ± 31.7 g of fat (1.6 ± 0.5 g/kg bw) in the diet. The climbers' diet was low in calories, the protein supply was too low, and the fat supply was too high. There is a need to develop nutritional and supplementation recommendations that would serve as guidelines for climbers, improving their well-being and exercise capacity in severe high-mountain conditions, which would take their individual taste preferences into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Karpęcka-Gałka
- Doctoral School of Physical Culture Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Mazur-Kurach
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (P.M.-K.); (Z.S.); (B.F.)
| | - Zbigniew Szyguła
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (P.M.-K.); (Z.S.); (B.F.)
| | - Barbara Frączek
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (P.M.-K.); (Z.S.); (B.F.)
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24
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Anderson RE, Casperson SL, Kho H, Flack KD. The Role of Dietary Protein in Body Weight Regulation among Active-Duty Military Personnel during Energy Deficit: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3948. [PMID: 37764730 PMCID: PMC10536394 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Active-duty military personnel are subjected to sustained periods of energy deficit during combat and training, leaving them susceptible to detrimental reductions in body weight. The importance of adequate dietary protein intake during periods of intense physical training is well established, where previous research has primarily focused on muscle protein synthesis, muscle recovery, and physical performance. Research on how protein intake may influence body weight regulation in this population is lacking; therefore, the objective of this review was to evaluate the role of dietary protein in body weight regulation among active-duty military during an energy deficit. A literature search based on fixed inclusion and exclusion criteria was performed. English language peer-reviewed journal articles from inception to 3 June 2023 were selected for extraction and quality assessment. Eight studies were identified with outcomes described narratively. The study duration ranged from eight days to six months. Protein was directly provided to participants in all studies except for one. Three studies supplied additional protein via supplementation. The Downs and Black Checklist was used to assess study quality. Five studies were classified as good, two as fair, and one as excellent. All studies reported mean weight loss following energy deficit: the most severe was 4.0 kg. Protein dose during energy deficit varied from 0.5 g/kg/day to 2.4 g/kg/day. Six studies reported mean reductions in fat mass, with the largest being 4.5 kg. Four studies reported mean reductions in fat-free mass, while two studies reported an increase. Results support the recommendation that greater than 0.8 g/kg/day is necessary to mitigate the impact of energy deficit on a decline in lean body mass, while intakes up to 1.6 g/kg/day may be preferred. However, exact recommendations cannot be inferred as the severity and duration of energy deficit varied across studies. Longer and larger investigations are needed to elucidate protein's role during energy deficit in active-duty military.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Anderson
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Shanon L. Casperson
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Hannah Kho
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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25
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Oxfeldt M, Phillips SM, Andersen OE, Johansen FT, Bangshaab M, Risikesan J, McKendry J, Melin AK, Hansen M. Low energy availability reduces myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis in trained females. J Physiol 2023; 601:3481-3497. [PMID: 37329147 DOI: 10.1113/jp284967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low energy availability (LEA) describes a state where the energy intake is insufficient to cover the energy costs of both exercise energy expenditure and basal physiological body functions. LEA has been associated with various physiological consequences, such as reproductive dysfunction. However, the effect of LEA on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in females performing exercise training is still poorly understood. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of LEA on daily integrated myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis in trained females. Thirty eumenorrheic females were matched based on training history and randomized to undergo 10 days of LEA (25 kcal · kg fat-free mass (FFM)-1 · day-1 ) or optimal energy availability (OEA, 50 kcal · kg FFM-1 · day-1 ). Before the intervention, both groups underwent a 5-day 'run-in' period with OEA. All foods were provided throughout the experimental period with a protein content of 2.2 g kg lean mass-1 · day-1 . A standardized, supervised combined resistance and cardiovascular exercise training programme was performed over the experimental period. Daily integrated muscle protein synthesis was measured by deuterium oxide (D2 O) consumption along with changes in body composition, resting metabolic rate, blood biomarkers and 24 h nitrogen balance. We found that LEA reduced daily integrated myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis compared with OEA. Concomitant reductions were observed in lean mass, urinary nitrogen balance, free androgen index, thyroid hormone concentrations and resting metabolic rate following LEA. These results highlight that LEA may negatively affect skeletal muscle adaptations in females performing exercise training. KEY POINTS: Low energy availability (LEA) with potential health and performance impairments is widespread among female athletes. We investigated the impact of 10 days of LEA on daily integrated myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis in young, trained females. We show that LEA impairs myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis in trained females performing exercise training. These findings suggest that LEA may have negative consequences for skeletal muscle adaptations and highlight the importance of ensuring adequate energy availability in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Oxfeldt
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ole Emil Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Maj Bangshaab
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jeyanthini Risikesan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Regional Hospital Gødstrup, Gødstrup, Denmark
| | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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26
