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Wang J, Wen W, Liu L, He J, Deng R, Su M, Zhao S, Wang H, Rao M, Tang L. Effect of Humanin and MOTS-c on ameliorating reproductive damage induced by prepubertal cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in male mice. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 129:108674. [PMID: 39079574 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Male patients who undergo prepubertal chemotherapy face the dual problems of fertility preservation in adulthood, including low testosterone, hypersexual function, and infertility. Humanin, as a small polypeptide coded within the mitochondrial DNA, with the mitochondrial short open reading frame named MOTS-c, both was believed to regulate mitochondrial homeostasis, be anti-inflammatory, improve metabolism, anti-apoptosis, and multiple pharmacological effects. However, there exists little evidence that reported Humanin and MOTS-c 's effects on moderating male spermatogenic function of patients after prepubertal chemotherapy. Here, we found that in vivo, mitochondrial polypeptides Humanin analog (HNG) and MOTS-c efficaciously protected the testicular spermatogenic function from reproductive injury. Moreover, transcriptomic sequencing analysis was performed to verify the differentially expressed genes such as Piwil2, AGT (angiotensinogen), and PTGDS (glycoprotein prostaglandin D2 synthase), which are related to the regulation of male reproductive function of male mice induced by prepubertal chemotherapy. Collectively, our data revealed that both Humanin analogs HNG and MOTS-c are the feasible approaches attached to the protective effect on the male reproductive function damaged by prepubertal chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Wang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Junhui He
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Renhe Deng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Mingxuan Su
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shuhua Zhao
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Huawei Wang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Meng Rao
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
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Kelestemur MM, Bulut F, Bılgın B, Hekım MG, Adam M, Ozcan S, Beker MC, Kaya Tektemur N, Tekin S, Canpolat S, Ozcan M. Humanin's impact on pain markers and neuronal viability in diabetic neuropathy model. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38599217 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2024.2336922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the impact of chronic humanin (HN) treatment on pain-related markers (NMDA, substance P, TRPV1, and IL-1β) in diabetic mice's dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Additionally, we assess the effects of HN on cellular viability in DRG neurons. METHODS In vivo experiments involved 15 days of HN administration (4 mg/kg) to diabetic mice (n = 10). Protein levels of NMDA, IL-1β, TRPV1, and substance P were measured in diabetic DRG. In vitro experiments explored HN's impact on apoptosis and cellular viability, focusing on the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. RESULTS Humanin significantly reduced the elevated expression of NMDA, IL-1β, TRPV1, and substance P induced by diabetes (p < .05). Furthermore, HN treatment increased cellular viability in DRG neurons through JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation (p < .05). CONCLUSION These findings highlight the significance of understanding mitochondrial function and pain markers, as well as apoptosis in diabetes. The study provides insights for managing the condition and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferah Bulut
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Batuhan Bılgın
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Munevver Gizem Hekım
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Adam
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ozcan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Caglar Beker
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Medipol, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nalan Kaya Tektemur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suat Tekin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sinan Canpolat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mete Ozcan
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
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3
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Atakan MM, Türkel İ, Özerkliğ B, Koşar ŞN, Taylor DF, Yan X, Bishop DJ. Small peptides: could they have a big role in metabolism and the response to exercise? J Physiol 2024; 602:545-568. [PMID: 38196325 DOI: 10.1113/jp283214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a powerful non-pharmacological intervention for the treatment and prevention of numerous chronic diseases. Contracting skeletal muscles provoke widespread perturbations in numerous cells, tissues and organs, which stimulate multiple integrated adaptations that ultimately contribute to the many health benefits associated with regular exercise. Despite much research, the molecular mechanisms driving such changes are not completely resolved. Technological advancements beginning in the early 1960s have opened new avenues to explore the mechanisms responsible for the many beneficial adaptations to exercise. This has led to increased research into the role of small peptides (<100 amino acids) and mitochondrially derived peptides in metabolism and disease, including those coded within small open reading frames (sORFs; coding sequences that encode small peptides). Recently, it has been hypothesized that sORF-encoded mitochondrially derived peptides and other small peptides play significant roles as exercise-sensitive peptides in exercise-induced physiological adaptation. In this review, we highlight the discovery of mitochondrially derived peptides and newly discovered small peptides involved in metabolism, with a specific emphasis on their functions in exercise-induced adaptations and the prevention of metabolic diseases. In light of the few studies available, we also present data on how both single exercise sessions and exercise training affect expression of sORF-encoded mitochondrially derived peptides. Finally, we outline numerous research questions that await investigation regarding the roles of mitochondrially derived peptides in metabolism and prevention of various diseases, in addition to their roles in exercise-induced physiological adaptations, for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed M Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - İbrahim Türkel
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkay Özerkliğ
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şükran N Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dale F Taylor
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Min SH, Kang GM, Park JW, Kim MS. Beneficial Effects of Low-Grade Mitochondrial Stress on Metabolic Diseases and Aging. Yonsei Med J 2024; 65:55-69. [PMID: 38288646 PMCID: PMC10827639 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria function as platforms for bioenergetics, nutrient metabolism, intracellular signaling, innate immunity regulators, and modulators of stem cell activity. Thus, the decline in mitochondrial functions causes or correlates with diabetes mellitus and many aging-related diseases. Upon stress or damage, the mitochondria elicit a series of adaptive responses to overcome stress and restore their structural integrity and functional homeostasis. These adaptive responses to low-level or transient mitochondrial stress promote health and resilience to upcoming stress. Beneficial effects of low-grade mitochondrial stress, termed mitohormesis, have been observed in various organisms, including mammals. Accumulated evidence indicates that treatments boosting mitohormesis have therapeutic potential in various human diseases accompanied by mitochondrial stress. Here, we review multiple cellular signaling pathways and interorgan communication mechanisms through which mitochondrial stress leads to advantageous outcomes. We also discuss the relevance of mitohormesis in obesity, diabetes, metabolic liver disease, aging, and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Min
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Park
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Korea.
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Kal S, Mahata S, Jati S, Mahata SK. Mitochondrial-derived peptides: Antidiabetic functions and evolutionary perspectives. Peptides 2024; 172:171147. [PMID: 38160808 PMCID: PMC10838678 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a novel class of bioactive microproteins encoded by short open-reading frames (sORF) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Currently, three types of MDPs have been identified: Humanin (HN), MOTS-c (Mitochondrial ORF within Twelve S rRNA type-c), and SHLP1-6 (small Humanin-like peptide, 1 to 6). The 12 S ribosomal RNA (MT-RNR1) gene harbors the sequence for MOTS-c, whereas HN and SHLP1-6 are encoded by the 16 S ribosomal RNA (MT-RNR2) gene. Special genetic codes are used in mtDNA as compared to nuclear DNA: (i) ATA and ATT are used as start codons in addition to the standard start codon ATG; (ii) AGA and AGG are used as stop codons instead of coding for arginine; (iii) the standard stop codon UGA is used to code for tryptophan. While HN, SHLP6, and MOTS-c are encoded by the H (heavy owing to high guanine + thymine base composition)-strand of the mtDNA, SHLP1-5 are encoded by the L (light owing to less guanine + thymine base composition)-strand. MDPs attenuate disease pathology including Type 1 diabetes (T1D), Type 2 diabetes (T2D), gestational diabetes, Alzheimer's disease (AD), cardiovascular diseases, prostate cancer, and macular degeneration. The current review will focus on the MDP regulation of T2D, T1D, and gestational diabetes along with an emphasis on the evolutionary pressures for conservation of the amino acid sequences of MDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satadeepa Kal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sumana Mahata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Riverside University Health System, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | - Suborno Jati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Blatkiewicz M, Szyszka M, Olechnowicz A, Kamiński K, Jopek K, Komarowska H, Tyczewska M, Klimont A, Wierzbicki T, Karczewski M, Ruchała M, Rucinski M. Impaired Expression of Humanin during Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1038. [PMID: 38256114 PMCID: PMC10816135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) has provided a new perspective on mitochondrial function. MDPs encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can act as hormone-like peptides, influencing cell survival and proliferation. Among these peptides, humanin has been identified as a crucial factor for maintaining cell survival and preventing cell death under various conditions. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy that results from adrenal hormone dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate humanin expression in the adrenal tissue and serum of patients with ACC. For the first time, our study revealed significant reduction in the mRNA expression of humanin in patients with ACC compared to healthy controls. However, no significant changes were observed in the serum humanin levels. Interestingly, we identified a positive correlation between patient age and serum humanin levels and a negative correlation between tumor size and LDL levels. While the impaired expression of humanin in patients with ACC may be attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction, an alternative explanation could be related to diminished mitochondrial copy number. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the intricate relationship among humanin, mitochondrial function, and ACC pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Blatkiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Marta Szyszka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Anna Olechnowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kacper Kamiński
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Jopek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Hanna Komarowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznan, Poland; (H.K.); (A.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Marianna Tyczewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Góra, Licealna Street 9, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Anna Klimont
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznan, Poland; (H.K.); (A.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Tomasz Wierzbicki
- Department of General, Endocrinological and Gastroenterological Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marek Karczewski
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznan, Poland; (H.K.); (A.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
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Lu Y, Ran Y, Li H, Wen J, Cui X, Zhang X, Guan X, Cheng M. Micropeptides: origins, identification, and potential role in metabolism-related diseases. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:1106-1122. [PMID: 38057268 PMCID: PMC10710913 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
