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Wang X, Wang JD, Li X, Wang T, Yao J, Deng R, Ma W, Liu S, Zhu Z. Tas2R143 regulates the expression of the Blood-Testis Barrier tight junction protein in TM4 cells through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Theriogenology 2024; 227:120-127. [PMID: 39059123 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Although bitter receptors, known as Tas2Rs, have been identified in the testes and mature sperm, their expression in testicular Sertoli cells (SCs) and their role in recognizing harmful substances to maintain the immune microenvironment remain unknown. To explore their potential function in spermatogenesis, this study utilized TM4 cells and discovered the high expression of the bitter receptor Tas2R143 in the cells. Interestingly, when the Tas2R143 gene was knocked down for 24 and 48 h, there was a significant downregulation (P < 0.05) in the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1) and NF-κB. Additionally, Western blot results demonstrated that the siRNA-133+NF-κB co-treatment group displayed a significant downregulation (P < 0.05) in the expression of occludin and ZO-1 compared to both the siRNA-133 transfection group and the NF-κB inhibitors treatment group. These findings suggest that Tas2R143 likely regulates the expression of occludin and ZO-1 through the NF-κB signaling pathway and provides a theoretical basis for studying the regulatory mechanism of bitter receptors in the reproductive system, aiming to attract attention to the chemical perception mechanism of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Innovative Utilization of White Goose Germplasm Resources in the Cold Region of Hei Long Jiang Province, China
| | - Jin Dan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Innovative Utilization of White Goose Germplasm Resources in the Cold Region of Hei Long Jiang Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Innovative Utilization of White Goose Germplasm Resources in the Cold Region of Hei Long Jiang Province, China
| | - Tianrun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Innovative Utilization of White Goose Germplasm Resources in the Cold Region of Hei Long Jiang Province, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Innovative Utilization of White Goose Germplasm Resources in the Cold Region of Hei Long Jiang Province, China
| | - Ruxue Deng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Innovative Utilization of White Goose Germplasm Resources in the Cold Region of Hei Long Jiang Province, China
| | - Wenchang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Innovative Utilization of White Goose Germplasm Resources in the Cold Region of Hei Long Jiang Province, China
| | - Shengjun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Innovative Utilization of White Goose Germplasm Resources in the Cold Region of Hei Long Jiang Province, China.
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.
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2
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Ferri F, Cannariato M, Deriu MA, Pallante L. Machine learning approaches to predict TAS2R receptors for bitterants. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1755-1758. [PMID: 38587175 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Bitter taste involves the detection of diverse chemical compounds by a family of G protein-coupled receptors, known as taste receptor type 2 (TAS2R). It is often linked to toxins and harmful compounds and in particular bitter taste receptors participate in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, modulation of immune and inflammatory responses, and may have implications for various diseases. Human TAS2Rs are characterized by their polymorphism and differ in localization and function. Different receptors can activate various signaling pathways depending on the tissue and the ligand. However, in vitro screening of possible TAS2R ligands is costly and time-consuming. For this reason, in silico methods to predict bitterant-TAS2R interactions could be powerful tools to help in the selection of ligands and targets for experimental studies and improve our knowledge of bitter receptor roles. Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence that applies algorithms to large datasets to learn from patterns and make predictions. In recent years, there has been a record of numerous taste classifiers in literature, especially on bitter/non-bitter or bitter/sweet classification. However, only a few of them exploit ML to predict which TAS2R receptors could be targeted by bitter molecules. Indeed, the shortage and incompleteness of data on receptor-ligand associations in literature make this task non-trivial. In this work, we provide an overview of the state of the art dealing with this specific investigation, focusing on three ML-based models, namely BitterX (2016), BitterSweet (2019) and BitterMatch (2022). This review aims to establish the foundation for future research endeavours focused on addressing the limitations and drawbacks of existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferri
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Cannariato
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Agostino Deriu
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pallante
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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3
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Ziaikin E, Tello E, Peterson DG, Niv MY. BitterMasS: Predicting Bitterness from Mass Spectra. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10537-10547. [PMID: 38685906 PMCID: PMC11082931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bitter compounds are common in nature and among drugs. Previously, machine learning tools were developed to predict bitterness from the chemical structure. However, known structures are estimated to represent only 5-10% of the metabolome, and the rest remain unassigned or "dark". We present BitterMasS, a Random Forest classifier that was trained on 5414 experimental mass spectra of bitter and nonbitter compounds, achieving precision = 0.83 and recall = 0.90 for an internal test set. Next, the model was tested against spectra newly extracted from the literature 106 bitter and nonbitter compounds and for additional spectra measured for 26 compounds. For these external test cases, BitterMasS exhibited 67% precision and 93% recall for the first and 58% accuracy and 99% recall for the second. The spectrum-bitterness prediction strategy was more effective than the spectrum-structure-bitterness prediction strategy and covered more compounds. These encouraging results suggest that BitterMasS can be used to predict bitter compounds in the metabolome without the need for structural assignment of individual molecules. This may enable identification of bitter compounds from metabolomics analyses, for comparing potential bitterness levels obtained by different treatments of samples and for monitoring bitterness changes overtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Ziaikin
- Food
Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture,
Food and Environment, The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edisson Tello
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agriculture, and
Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Devin G. Peterson
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agriculture, and
Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Masha Y. Niv
- Food
Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture,
Food and Environment, The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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4
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Trius-Soler M, Moreno JJ. Bitter taste receptors: Key target to understand the effects of polyphenols on glucose and body weight homeostasis. Pathophysiological and pharmacological implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116192. [PMID: 38583811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical research has reported beneficial effects of polyphenol intake on high prevalent diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. These phytochemicals are ligands of taste 2 receptors (T2Rs) that have been recently located in a variety of organs and extra-oral tissues. Therefore, the interaction between polyphenol and T2Rs in brain structures can play a direct effect on appetite/satiety regulation and food intake. T2Rs are also expressed along the digestive tract, and their interaction with polyphenols can induce the release of gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., ghrelin, GLP-1, CCK) influencing appetite, gastrointestinal functionally, and glycemia control. Intestinal microbiota can also influence on network effects of polyphenols-T2Rs interaction and vice versa, impacting innate immune responses and consequently on gut functionally. Furthermore, polyphenols binding to T2Rs present important effects on adipose tissue metabolism. Interestingly, T2R polymorphism could, at least partially, explain the inter-individual variability of the effects of polyphenols on glucose and body weight homeostasis. Together, these factors can contribute to understand the beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich diets but also might aid in identifying new pharmacological pathway targets for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trius-Soler