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Nishimura Y, Højfeldt G, Breen L, Tetens I, Holm L. Dietary protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults: a critical narrative review of the scientific evidence. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:69-85. [PMID: 34666855 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adequate protein intake is essential for the maintenance of whole-body protein mass. Different methodological approaches are used to substantiate the evidence for the current protein recommendations, and it is continuously debated whether older adults require more protein to counteract the age-dependent loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia. Thus, the purpose of this critical narrative review is to outline and discuss differences in the approaches and methodologies assessing the protein requirements and, hence, resulting in controversies in current protein recommendations for healthy older adults. Through a literature search, this narrative review first summarises the historical development of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University setting of protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. Hereafter, we describe the various types of studies (epidemiological studies and protein turnover kinetic measurements) and applied methodological approaches founding the basis and the different recommendations with focus on healthy older adults. Finally, we discuss important factors to be considered in future studies to obtain evidence for international agreement on protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. We conclude by proposing future directions to determine 'true' protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Inge Tetens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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27
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Yang B, Tang C, Shi Z, Gao L. Association of Macronutrients Intake with Body Composition and Sarcopenic Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Population-Based Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2018. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102307. [PMID: 37242189 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of macronutrients intake with body composition and sarcopenic obesity remains uncertain in children and adolescents. We aimed to explore the association between macronutrients intake and body composition, especially sarcopenic obesity, in children and adolescents residing in the United States. The study utilized data from 5412 participants aged 6-17 years who attended NHANES between 2011 and 2018. Body composition was assessed using DXA, and nutrient intake was based on 24-h recall. Multivariable linear regression and multinomial logistic regression were used. The unweighted prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was 15.6%. A higher percentage of energy (5 %E) from fat was inversely associated with muscle mass but positively associated with fat mass and sarcopenic obesity. Substituting carbohydrate (5 %E) with fat decreased muscle mass by 0.03 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.06) but increased fat mass by 0.03 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.06) and increased the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity by 254% (95% CI 15% to 487%). Replacing protein intake with fat intake also increased the OR of sarcopenic obesity (OR, 2.36 [95% CI 1.18 to 3.18]). In conclusion, a high-fat diet, coupled with low carbohydrate/protein intake, is associated with sarcopenic obesity among children and adolescents. The change in children's diet towards a healthy diet with low fat composition may help prevent sarcopenic obesity. However, randomized clinical trials or longitudinal studies are needed to further validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chengjun Tang
- Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Liwang Gao
- Center for Non-Communicable Disease Management, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Margolis LM, Marlatt KL, Berryman CE, Howard EE, Murphy NE, Carrigan CT, Harris MN, Beyl RA, Ravussin E, Pasiakos SM, Rood JC. Metabolic Adaptations and Substrate Oxidation are Unaffected by Exogenous Testosterone Administration during Energy Deficit in Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:661-669. [PMID: 36563086 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE The effects of testosterone on energy and substrate metabolism during energy deficit are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of weekly testosterone enanthate (TEST; 200 mg·wk -1 ) injections on energy expenditure, energy substrate oxidation, and related gene expression during 28 d of energy deficit compared with placebo (PLA). METHODS After a 14-d energy balance phase, healthy men were randomly assigned to TEST ( n = 24) or PLA ( n = 26) for a 28-d controlled diet- and exercise-induced energy deficit (55% below total energy needs by reducing energy intake and increasing physical activity). Whole-room indirect calorimetry and 24-h urine collections were used to measure energy expenditure and energy substrate oxidation during balance and deficit. Transcriptional regulation of energy and substrate metabolism was assessed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from rested/fasted muscle biopsy samples collected during balance and deficit. RESULTS Per protocol design, 24-h energy expenditure increased ( P < 0.05) and energy intake decreased ( P < 0.05) in TEST and PLA during deficit compared with balance. Carbohydrate oxidation decreased ( P < 0.05), whereas protein and fat oxidation increased ( P < 0.05) in TEST and PLA during deficit compared with balance. Change (∆; deficit minus balance) in 24-h energy expenditure was associated with ∆activity factor ( r = 0.595), but not ∆fat-free mass ( r = 0.147). Energy sensing (PRKAB1 and TP53), mitochondria (TFAM and COXIV), fatty acid metabolism (CD36/FAT, FABP, CPT1b, and ACOX1) and storage (FASN), and amino acid metabolism (BCAT2 and BCKHDA) genes were increased ( P < 0.05) during deficit compared with balance, independent of treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that increased physical activity and not exogenous testosterone administration is the primary determinate of whole-body and skeletal muscle metabolic adaptations during diet- and exercise-induced energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | | | | | - Emily E Howard
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | | | - Robbie A Beyl
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
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Ketogenic Diet Applied in Weight Reduction of Overweight and Obese Individuals with Progress Prediction by Use of the Modified Wishnofsky Equation. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040927. [PMID: 36839285 PMCID: PMC9968058 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diet is often used as diet therapy for certain diseases, among other things, its positive effect related to weight loss is highlighted. Precisely because of the suggestion that KD can help with weight loss, visceral obesity, and appetite control, 100 respondents joined the weight loss program (of which 31% were men and 69% were women). The aforementioned respondents were interviewed in order to determine their eating habits, the amount of food consumed, and the time when they consume meals. Basic anthropometric data (body height, body mass, chest, waist, hips, biceps, and thigh circumferences) were also collected, in order to be able to monitor their progress during the different phases of the ketogenic diet. Important information is the expected body mass during the time frame of a certain keto diet phase. This information is important for the nutritionist, medical doctor, as well as for the participant in the reduced diet program; therefore, the model was developed that modified the original equation according to Wishnofsky. The results show that women lost an average of 22.7 kg (average number of days in the program 79.5), and for men the average weight loss was slightly higher, 29.7 kg (with an average of 76.8 days in the program). The prediction of expected body mass by the modified Wishnofsky's equation was extremely well aligned with the experimental values, as shown by the Bland-Altman graph (bias for women 0.021 kg and -0.697 kg for men) and the coefficient of determination of 0.9903. The modification of the Wishnofsky equation further shed light on the importance of controlled energy reduction during the dietetic options of the ketogenic diet.