With the development of modern sequencing techniques and bioinformatics, genomes that were once thought to be noncoding have been found to encode abundant functional micropeptides (miPs), a kind of small polypeptides. Although miPs are difficult to analyze and identify, a number of studies have begun to focus on them. More and more miPs have been revealed as essential for energy metabolism homeostasis, immune regulation, and tumor growth and development. Many reports have shown that miPs are especially essential for regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and regulating mitochondrial function. MiPs are also involved in the progression of related diseases. This paper reviews the sources and identification of miPs, as well as the functional significance of miPs for metabolism-related diseases, with the aim of revealing their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Ansari MA, Chauhan W, Shoaib S, Alyahya SA, Ali M, Ashraf H, Alomary MN, Al-Suhaimi EA. Emerging therapeutic options in the management of diabetes: recent trends, challenges and future directions. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:1179-1199. [PMID: 37696926 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a serious health issue that causes a progressive dysregulation of carbohydrate metabolism due to insufficient insulin hormone, leading to consistently high blood glucose levels. According to the epidemiological data, the prevalence of diabetes has been increasing globally, affecting millions of individuals. It is a long-term condition that increases the risk of various diseases caused by damage to small and large blood vessels. There are two main subtypes of diabetes: type 1 and type 2, with type 2 being the most prevalent. Genetic and molecular studies have identified several genetic variants and metabolic pathways that contribute to the development and progression of diabetes. Current treatments include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, statin therapy, and other drugs. Moreover, recent advancements in therapeutics have also focused on developing novel drugs targeting these pathways, including incretin mimetics, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, which have shown promising results in improving glycemic control and reducing the risk of complications. However, these treatments are often expensive, inaccessible to patients in underdeveloped countries, and can have severe side effects. Peptides, such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are being explored as a potential therapy for diabetes. These peptides are postprandial glucose-dependent pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretagogues and have received much attention as a possible treatment option. Despite these advances, diabetes remains a major health challenge, and further research is needed to develop effective treatments and prevent its complications. This review covers various aspects of diabetes, including epidemiology, genetic and molecular basis, and recent advancements in therapeutics including herbal and synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Waseem Chauhan
- Department of Hematology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Shoaib Shoaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sami A Alyahya
- Wellness and Preventive Medicine Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubashshir Ali
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hamid Ashraf
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad N Alomary
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ebtesam A Al-Suhaimi
- King Abdulaziz & his Companions Foundation for Giftedness & Creativity, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Su B, Li R, Song F, Liu M, Sun X. S14G-Humanin ameliorates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in asthma mediated by inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression and the nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB)/early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1) pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6822-6833. [PMID: 37451839 PMCID: PMC10415557 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with a high morbidity rate in children and significantly impacts their healthy growth. It is reported that Th2 cell-mediated airway inflammation and activated oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. S14G-humanin (HNG) is a derivative of Humanin with higher activity. The present study proposes to explore the potential treating property of HNG on asthma. An asthma model was constructed in mice using ovalbumin (OVA), the mice were treated with 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg HNG for 16 days. Dramatically increased lung weight index, elevated number of monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, promoted production of Th2 cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13), and severe histological pathology were observed in OVA-challenged mice, all of which were extremely alleviated by 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg HNG. Furthermore, the increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level and declined superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in OVA-challenged mice were abolished by 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg HNG. Lastly, the upregulated TLR4, p-NF-κB p65, and early growth response 1 (Egr-1) in lung tissues of OVA-challenged mice were pronouncedly downregulated by 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg HNG. Collectively, our data suggested that HNG ameliorated airway inflammation in asthma partially due to NF-κB and Egr-1-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
| | - Fuxing Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
| | - Xianjun Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan 250102, Shandong, China
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Xia Y, Zhang HY, Ma S, Zhou F. Age-related Changes in Humanin Expression in the Ovarian Tissue of Rat. Curr Med Sci 2023:10.1007/s11596-023-2732-7. [PMID: 37115400 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined humanin expression in rat ovarian tissue, its cellular localization, and its correlation with rat age under physiological conditions. METHODS A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats of various ages (2, 12, 30, and 60 days old and 1 year old) were grouped by age. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical techniques were used to observe humanin expression and cellular location in the ovarian tissues of rats from each age group. In addition, Western blotting and Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) techniques were used to measure humanin expression level in the ovarian tissues of rats from each age group. RESULTS The immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical results confirmed that humanin was expressed in rat ovarian tissues. In addition, cellular localization analysis showed that humanin was expressed in the cytoplasm of oocytes, interstitial cells, granulosa cells and theca cells in all levels of follicles after the primary follicles, and in the corpus luteum. The qRT-PCR results revealed that the level of humanin expression in the ovarian tissues of 12-day-old rats was non-significantly higher than that in the ovarian tissues of 2-day-old rats (P>0.05), whereas the levels of humanin expression in the ovarian tissues of 30-day-old, 60-day-old, and 1-year-old rats were significantly lower than that in the ovarian tissues of 2-day-old rats (P<0.05). The Western blotting results demonstrated that the levels of humanin protein expression in the ovarian tissues of 60-day-old and 1-year-old rats were significantly lower than those of 2-day-old rats (P<0.01), whereas there was no significant difference in the level of humanin protein expression between the ovarian tissues of 12-day-old and 30-day-old rats. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that humanin is expressed in the cytoplasm of various cells in rat ovarian tissues. Moreover, the level of humanin expression was highest in the ovarian tissues of 12-day-old rats, and it subsequently decreased with age. The changes in the expression of humanin in the ovary of rats at different ages will lay the foundation for the role of humanin in ovarian aging. The effect of humanin on ovarian function is worthy of further study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xia
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Han-Yong Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sha Ma
- Department of Reproductive Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430015, China.
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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11
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Karvinen S, Korhonen T, Sievänen T, Karppinen JE, Juppi H, Jakoaho V, Kujala UM, Laukkanen JA, Lehti M, Laakkonen EK. Extracellular vesicles and high-density lipoproteins: Exercise and oestrogen-responsive small RNA carriers. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12308. [PMID: 36739598 PMCID: PMC9899444 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased systemic oestrogen levels (i.e., menopause) affect metabolic health. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Both oestrogens and exercise have been shown to improve metabolic health, which may be partly mediated by circulating microRNA (c-miR) signalling. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EV) have increased interest in the field of tissue crosstalk. However, in many studies on EV-carried miRs, the co-isolation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles with EVs has not been considered, potentially affecting the results. Here, we demonstrate that EV and HDL particles have distinct small RNA (sRNA) content, including both host and nonhost sRNAs. Exercise caused an acute increase in relative miR abundancy in EVs, whereas in HDL particles, it caused an increase in transfer RNA-derived sRNA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that oestrogen-based hormonal therapy (HT) allows the acute exercise-induced miR-response to occur in both EV and HDL particles in postmenopausal women, while the response was absent in nonusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sira Karvinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tia‐Marje Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tero Sievänen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Jari E. Karppinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Hanna‐Kaarina Juppi
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Veera Jakoaho
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Urho M. Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Jari A. Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland,Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Maarit Lehti
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Eija K. Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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12
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Kumagai H, Miller B, Kim SJ, Leelaprachakul N, Kikuchi N, Yen K, Cohen P. Novel Insights into Mitochondrial DNA: Mitochondrial Microproteins and mtDNA Variants Modulate Athletic Performance and Age-Related Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:286. [PMID: 36833212 PMCID: PMC9956216 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports genetics research began in the late 1990s and over 200 variants have been reported as athletic performance- and sports injuries-related genetic polymorphisms. Genetic polymorphisms in the α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes are well-established for athletic performance, while collagen-, inflammation-, and estrogen-related genetic polymorphisms are reported as genetic markers for sports injuries. Although the Human Genome Project was completed in the early 2000s, recent studies have discovered previously unannotated microproteins encoded in small open reading frames. Mitochondrial microproteins (also called mitochondrial-derived peptides) are encoded in the mtDNA, and ten mitochondrial microproteins, such as humanin, MOTS-c (mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c), SHLPs 1-6 (small humanin-like peptides 1 to 6), SHMOOSE (Small Human Mitochondrial ORF Over SErine tRNA), and Gau (gene antisense ubiquitous in mtDNAs) have been identified to date. Some of those microproteins have crucial roles in human biology by regulating mitochondrial function, and those, including those to be discovered in the future, could contribute to a better understanding of human biology. This review describes a basic concept of mitochondrial microproteins and discusses recent findings about the potential roles of mitochondrial microproteins in athletic performance as well as age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kumagai
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brendan Miller
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Naphada Leelaprachakul
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan
| | - Kelvin Yen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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13
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Identification and analysis of smORFs in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genomics 2022; 114:110444. [PMID: 35933072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Small open reading frames (smORFs) have been acknowledged as an important partner in organism functions ranging from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. However, lack of investigation of smORFs in green algae, despite their importance in ecology and evolution. We applied bioinformatic analysis, ribosome profiling, and small peptide proteomics to provide a genome-wide and high-confident smORF database in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The whole genome was screened first to mine potential coding smORFs. Then conservative analysis, ribosome profiling, and proteomics data were processed to identify conserved smORFs and generate translation evidence. The combination of procedures resulted in 2014 smORFs that might exist in the C. reinhardtii genome. The expression of smORFs in Cd treatment suggested that two smORFs might participate in redox reaction, three in inorganic phosphate transport, and one in DNA repair under stress. Our study built a genome-widely database in C. reinhardtii, providing target smORFs for further research.