- Department of Public Health and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan José Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety Research, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Jo YS, Choi JH. Genetic variation in TAS2R38 bitterness receptor is associated with body composition in Korean females. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024; 75:197-206. [PMID: 38115549 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2294682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Bitterness-receptor gene TAS2R38 is associated with taste sensitivity and dietary behaviour, and is known to play a critical role in adiposity. However, evidence regarding body composition from a large cohort is lacking. This study aimed to ascertain whether TAS2R38 rs10246939 C > T bitterness genetic variation is associated with body composition in Korean individuals. The TAS2R38 rs10246939 genotypes, anthropometric measurements, and body composition of 1,843 males and 1,801 females from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were analysed. Findings suggested that there was a significant difference in body fat components by TAS2R38 genotype. Furthermore, the bitterness genotype exhibited a positive association with adiposity markers in females. The TT genotype showed greater body mass index, body fat percentage, and degree of obesity than those with the C allele. However, such an association was not observed in males. In conclusion, this study suggests that TAS2R38 rs10246939 is associated with fat tissue markers in Korean females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Seul Jo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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6
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Lu P, Simas TAM, Delpapa E, ZhuGe R. Bitter taste receptors in the reproductive system: Function and therapeutic implications. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31179. [PMID: 38219077 PMCID: PMC10922893 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 taste receptors (TAS2Rs), traditionally known for their role in bitter taste perception, are present in diverse reproductive tissues of both sexes. This review explores our current understanding of TAS2R functions with a particular focus on reproductive health. In males, TAS2Rs are believed to play potential roles in processes such as sperm chemotaxis and male fertility. Genetic insights from mouse models and human polymorphism studies provide some evidence for their contribution to male infertility. In female reproduction, it is speculated that TAS2Rs influence the ovarian milieu, shaping the functions of granulosa and cumulus cells and their interactions with oocytes. In the uterus, TAS2Rs contribute to uterine relaxation and hold potential as therapeutic targets for preventing preterm birth. In the placenta, they are proposed to function as vigilant sentinels, responding to infection and potentially modulating mechanisms of fetal protection. In the cervix and vagina, their analogous functions to those in other extraoral tissues suggest a potential role in infection defense. In addition, TAS2Rs exhibit altered expression patterns that profoundly affect cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis in reproductive cancers. Notably, TAS2R agonists show promise in inducing apoptosis and overcoming chemoresistance in these malignancies. Despite these advances, challenges remain, including a lack of genetic and functional studies. The application of techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated endonuclease 9 gene editing could provide deeper insights into TAS2Rs in reproduction, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies for reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological System, UMass Chan Medical School, 363 Plantation St., Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Moore Simas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMass Chan Medical School/UMass Memorial Health, Memorial Campus 119 Belmont St., Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Delpapa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMass Chan Medical School/UMass Memorial Health, Memorial Campus 119 Belmont St., Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ronghua ZhuGe
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological System, UMass Chan Medical School, 363 Plantation St., Worcester, MA, USA
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7
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Kriauciunas A, Gedvilaite G, Bruzaite A, Zekonis G, Razukevicius D, Liutkeviciene R. Generalised Periodontitis: Examining TAS2R16 Serum Levels and Common Gene Polymorphisms (rs860170, rs978739, rs1357949). Biomedicines 2024; 12:319. [PMID: 38397921 PMCID: PMC10886930 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the associations between TAS2R16 serum levels and common gene rs860170, rs978739, and rs1357949 polymorphisms in patients affected by generalized periodontitis. The study enrolled 590 patients: 280 patients with periodontitis and 310 healthy controls as a reference group. Patients underwent periodontal examination and radiographic analysis to confirm the periodontitis diagnosis. Blood samples were collected, and the DNA salting-out method was used for DNA extraction from peripheral venous blood. Genotyping of TAS2R16 (rs860170, rs978739, and rs1357949) was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and serum level analysis was performed for both periodontitis-affected patients and reference group subjects. The analysis of TAS2R16 rs860170 (TT, CT, and CC) showed a statistically significant difference between generalized periodontitis and the reference group (41.8%, 58.2%, and 0% vs. 38.7%, 56.1%, and 5.2%, p < 0.001). TAS2R16 rs860170 (TT, CT, and CC) showed a statistically significant difference between males in generalized periodontitis and reference groups (38.4%, 61.6%, and 0% vs. 32.9%, 56.6%, and 10.5%, p = 0.002). Female-specific analysis showed that the TAS2R16 rs978739 C allele was more frequent in generalized periodontitis compared to the reference group (37.5% vs. 28.7%, p = 0.016). Subjects aged 70 years and older demonstrated a statistically significant difference in TAS2R16 rs860170 (TT, CT, and CC) between generalized periodontitis and the reference group (42.8%, 57.2%, and 0% vs. 38.6%, 53.8%, and 7.6%, p = 0.003). TAS2R16 serum levels were elevated in generalized periodontitis compared to the reference group (0.112 (0.06) ng/mL vs. 0.075 (0.03) ng/mL, p = 0.002). Females carrying the TAS2R16 rs978739 C allele were more prone to generalized periodontitis development. Associations were found between TAS2R16 rs860170 polymorphisms, elevated TAS2R16 serum levels, and generalized periodontitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertas Kriauciunas
- Department of Prosthodontics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Str. 51, LT-50106 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Greta Gedvilaite
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Akvile Bruzaite
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Gediminas Zekonis
- Department of Prosthodontics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Str. 51, LT-50106 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Dainius Razukevicius
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.B.); (R.L.)
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8
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Che S, Pham PH, Barbut S, Bienzle D, Susta L. Transcriptomic Profiles of Pectoralis major Muscles Affected by Spaghetti Meat and Woody Breast in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:176. [PMID: 38254345 PMCID: PMC10812457 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spaghetti meat (SM) and woody breast (WB) are breast muscle myopathies of broiler chickens, characterized by separation of myofibers and by fibrosis, respectively. This study sought to investigate the transcriptomic profiles of breast muscles affected by SM and WB. Targeted sampling was conducted on a flock to obtain 10 WB, 10 SM, and 10 Normal Pectoralis major muscle samples from 37-day-old male chickens. Total RNA was extracted, cDNA was used for pair-end sequencing, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined by a false discovery rate of <0.1 and a >1.5-fold change. Principal component and heatmap cluster analyses showed that the SM and WB samples clustered together. No DEGs were observed between SM and WB fillets, while a total of 4018 and 2323 DEGs were found when comparing SM and WB, respectively, against Normal samples. In both the SM and WB samples, Gene Ontology terms associated with extracellular environment and immune response were enriched. The KEGG analysis showed enrichment of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathways in both myopathies. Although SM and WB are macroscopically different, the similar transcriptomic profiles suggest that these conditions may share a common pathogenesis. This is the first study to compare the transcriptomes of SM and WB, and it showed that, while both myopathies had profiles different from the normal breast muscle, SM and WB were similar, with comparable enriched metabolic pathways and processes despite presenting markedly different macroscopic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunoh Che
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (S.C.); (P.H.P.)
| | - Phuc H. Pham
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (S.C.); (P.H.P.)
| | - Shai Barbut
- Department of Food Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada;
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (S.C.); (P.H.P.)
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (S.C.); (P.H.P.)