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Hiroux C, Schouten M, de Glisezinski I, Simon C, Crampes F, Hespel P, Koppo K. Effect of increased protein intake and exogenous ketosis on body composition, energy expenditure and exercise capacity during a hypocaloric diet in recreational female athletes. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1063956. [PMID: 36714318 PMCID: PMC9880233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1063956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Since low body weight is an important determinant of success in many sports such as gymnastics, martial arts and figure skating, athletes can benefit from effective weight loss strategies that preserve muscle mass and athletic performance. The present study investigates the effects of increased protein intake and exogenous ketosis on body composition, energy expenditure, exercise capacity, and perceptions of appetite and well-being during a hypocaloric diet in females. Methods: Thirty-two female recreational athletes (age: 22.2 ± .5 years; body weight: 58.3 ± .8 kg; BMI: 20.8 ± .2 kg·m-2) underwent 4 weeks of 30% caloric restriction and were randomized to receive either an increased daily amount of dietary protein (PROT, ∼2.0-2.2 g protein·kg-1·day-1), 3 × 20 g·day-1 of a ketone ester (KE), or an isocaloric placebo (PLA). Body composition was measured by DXA, resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry, exercise capacity during a VO2max test, appetite hormones were measured in serum, and perceptions of general well-being were evaluated via questionnaires. Results: The hypocaloric diet reduced body weight by 3.8 ± .3 kg in PLA, 3.2 ± .3 kg in KE and 2.4 ± .2 kg in PROT (Ptime<.0001). The drop in fat mass was similar between treatments (average: 2.6 ± .1 kg, Ptime<.0001), while muscle mass was only reduced in PLA and KE (average: .8 ± .2 kg, Ptime<.05), and remained preserved in PROT (Pinteraction<.01). REE [adjusted for lean mass] was reduced after caloric restriction in PLA (pre: 32.7 ± .5, post: 28.5 ± .6 kcal·day-1·kg-1) and PROT (pre: 32.9 ± 1.0, post: 28.4 ± 1.0 kcal·day-1·kg-1), but not in KE (pre: 31.8 ± .9, post: 30.4 ± .8 kcal·day-1·kg-1) (Pinteraction<.005). Furthermore, time to exhaustion during the VO2max test decreased in PLA (by 2.5 ± .7%, p < .05) but not in KE and PROT (Pinteraction<.05). Lastly, the perception of overall stress increased in PLA and PROT (p < .05), but not in KE (Pinteraction<.05). Conclusion: Increased protein intake effectively prevented muscle wasting and maintained exercise capacity during a period of caloric restriction in female recreational athletes. Furthermore, exogenous ketosis did not affect body composition, but showed its potential in weight management by preserving a drop in exercise capacity and REE and by improving overall stress parameters during a period of caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hiroux
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moniek Schouten
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle de Glisezinski
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity research Laboratory, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France,Physiological Functional Exploration Department, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- Carmen INSERM U1060, Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, NRA U1235, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François Crampes
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity research Laboratory, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Peter Hespel
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,*Correspondence: Katrien Koppo,
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Yanagisawa Y. How dietary amino acids and high protein diets influence insulin secretion. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15577. [PMID: 36695783 PMCID: PMC9875820 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is the maintenance and regulation of blood glucose concentration within a tight physiological range, essential for the functioning of most tissues and organs. This is primarily achieved by pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. Deficient pancreatic endocrine function, coupled with or without peripheral insulin resistance leads to prolonged hyperglycemia with chronic impairment of glucose homeostasis, most commonly seen in diabetes mellitus. High protein diets (HPDs) are thought to modulate glucose homeostasis through various metabolic pathways. Insulin secretion can be directly modulated by the amino acid products of protein digestion, which activate nutrient receptors and nutrient transporters expressed by the endocrine pancreas. Insulin secretion can also be modulated indirectly, through incretin release from enteroendocrine cells, and via vagal neuronal pathways. Additionally, glucose homeostasis can be promoted by the satiating effects of anorectic hormones released following HPD consumption. This review summarizes the insulinotropic mechanisms by which amino acids and HPDs may influence glucose homeostasis, with a particular focus on their applicability in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and ReproductionImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Berryman CE, McClung HL, Sepowitz JJ, Gaffney‐Stomberg E, Ferrando AA, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM. Testosterone status following short-term, severe energy deficit is associated with fat-free mass loss in U.S. Marines. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15461. [PMID: 36117330 PMCID: PMC9483439 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine metabolic and physiological differences between males with low testosterone (LT) versus those with normal testosterone (NT) following a period of severe energy deficit. In this secondary analysis, 68 male US Marines (mean ± SD, 24.6 ± 2.4 y) were dichotomized by testosterone concentration (< or ≥ 10.5 nmol/L as determined from a single blood sample collected between 0600-0630 after an 8-10 h overnight fast by automated immunoassay) following 7 days of near complete starvation (~300 kcal consumed/d, ~85% energy deficit) during Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) training. Dietary intake was assessed before (PRE) SERE. Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography) and whole-body protein turnover (15 N alanine) were assessed before (PRE) and after (POST) SERE. Mean testosterone concentrations decreased PRE (17.5 ± 4.7 nmol/L) to POST (9.8 ± 4.0 nmol/L, p < 0.0001). When volunteers were dichotomized by POST testosterone concentrations [NT (n = 24) 14.1 ± 3.4 vs. LT (n = 44): 7.5 ± 1.8 nmol/L, p < 0.0001], PRE BMI, total fat mass, trunk fat mass, and testosterone were greater and the diet quality score and total carbohydrate intake were lower in NT compared to LT (p ≤ 0.05). LT lost more fat-free mass and less fat mass, particularly in the trunk region, compared to NT following SERE (p-interaction≤0.044). Whole-body protein synthesis, net balance, and flux decreased and whole-body protein breakdown increased from PRE to POST in both groups (p-time ≤0.025). Following short-term, severe energy deficit, Marines who exhibited low testosterone had greater fat-free mass loss than those who maintained normal testosterone concentrations. Altering body composition and dietary strategies prior to physical training that elicits severe energy deficit may provide an opportunity to attenuate post-training decrements in testosterone and its associated effects (e.g., loss of lean mass, performance declines, fatigue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Berryman
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | - Holly L. McClung
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - John J. Sepowitz
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Erin Gaffney‐Stomberg
- Military Performance DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, The Center for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityDonald W. Reynolds Institute of Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - James P. McClung
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Performance DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
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Dato S, Crocco P, Iannone F, Passarino G, Rose G. Biomarkers of Frailty: miRNAs as Common Signatures of Impairment in Cognitive and Physical Domains. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1151. [PMID: 36009778 PMCID: PMC9405439 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The past years have seen an increasing concern about frailty, owing to the growing number of elderly people and the major impact of this syndrome on health and social care. The identification of frail people passes through the use of different tests and biomarkers, whose concerted analysis helps to stratify the populations of patients according to their risk profile. However, their efficiency in prognosis and their capability to reflect the multisystemic impairment of frailty is discussed. Recent works propose the use of miRNAs as biological hallmarks of physiological impairment in different organismal districts. Changes in miRNAs expression have been described in biological processes associated with phenotypic outcomes of frailty, opening intriguing possibilities for their use as biomarkers of fragility. Here, with the aim of finding reliable biomarkers of frailty, while considering its complex nature, we revised the current literature on the field, for uncovering miRNAs shared across physical and cognitive frailty domains. By applying in silico analyses, we retrieved the top-ranked shared miRNAs and their targets, finally prioritizing the most significant ones. From this analysis, ten miRNAs emerged which converge into two main biological processes: inflammation and energy homeostasis. Such markers, if validated, may offer promising capabilities for early diagnosis of frailty in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Dato
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.C.); (F.I.); (G.P.); (G.R.)