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14
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Ikegawa N, Kozuka A, Morita N, Murakami M, Sasakawa N, Niikura T. Humanin derivative, HNG, enhances neurotransmitter release. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130204. [PMID: 35843407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanin (HN) is an endogenous 24-residue peptide that was first identified as a protective factor against neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously demonstrated that the highly potent HN derivative HNG (HN with substitution of Gly for Ser14) ameliorated cognitive impairment in AD mouse models. Despite the accumulating evidence on the antagonizing effects of HN against cognitive deficits, the mechanisms behind these effects remain to be elucidated. METHODS The extracellular fluid in the hippocampus of wild-type young mice was collected by microdialysis and the amounts of neurotransmitters were measured. The kinetic analysis of exocytosis was performed by amperometry using neuroendocrine cells. RESULTS The hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) levels were increased by intraperitoneal injection of HNG. HNG did not affect the physical activities of the mice but modestly improved their object memory. In a neuronal cell model, rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, HNG enhanced ACh-induced dopamine release. HNG increased ACh-induced secretory events and vesicular quantal size in primary neuroendocrine cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that HN directly enhances regulated exocytosis in neurons, which can contribute to the improvement of cognitive functions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The regulator of exocytosis is a novel physiological role of HN, which provides a molecular clue for HN's effects on brain functions under health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Ikegawa
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Ayari Kozuka
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Nozomi Morita
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Minetaka Murakami
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sasakawa
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Takako Niikura
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan.
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15
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Yoon TK, Lee CH, Kwon O, Kim MS. Exercise, Mitohormesis, and Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C (MOTS-c). Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:402-413. [PMID: 35656563 PMCID: PMC9171157 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of mitochondrial stress are beneficial for organismal health and survival through a process known as mitohormesis. Mitohormetic responses occur during or after exercise and may mediate some salutary effects of exercise on metabolism. Exercise-related mitohormesis involves reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and release of mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs). MDPs are a group of small peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA with beneficial metabolic effects. Among MDPs, mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is the most associated with exercise. MOTS-c expression levels increase in skeletal muscles, systemic circulation, and the hypothalamus upon exercise. Systemic MOTS-c administration increases exercise performance by boosting skeletal muscle stress responses and by enhancing metabolic adaptation to exercise. Exogenous MOTS-c also stimulates thermogenesis in subcutaneous white adipose tissues, thereby enhancing energy expenditure and contributing to the anti-obesity effects of exercise training. This review briefly summarizes the mitohormetic mechanisms of exercise with an emphasis on MOTS-c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwan Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, H+ Yangji Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of of Biomedical Science & Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Obin Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Boutari C, Pappas PD, Theodoridis TD, Vavilis D. Humanin and diabetes mellitus: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:213-223. [PMID: 35432758 PMCID: PMC8984571 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanin (HN) is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived polypeptide with cyto-protective and anti-apoptotic effects that regulates the mitochondrial functions under stress conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests the role of HN against age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. The decline in insulin action is a metabolic feature of aging and thus, type 2 diabetes mellitus is considered an age-related disease, as well. It has been suggested that HN increases insulin sensitivity, improves the survival of pancreatic beta cells, and delays the onset of diabetes, actions that could be deployed in the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this review is to present the in vitro and in vivo studies that examined the role of HN in insulin resistance and diabetes and to discuss its newly emerging role as a therapeutic option against those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Boutari
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippocration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Panagiotis D Pappas
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 56429, Greece
| | - Theodoros D Theodoridis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 56429, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vavilis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 56429, Greece
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus 20537 1678, Cyprus
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17
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Gong Z, Goetzman E, Muzumdar RH. Cardio-protective role of Humanin in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130066. [PMID: 34896254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) are bioactive peptides encoded by and secreted from the mitochondria. To date, a few MDPs including humanin, MOTS-c and SHLP1-6, and their diverse biological functions have been identified. The first and most studied MDP is humanin, a 24-amino-acid poly peptide. It was first identified in 2001 in the surviving neurons of patient with Alzheimer's disease, and since then has been well characterized for its neuro-protective effect through inhibition of apoptosis. Over the past two decades, humanin has been reported to play critical roles in aging as well as multiple diseases including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disease. Humanin has been shown to modulate multiple biological processes including autophagy, ER stress, cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. A role for humanin has been shown in a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and myocardial fibrosis. In this minireview, we will summarize the literature demonstrating a role for humanin in cardio-protection following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induced injury and the potential mechanisms that mediate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Eric Goetzman
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Radhika H Muzumdar
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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18
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Kim SJ, Devgan A, Miller B, Lee SM, Kumagai H, Wilson KA, Wassef G, Wong R, Mehta HH, Cohen P, Yen K. Humanin-induced autophagy plays important roles in skeletal muscle function and lifespan extension. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130017. [PMID: 34624450 PMCID: PMC8595716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy, a highly conserved homeostatic mechanism, is essential for cell survival. The decline of autophagy function has been implicated in various diseases as well as aging. Although mitochondria play a key role in the autophagy process, whether mitochondrial-derived peptides are involved in this process has not been explored. METHODS We developed a high through put screening method to identify potential autophagy inducers among mitochondrial-derived peptides. We used three different cell lines, mice, c.elegans, and a human cohort to validate the observation. RESULTS Humanin, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, increases autophagy and maintains autophagy flux in several cell types. Humanin administration increases the expression of autophagy-related genes and lowers accumulation of harmful misfolded proteins in mice skeletal muscle, suggesting that humanin-induced autophagy potentially contributes to the improved skeletal function. Moreover, autophagy is a critical role in humanin-induced lifespan extension in C. elegans. CONCLUSIONS Humanin is an autophagy inducer. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This paper presents a significant, novel discovery regarding the role of the mitochondrial derived peptide humanin in autophagy regulation and as a possible therapeutic target for autophagy in various age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Kim
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anjali Devgan
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan Miller
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sam Mool Lee
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kumagai
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Gabriella Wassef
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Wong
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hemal H Mehta
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kelvin Yen
- The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Wu D, Kampmann E, Qian G. Novel Insights Into the Role of Mitochondria-Derived Peptides in Myocardial Infarction. Front Physiol 2021; 12:750177. [PMID: 34777013 PMCID: PMC8582487 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.750177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) are a new class of bioactive peptides encoded by small open reading frames (sORFs) within known mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes. MDPs may affect the expression of nuclear genes and play cytoprotective roles against chronic and age-related diseases by maintaining mitochondrial function and cell viability in the face of metabolic stress and cytotoxic insults. In this review, we summarize clinical and experimental findings indicating that MDPs act as local and systemic regulators of glucose homeostasis, immune and inflammatory responses, mitochondrial function, and adaptive stress responses, and focus on evidence supporting the protective effects of MDPs against myocardial infarction. These insights into MDPs actions suggest their potential in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and should encourage further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army Hospital, Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Enny Kampmann
- School of Life Sciences, City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Geng Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army Hospital, Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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20
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Cai H, Cao P, Sun W, Shao W, Li R, Wang L, Zou L, Forno E, Muzumdar R, Gong Z, Zheng Y. Circulating humanin is lower in coronary artery disease and is a prognostic biomarker for major cardiac events in humans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1866:130010. [PMID: 34525397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanin is an endogenous mitochondria-derived peptide that plays critical roles in oxidative stress, inflammation and CAD. In this study, we measured the levels of circulating humanin, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with unstable angina and MI and studied the relationship between these parameters and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). METHODS A total of 327 subjects were recruited from the inpatient department at First Hospital of Jilin University and divided into 3 groups [control, angina and myocardial infarction (MI)] based on the clinical data and the results of the angiography. Serum humanin and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured at the time of initial admission. The hospitalization data and MACE of all patients were collected. RESULTS Circulating humanin levels were lower in the angina group compared to controls [124.22 ± 63.02 vs. 157.77 ± 99.93 pg/ml, p < 0.05] and even lower in MI patients [67.17 ± 24.35 pg/ml, p < 0.05 vs controls] and oxidative stress marker were higher in MI patients compared to the control and angina groups [12.94 ± 4.55 vs. 8.26 ± 1.66 vs. 9.06 ± 2.47 umol/ml, p < 0.05]. Lower circulating humanin levels was an independent risk factor of MI patients. Circulating humanin levels could be used to predict MACE in angina group. CONCLUSIONS Lower circulating humanin levels was an independent risk factor for CAD, and a potential prognostic marker for mild CAD. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Humanin may become a new index for the diagnosis and treatment of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Cai
- The Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Pengyu Cao
- The Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Wanqing Sun
- National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases China, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wangshu Shao
- The Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Rongyu Li
- The Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lin Zou
- The Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Erick Forno
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Yang Zheng
- The Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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21