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9
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Bloxham CJ, Hulme KD, Fierro F, Fercher C, Pegg CL, O'Brien SL, Foster SR, Short KR, Furness SGB, Reichelt ME, Niv MY, Thomas WG. Cardiac human bitter taste receptors contain naturally occurring variants that alter function. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115932. [PMID: 37989413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2R) are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that enable humans to detect aversive and toxic substances. The ability to discern bitter compounds varies between individuals and is attributed mainly to naturally occurring T2R polymorphisms. T2Rs are also expressed in numerous non-gustatory tissues, including the heart, indicating potential contributions to cardiovascular physiology. In this study. T2Rs that have previously been identified in human cardiac tissues (T2Rs - 10, 14, 30, 31, 46 and 50) and their naturally occurring polymorphisms were functionally characterised. The ligand-dependent signaling responses of some T2R variants were completely abolished (T2R30 Leu252 and T2R46 Met228), whereas other receptor variants had moderate changes in their maximal response, but not potency, relative to wild type. Using a cAMP fluorescent biosensor, we reveal the productive coupling of T2R14, but not the T2R14 Phe201 variant, to endogenous Gαi. Modeling revealed that these variants resulted in altered interactions that generally affected ligand binding (T2R30 Leu252) or Gα protein interactions (T2R46 Met228 and T2R14 Phe201), rather than receptor structural stability. Interestingly, this study is the first to show a difference in signaling for T2R50 Tyr203 (rs1376251) which has been associated with cardiovascular disease. The observation of naturally occurring functional variation in the T2Rs with the greatest expression in the heart is important, as their discovery should prove useful in deciphering the role of T2Rs within the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Katina D Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Fierro
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christian Fercher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Cassandra L Pegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa E Reichelt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
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10
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Grădinaru TC, Vlad A, Gilca M. Bitter Phytochemicals as Novel Candidates for Skin Disease Treatment. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:299-326. [PMID: 38248322 PMCID: PMC10814078 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin diseases represent a global healthcare challenge due to their rising incidence and substantial socio-economic burden. While biological, immunological, and targeted therapies have brought a revolution in improving quality of life and survival rates for certain dermatological conditions, there remains a stringent demand for new remedies. Nature has long served as an inspiration for drug development. Recent studies have identified bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in both skin cell lines and human skin. Additionally, bitter natural compounds have shown promising benefits in addressing skin aging, wound healing, inflammatory skin conditions, and even skin cancer. Thus, TAS2Rs may represent a promising target in all these processes. In this review, we summarize evidence supporting the presence of TAS2Rs in the skin and emphasize their potential as drug targets for addressing skin aging, wound healing, inflammatory skin conditions, and skin carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is a pioneering work in connecting information on TAS2Rs expression in skin and skin cells with the impact of bitter phytochemicals on various beneficial effects related to skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Grădinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (T.-C.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (T.-C.G.); (M.G.)
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11
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Miller ZA, Mueller A, Kim T, Jolivert JF, Ma RZ, Muthuswami S, Park A, McMahon DB, Nead KT, Carey RM, Lee RJ. Lidocaine induces apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through activation of bitter taste receptor T2R14. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113437. [PMID: 37995679 PMCID: PMC10842818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) have high mortality and significant treatment-related morbidity. It is vital to discover effective, minimally invasive therapies that improve survival and quality of life. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are expressed in HNSCCs, and T2R activation can induce apoptosis. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that also activates bitter taste receptor 14 (T2R14). Lidocaine has some anti-cancer effects, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we find that lidocaine causes intracellular Ca2+ mobilization through activation of T2R14 in HNSCC cells. T2R14 activation with lidocaine depolarizes mitochondria, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis. Concomitant with mitochondrial Ca2+ influx, ROS production causes T2R14-dependent accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, suggesting that proteasome inhibition contributes to T2R14-induced apoptosis. Lidocaine may have therapeutic potential in HNSCCs as a topical gel or intratumor injection. In addition, we find that HPV-associated (HPV+) HNSCCs are associated with increased TAS2R14 expression. Lidocaine treatment may benefit these patients, warranting future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey A Miller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arielle Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - TaeBeom Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer F Jolivert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ray Z Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sahil Muthuswami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - April Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Nead
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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12
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Staníková D, Krajčovičová L, Lobotková D, Vitariušová E, Tichá Ľ, Pribilincová Z, Ukropcová B, Ukropec J, Staník J. Thyroid hormone levels and BMI-SDS changes in adolescents with obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1304970. [PMID: 38169759 PMCID: PMC10758615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1304970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormones play an important role in energy metabolism and weight control, explained mostly by inducing thermogenesis and increasing basal metabolic rate. It has recently been shown that FT4 levels are associated with food preferences, which might also play a role in modulating body weight. The aim of this longitudinal follow-up study was to analyze the relationship of thyroid hormones levels (FT4, TSH) at baseline with weight/BMI-SDS changes in children and adolescents with obesity. Methods Three hundred seventy-seven children and adolescents have been enrolled to this study and followed up without a systematic intervention program for 5.59 ± 1.85months. Children and adolescents were divided into three subgroups: 1) 144 adolescents with obesity (15-19 years), 2) 213 children with obesity (10-14.9 years), and 3) 20 lean adolescents (15-19 years). Thyroid hormones were measured at the baseline, and anthropometry was performed at the baseline and during the follow-up. For further analyses, participants were divided according to the BMI-SDS change into two groups: 1. with BMI-SDS decrease, and 2. with BMI-SDS increase. Results Adolescents with obesity from the BMI-SDS decrease group had significantly lower baseline serum levels of TSH compared to the BMI-SDS increase group (2.4 ± 1.0 vs. 3.2 ± 2.0mIU/l; p=0.005). Similar difference was found for FT4 levels (14.7 ± 2.2 in the BMI-SDS decrease group vs. 15.5 ± 2.7pmol/l in the BMI-SDS increase group, p=0.048). Moreover, the BMI-SDS decrease was present in significantly higher percentage of adolescents with obesity with lower than median TSH level compared to those with higher than median TSH level at baseline (61.1% vs 38.6%, p=0.011). Likewise, the BMI-SDS decrease was present in significantly higher percentage of adolescent females with obesity and lower than median FT4 compared to those with higher than median FT4 level at baseline (70.6% vs. 23.5%, p<0.001). No associations of baseline thyroid hormones with the BMI-SDS change were observed in children with obesity or lean adolescents. Conclusion Adolescents with obesity and increased BMI-SDS during the follow-up had significantly higher baseline levels of both TSH and FT4 compared to BMI-SDS decrease group. These results support the previous findings that higher FT4 in individuals with obesity may influence weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Staníková
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and National Institute for Children´s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Metabolic Research, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lea Krajčovičová
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and National Institute for Children´s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Lobotková
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and National Institute for Children´s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Vitariušová
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and National Institute for Children´s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Tichá
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and National Institute for Children´s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Pribilincová
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and National Institute for Children´s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Department of Metabolic Research, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Department of Metabolic Research, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Staník
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and National Institute for Children´s Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Metabolic Research, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Chia CW, Yeager SM, Egan JM. Endocrinology of Taste with Aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:295-315. [PMID: 36948781 PMCID: PMC10037529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Taste is one of our five primary senses, and taste impairment has been shown to increase with aging. The ability to taste allows us to enjoy the food we eat and to avoid foods that are potentially spoiled or poisonous. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of taste receptor cells located within taste buds help us decipher how taste works. The discoveries of "classic" endocrine hormones in taste receptor cells point toward taste buds being actual endocrine organs. A better understanding of how taste works may help in reversing taste impairment associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM536, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Shayna M Yeager