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Puglisi MJ, Fernandez ML. The Health Benefits of Egg Protein. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142904. [PMID: 35889862 PMCID: PMC9316657 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the general public accepts that dietary cholesterol is not a concern for cardiovascular disease risk, foods that have been labeled as high-cholesterol sources, including eggs, may be appreciated for their various other dietary components. One of the nutrients in eggs that deserves further discussion is egg protein. Egg protein has been recognized to be highly digestible and an excellent source of essential amino acids, with the highest attainable protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score. Egg protein has been shown to decrease malnutrition in underdeveloped countries, possibly increase height in children, and protect against kwashiorkor. Egg protein has been demonstrated to be important to skeletal muscle health and protective against sarcopenia. Egg protein also can decrease appetite, resulting in a reduction in the caloric intake from the next meal and weight reduction. Other protective effects of egg protein addressed in this review include protection against infection as well as hypotensive and anti-cancer effects.
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Howard EE, Shankaran M, Evans WJ, Berryman CE, Margolis LM, Lieberman HR, Karl JP, Young AJ, Montano MA, Matthews MD, Bizieff A, Nyangao E, Mohammed H, Harris MN, Hellerstein MK, Rood JC, Pasiakos SM. Effects of Testosterone on Mixed-Muscle Protein Synthesis and Proteome Dynamics During Energy Deficit. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3254-e3263. [PMID: 35532889 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Effects of testosterone on integrated muscle protein metabolism and muscle mass during energy deficit are undetermined. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the effects of testosterone on mixed-muscle protein synthesis (MPS), proteome-wide fractional synthesis rates (FSR), and skeletal muscle mass during energy deficit. DESIGN This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING The study was conducted at Pennington Biomedical Research Center. PARTICIPANTS Fifty healthy men. INTERVENTION The study consisted of 14 days of weight maintenance, followed by a 28-day 55% energy deficit with 200 mg testosterone enanthate (TEST, n = 24) or placebo (PLA, n = 26) weekly, and up to 42 days of ad libitum recovery feeding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mixed-MPS and proteome-wide FSR before (Pre), during (Mid), and after (Post) the energy deficit were determined using heavy water (days 1-42) and muscle biopsies. Muscle mass was determined using the D3-creatine dilution method. RESULTS Mixed-MPS was lower than Pre at Mid and Post (P < 0.0005), with no difference between TEST and PLA. The proportion of individual proteins with numerically higher FSR in TEST than PLA was significant by 2-tailed binomial test at Post (52/67; P < 0.05), but not Mid (32/67; P > 0.05). Muscle mass was unchanged during energy deficit but was greater in TEST than PLA during recovery (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of individual proteins with greater FSR in TEST than PLA at Post suggests exogenous testosterone exerted a delayed but broad stimulatory effect on synthesis rates across the muscle proteome during energy deficit, resulting in muscle mass accretion during subsequent recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Howard
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Willian J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Andrew J Young
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Monty A Montano
- MyoSyntax Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcy D Matthews
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alec Bizieff
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edna Nyangao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hussein Mohammed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Melissa N Harris
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer C Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
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Margolis LM, Hatch-McChesney A, Allen JT, DiBella MN, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Karl JP, Gwin JA, Hennigar SR, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM. Circulating and skeletal muscle microRNA profiles are more sensitive to sustained aerobic exercise than energy balance in males. J Physiol 2022; 600:3951-3963. [PMID: 35822542 DOI: 10.1113/jp283209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Circulating and skeletal muscle miRNA profiles are more sensitive to high levels of aerobic exercise-induced energy expenditures compared to energy status Changes in circulating miRNA in response to high levels of daily sustained aerobic exercise are not reflective of changes in skeletal muscle miRNA. ABSTRACT MicroRNA (miRNA) regulate molecular processes governing muscle metabolism. Physical activity and energy balance influence both muscle anabolism and metabolism, but whether circulating and skeletal muscle miRNA mediate those effects remains unknown. This study assessed the impact of sustained physical activity with participants in energy balance (BAL) or deficit (DEF) on circulating and skeletal muscle miRNA. Using a randomized cross-over design, 10 recreational active healthy males (mean ± SD; 22±5 yrs, 87±11 kg) completed 72 hours of high aerobic exercise-induced energy expenditures in BAL (689±852 kcal/d) or DEF (-2047±920 kcal/d). Blood and muscle samples were collected under rested/fasted conditions before (PRE) and immediately after 120-min load carriage exercise bout at the end (POST) of the 72 hours. Trials were separated by 7 days. Circulating and skeletal muscle miRNA were measured using microarray RT-qPCR. Independent of energy status, 36 circulating miRNA decreased (P<0.05), while 10 miRNA increased and 3 miRNA decreased in skeletal muscle (P<0.05) at POST compared to PRE. Of these, miR-122-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-222-3p, and miR-24-3p decreased in circulation and increased in skeletal muscle. Two circulating (miR-145-5p and miR-193a-5p) and 4 skeletal muscle (miR-21-5p, miR-372-3p, miR-34a-5p, and miR-9-5p) miRNA had time-by-treatment effects (P<0.05). These data suggest that changes in miRNA profiles are more sensitive to increased physical activity compared to energy status, and that changes in circulating miRNA in response to high levels of daily aerobic exercise are not reflective of changes in skeletal muscle miRNA. Graphical abstract legend In response to 72 hours of high aerobic exercise, circulating miRNA decreased and miRNA in skeletal muscle primarily increased. The changes in miRNA occurred independent of energy status (i.e., exercise-induced energy defcit or exercise plus increased energy intake to achieve energy balance), and circulating miRNA did not refect changes in skeletal muscle. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | | | - Jillian T Allen
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Technology, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Marissa N DiBella