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von Walden F, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Norrbom JM, Emanuelsson EB, Figueiredo VC, Gidlund EK, Norrbrand L, Liu C, Sandström P, Hansson B, Wan J, Cohen P, Alkner B. Acute endurance exercise stimulates circulating levels of mitochondrial derived peptides in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1035-1042. [PMID: 34351816 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00706.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial derived peptides (MDPs) humanin (HN) and mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) are involved in cell survival, suppression of apoptosis and metabolism. Circulating levels of MDPs are altered in chronic diseases such as diabetes type 2 and chronic kidney disease. Whether acute resistance (RE) or endurance (EE) exercise modulates circulating levels of HN and MOTS-c in humans is unknown. Following familiarization, subjects were randomized to EE (n=10, 45 min cycling at 70% of estimated VO2max), RE (n=10, 4 sets x 7RM, leg press and knee extension), or control (CON, n=10). Skeletal muscle biopsies and blood samples were collected before and at 30 minutes and 3 hours following exercise. Plasma concentration of HN and MOTS-c, skeletal muscle MOTS-c as well as gene expression of exercise related genes were analyzed. Acute EE and RE promoted changes in skeletal muscle gene expression typically seen in response to each exercise modality (c-Myc, 45S pre-rRNA, PGC-1α-total and PGC-1α-ex1b). At rest, circulating levels of HN were positively correlated to MOTS-c levels and age. Plasma levels of MDPs were not correlated to fitness outcomes (VO2max, leg strength or muscle mitochondrial (mt) DNA copy number). Circulating levels of HN were significantly elevated by acute EE but not RE. MOTS-C levels showed a trend to increase after EE. These results indicate that plasma MDP levels are not related to fitness status but that acute EE increases circulating levels of MDPs, in particular HN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand von Walden
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eric B Emanuelsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vandre C Figueiredo
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eva-Karin Gidlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Norrbrand
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chang Liu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Sandström
- Department of Orthopaedics Eksjö, Region Jönköping County and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Hansson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Junxiang Wan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Björn Alkner
- Department of Orthopaedics Eksjö, Region Jönköping County and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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22
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Wu Y, Sun L, Zhuang Z, Hu X, Dong D. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides in Diabetes and Its Complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:808120. [PMID: 35185787 PMCID: PMC8851315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.808120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes of mitochondrial function are closely related to diabetes and its complications. Here we describe the effects of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs), short peptides formed by transcription and translation of the open reading frame site in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), on diabetes and its complications. We mainly focus on MDPs that have been discovered so far, such as Humanin (HN), mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) and Small humanin-like peptides (SHLP 1-6), and elucidated the role of MDPs in diabetes and its major complications stroke and myocardial infarction by improving insulin resistance, inhibiting inflammatory response and anti-apoptosis. It provides more possibilities for the clinical application of mitochondrial derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhoudao Zhuang
- Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqing Hu, ; Delu Dong,
| | - Delu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqing Hu, ; Delu Dong,
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Hebert JF, Myatt L. Placental mitochondrial dysfunction with metabolic diseases: Therapeutic approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:165967. [PMID: 32920120 PMCID: PMC8043619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) lead to poor maternal and fetal outcomes, including pregnancy complications, fetal growth issues, stillbirth, and developmental programming of adult-onset disease in the offspring. Increased placental oxidative/nitrative stress and reduced placental (trophoblast) mitochondrial respiration occur in association with the altered maternal metabolic milieu of obesity and GDM. The effect is particularly evident when the fetus is male, suggesting a sexually dimorphic influence on the placenta. In addition, obesity and GDM are associated with inflexibility in trophoblast, limiting the ability to switch between usage of glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine as substrates for oxidative phosphorylation, again in a sexually dimorphic manner. Here we review mechanisms underlying placental mitochondrial dysfunction: its relationship to maternal and fetal outcomes and the influence of fetal sex. Prevention of placental oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may improve pregnancy outcomes. We outline pathways to ameliorate deficient mitochondrial respiration, particularly the benefits and pitfalls of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Hebert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
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Cai H, Liu Y, Men H, Zheng Y. Protective Mechanism of Humanin Against Oxidative Stress in Aging-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:683151. [PMID: 34177809 PMCID: PMC8222669 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.683151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulators of intercellular signal transduction. Oxidative and antioxidation systems maintain a dynamic balance under physiological conditions. Increases in ROS levels destroy the dynamic balance, leading to oxidative stress damage. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of aging-related cardiovascular diseases (ACVD), such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, by contributing to apoptosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is the main source of ROS. Increasing evidence demonstrates the relationship between ACVD and humanin (HN), an endogenous peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA. HN protects cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts from oxidative stress, highlighting its protective role in atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and heart failure. Herein, we reviewed the signaling pathways associated with the HN effects on redox signals, including Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), c-jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)-Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Furthermore, we discussed the relationship among HN, redox signaling pathways, and ACVD. Finally, we propose that HN may be a candidate drug for ACVD.
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25
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Hazafa A, Batool A, Ahmad S, Amjad M, Chaudhry SN, Asad J, Ghuman HF, Khan HM, Naeem M, Ghani U. Humanin: A mitochondrial-derived peptide in the treatment of apoptosis-related diseases. Life Sci 2021; 264:118679. [PMID: 33130077 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humanin (HN) is a small mitochondrial-derived cytoprotective polypeptide encoded by mtDNA. HN exhibits protective effects in several cell types, including leukocytes, germ cells, neurons, tissues against cellular stress conditions and apoptosis through regulating various signaling mechanisms, such as JAK/STAT pathway and interaction of BCL-2 family of protein. HN is an essential cytoprotective peptide in the human body that regulates mitochondrial functions under stress conditions. The present review aims to evaluate HN peptide's antiapoptotic activities as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer, diabetes mellitus, male infertility, bone-related diseases, cardiac diseases, and brain diseases. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, HN significantly suppressed the apoptosis during the treatment of bone osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative diseases. According to accumulated data, it is concluded that HN exerts the proapoptotic activity of TNF-α in cancer, which makes HN as a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer and suggested that along with HN, the development of another mitochondrial-derived peptide could be a viable therapeutic option against different oxidative stress and apoptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Ammara Batool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sundas Nasir Chaudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Jamal Asad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hasham Feroz Ghuman
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Usman Ghani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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26
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English J, Son JM, Cardamone MD, Lee C, Perissi V. Decoding the rosetta stone of mitonuclear communication. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105161. [PMID: 32846213 PMCID: PMC7755734 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis in eukaryotic cells requires synchronized coordination of multiple organelles. A key role in this stage is played by mitochondria, which have recently emerged as highly interconnected and multifunctional hubs that process and coordinate diverse cellular functions. Beyond producing ATP, mitochondria generate key metabolites and are central to apoptotic and metabolic signaling pathways. Because most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome, the biogenesis of new mitochondria and the maintenance of mitochondrial functions and flexibility critically depend upon effective mitonuclear communication. This review addresses the complex network of signaling molecules and pathways allowing mitochondria-nuclear communication and coordinated regulation of their independent but interconnected genomes, and discusses the extent to which dynamic communication between the two organelles has evolved for mutual benefit and for the overall maintenance of cellular and organismal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin English
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jyung Mean Son
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Valentina Perissi
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Merry TL, Chan A, Woodhead JST, Reynolds JC, Kumagai H, Kim SJ, Lee C. Mitochondrial-derived peptides in energy metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E659-E666. [PMID: 32776825 PMCID: PMC7750512 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00249.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are small bioactive peptides encoded by short open-reading frames (sORF) in mitochondrial DNA that do not necessarily have traditional hallmarks of protein-coding genes. To date, eight MDPs have been identified, all of which have been shown to have various cyto- or metaboloprotective properties. The 12S ribosomal RNA (MT-RNR1) gene harbors the sequence for MOTS-c, whereas the other seven MDPs [humanin and small humanin-like peptides (SHLP) 1-6] are encoded by the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Here, we review the evidence that endogenous MDPs are sensitive to changes in metabolism, showing that metabolic conditions like obesity, diabetes, and aging are associated with lower circulating MDPs, whereas in humans muscle MDP expression is upregulated in response to stress that perturbs the mitochondria like exercise, some mtDNA mutation-associated diseases, and healthy aging, which potentially suggests a tissue-specific response aimed at restoring cellular or mitochondrial homeostasis. Consistent with this, treatment of rodents with humanin, MOTS-c, and SHLP2 can enhance insulin sensitivity and offer protection against a range of age-associated metabolic disorders. Furthermore, assessing how mtDNA variants alter the functions of MDPs is beginning to provide evidence that MDPs are metabolic signal transducers in humans. Taken together, MDPs appear to form an important aspect of a retrograde signaling network that communicates mitochondrial status with the wider cell and to distal tissues to modulate adaptative responses to metabolic stress. It remains to be fully determined whether the metaboloprotective properties of MDPs can be harnessed into therapies for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy L Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alex Chan
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan S T Woodhead
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph C Reynolds
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hiroshi Kumagai
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
- Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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Mitochondria, immunosenescence and inflammaging: a role for mitokines? Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:607-617. [PMID: 32757036 PMCID: PMC7666292 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A global reshaping of the immune responses occurs with ageing, indicated as immunosenescence, where mitochondria and mitochondrial metabolism play an important role. However, much less is known about the role of mitochondrial stress response in this reshaping and in particular of the molecules induced by such response, collectively indicated as mitokines. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of mitokines in modulating immune response and inflammation focusing on GDF15, FGF21 and humanin and their possible involvement in the chronic age-related low-grade inflammation dubbed inflammaging. Although many aspects of their biology are still controversial, available data suggest that these mitokines have an anti-inflammatory role and increase with age. Therefore, we hypothesize that they can be considered part of an adaptive and integrated immune-metabolic mechanism activated by mitochondrial dysfunction that acts within the framework of a larger anti-inflammatory network aimed at controlling both acute inflammation and inflammaging.