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM547, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM527, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
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14
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Costa MM, Da Silva AP, Santos C, Ferreira J, Mascarenhas MR, Bicho M, Barbosa AP. Influence of the TAS2R38 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Metabolism and Anthropometry in Thyroid Dysfunction. Nutrients 2023; 15:2214. [PMID: 37432370 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene TAS2R38 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs-P49A, A262V and V296I) can condition bitter tasting by PAV (proline-alanine-valine) and non-bitter-tasting by AVI (alanine-valine-isoleucine) homozygosity. We evaluated this polymorphisms association with thyroid function, metabolism and anthropometry parameters determined by: Endpoint analysis (SNPs); DXA (fat mass-%, total fat mass-kg, lean mass-kg); Standard methods (lipid metabolism parameters, HbA1c-%, glycemia-mg/dL, insulinemia-µIU/mL, HOMA-IR, uricemia-mg/dL, calcemia-mg/dL and BMI-kg/m2); ELISA (leptinemia-ng/mL); Spectrophotometry (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme activity-UI/L). Statistics: SPSS program; OR [IC95%]; p < 0.05. Sample: 114 hypothyroid, 49 hyperthyroid, and 179 controls. An association between A262V-valine-valine and hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism was verified (OR = 2.841; IC95% [1.726-4.676]), p < 0.001/OR = 8.915; IC95% [4.286-18.543]), p < 0.001). Protector effect from thyroid dysfunction: A262V-alanine-valine (OR = 0.467; IC95% [0.289-0.757], p = 0.002/OR = 0.132; IC95% [0.056-0.309], p < 0.001) and PAV (OR = 0.456; IC95% [0.282-0.737], p = 0.001/OR = 0.101; IC95% [0.041-0.250], p < 0.001). Higher parameter values associated with genotypes were: fat-mass-% (V296I-valine-isoleucine), lean-mass (P49A-proline-proline; PVI), leptin (AVI), HbA1c (A262V-alanine-valine) and lower values in lean-Mass (AVI; PVV), leptin (A262V-alanine-alanine), HbA1c (PVV), uricemia (V296I-valine-isoleucine), glycemia (A262V-alanine-alanine; AAV) and plasma triglycerides (PVV). In conclusion, TAS2R38 influences thyroid function, body composition and metabolism. Bitter taste perception (PAV) and the genotype A262V-alanine-valine can protect from thyroid dysfunction. AVV, PVV and genotype A262V-valine-valine may confer higher predisposition for thyroid dysfunction, particularly PVV for hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mendes Costa
- Ecogenetics and Human Health Unity, Institute for Environmental Health (ISAMB), Genetics Laboratory, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alda Pereira Da Silva
- Ecogenetics and Human Health Unity, Institute for Environmental Health (ISAMB), Genetics Laboratory, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic for General and Family Medicine, Lisbon University,1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Santos
- Ecogenetics and Human Health Unity, Institute for Environmental Health (ISAMB), Genetics Laboratory, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Ferreira
- Ecogenetics and Human Health Unity, Institute for Environmental Health (ISAMB), Genetics Laboratory, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute for Scientific Research Bento Rocha Cabral, Calçada Bento da Rocha Cabral 14, 1250-012 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário Rui Mascarenhas
- Ecogenetics and Human Health Unity, Institute for Environmental Health (ISAMB), Genetics Laboratory, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Clinic of Endocrinology (CEDML), Diabetes and Metabolism of Lisbon Lda, 1050-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel Bicho
- Ecogenetics and Human Health Unity, Institute for Environmental Health (ISAMB), Genetics Laboratory, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute for Scientific Research Bento Rocha Cabral, Calçada Bento da Rocha Cabral 14, 1250-012 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Barbosa
- Ecogenetics and Human Health Unity, Institute for Environmental Health (ISAMB), Genetics Laboratory, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Clinic of Endocrinology (CEDML), Diabetes and Metabolism of Lisbon Lda, 1050-017 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic of Endocrinology, Lisbon University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Tokmakova A, Kim D, Guthrie B, Kim SK, Goddard WA, Liggett SB. Predicted structure and cell signaling of TAS2R14 reveal receptor hyper-flexibility for detecting diverse bitter tastes. iScience 2023; 26:106422. [PMID: 37096045 PMCID: PMC10121769 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The 25 human bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are expressed on taste and extra-oral cells representing an integrated chemosensory system. The archetypal TAS2R14 is activated by > 150 topographically diverse agonists, raising the question of how this uncharacteristic accommodation is achieved for these GPCRs. We report the computationally derived structure of TAS2R14 with binding sites and energies for five highly diverse agonists. Remarkably, the binding pocket is the same for all five agonists. The energies derived from molecular dynamics are consistent with experiments determining signal transduction coefficients in live cells. TAS2R14 accommodates agonists through the breaking of a TMD3 H-bond instead of the prototypic strong salt bridge, a TMD1,2,7 interaction different from Class A GPCRs, and agonist-promoted TMD3 salt bridges for high affinity (which we confirmed by receptor mutagenesis). Thus, the broadly tuned TAS2Rs accommodate diverse agonists via a single (vs multiple) binding pocket through unique TM interactions for sensing disparate micro-environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Tokmakova
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Donghwa Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine and Genomics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brian Guthrie
- Cargill Global Food Research Center, Wayzata, MN 55391, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Stephen B. Liggett
- Department of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine and Genomics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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16
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Welcome MO, Dogo D, Nikos E Mastorakis. Cellular mechanisms and molecular pathways linking bitter taste receptor signalling to cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia and contractile dysfunction in heart diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:89-117. [PMID: 36471190 PMCID: PMC9734786 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart diseases and related complications constitute a leading cause of death and socioeconomic threat worldwide. Despite intense efforts and research on the pathogenetic mechanisms of these diseases, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are yet to be completely understood. Several lines of evidence indicate a critical role of inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in the development and progression of heart diseases. Nevertheless, the molecular machinery that drives cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress is not completely known. Recent data suggest an important role of cardiac bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in the pathogenetic mechanism of heart diseases. Independent groups of researchers have demonstrated a central role of TAS2Rs in mediating inflammatory, oxidative stress responses, autophagy, impulse generation/propagation and contractile activities in the heart, suggesting that dysfunctional TAS2R signalling may predispose to cardiac inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders, characterised by contractile dysfunction and arrhythmia. Moreover, cardiac TAS2Rs act as gateway surveillance units that monitor and detect toxigenic or pathogenic molecules, including microbial components, and initiate responses that ultimately culminate in protection of the host against the aggression. Unfortunately, however, the molecular mechanisms that link TAS2R sensing of the cardiac milieu to inflammatory and oxidative stress responses are not clearly known. Therefore, we sought to review the possible role of TAS2R signalling in the pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia and contractile dysfunction in heart diseases. Potential therapeutic significance of targeting TAS2R or its downstream signalling molecules in cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia and contractile dysfunction is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Plot 681 Cadastral Zone, C-00 Research and Institution Area, Jabi Airport Road Bypass, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Dilli Dogo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nikos E Mastorakis
- Technical University of Sofia, Klement Ohridksi 8, Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria
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17
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Yamaki M, Saito H, Mimori T, Suzuki Y, Nagasaki M, Suzuki K, Satoh-Kuriwada S, Shoji N, Isono K, Goto T, Shirakawa H, Komai M. Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism of Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R38 and TAS2R46, and Its Relationship with Eating and Drinking Habits in Japanese ToMMo Subjects. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:347-356. [PMID: 37940575 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Human type 2 taste receptor (TAS2R) genes encode bitter-taste receptors that are activated by various bitter ligands. It has been said that TAS2R38 may detect bitter substances and then suppress their intake by controlling gustatory or digestive responses. The major haplotypes of TAS2R38 involve three non-synonymous, closely-linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), leading to three amino acid substitutions (A49P, V262A and I296V) and resulting in a PAV or AVI allele. The allele frequency of AVI/PAV was 0.42/0.58 in this study. The genotype frequency distributions of TAS2R38 were 18.32%, 46.95% and 33.95% for AVI/AVI, AVI/PAV and PAV/PAV, respectively, and were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Five haplotype combinations of minor alleles were identified: AVI/AAV, AVI/AVV, AAI/PAV, AVI/PVV, AVI/AAI, with corresponding frequencies of 0.49%, 0.10%, 0.10%, 0.05%, 0.05%, respectively, in 2,047 Japanese Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (ToMMo) subjects (2KJPN). The 16 subjects with these minor alleles were excluded from the questionnaire analysis, which found no significant differences among the major TAS2R38 genotypes (AVI/AVI, AVI/PAV and PAV/PAV) in the intake frequency of cruciferous vegetables or in the frequency of drinking alcohol. This result differs from previous data using American and European subjects. This is the first study to analyze the relationship between TAS2R38 genotype and the eating and drinking habits of Japanese subjects. It was also shown that there were no relationships at all between the genetic polymorphism of TAS2R46 and the phenotypes such as clinical BMI, eating and drinking habits among the 3 genotypes of TAS2R46 (∗/∗, ∗/W, W/W) at position W250∗ (∗stop codon).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yamaki
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