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Technology, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Jess A Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
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Ogilvie AR, Schlussel Y, Sukumar D, Meng L, Shapses SA. Higher protein intake during caloric restriction improves diet quality and attenuates loss of lean body mass. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1411-1419. [PMID: 35538903 PMCID: PMC9256776 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher protein intake during weight loss is associated with better health outcomes, but whether this is because of improved diet quality is not known. The purpose of this study was to examine how the change in self-selected protein intake during caloric restriction (CR) alters diet quality and lean body mass (LBM). METHODS In this analysis of pooled data from multiple weight loss trials, 207 adults with overweight or obesity were examined before and during 6 months of CR (approximately 10 food records/person). Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index in 2 groups: lower (LP) and higher (HP) protein intake. RESULTS Participants (mean [SD], 54 [11] years; 29 [4] kg/m2 ) lost 5.0% (5.4%) of weight. Protein intake was 79 (9) g/d (1.0 [0.2] g/kg/d) and 58 (6) g/d (0.8 [0.1] g/kg/d) in the HP and LP groups, respectively (p < 0.05), and there was an attenuated LBM (kilograms) loss in the HP (-0.6% [1.5%]) compared with the LP (-1.2% [1.4%]) group (p < 0.01). The increased Healthy Eating Index score in the HP compared with the LP group was attributed to greater total protein and green vegetable intake and reduced refined grain and added-sugar intake (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increasing dietary protein during CR improves diet quality and may be another reason for reduced LBM, but it requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Ogilvie
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yvette Schlussel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Deeptha Sukumar
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lingqiong Meng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sue A Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Cooke MB, Deasy W, Ritenis EJ, Wilson RA, Stathis CG. Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Alone and in Combination with Sprint Interval Training on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137969. [PMID: 35805627 PMCID: PMC9265557 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of intermittent fasting (IF) and high intensity (sprint) interval training (SIT) has increased in recent years amongst the general public due to their purported health benefits and feasibility of incorporation into daily life. The number of scientific studies investigating these strategies has also increased, however, very few have examined the combined effects, especially on body composition and cardiometabolic biomarkers, which is the primary aim of this investigation. A total of thirty-four male and female participants (age: 35.4 ± 8.4 y, body mass index (BMI): 31.3 ± 3.5 kg/m2, aerobic capacity (VO2peak) 27.7 ± 7.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomized into one of three 16-week interventions: (1) 5:2 IF (2 non-consecutive days of fasting per week, 5 days on ad libitum eating), (2) supervised SIT (3 bouts per week of 20s cycling at 150% VO2peak followed by 40 s of active rest, total 10 min duration), and (3) a combination of both interventions. Body composition, haemodynamic and VO2peak were measured at 0, 8 and 16 weeks. Blood samples were also taken and analysed for lipid profiles and markers of glucose regulation. Both IF and IF/SIT significantly decreased body weight, fat mass and visceral fat compared to SIT only (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between diet and diet + exercise combined. The effects of diet and/or exercise on cardiometabolic biomarkers were mixed. Only exercise alone or with IF significantly increased cardiorespiratory fitness. The results suggest that energy restriction was the main driver of body composition enhancement, with little effect from the low volume SIT. Conversely, to achieve benefits in cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Cooke
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.B.C.); (C.G.S.); Tel.: +61-(3)-9214-5560 (M.B.C.); +61-(3)-9919-4293 (C.G.S.)
| | - William Deasy
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- College of Clinical Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Elya J. Ritenis
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Robin A. Wilson
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Christos G. Stathis
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.B.C.); (C.G.S.); Tel.: +61-(3)-9214-5560 (M.B.C.); +61-(3)-9919-4293 (C.G.S.)
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Abstract
Obesity remains a serious relevant public health concern throughout the world despite related countermeasures being well understood (i.e. mainly physical activity and an adjusted diet). Among different nutritional approaches, there is a growing interest in ketogenic diets (KD) to manipulate body mass (BM) and to enhance fat mass loss. KD reduce the daily amount of carbohydrate intake drastically. This results in increased fatty acid utilisation, leading to an increase in blood ketone bodies (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) and therefore metabolic ketosis. For many years, nutritional intervention studies have focused on reducing dietary fat with little or conflicting positive results over the long term. Moreover, current nutritional guidelines for athletes propose carbohydrate-based diets to augment muscular adaptations. This review discusses the physiological basis of KD and their effects on BM reduction and body composition improvements in sedentary individuals combined with different types of exercise (resistance training or endurance training) in individuals with obesity and athletes. Ultimately, we discuss the strengths and the weaknesses of these nutritional interventions together with precautionary measures that should be observed in both individuals with obesity and athletic populations. A literature search from 1921 to April 2021 using Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Sportdiscus Databases was used to identify relevant studies. In summary, based on the current evidence, KD are an efficient method to reduce BM and body fat in both individuals with obesity and athletes. However, these positive impacts are mainly because of the appetite suppressive effects of KD, which can decrease daily energy intake. Therefore, KD do not have any superior benefits to non-KD in BM and body fat loss in individuals with obesity and athletic populations in an isoenergetic situation. In sedentary individuals with obesity, it seems that fat-free mass (FFM) changes appear to be as great, if not greater, than decreases following a low-fat diet. In terms of lean mass, it seems that following a KD can cause FFM loss in resistance-trained individuals. In contrast, the FFM-preserving effects of KD are more efficient in endurance-trained compared with resistance-trained individuals.