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29
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Sreekumar PG, Kannan R. Mechanisms of protection of retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidant injury by humanin and other mitochondrial-derived peptides: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101663. [PMID: 32768357 PMCID: PMC7767738 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a new class of small open reading frame encoded polypeptides with pleiotropic properties. The prominent members are Humanin (HN) and small HN-like peptide (SHLP) 2, which encode 16S rRNA, while mitochondrial open reading frame of the twelve S c (MOTS-c) encodes 12S rRNA of the mitochondrial genome. While the multifunctional properties of HN and its analog 14-HNG have been well documented, their protective role in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/retina has been investigated only recently. In this review, we have summarized the multiple effects of HN and its analogs, SHLP2 and MOTS-c in oxidatively stressed human RPE and the regulatory pathways of signaling, mitochondrial function, senescence, and inter-organelle crosstalk. Emphasis is given to the mitochondrial functions such as biogenesis, bioenergetics, and autophagy in RPE undergoing oxidative stress. Further, the potential use of HN and its analogs in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are also presented. In addition, the role of novel, long-acting HN elastin-like polypeptides in nanotherapy of AMD and other ocular diseases stemming from oxidative damage is discussed. It is expected MDPs will become a promising group of mitochondrial peptides with valuable therapeutic applications in the treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran G Sreekumar
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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30
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Efficacy of a Novel Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide in a Porcine Model of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:699-714. [PMID: 32760857 PMCID: PMC7393416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A mitochondrial-derived peptide therapy, HNG, was safe and was delivered as adjunctive therapy with standard-of-care reperfusion in a translational large animal model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. HNG reduced infarct size per area-at-risk by 41% with an ischemic time of 60 min followed by 48 h of reperfusion. The infarct-sparing effects of HNG were abolished when the ischemic time was increased to 75 min followed by 48 h of reperfusion. The use of rigorous translational large animal models that account for clinically relevant variables is a prerequisite to better predict the clinical efficacy and outcomes of novel therapeutic strategies.
With the complexities that surround myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, therapies adjunctive to reperfusion that elicit beneficial pleiotropic effects and do not overlap with standard of care are necessary. This study found that the mitochondrial-derived peptide S14G-humanin (HNG) (2 mg/kg), an analogue of humanin, reduced infarct size in a large animal model of MI/R. However, when ischemic time was increased, the infarct-sparing effects were abolished with the same dose of HNG. Thus, although the 60-min MI/R study showed that HNG cardioprotection translates beyond small animal models, further studies are needed to optimize HNG therapy for longer, more patient-relevant periods of cardiac ischemia.
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Key Words
- AAR, area-at-risk
- Bax, Bcl-2–associated X protein
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay
- HNG, S14G-humanin analogue
- IGFBP3, insulin-like growth factor–binding protein-3
- IV, intravenously
- LAD, left anterior coronary artery
- LV, left ventricular
- MDP, mitochondrial-derived peptide
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MI/R, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
- NIZ, nonischemic zone
- RMBF, regional myocardial blood flow
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- acute myocardial infarction
- adjunctive therapy
- cTnI, cardiac troponin I
- h-FABP, heart fatty acid–binding protein
- large animal model
- mitochondrial-derived peptide
- myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
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Woodhead JST, D'Souza RF, Hedges CP, Wan J, Berridge MV, Cameron-Smith D, Cohen P, Hickey AJR, Mitchell CJ, Merry TL. High-intensity interval exercise increases humanin, a mitochondrial encoded peptide, in the plasma and muscle of men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1346-1354. [PMID: 32271093 PMCID: PMC7717117 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00032.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanin is a small regulatory peptide encoded within the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (MT-RNR2) of the mitochondrial genome that has cellular cyto- and metabolo-protective properties similar to that of aerobic exercise training. Here we investigated whether acute high-intensity interval exercise or short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) impacted skeletal muscle and plasma humanin levels. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and plasma samples were collected from young healthy untrained men (n = 10, 24.5 ± 3.7 yr) before, immediately following, and 4 h following the completion of 10 × 60 s cycle ergometer bouts at V̇o2peak power output (untrained). Resting and postexercise sampling was also performed after six HIIT sessions (trained) completed over 2 wk. Humanin protein abundance in muscle and plasma were increased following an acute high-intensity exercise bout. HIIT trended (P = 0.063) to lower absolute humanin plasma levels, without effecting the response in muscle or plasma to acute exercise. A similar response in the plasma was observed for the small humanin-like peptide 6 (SHLP6), but not SHLP2, indicating selective regulation of peptides encoded by MT-RNR2 gene. There was a weak positive correlation between muscle and plasma humanin levels, and contraction of isolated mouse EDL muscle increased humanin levels ~4-fold. The increase in muscle humanin levels with acute exercise was not associated with MT-RNR2 mRNA or humanin mRNA levels (which decreased following acute exercise). Overall, these results suggest that humanin is an exercise-sensitive mitochondrial peptide and acute exercise-induced humanin responses in muscle are nontranscriptionally regulated and may partially contribute to the observed increase in plasma concentrations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Small regulatory peptides encoded within the mitochondrial genome (mitochondrial derived peptides) have been shown to have cellular cyto- and metabolo-protective roles that parallel those of exercise. Here we provide evidence that humanin and SHLP6 are exercise-sensitive mitochondrial derived peptides. Studies to determine whether mitochondrial derived peptides play a role in regulating exercise-induced adaptations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S T Woodhead
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Randall F D'Souza
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher P Hedges
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Junxiang Wan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, Singapore
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anthony J R Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cameron J Mitchell
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Troy L Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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32
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Ahn CH, Choi EH, Kong BS, Cho YM. Effects of MOTS-c on the mitochondrial function of cells harboring 3243 A to G mutant mitochondrial DNA. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4029-4035. [PMID: 32279209 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial derived peptides (MDPs) are a class of peptide encoded in small open reading frames of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). MOTS-c, a recently discovered MDP, participates in retrograde signaling from the mitochondria to the nucleus to control cellular metabolism. Humanin, another MDP, has cytoprotective properties and enhances mitochondrial function. However, it has not yet been tested whether MOTS-c can affect mitochondrial function. We investigated the effect of exogenous and endogenous MOTS-c on mitochondrial function in a cybrid cell harboring 3243 A to G mutant mtDNA, which causes significant mitochondrial dysfunction. To test the effects of endogenous MOTS-c, the cybrid cell was transfected with a MOTS-c EGFP expression vector. Exogenous (synthetic) MOTS-c did not show a significant effect on the ATP content or the mRNA and protein levels of the mitochondrial complex in the mutant cybrid cells. Basal and stimulated mitochondrial respiration were also not affected by exogenous MOTS-c. The mutant cybrid cells transfected with the MOTS-c EGFP expression vector stably expressed MOTS-c, but ATP production and mRNA and protein levels of the mitochondrial complex were not affected. In contrast to other MDPs, MOTS-c does not improve mitochondrial dysfunction in cybrid cells with mutant mtDNA, which suggests the heterogeneous nature of MDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Gajjala PR, Bruck H, Noels H, Heinze G, Ceccarelli F, Kribben A, Saez-Rodriguez J, Marx N, Zidek W, Jankowski J, Jankowski V. Novel plasma peptide markers involved in the pathology of CKD identified using mass spectrometric approach. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1451-1463. [PMID: 31385015 PMCID: PMC6746684 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) may progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at different pace. Early markers of disease progression could facilitate and improve patient management. However, conventional blood and urine chemistry have proven unable to predict the progression of disease at early stages. Therefore, we performed untargeted plasma peptidome analysis to select the peptides involved in progression, which are suitable for long prospective studies in future. The study consists of non-CKD (n = 66) and CKD (n = 106) patients with different stages. We performed plasma peptidomics on these subjects using chromatography and mass spectrometric approaches. Initially, we performed LC-ESI-MS and applied least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regressions to select the peptides that are differentially expressed and we generated a peptidomic score for each subject. Later, we identified and sequenced the peptides with MALDI-MS/MS and also performed univariate and multivariate analyses with the clinical variables and peptidomic score to reveal their association with progression of renal disease. A logistic regression model selected 14 substances showing different concentrations according to renal function, of which seven substances were most likely occur in CKD patients. The peptidomic model had a global P value of < 0.01 with R2 of 0.466, and the area under the curve was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.8149-0.9186; P < 0.0001). The predicted score was significantly higher in CKD than in non-CKD patients (2.539 ± 0.2637 vs - 0.9382 ± 0.1691). The model was also able to predict stages of CKD: the Spearman correlation coefficient of the linear predictor with CKD stages was 0.83 with concordance indices of 0.899 (95% CI 0.863-0.927). In univariate analysis, the most consistent association of peptidomic score in CKD patients was with C-reactive protein, sodium level, and uric acid, which are unanticipated substances. Peptidomic analysis enabled to list some unanticipated substances that have not been extensively studied in the context of CKD but were associated with CKD progression, thus revealing interesting candidate markers or mediators of CKD of potential use in CKD progression management. KEY MESSAGES: • Conventional blood and urine chemistry have proven unable to predict the progression of disease at early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). • We performed untargeted plasma peptidome analysis to select the peptides involved in progression. • A logistic regression model selected 14 substances showing different concentrations according to renal function. • These peptides are unanticipated substances that have not been extensively studied in the context of CKD but were associated with CKD progression, thus revealing markers or mediators of CKD of potential use in CKD progression management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha R Gajjala