- Department of Home Economics, Division of Health and Nutrition, Tohoku Seikatsu Bunka University
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | | | - Yoichi Suzuki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | | | - Shizuko Satoh-Kuriwada
- Department of Disease Management Dentistry, Division of Comprehensive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Noriaki Shoji
- Department of Disease Management Dentistry, Division of Dental Informatics and Radiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Kunio Isono
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Tomoko Goto
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
- Faculty of Human Life Science, Miyagi Gakuin Women's University
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Michio Komai
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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Wooding SP, Ramirez VA. Global population genetics and diversity in the TAS2R bitter taste receptor family. Front Genet 2022; 13:952299. [PMID: 36303543 PMCID: PMC9592824 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.952299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are noted for their role in perception, and mounting evidence suggests that they mediate responses to compounds entering airways, gut, and other tissues. The importance of these roles suggests that TAS2Rs have been under pressure from natural selection. To determine the extent of variation in TAS2Rs on a global scale and its implications for human evolution and behavior, we analyzed patterns of diversity in the complete 25 gene repertoire of human TAS2Rs in ∼2,500 subjects representing worldwide populations. Across the TAS2R family as a whole, we observed 721 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including 494 nonsynonymous SNPs along with 40 indels and gained and lost start and stop codons. In addition, computational predictions identified 169 variants particularly likely to affect receptor function, making them candidate sources of phenotypic variation. Diversity levels ranged widely among loci, with the number of segregating sites ranging from 17 to 41 with a mean of 32 among genes and per nucleotide heterozygosity (π) ranging from 0.02% to 0.36% with a mean of 0.12%. FST ranged from 0.01 to 0.26 with a mean of 0.13, pointing to modest differentiation among populations. Comparisons of observed π and FST values with their genome wide distributions revealed that most fell between the 5th and 95th percentiles and were thus consistent with expectations. Further, tests for natural selection using Tajima’s D statistic revealed only two loci departing from expectations given D’s genome wide distribution. These patterns are consistent with an overall relaxation of selective pressure on TAS2Rs in the course of recent human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Wooding
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen P. Wooding,
| | - Vicente A. Ramirez
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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19
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Kang W, Wang Y, Li J, Xie W, Zhao D, Wu L, Wang H, Xie S. TAS2R supports odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells in the inflammatory microenvironment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:374. [PMID: 35902880 PMCID: PMC9331142 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory microenvironment promotes odontoblastic differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), but the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of TAS2R in odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs in the inflammatory microenvironment. Methods Microarray analysis was performed to explore the differential mRNA profiles in inflammatory and healthy pulp tissues from the patients. hDPSCs isolated from the healthy pulp tissues were stimulated by LPS, TNFα and IL-6, respectively, to verify the effect of TAS2R. The expression markers related to odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs were observed by qPCR and chemical staining methods. TAS2R10 was overexpressed or silenced to observe the effect on odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs under LPS stimulation. The G protein and intracellular Ca2+ were detected, respectively, by qPCR and Fluo-4AM Ca2+ fluorescent probe. Results The expression of TAS2R was significantly upregulated in the inflammatory pulp tissues. In vitro, 5 subtypes of TAS2R mRNA expressions including TAS2R10, TAS2R14, TAS2R19, TAS2R30 and TAS2R31 in hDPSCs increased under the stimulation of LPS, TNFα or IL-6. In odontoblastic differentiation medium, we found LPS, TNFα or IL-6 stimulation promoted odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs. TAS2R10 overexpression in hDPSCs significantly increased the expression markers related to odontoblastic differentiation, whereas TAS2R10 silencing revealed the opposite effect. Furthermore, G protein was activated, and at the same time, intracellular Ca2+ enhanced when TAS2R10 was overexpressed, but decreased when TAS2R10 was silenced. Conclusions This study demonstrated that TAS2R was found to be expressed in hDPSCs, and TAS2R promoted odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs by mediating the increase in intracellular Ca2+ via the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) conventional signaling pathway in inflammatory microenvironment, which may be a potential target for the development of effective conservative treatments for dental pulp repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kang
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Weige Xie
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Sijing Xie
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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20
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Prakrithi P, Jha P, Jaiswal J, Sharma D, Bhoyar RC, Jain A, Imran M, Senthilvel V, Divakar MK, Mishra A, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S, Mukerji M. Landscape of Variability in Chemosensory Genes Associated With Dietary Preferences in Indian Population: Analysis of 1029 Indian Genomes. Front Genet 2022; 13:878134. [PMID: 35903357 PMCID: PMC9315315 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.878134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception and preferences for food and beverages determine dietary behaviour and health outcomes. Inherent differences in chemosensory genes, ethnicity, geo-climatic conditions, and sociocultural practices are other determinants. We aimed to study the variation landscape of chemosensory genes involved in perception of taste, texture, odour, temperature and burning sensations through analysis of 1,029 genomes of the IndiGen project and diverse continental populations. SNPs from 80 chemosensory genes were studied in whole genomes of 1,029 IndiGen samples and 2054 from the 1000 Genomes project. Population genetics approaches were used to infer ancestry of IndiGen individuals, gene divergence and extent of differentiation among studied populations. 137,760 SNPs including common and rare variants were identified in IndiGenomes with 62,950 novel (46%) and 48% shared with the 1,000 Genomes. Genes associated with olfaction harbored most SNPs followed by those associated with differences in perception of salt and pungent tastes. Across species, receptors for bitter taste were the most diverse compared to others. Three predominant ancestry groups within IndiGen were identified based on population structure analysis. We also identified 1,184 variants that exhibit differences in frequency of derived alleles and high population differentiation (FST ≥0.3) in Indian populations compared to European, East Asian and African populations. Examples include ADCY10, TRPV1, RGS6, OR7D4, ITPR3, OPRM1, TCF7L2, and RUNX1. This is a first of its kind of study on baseline variations in genes that could govern cuisine designs, dietary preferences and health outcomes. This would be of enormous utility in dietary recommendations for precision nutrition both at population and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Prakrithi
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Jha
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Pankaj Jha, ; Mitali Mukerji,
| | - Jushta Jaiswal
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Disha Sharma
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rahul C. Bhoyar
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Abhinav Jain
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mohamed Imran
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vigneshwar Senthilvel
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Divakar
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anushree Mishra
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mitali Mukerji
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, India
- *Correspondence: Pankaj Jha, ; Mitali Mukerji,
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21
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Borkowska E, Łaszczych M, Nowicka Z, Pietruszewska W. TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137345. [PMID: 35806350 PMCID: PMC9266535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown differences in TAS2R38 receptor expression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) compared to healthy controls. Known agonists of TAS2R38 stimulate epithelial cells, leading to robust intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production, which damages bacterial membranes, enzymes, and DNA, but also increases ciliary beat frequency. In this study we examined, using qRT-PCR, the expression of TAS2R38 receptor in nasal polyps (NP) of patients with CRS (N = 107) and in inferior turbinate mucosa (ITM) of patients with CRS and controls (N = 39), and confronted it with clinical features and the severity of the disease. The expression was shown in 43 (50.00%) samples of ITM in the study group (N = 107), in 28 (71.79%) in the control group (N = 39) (p = 0.037), and in 43 (46.24%) of NP. There were no differences in levels of the expression in all analyzed tissues. Patients who rated their symptoms at 0–3 showed higher TAS2R38 expression in ITM in comparison to the patients with 8–10 points on the VAS scale (p = 0.020). A noticeable, however not significant, correlation between the TAS2R38 expression in ITM and the Lund–Mackay CT score was shown (p = 0.068; R = −0.28). Patients with coexisting asthma had significantly higher receptor expression in the NP (p = 0.012). Our study is the first to confirm the presence of the TAS2R38 receptor in NP. Expression of the TAS2R38 receptor is reduced in the sinonasal mucosa in patients with more advanced CRS with NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-501-785470
| | - Edyta Borkowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Łaszczych
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zuzanna Nowicka
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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22