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Gonzalez DE, McAllister MJ, Waldman HS, Ferrando AA, Joyce J, Barringer ND, Dawes JJ, Kieffer AJ, Harvey T, Kerksick CM, Stout JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Zapp A, Tartar JL, Heileson JL, VanDusseldorp TA, Kalman DS, Campbell BI, Antonio J, Kreider RB. International society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete nutrition. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:267-315. [PMID: 35813846 PMCID: PMC9261739 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2086017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This position stand aims to provide an evidence-based summary of the energy and nutritional demands of tactical athletes to promote optimal health and performance while keeping in mind the unique challenges faced due to work schedules, job demands, and austere environments. After a critical analysis of the literature, the following nutritional guidelines represent the position of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN). General Recommendations Nutritional considerations should include the provision and timing of adequate calories, macronutrients, and fluid to meet daily needs as well as strategic nutritional supplementation to improve physical, cognitive, and occupational performance outcomes; reduce risk of injury, obesity, and cardiometabolic disease; reduce the potential for a fatal mistake; and promote occupational readiness. Military Recommendations Energy demands should be met by utilizing the Military Dietary Reference Intakes (MDRIs) established and codified in Army Regulation 40-25. Although research is somewhat limited, military personnel may also benefit from caffeine, creatine monohydrate, essential amino acids, protein, omega-3-fatty acids, beta-alanine, and L-tyrosine supplementation, especially during high-stress conditions. First Responder Recommendations Specific energy needs are unknown and may vary depending on occupation-specific tasks. It is likely the general caloric intake and macronutrient guidelines for recreational athletes or the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for the general healthy adult population may benefit first responders. Strategies such as implementing wellness policies, setting up supportive food environments, encouraging healthier food systems, and using community resources to offer evidence-based nutrition classes are inexpensive and potentially meaningful ways to improve physical activity and diet habits. The following provides a more detailed overview of the literature and recommendations for these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew E. Gonzalez
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J. McAllister
- Texas State University, Metabolic and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health & Human Performance, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Hunter S. Waldman
- University of North Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Florence, AL, USA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jill Joyce
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Barringer
- US. Army-Baylor Master’s Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J. Jay Dawes
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Adam J. Kieffer
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Department of Nutritional Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Travis Harvey
- United States Special Operations Command, Preservation of the Force and Family, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jamie L. Tartar
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Jeffery L. Heileson
- Baylor University, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Douglas S. Kalman
- Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Nutrition Department, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Fight Science Laboratory, Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Preservation of Fat-free Mass in the first year after Bariatric Surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 122 studies and 10758 participants. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2022; 18:964-982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Evaluating the Effects of Increased Protein Intake on Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy and Power Adaptations with Concurrent Training: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:441-461. [PMID: 34822138 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent training incorporates dual exercise modalities, typically resistance and aerobic-based exercise, either in a single session or as part of a periodized training program, that can promote muscle strength, mass, power/force and aerobic capacity adaptations for the purposes of sports performance or general health/wellbeing. Despite multiple health and exercise performance-related benefits, diminished muscle hypertrophy, strength and power have been reported with concurrent training compared to resistance training in isolation. Dietary protein is well-established to facilitate skeletal muscle growth, repair and regeneration during recovery from exercise. The degree to which increased protein intake can amplify adaptation responses with resistance exercise, and to a lesser extent aerobic exercise, has been highly studied. In contrast, much less focus has been directed toward the capacity for protein to enhance anabolic and metabolic responses with divergent contractile stimuli inherent to concurrent training and potentially negate interference in muscle strength, power and hypertrophy. This review consolidates available literature investigating increased protein intake on rates of muscle protein synthesis, hypertrophy, strength and force/power adaptations following acute and chronic concurrent training. Acute concurrent exercise studies provide evidence for the significant stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with protein compared to placebo ingestion. High protein intake can also augment increases in lean mass with chronic concurrent training, although these increases do not appear to translate into further improvements in strength adaptations. Similarly, the available evidence indicates protein intake twice the recommended intake and beyond does not rescue decrements in selective aspects of muscle force and power production with concurrent training.