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heike Bruck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Rheumatology, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Helios Hospital Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Heinze
- Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Ceccarelli
- Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Zidek
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Ding Y, Feng Y, Zhu W, Zou Y, Xie Y, Wang F, Liu CF, Zhang Y, Liu H. [Gly14]-Humanin Prevents Lipid Deposition and Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in a Lectin-like Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor-1-Dependent Manner. Lipids 2019; 54:697-705. [PMID: 31574567 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) may induce apoptosis and dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells, contributing to the initiation and development of atherosclerosis and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) plays a central role in Ox-LDL uptake in the course of atherogenesis. Humanin (HN), a mitochondrial-derived peptide, was recently demonstrated to exert a protective role against endothelial dysfunction and Ox-LDL-induced progression of atherosclerosis. The HN analog HNGF6A (HNG) modulates cholesterol metabolism in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. However, whether HNG affects Ox-LDL metabolism in endothelial cells is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of HNG on Ox-LDL accumulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and its underlying mechanisms. HUVEC were preincubated with HNG for 1 h before addition of Ox-LDL. Total cholesterol content was measured by using a tissue total cholesterol assay kit and flow cytometry. Cell viability was measured by CCK8 assay. Protein content was examined by Western blot assays. Flow cytometry was used to identify apoptotic cells. Flow cytometry and tissue total cholesterol assays showed that HNG reduced Ox-LDL accumulation in HUVEC. In addition, HNG inhibited Ox-LDL-induced apoptosis of HUVEC. Western blot results showed that HNG reduced LOX-1 protein content. However, when LOX-1 was knocked down or inhibited, the effect of HNG in reducing Ox-LDL aggregation and apoptosis in HUVEC disappeared. Our study demonstrated that HNG reduces lipid aggregation and apoptosis in HUVEC in a LOX-1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Wawa Zhu
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yutian Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
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Yang Y, Gao H, Zhou H, Liu Q, Qi Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J. The role of mitochondria-derived peptides in cardiovascular disease: Recent updates. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Liu C, Gidlund EK, Witasp A, Qureshi AR, Söderberg M, Thorell A, Nader GA, Barany P, Stenvinkel P, von Walden F. Reduced skeletal muscle expression of mitochondrial-derived peptides humanin and MOTS-C and Nrf2 in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1122-F1131. [PMID: 31432706 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00202.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a premature aging phenotype of multifactorial origin. Mitochondrial dysfunction is prevalent in CKD and has been proposed as a major contributor to poor muscle function. Although the mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) humanin and mitochondrial open reading frame of 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) are involved in cell survival, suppression of apoptosis, and glucose control, the implications of MDP in CKD are unknown. We investigated humanin and MOTS-c protein expression in skeletal muscle and serum levels in CKD at stage 5 (glomerular filtration rate: <15 ml/min) patients and age-matched controls with normal renal function. Whereas circulating levels of humanin were increased in CKD, local muscle expression was reduced. In contrast, MOTS-c levels were reduced in both skeletal muscle and serum in CKD. Humanin in serum correlated positively to circulating TNF levels. Reduced MDP levels in skeletal muscle were associated with lower mitochondrial density and evidence of oxidative stress. These results indicate a differential regulation of MDPs in CKD and suggest an alternative site for humanin production than skeletal muscle in the uremic milieu. MDP levels were linked to systemic inflammation and evidence of oxidative stress in the muscle, two hallmark features of premature aging and uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva-Karin Gidlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Witasp
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdul Rashid Qureshi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Söderberg
- Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Thorell
- Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyds Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Barany
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Szereszewski KE, Storey KB. Identification of a prosurvival neuroprotective mitochondrial peptide in a mammalian hibernator. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:494-503. [PMID: 31387137 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation requires the intricate regulation of physiological and biochemical adaptations to facilitate the decrease in metabolic rate and activation of prosurvival factors needed for winter survival. Mitochondria play important roles in eliciting these responses and in coordinating the required energy shifts. Herein, we report the presence of a novel mitochondrial peptide, s-humanin, in the hibernating 13-lined ground squirrel, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. S-humanin was shown to have strong structural and sequence similarities to its human analogue, humanin-a powerful neuroprotective mitochondrial peptide. An assessment of the protein and gene expression levels of this peptide in ground squirrels revealed stark tissue-specific regulatory responses whereby transcript levels increased in brain cortex, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues during hibernation, suggesting a protective torpor-induced activation. Accompanying peptide measurements found that s-humanin levels were suppressed in liver of torpid squirrels but enhanced in brain cortex. The enhanced transcript and protein levels of s-humanin in brain cortex suggest that it is actively involved in protecting delicate brain tissues and neuronal connections from hibernation-associated stresses. We propose that this squirrel-specific peptide is involved in modulating tissue-specific cytoprotective functions, expanding its role from human-specific neuroprotection to environmental stress protection. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Understanding the molecular mechanisms, which protect against oxidative stress in a model hibernator such as the ground squirrel, could be pivotal to the regulation of cytoprotection. This study expands on our knowledge of metabolic rate depression and could suggest a potential role for humanin therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kama E Szereszewski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Ramanjaneya M, Jerobin J, Bettahi I, Bensila M, Aye M, Siveen KS, Sathyapalan T, Skarulis M, Abou-Samra AB, Atkin SL. Lipids and insulin regulate mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTS-c) in PCOS and healthy subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:278-287. [PMID: 31066084 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR). MOTS-c, a mitochondrial peptide, promotes insulin sensitivity (IS) through activating AKT and AMPK-dependent pathways. The current study was designed to examine the response of MOTS-c to lipids (intralipid) followed by insulin in PCOS and healthy subjects. METHODS All subjects underwent 5-hour intralipid/saline infusion with a hyperinsulinemic-euglycaemic clamp in the final 2 hours. Plasma samples were collected to measure circulating MOTS-c using a commercial ELISA kit. Subsequently, this was repeated following an eight-week exercise intervention. RESULTS Intralipid significantly increased plasma MOTS-c both in controls and PCOS subjects, whilst the insulin infusion blunted the intralipid-induced response seen for both lipids and MOT-c. Intralipid elevated plasma MOTS-c to 232 ± 124% of basal in control (P < 0.01) and to 349 ± 206% of basal in PCOS (P < 0.001) subjects. Administration of insulin suppressed intralipid-induced MOTS-c from 232 ± 124% to 165 ± 97% (NS) in control and from 349 ± 206% to 183 ± 177% (P < 0.05) in PCOS subjects, respectively. Following exercise, intralipid elevated plasma MOTS-c to 305 ± 153% of basal in control (P < 0.01) and to 215 ± 103% of basal in PCOS (P < 0.01) subjects; insulin suppressed intralipid-induced MOTS-c only in controls. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this is the first study to show increased lipid enhanced circulating MOTS-c whilst insulin attenuated the MOTS-c response in human. Further, eight weeks of moderate exercise training did not show any changes in circulating MOTS-c levels in healthy controls and in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Ramanjaneya
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ilham Bettahi
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Milin Bensila
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Myint Aye
- Department of Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK
| | | | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK
| | - Monica Skarulis