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Carey RM, Kim T, Cohen NA, Lee RJ, Nead KT. Impact of sweet, umami, and bitter taste receptor (TAS1R and TAS2R) genomic and expression alterations in solid tumors on survival. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8937. [PMID: 35624283 PMCID: PMC9142493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally identified on the tongue for their chemosensory role, the receptors for sweet, umami, and bitter taste are expressed in some cancers where they regulate important cellular processes including apoptosis and proliferation. We examined DNA mutations (n = 5103), structural variation (n = 7545), and expression (n = 6224) of genes encoding sweet or umami receptors (TAS1Rs) and bitter receptors (TAS2Rs) in 45 solid tumors subtypes compared to corresponding normal tissue using The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype Tissue Expression Project databases. Expression of TAS1R and TAS2R genes differed between normal and cancer tissue, and nonsilent mutations occurred in many solid tumor taste receptor genes (~ 1-7%). Expression levels of certain TAS1Rs/TAS2Rs were associated with survival differences in 12 solid tumor subtypes. Increased TAS1R1 expression was associated with improved survival in lung adenocarcinoma (mean survival difference + 1185 days, p = 0.0191). Increased TAS2R14 expression was associated with worse survival in adrenocortical carcinoma (-1757 days, p < 0.001) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (-640 days, p = 0.0041), but improved survival in non-papillary bladder cancer (+ 343 days, p = 0.0436). Certain taste receptor genes may be associated with important oncologic pathways and could serve as biomarkers for disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 5th floor Ravdin Suite A, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - TaeBeom Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 5th floor Ravdin Suite A, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 5th floor Ravdin Suite A, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin T Nead
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Gradinaru TC, Petran M, Dragos D, Gilca M. PlantMolecularTasteDB: A Database of Taste Active Phytochemicals. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:751712. [PMID: 35095484 PMCID: PMC8789873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.751712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Gradinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Petran
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dorin Dragos
- Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,1st Internal Medicine Clinic, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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24
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Staníková D, Krajčovičová L, Demková L, Forišek-Paulová P, Slobodová L, Vitariušová E, Tichá L, Ukropcová B, Staník J, Ukropec J. Food preferences and thyroid hormones in children and adolescents with obesity. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:962949. [PMID: 35935441 PMCID: PMC9354398 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.962949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones profoundly affect energy metabolism but their interrelation with food preference, which might contribute to childhood obesity development, are much less understood. In this study, we investigated if thyroid hormone levels are associated with specific modulation of food preference and potentially linked to the level of obesity in children and adolescents. METHODS Interrelations between food preference and peripheral thyroid activity were examined in a population of 99 non-obese and 101 obese children and adolescents (12.8 ± 3.6 years of age, 111/89 F/M) randomly selected from the patients of the Obesity and Metabolic Disease Out-patient Research Unit at National Institute for Children's Diseases in Bratislava in a period between December 2017 and March 2020. RESULTS Children and adolescents with obesity had a lower preference for food rich in high sucrose and high-complex carbohydrates, while the preference for protein and fat-containing food and that for dietary fibers did not differ between obese and nonobese. In adolescents with obesity, free thyroxine (FT4) correlated positively with the preference for a high protein and high fat-rich diet, irrespective of the fatty acid unsaturation level. Moreover, FT4 correlated negatively with the preference for dietary fibers, which has been also exclusively found in obese adolescents. Individuals with obesity with higher FT4 levels had higher systemic levels of AST and ALT than the population with lower FT4. Multiple regression analysis with age, sex, BMI-SDS, and FT4 as covariates revealed that FT4 and male gender are the major predictors of variability in the preference for a diet high in protein, fat, and monounsaturated fatty acids. FT4 was the sole predictor of the preference for a diet containing saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as for a diet low in fiber. CONCLUSION The link between free thyroxin levels and dietary preference for food rich in fat and protein is present exclusively in individuals with obesity. Higher serum FT4 was linked with elevated AST and ALT in children and adolescents with obesity, and FT4 was the best predictor for preference for food rich in fat and low in fiber. This may indicate that FT4 could contribute to the development of childhood obesity and its complications by modulating food preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Staníková
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, National Institute for Children's Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lea Krajčovičová
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, National Institute for Children's Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Linda Demková
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, National Institute for Children's Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petronela Forišek-Paulová
- Department of Metabolic Disease Research, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Slobodová
- Department of Metabolic Disease Research, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Vitariušová
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, National Institute for Children's Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Tichá
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, National Institute for Children's Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Department of Metabolic Disease Research, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Medical Faculty of Comenius University, Institute of Pathophysiology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Staník
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, National Institute for Children's Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Metabolic Disease Research, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Department of Metabolic Disease Research, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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25
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Tiroch J, Sterneder S, Di Pizio A, Lieder B, Hoelz K, Holik AK, Pignitter M, Behrens M, Somoza M, Ley JP, Somoza V. Bitter Sensing TAS2R50 Mediates the trans-Resveratrol-Induced Anti-inflammatory Effect on Interleukin 6 Release in HGF-1 Cells in Culture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13339-13349. [PMID: 33461297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent data have shown anti-inflammatory effects for trans-resveratrol (RSV) and rosmarinic acid (RA) in various immune-competent cell models through reduction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) release. Because both compounds have been reported to taste bitter, we hypothesized an involvement of human bitter taste sensing receptors (TAS2Rs) on IL-6 release in LPS-treated human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1). First, the bitter taste intensity of RSV and RA was compared in a sensory trial with 10 untrained panelists, of whom 90% rated a 50 ppm of RSV in water solution more bitter than 50 ppm of RA. A mean 19 ± 6% reduction of the RSV-induced bitter taste intensity was achieved by co-administration of 50 ppm of the bitter-masking, TAS2R43 antagonist homoeriodictyol (HED). Mechanistic experiments in a stably CRISPR-Cas9-edited TAS2R43ko gastric cell model revealed involvement of TAS2R43 in the HED-evoked effect on RSV-induced proton secretion, whereas the cellular response to RSV did not depend upon TAS2R43. Next, the IL-6 modulatory effect of 100 μM RSV was studied in LPS-treated immune-competent HGF-1 cells. After 6 h of treatment, RSV reduced the LPS-induced IL-6 gene expression and protein release by -46.2 ± 12.7 and -73.9 ± 2.99%, respectively. This RSV-evoked effect was abolished by co-administration of HED. Because real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed a regulation of TAS2R50 in RSV with or without HED-treated HGF-1 cells, an siRNA knockdown approach of TAS2R50 was applied to verify TAS2R50 involvement in the RSV-induced reduction of the LPS-evoked IL-6 release in HGT-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tiroch
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Sterneder
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Lieder
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Hoelz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ann-Katrin Holik
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mark Somoza
- Leibniz-Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Leibniz-Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Chair for Nutritional Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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26
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Thomas DC, Chablani D, Parekh S, Pichammal RC, Shanmugasundaram K, Pitchumani PK. Dysgeusia: A review in the context of COVID-19. J Am Dent Assoc 2021; 153:251-264. [PMID: 34799014 PMCID: PMC8595926 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Taste disorders in general, and dysgeusia in particular, are relatively common disorders that may be a sign of a more complex acute or chronic medical condition. During the COVID-19 pandemic, taste disorders have found their way into the realm of general as well as specialty dentistry, with significance in screening for patients who potentially may have the virus. Types of Studies Reviewed The authors searched electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) for studies focused on dysgeusia, ageusia, and other taste disorders and their relationship to local and systemic causes. Results The authors found pertinent literature explaining the normal physiology of taste sensation, proposals for suggested new tastes, presence of gustatory receptors in remote tissues of the body, and etiology and pathophysiology of taste disorders, in addition to the valuable knowledge gained about gustatory disorders in the context of COVID-19. Along with olfactory disorders, taste disorders are one of the earliest suggestive symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Conclusions Gustatory disorders are the result of local or systemic etiology or both. Newer taste sensations, such as calcium and fat tastes, have been discovered, as well as taste receptors that are remote from the oropharyngeal area. Literature published during the COVID-19 pandemic to date reinforces the significance of early detection of potential patients with COVID-19 by means of screening for recent-onset taste disorders. Practical Implications Timely screening and identification of potential gustatory disorders are paramount for the dental care practitioner to aid in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 and other serious systemic disorders.