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Roth C, Schoenfeld BJ, Behringer M. Lean mass sparing in resistance-trained athletes during caloric restriction: the role of resistance training volume. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1129-1151. [PMID: 35146569 PMCID: PMC9012799 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many sports employ caloric restriction (CR) to reduce athletes’ body mass. During these phases, resistance training (RT) volume is often reduced to accommodate recovery demands. Since RT volume is a well-known anabolic stimulus, this review investigates whether a higher training volume helps to spare lean mass during CR. A total of 15 studies met inclusion criteria. The extracted data allowed calculation of total tonnage lifted (repetitions × sets × intensity load) or weekly sets per muscle group for only 4 of the 15 studies, with RT volume being highly dependent on the examined muscle group as well as weekly training frequency per muscle group. Studies involving high RT volume programs (≥ 10 weekly sets per muscle group) revealed low-to-no (mostly female) lean mass loss. Additionally, studies increasing RT volume during CR over time appeared to demonstrate no-to-low lean mass loss when compared to studies reducing RT volume. Since data regarding RT variables applied were incomplete in most of the included studies, evidence is insufficient to conclude that a higher RT volume is better suited to spare lean mass during CR, although data seem to favor higher volumes in female athletes during CR. Moreover, the data appear to suggest that increasing RT volume during CR over time might be more effective in ameliorating CR-induced atrophy in both male and female resistance-trained athletes when compared to studies reducing RT volume. The effects of CR on lean mass sparing seem to be mediated by training experience, pre-diet volume, and energy deficit, with, on average, women tending to spare more lean mass than men. Potential explanatory mechanisms for enhanced lean mass sparing include a preserved endocrine milieu as well as heightened anabolic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roth
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - B J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Behringer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Intermittent fasting and continuous energy restriction result in similar changes in body composition and muscle strength when combined with a 12 week resistance training program. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2183-2199. [PMID: 35084574 PMCID: PMC9106626 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to compare the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training combined with either 5:2 intermittent fasting or continuous energy restriction on body composition, muscle size and quality, and upper and lower body strength.
Methods Untrained individuals undertook 12 weeks of resistance training plus either continuous energy restriction [20% daily energy restriction (CERT)] or 5:2 intermittent fasting [~ 70% energy restriction 2 days/week, euenergetic consumption 5 days/week (IFT)], with both groups prescribed a mean of ≥ 1.4 g of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. Participants completed 2 supervised resistance and 1 unsupervised aerobic/resistance training combination session per week. Changes in lean body mass (LBM), thigh muscle size and quality, strength and dietary intake were assessed.
Results Thirty-four participants completed the study (CERT = 17, IFT = 17). LBM was significantly increased (+ 3.7%, p < 0.001) and body weight (− 4.6%, p < 0.001) and fat (− 24.1%, p < 0.001) were significantly reduced with no significant difference between groups, though results differed by sex. Both groups showed improvements in thigh muscle size and quality, and reduced intramuscular and subcutaneous fat assessed by ultrasonography and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), respectively. The CERT group demonstrated a significant increase in muscle surface area assessed by pQCT compared to the IFT group. Similar gains in upper and lower body strength and muscular endurance were observed between groups.
Conclusion When combined with resistance training and moderate protein intake, continuous energy restriction and 5:2 intermittent fasting resulted in similar improvements in body composition, muscle quality, and strength. ACTRN: ACTRN12620000920998, September 2020, retrospectively registered.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-022-02804-3.
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Oliveira-Junior G, Pinto RS, Shirley MK, Longman DP, Koehler K, Saunders B, Roschel H, Dolan E. The Skeletal Muscle Response to Energy Deficiency: A Life History Perspective. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zalejska-Fiolka J, Birková A, Wielkoszyński T, Hubková B, Szlachta B, Fiolka R, Błaszczyk U, Kuzan A, Gamian A, Mareková M, Toborek M. Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Intracellular Water as Undesired Outcomes of Weight Reduction in Obese Hyperglycemic Women: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1001. [PMID: 35055821 PMCID: PMC8775667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19021001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current study is focused on the influence of hyperglycemia on weight loss in obese premenopausal women. Specifically, the study evaluated the impact of a six-month individualized low-calorie diet combined with moderate exercise on weight reduction and glucose metabolism in obese women with normoglycemia compared to obese women with moderate hyperglycemia. The results indicated that patients with normoglycemia achieved a successful weight loss, which was connected to a decrease in adipose tissue and reflected by diminished content of visceral fat area (VFA) and percent body fat. In contrast, weight reduction in patients with hyperglycemia was connected not only to the loss of VFA but also to undesired decrease in skeletal muscle mass as well as intracellular and total body water. These unfavorable outcomes were observed despite normalization of glucose metabolism reflected by statistically significant lowering glucose, fructosamine, advanced glycation end-products, and HOMA-IR levels. Overall, the obtained results indicate the importance of the measurement of the carbohydrate profile in obese women and the need for an early introduction of weight reduction strategies before the development of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Zalejska-Fiolka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (J.Z.-F.); (B.S.); (U.B.)
| | - Anna Birková
- Department of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | | | - Beáta Hubková
- Department of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Beata Szlachta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (J.Z.-F.); (B.S.); (U.B.)