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Ramanjaneya M, Bettahi I, Jerobin J, Chandra P, Abi Khalil C, Skarulis M, Atkin SL, Abou-Samra AB. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides Are Down Regulated in Diabetes Subjects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:331. [PMID: 31214116 PMCID: PMC6554664 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the development of diabetes related complications such as cardiovascular disease and stroke. Mitochondria produce several small polypeptides that may influence mitochondrial function and may impact on insulin sensitivity, such as humanin (HN) and the mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) that are mitochondrial derived proteins (MDP). The aim of this study was to determine MDP in normal, prediabetes and diabetes subjects. Subjects and Measurements: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the serum concentrations of MDP and adiponectin (ADP) in 225 subjects: normal (n = 68), pre-diabetes (n = 33), T2D less than (good control; n = 31), and greater than HbA1c 7% (poor control; n = 93) subjects. The relationship of serum MDP and ADP concentrations with biochemical and anthropometric measurements were performed and assessed by multilinear regression. Results: Serum HN concentrations were lower in T2D (p < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with age (p < 0.0001), HbA1c (p < 0.0001), glucose (p < 0.0001), triglycerides (p < 0.003), ALT (p < 0.004), and TG/HDL ratio (p < 0.001). Circulating HN levels were positively correlated to cholesterol (p < 0.017), LDL (p < 0.001), and HDL (p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that HbA1c and ALT were two independent predictors of circulating HN. Similarly, serum MOTS-c was significantly lower in T2D subjects compared to controls (p < 0.007). Circulating MOTS-c positively correlated with BMI (p < 0.035), total cholesterol (p < 0.0001), and LDL (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with age (p < 0.002), HbA1c (p < 0.001), and glucose (p < 0.002). Serum ADP concentrations were lower in T2D (p < 0.002) and negatively correlated with HbA1c (p < 0.001), weight (p < 0.032) TG (p < 0.0001), and ALT (p < 0.0001); and positively correlated with HDL (p < 0.0001) and HN (p < 0.003). Linear regression analysis showed that HbA1c and weight were two independent predictors of circulating ADP. Multilinear regression showed that HN and MOT-c correlated with each other, and only HN correlated with HbA1c. Conclusion: The MDPs HN and MOT-c, similar to ADP, are decreased in T2D and correlate with HbA1c. The data provide an additional evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to glycemic dysregulation and metabolic defects in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Ramanjaneya
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Department of Medicine, Qatar Metabolic Institute and Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Manjunath Ramanjaneya
| | - Ilham Bettahi
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Department of Medicine, Qatar Metabolic Institute and Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Department of Medicine, Qatar Metabolic Institute and Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Doha, Qatar
| | - Prem Chandra
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Department of Medicine, Qatar Metabolic Institute and Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Doha, Qatar
| | - Charbel Abi Khalil
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Monica Skarulis
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Department of Medicine, Qatar Metabolic Institute and Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Doha, Qatar
| | - Stephen Lawrence Atkin
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Stephen Lawrence Atkin
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Department of Medicine, Qatar Metabolic Institute and Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Doha, Qatar
- Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
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Zuccato CF, Asad AS, Nicola Candia AJ, Gottardo MF, Moreno Ayala MA, Theas MS, Seilicovich A, Candolfi M. Mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin as therapeutic target in cancer and degenerative diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:117-126. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Florencia Zuccato
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonela Sofia Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Nicola Candia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - María Susana Theas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ma Y, Li S, Wei X, Huang J, Lai M, Wang N, Huang Q, Zhao L, Peng Y, Wang Y. Comparison of serum concentrations of humanin in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:1064-1067. [PMID: 29909696 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1482869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanin (MT-RNR2) is an endogenous polypeptide that is involved in many diseases, including T2DM. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as hyperglycemia during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum humanin levels in women with or without GDM and to elucidate possible correlations with anthropometric parameters, metabolic parameters and the incidence of GDM. Eighty-four women with GDM and 73 control women were enrolled in this study. The clinical and biochemical parameters of all subjects were determined. Serum humanin levels were measured by an ELISA. Serum humanin levels were significantly lower in women with GDM than in control women. Moreover, humanin levels were significantly negatively correlated with the presence of GDM, body weight, BMI at 24 weeks of gestation, TG, FPG, 1 hPG, 2 hPG, FINS, and HOMA-IR. In contrast, humanin levels were significantly positively correlated with FT3 and FT4. A binary logistic analysis showed that humanin levels were associated with the incidence of GDM. Additional follow-up studies are needed to highlight whether and how decreased humanin levels play an important role in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Ma
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shumei Li
- b Shanghai First School of Clinical Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Shanghai , China
- c Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Mengyu Lai
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Nian Wang
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qianfang Huang
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Li Zhao
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yongde Peng
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yufan Wang
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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A Mitochondrial Encoded Messenger at the Nucleus. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080105. [PMID: 30104535 PMCID: PMC6115982 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria–nucleus (mitonuclear) retrograde signaling via nuclear import of otherwise mitochondrial targeted factors occurs during mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), a mechanism that counters mitochondrial and cellular stresses. Other than nuclear encoded proteins, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded peptides, such as humanin, are known to have important pro-survival and metabolic regulatory functions. A recent report has indicated that another mtDNA-encoded peptide, the mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c), could translocate into the nucleus upon stress induction. In the nucleus, MOTS-c binds to DNA and regulates the transcription of stress response genes in concert with other transcription factors. This is the first clear example of a mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) acting in the nucleus to affect transcriptional responses to stress. Thus, MOTS-c may bear some characteristics of a ‘mitokine’ factor that mediates mitohormesis, influencing cell survival as well as organismal health and longevity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of mitochondria in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance has been an area of intense investigation and debate for over 20 years. The mitochondria is a multifaceted organelle that plays an integral part in substrate metabolism and cellular signalling. This article aims to summarize the current findings and thought regarding the relationship between mitochondria and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. RECENT FINDINGS Skeletal muscle insulin resistance was earlier thought to result from deficiency in mitochondrial oxidative capacity and ectopic lipid accumulation. Recent evidence suggests that skeletal muscle insulin resistance in high-energy intake models (i.e. obesity) results primarily from disrupted mitochondrial bioenergetics and alterations in mitochondrial-associated cell signalling. These signalling pathways include reactive oxygen species and redox balance, fatty acid β-oxidation intermediates, mitochondrial derived peptides, sirtuins, microRNAs and novel nuclear-encoded, mitochondria-acting peptides. SUMMARY The pathophysiology of skeletal muscle insulin resistance is likely multifactorial involving many coordinated physiological processes. However, it is apparent that the mitochondria play an essential role in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in health, ageing and in numerous metabolic diseases. Deciphering the manifold functions of the mitochondria will allow us to understand the complex relationship between mitochondria and skeletal muscle insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Todd Cade
- Program in Physical Therapy & Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Gidlund EK, von Walden F, Venojärvi M, Risérus U, Heinonen OJ, Norrbom J, Sundberg CJ. Humanin skeletal muscle protein levels increase after resistance training in men with impaired glucose metabolism. Physiol Rep 2018; 4:4/23/e13063. [PMID: 27923980 PMCID: PMC5357820 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrially encoded and secreted peptide linked to glucose metabolism and tissue protecting mechanisms. Whether skeletal muscle HN gene or protein expression is influenced by exercise remains unknown. In this intervention study we show, for the first time, that HN protein levels increase in human skeletal muscle following 12 weeks of resistance training in persons with prediabetes. Male subjects (n = 55) with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) were recruited and randomly assigned to resistance training, Nordic walking or a control group. The exercise interventions were performed three times per week for 12 weeks with progressively increased intensity during the intervention period. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and venous blood samples were taken before and after the intervention. Skeletal muscle and serum protein levels of HN were analyzed as well as skeletal muscle gene expression of the mitochondrially encoded gene MT‐RNR2, containing the open reading frame for HN. To elucidate mitochondrial training adaptation, mtDNA, and nuclear DNA as well as Citrate synthase were measured. Skeletal muscle HN protein levels increased by 35% after 12 weeks of resistance training. No change in humanin protein levels was seen in serum in any of the intervention groups. There was a significant correlation between humanin levels in serum and the improvements in the 2 h glucose loading test in the resistance training group. The increase in HN protein levels in skeletal muscle after regular resistance training in prediabetic males may suggest a role for HN in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Given the preventative effect of exercise on diabetes type 2, the role of HN as a mitochondrially derived peptide and an exercise‐responsive mitokine warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Karin Gidlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Astrid Lindgren's Pediatric Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Venojärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sports and exercise medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Departmen of Health & Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica Norrbom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kim SJ, Guerrero N, Wassef G, Xiao J, Mehta HH, Cohen P, Yen K. The mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin activates the ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways and has age-dependent signaling differences in the hippocampus. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46899-46912. [PMID: 27384491 PMCID: PMC5216912 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanin is a small secreted peptide that is encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Humanin and its analogues have a protective role in multiple age-related diseases including type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, through cytoprotective and neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo. However, the humanin-mediated signaling pathways are not well understood. In this paper, we demonstrate that humanin acts through the GP130/IL6ST receptor complex to activate AKT, ERK1/2, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Humanin treatment increases phosphorylation in AKT, ERK 1/2, and STAT3 where PI3K, MEK, and JAK are involved in the activation of those three signaling pathways, respectively. Furthermore, old mice, but not young mice, injected with humanin showed an increase in phosphorylation in AKT and ERK1/2 in the hippocampus. These findings uncover a key signaling pathway of humanin that is important for humanin's function and also demonstrates an age-specific in vivo effect in a region of the brain that is critical for memory formation in an age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noel Guerrero
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriella Wassef
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jialin Xiao
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hemal H Mehta
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin Yen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides, HumaninS14G and Small Humanin-like Peptide 2, Exhibit Chaperone-like Activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7802. [PMID: 28798389 PMCID: PMC5552803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) and their analogs have emerged as wide-spectrum, stress response factors protective in amyloid disease models. MDP cytoprotective functions are generally attributed to anti-apoptotic activity, however, little is known about their capacity to facilitate the cell’s unfolded protein response via direct interactions with amyloidogenic proteins. Here, we explored the effects of the MDP-analog, humaninS14G (HNG), and the MDP, small humanin-like peptide 2 (SHLP2), on the misfolding of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a critical pathogenic step in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our thioflavin T fluorescence studies show that HNG inhibits IAPP misfolding at highly substoichiometric concentrations. Seeded fluorescence and co-sedimentation studies demonstrate MDPs block amyloid seeding and directly bind misfolded, seeding-capable IAPP species. Furthermore, our electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and circular dichroism data indicate MDPs do not act by binding IAPP monomers. Taken together our results reveal a novel chaperone-like activity wherein these MDPs specifically target misfolded amyloid seeds to inhibit IAPP misfolding which, along with direct anti-apoptotic activity and beneficial metabolic effects, make HNG and SHLP2 exciting prospects as T2DM therapeutics. These data also suggest that other mitochondrial stress response factors within the MDP family may be amenable to development into therapeutics for protein-misfolding diseases.
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Kim SJ, Xiao J, Wan J, Cohen P, Yen K. Mitochondrially derived peptides as novel regulators of metabolism. J Physiol 2017; 595:6613-6621. [PMID: 28574175 DOI: 10.1113/jp274472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrially derived peptides represent a new class of circulating signalling molecules. Humanin, the first member of this class, has been shown to have several metabolic effects such as reducing weight gain and visceral fat and increasing glucose-stimulated insulin release. The discovery of several other new members, such as MOTS-c and SHLP1-6, has further added to this group. These new peptides have also been found to affect metabolism with MOTS-c potently decreasing weight gain in mice on a high-fat diet. This review covers the basic biology of this class of peptides and discusses the relevance to organismal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jialin Xiao
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junxiang Wan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin Yen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Matsunaga D, Sreekumar PG, Ishikawa K, Terasaki H, Barron E, Cohen P, Kannan R, Hinton DR. Humanin Protects RPE Cells from Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis by Upregulation of Mitochondrial Glutathione. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165150. [PMID: 27783653 PMCID: PMC5081188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanin (HN) is a small mitochondrial-encoded peptide with neuroprotective properties. We have recently shown protection of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells by HN in oxidative stress; however, the effect of HN on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has not been evaluated in any cell type. Our aim here was to study the effect of HN on ER stress-induced apoptosis in RPE cells with a specific focus on ER-mitochondrial cross-talk. Dose dependent effects of ER stressors (tunicamycin (TM), brefeldin A, and thapsigargin) were studied after 12 hr of treatment in confluent primary human RPE cells with or without 12 hr of HN pretreatment (1-20 μg/mL). All three ER stressors induced RPE cell apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. HN pretreatment significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells with all three ER stressors in a dose dependent manner. HN pretreatment similarly protected U-251 glioma cells from TM-induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. HN pretreatment significantly attenuated activation of caspase 3 and ER stress-specific caspase 4 induced by TM. TM treatment increased mitochondrial superoxide production, and HN co-treatment resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial superoxide compared to TM treatment alone. We further showed that depleted mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) levels induced by TM were restored with HN co-treatment. No significant changes were found for the expression of several antioxidant enzymes between TM and TM plus HN groups except for the expression of glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), the rate limiting enzyme required for GSH biosynthesis, which is upregulated with TM and TM+HN treatment. These results demonstrate that ER stress promotes mitochondrial alterations in RPE that lead to apoptosis. We further show that HN has a protective effect against ER stress-induced apoptosis by restoring mitochondrial GSH. Thus, HN should be further evaluated for its therapeutic potential in disorders linked to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Matsunaga
- Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Parameswaran G. Sreekumar
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Keijiro Ishikawa
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hiroto Terasaki
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Barron
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ram Kannan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - David R. Hinton
- Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Xiao J, Kim SJ, Cohen P, Yen K. Humanin: Functional Interfaces with IGF-I. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 29:21-27. [PMID: 27082450 PMCID: PMC4961574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Humanin is the first newly discovered peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome in over three decades. It is the first member of a novel class of mitochondrial derived peptides. This small, 24 amino acid peptide was initially discovered to have neuroprotective effects and subsequent experiments have shown that it is beneficial in a diverse number of disease models including stroke, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Over a decade ago, our lab found that humanin bound IGFBP-3 and more recent studies have found it to decrease circulating IGF-I levels. In turn, IGF-I also seems to regulate humanin levels and in this review, we cover the known interaction between humanin and IGF-I. Although the exact mechanism for how humanin and IGF-I regulate each other still needs to be elucidated, it is clear that humanin is a new player in IGF-I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiao
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - S-J Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - P Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - K Yen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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The effects of humanin and its analogues on male germ cell apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. Apoptosis 2016; 20:551-61. [PMID: 25666707 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human (HN) prevents stress-induced apoptosis in many cells/tissues. In this study we showed that HN ameliorated chemotherapy [cyclophosphamide (CP) and Doxorubicin (DOX)]-induced male germ cell apoptosis both ex vivo in seminiferous tubule cultures and in vivo in the testis. HN acts by several putative mechanisms via binding to: an IL-12 like trimeric membrane receptor; BAX; or insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3, a proapoptotic factor). To understand the mechanisms of HN on male germ cell apoptosis, we studied five HN analogues including: HNG (HN-S14G, a potent agonist), HNG-F6A (no binding to IGFBP-3), HN-S7A (no self-dimerization), HN-C8P (no binding to BAX), and HN-L12A (a HN antagonist) on CP-induced male germ cell apoptosis in mice. CP-induced germ cell apoptosis was inhibited by HN, HNG, HNG-F6A, HN-S7A, and HN-C8P (less effective); but not by HN-L12A. HN-L12A, but not HN-S7A or HN-C8P, blocked the protective effect of HN against CP-induced male germ cell apoptosis. HN, HN-S7A, and HN-C8P restored CP-suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation. These results suggest that HN: (1) decreases DOX (ex vivo) and CP (in vivo) induced male germ cell apoptosis; (2) action is mediated by the membrane receptor/STAT3 with minor contribution by BAX-binding pathway; (3) self-dimerization or binding to IGFBP-3 may not be involved in HN's effect in testis. HN is an important molecule in the regulation of germ cell homeostasis after injury and agonistic analogues may be developed for treating male infertility or protection against chemotherapy side effects.
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