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27
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Bitter Taste Receptors Expression in Human Granulosa and Cumulus Cells: New Perspectives in Female Fertility. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113127. [PMID: 34831350 PMCID: PMC8619861 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2RS) expression is not restricted to the oral cavity and the presence of these receptors in the male reproductive system and sperm provides insights into their possible role in human reproduction. To elucidate the potential role of TAS2Rs in the female reproductive system, we investigated the expression and localization of bitter taste receptors and the components of signal transduction cascade involved in the pathway of taste receptors in somatic follicular cells obtained from women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. We found that TAS2R genes are expressed in both cumulus (CCs) and granulosa (GCs) cells, with TAS2R14 being the most highly expressed bitter receptor subtype. Interestingly, a slight increase in the expression of TAS2R14 and TAS2R43 was shown in both GCs and CCs in young women (p < 0.05), while a negative correlation may be established between the number of oocytes collected at the pickup and the expression of TAS2R43. Regarding α-gustducin and α-transducin, two Gα subunits expressed in the taste buds on the tongue, we provide evidence for their expression in CCs and GCs, with α-gustducin showing two additional isoforms in GCs. Finally, we shed light on the possible downstream transduction pathway initiated by taste receptor activation in the female reproductive system. Our study, showing for the first time the expression of taste receptors in the somatic ovarian follicle cells, significantly extends the current knowledge of the biological role of TAS2Rs for human female fertility.
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28
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D'Urso O, Drago F. Pharmacological significance of extra-oral taste receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174480. [PMID: 34496302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that taste receptors, in addition to being present in the oral cavity, exist in various extra-oral organs and tissues such as the thyroid, lungs, skin, stomach, intestines, and pancreas. Although their physiological function is not yet fully understood, it appears that they can help regulate the body's homeostasis and provide an additional defense function against pathogens. Since the vast majority of drugs are bitter, the greatest pharmacological interest is in the bitter taste receptors. In this review, we describe how bitter taste 2 receptors (TAS2Rs) induce bronchodilation and mucociliary clearance in the airways, muscle relaxation in various tissues, inhibition of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in thyrocytes, and release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin in the digestive system. In fact, substances such as dextromethorphan, chloroquine, methimazole and probably glimepiride, being agonists of TAS2Rs, lead to these effects. TAS2Rs and taste 1 receptors (TAS1R2/3) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). TAS1R2/3 are responsible for sweet taste perception and may induce GLP-1 release and insulin secretion. Umami taste receptors, belonging to the same superfamily of receptors, perform a similar function with regard to insulin. The sour and salty taste receptors work in a similar way, both being channel receptors sensitive to amiloride. Finally, gene-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and GPR120 for fatty taste perception are also protein-coupled receptors and may induce GLP-1 secretion and insulin release, similar to those of other receptors belonging to the same superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio D'Urso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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29
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Abstract
Bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs), belonging to the subgroup of family A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are of crucial importance in the perception of bitterness. Although in the first instance, TAS2Rs were considered to be exclusively distributed in the apical microvilli of taste bud cells, numerous studies have detected these sensory receptor proteins in several extra-oral tissues, such as in pancreatic or ovarian tissues, as well as in their corresponding malignancies. Critical points of extra-oral TAS2Rs biology, such as their structure, roles, signaling transduction pathways, extensive mutational polymorphism, and molecular evolution, have been currently broadly studied. The TAS2R cascade, for instance, has been recently considered to be a pivotal modulator of a number of (patho)physiological processes, including adipogenesis or carcinogenesis. The latest advances in taste receptor biology further raise the possibility of utilizing TAS2Rs as a therapeutic target or as an informative index to predict treatment responses in various disorders. Thus, the focus of this review is to provide an update on the expression and molecular basis of TAS2Rs functions in distinct extra-oral tissues in health and disease. We shall also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel TAS2Rs targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Tuzim
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Korolczuk
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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30
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Wooding SP, Ramirez VA, Behrens M. Bitter taste receptors: Genes, evolution and health. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:431-447. [PMID: 35154779 PMCID: PMC8830313 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste perception plays vital roles in animal behavior and fitness. By signaling the presence of toxins in foods, particularly noxious defense compounds found in plants, it enables animals to avoid exposure. In vertebrates, bitter perception is initiated by TAS2Rs, a family of G protein-coupled receptors expressed on the surface of taste buds. There, oriented toward the interior of the mouth, they monitor the contents of foods, drinks and other substances as they are ingested. When bitter compounds are encountered, TAS2Rs respond by triggering neural pathways leading to sensation. The importance of this role placed TAS2Rs under selective pressures in the course of their evolution, leaving signatures in patterns of gene gain and loss, sequence polymorphism, and population structure consistent with vertebrates' diverse feeding ecologies. The protective value of bitter taste is reduced in modern humans because contemporary food supplies are safe and abundant. However, this is not always the case. Some crops, particularly in the developing world, retain surprisingly high toxicity and bitterness remains an important measure of safety. Bitter perception also shapes health through its influence on preference driven behaviors such as diet choice, alcohol intake and tobacco use. Further, allelic variation in TAS2Rs is extensive, leading to individual differences in taste sensitivity that drive these behaviors, shaping susceptibility to disease. Thus, bitter taste perception occupies a critical intersection between ancient evolutionary processes and modern human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Wooding
- Department of Anthropology and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Vicente A Ramirez
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Maik Behrens
- Maik Behrens, Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Yang MY, Kim SK, Kim D, Liggett SB, Goddard WA. Structures and Agonist Binding Sites of Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R5 Complexed with Gi Protein and Validated against Experiment. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9293-9300. [PMID: 34542294 PMCID: PMC8650975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) function in taste perception, but are also expressed in many extraoral tissues, presenting attractive therapeutic targets. TAS2R5s expressed on human airway smooth muscle cells can induce bronchodilation for treating asthma and other obstructive diseases. But TAS2R5s display low agonist affinity and the lack of a 3D structure has hindered efforts to design more active ligands. We report the structure of the activated TAS2R5 coupled to the Gi protein and bound to each of 19 agonists, using computational approaches. These agonists bind to two polar residues in TM3 that are unique for TAS2R5 among 25 TAS2R subtypes. Our predicted results correlate well with experimental results of agonist-receptor signaling coefficients, providing validation of the predicted structure. These results provide highly specific data on how agonists activate TAS2R5, how modifications of ligand structure alter receptor activation, and a guide to structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Yang
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125
| | - Donghwa Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33602
| | - Stephen B. Liggett
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33602
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical Engineering, and Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33602
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125