| | - Rafał Fiolka
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Urszula Błaszczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (J.Z.-F.); (B.S.); (U.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Kuzan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Mária Mareková
- Department of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Michał Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
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Phungviwatnikul T, Lee AH, Belchik SE, Suchodolski JS, Swanson KS. Weight loss and high-protein, high-fiber diet consumption impact blood metabolite profiles, body composition, voluntary physical activity, fecal microbiota, and fecal metabolites of adult dogs. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6490144. [PMID: 34967874 PMCID: PMC8846339 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine obesity is associated with reduced lifespan and metabolic dysfunction, but can be managed by dietary intervention. This study aimed to determine the effects of restricted feeding of a high-protein, high-fiber (HPHF) diet and weight loss on body composition, physical activity, blood metabolites, and fecal microbiota and metabolites of overweight dogs. Twelve spayed female dogs (age: 5.5 ± 1.1 yr; body weight [BW]: 14.8 ± 2.0 kg, body condition score [BCS]: 7.9 ± 0.8) were fed a HPHF diet during a 4-wk baseline phase to maintain BW. After baseline (week 0), dogs were first fed 80% of baseline intake and then adjusted to target 1.5% weekly weight loss for 24 wk. Body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and blood samples (weeks 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24), voluntary physical activity (weeks 0, 7, 15, and 23), and fresh fecal samples for microbiota and metabolite analysis (weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24) were measured over time. Microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME 2. All data were analyzed statistically over time using SAS 9.4. After 24 wk, dogs lost 31.2% of initial BW and had 1.43 ± 0.73% weight loss per week. BCS decreased (P < 0.0001) by 2.7 units, fat mass decreased (P < 0.0001) by 3.1 kg, and fat percentage decreased (P < 0.0001) by 11.7% with weight loss. Many serum metabolites and hormones were altered, with triglycerides, leptin, insulin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 decreasing (P < 0.05) with weight loss. Relative abundances of fecal Bifidobacterium, Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002, undefined Muribaculaceae, Allobaculum, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, Negativivibacillus, Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae, and Parasutterella increased (P < 0.05), whereas Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 group, Catenibacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Fusobacterium, Holdemanella, Lachnoclostridium, Lactobacillus, Megamonas, Peptoclostridium, Ruminococcus gnavus group, and Streptococcus decreased (P < 0.01) with weight loss. Despite the number of significant changes, a state of dysbiosis was not observed in overweight dogs. Fecal ammonia and secondary bile acids decreased, whereas fecal valerate increased with weight loss. Several correlations between gut microbial taxa and biological parameters were observed. Our results suggest that restricted feeding of a HPHF diet and weight loss promotes fat mass loss, minimizes lean mass loss, reduces inflammatory marker and triglyceride concentrations, and modulates fecal microbiota phylogeny and activity in overweight dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sara E Belchik
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Corresponding author:
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Srivastava S, Rathor R, Singh SN, Suryakumar G. Emerging role of MyomiRs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in skeletal muscle diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C859-C875. [PMID: 34586896 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00057.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several chronic diseases lead to skeletal muscle loss and a decline in physical performance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs, which have exhibited their role in the development and diseased state of the skeletal muscle. miRNA regulates gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region of its target mRNA. Due to the robust stability in biological fluids, miRNAs are ideal candidate as biomarker. These miRNAs provide a novel avenue in strengthening our awareness and knowledge about the factors governing skeletal muscle functions such as development, growth, metabolism, differentiation, and cell proliferation. It also helps in understanding the therapeutic strategies in improving or conserving skeletal muscle health. This review outlines the evidence regarding the present knowledge on the role miRNA as a potential biomarker in skeletal muscle diseases and their exploration might be a unique and potential therapeutic strategy for various skeletal muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richa Rathor
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Som Nath Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Geetha Suryakumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
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Ruiz-Castellano C, Espinar S, Contreras C, Mata F, Aragon AA, Martínez-Sanz JM. Achieving an Optimal Fat Loss Phase in Resistance-Trained Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093255. [PMID: 34579132 PMCID: PMC8471721 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing the body composition of athletes is a common practice in the field of sports nutrition. The loss of body weight (BW) in resistance-trained athletes is mainly conducted for aesthetic reasons (bodybuilding) or performance (powerlifting or weightlifting). The aim of this review is to provide dietary–nutritional strategies for the loss of fat mass in resistance-trained athletes. During the weight loss phase, the goal is to reduce the fat mass by maximizing the retention of fat-free mass. In this narrative review, the scientific literature is evaluated, and dietary–nutritional and supplementation recommendations for the weight loss phase of resistance-trained athletes are provided. Caloric intake should be set based on a target BW loss of 0.5–1.0%/week to maximize fat-free mass retention. Protein intake (2.2–3.0 g/kgBW/day) should be distributed throughout the day (3–6 meals), ensuring in each meal an adequate amount of protein (0.40–0.55 g/kgBW/meal) and including a meal within 2–3 h before and after training. Carbohydrate intake should be adapted to the level of activity of the athlete in order to training performance (2–5 g/kgBW/day). Caffeine (3–6 mg/kgBW/day) and creatine monohydrate (3–5 g/day) could be incorporated into the athlete’s diet due to their ergogenic effects in relation to resistance training. The intake of micronutrients complexes should be limited to special situations in which there is a real deficiency, and the athlete cannot consume through their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Espinar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Contreras
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Mata
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Nutrición (CEAN), 14010 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Alan A. Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA;
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
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Chen CN, Hsu KJ, Chien KY, Chen JJ. Effects of Combined High-Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:705282. [PMID: 34485407 PMCID: PMC8415300 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.705282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is the main risk factor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic diseases. The middle-aged population is the age group with the highest prevalence of obesity. Thus, improving cardiometabolic health is important to prevent CVD and metabolic diseases in middle-aged obese adults. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of exercise alone or in combination with a high-protein diet on markers of cardiometabolic health in middle-aged adults with obesity. Methods: Sixty-nine middle-aged adults with obesity were assigned randomly to the control group (C; n = 23), exercise group (E; n = 23), or exercise combined with high-protein diet group (EP; n = 23). Individuals in the E and EP groups received supervised exercise training and individuals in the EP group received high-protein diet intervention. Body composition (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers were determined before and after 12 weeks of intervention. Insulin sensitivity index (ISI0,120) was calculated from values of fasting and 2-h insulin and glucose concentration of OGTT. Insulin-peak-time during the OGTT was recorded to reflect β-cell function. Analysis of covariance with baseline values as covariates was used to examine the effects of the intervention. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results: After 12 weeks of intervention, the E group had a greater percentage of individuals with early insulin-peak-time during the OGTT than that in the C and EP groups (p = 0.031). EP group had lower total cholesterol and triglycerides than that in the C group (p = 0.046 and 0.014, respectively). Within-group comparisons showed that the 2-h glucose of OGTT and C-reactive protein decreased in the EP group (p = 0.013 and 0.008, respectively) but not in the E and C groups; insulin sensitivity improved in the EP group (p = 0.016) and had a trend to improve in the E group (p = 0.052); and abdominal fat mass and total body fat mass decreased in both intervention groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Combined high-protein diet and exercise intervention significantly decreased fat mass and improved lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and inflammation in middle-aged adults with obesity. Clinical Trial Registration: Thai Clinical Trials Registry, TCTR20180913003, 13-09-2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Nan Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Hsu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Yu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeu-Jung Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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