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Qiu K, Li K, Zeng T, Liao Y, Min J, Zhang N, Peng M, Kong W, Chen LL. Integrative Analyses of Genes Associated with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8263829. [PMID: 34493981 PMCID: PMC8418929 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8263829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is a common autoimmune thyroiditis, which mostly occurs in young and middle-aged women. It can be manifested as hyperthyroidism in the early stage; hypothyroidism may appear with the progression of the disease. Studies have shown that multiple factors such as heredity, environment, and autoimmunity are involved in the pathogenesis, but the specific mechanism is not clear. In our study, we tried to find key genes and potential molecular mechanisms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis to provide new ideas for the therapeutic targets of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. METHOD GSE138198 and GSE54958 were downloaded from the GEO database, and two datasets were combined for analysis. The combined data were normalized to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and hub genes between DEGs were identified. We also used the miRWalk database to identify regulatory miRNAs associated with expressions of DEGs. RESULT We identified 182 DEGs (160 upregulated and 22 downregulated) between Hashimoto's disease patients and the healthy control group. GO analysis showed that DEGs were mostly concentrated in detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception, intermediate filament cytoskeleton, and olfactory receptor activity. KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs were mainly related to olfactory transduction. Some members of the KRTAP family and HTR5A, KNG1, DRD3, HTR1D, TAS2R16, INSL5, TAS2R42, and GRM7 are the most important hub genes in the PPI network. In addition, we recognized that OTUD4, LLPH, and ECHDC1 were the most important hub genes in the miRNA-target gene network. CONCLUSION In this study, a series of bioinformatics analyses of DEGs were performed to identify the key genes and pathways associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. These genes and pathways provide a more detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's disease and provide new ideas for the therapeutic targets of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kai Li
- Network and Computing Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yunfei Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Miaomiao Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lu-lu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
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Harmon CP, Deng D, Breslin PA. Bitter Taste Receptors (T2Rs) are Sentinels that Coordinate Metabolic and Immunological Defense Responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 20:70-76. [PMID: 33738371 PMCID: PMC7963268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being responsible for bitter taste, type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs) regulate endocrine, behavioral, and immunological responses. T2R agonists include indicators of incoming threats to metabolic homeostasis, pathogens, and irritants. This review will provide an overview of T2R-regulated processes throughout the body that function defensively. We propose a broader definition of T2Rs as chemosensory sentinels that monitor toxic, metabolic, and infectious threats and initiate defensive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P. Harmon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Daiyong Deng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Paul A.S. Breslin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ali MA, Wang Y, Qin Z, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Zeng C. Odorant and Taste Receptors in Sperm Chemotaxis and Cryopreservation: Roles and Implications in Sperm Capacitation, Motility and Fertility. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040488. [PMID: 33801624 PMCID: PMC8065900 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm chemotaxis, which guide sperm toward oocyte, is tightly associated with sperm capacitation, motility, and fertility. However, the molecular mechanism of sperm chemotaxis is not known. Reproductive odorant and taste receptors, belong to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) super-family, cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration which is pre-requisite for sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction, and result in sperm hyperpolarization and increase motility through activation of Ca2+-dependent Cl¯ channels. Recently, odorant receptors (ORs) in olfactory transduction pathway were thought to be associated with post-thaw sperm motility, freeze tolerance or freezability and cryo-capacitation-like change during cryopreservation. Investigation of the roles of odorant and taste receptors (TRs) is important for our understanding of the freeze tolerance or freezability mechanism and improve the motility and fertility of post-thaw sperm. Here, we reviewed the roles, mode of action, impact of odorant and taste receptors on sperm chemotaxis and post-thaw sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Ahsan Ali
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Theriogenology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan;
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ziyue Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiang Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Changjun Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.W.); (Z.Q.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-28-86291010
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Margulis E, Dagan-Wiener A, Ives RS, Jaffari S, Siems K, Niv MY. Intense bitterness of molecules: Machine learning for expediting drug discovery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:568-576. [PMID: 33510862 PMCID: PMC7807207 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development is a long, expensive and multistage process geared to achieving safe drugs with high efficacy. A crucial prerequisite for completing the medication regimen for oral drugs, particularly for pediatric and geriatric populations, is achieving taste that does not hinder compliance. Currently, the aversive taste of drugs is tested in late stages of clinical trials. This can result in the need to reformulate, potentially resulting in the use of more animals for additional toxicity trials, increased financial costs and a delay in release to the market. Here we present BitterIntense, a machine learning tool that classifies molecules into "very bitter" or "not very bitter", based on their chemical structure. The model, trained on chemically diverse compounds, has above 80% accuracy on several test sets. Our results suggest that about 25% of drugs are predicted to be very bitter, with even higher prevalence (~40%) in COVID19 drug candidates and in microbial natural products. Only ~10% of toxic molecules are predicted to be intensely bitter, and it is also suggested that intense bitterness does not correlate with hepatotoxicity of drugs. However, very bitter compounds may be more cardiotoxic than not very bitter compounds, possessing significantly lower QPlogHERG values. BitterIntense allows quick and easy prediction of strong bitterness of compounds of interest for food, pharma and biotechnology industries. We estimate that implementation of BitterIntense or similar tools early in drug discovery process may lead to reduction in delays, in animal use and in overall financial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Margulis
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayana Dagan-Wiener
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robert S. Ives
- Comparative & Translational Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Jaffari
- Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | | | - Masha Y. Niv
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Behrens M, Di Pizio A, Redel U, Meyerhof W, Korsching SI. At the Root of T2R Gene Evolution: Recognition Profiles of Coelacanth and Zebrafish Bitter Receptors. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 13:6045956. [PMID: 33355666 PMCID: PMC7851594 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The careful evaluation of food is important for survival throughout the animal kingdom, and specialized chemoreceptors have evolved to recognize nutrients, minerals, acids, and many toxins. Vertebrate bitter taste, mediated by the taste receptor type 2 (T2R) family, warns against potentially toxic compounds. During evolution T2R receptors appear first in bony fish, but the functional properties of bony fish T2R receptors are mostly unknown. We performed a phylogenetic analysis showing the “living fossil” coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) to possess T2R repertoires typical for early-diverged species in the lobe-finned and the ray-finned clade, respectively. Receptors from these two species were selected for heterologous expression assays using a diverse panel of bitter substances. Remarkably, the ligand profile of the most basal coelacanth receptor, T2R01, is identical to that of its ortholog in zebrafish, consistent with functional conservation across >400 Myr of separate evolution. The second coelacanth receptor deorphaned, T2R02, is activated by steroid hormones and bile acids, evolutionary old molecules that are potentially endogenously synthesized agonists for extraoral T2Rs. For zebrafish, we report the presence of both specialized and promiscuous T2R receptors. Moreover, we identified an antagonist for one of the zebrafish receptors suggesting that bitter antagonism contributed to shape this receptor family throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrike Redel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Cancello R, Micheletto G, Meta D, Lavagno R, Bevilacqua E, Panizzo V, Invitti C. Expanding the role of bitter taste receptor in extra oral tissues: TAS2R38 is expressed in human adipocytes. Adipocyte 2020; 9:7-15. [PMID: 31900035 PMCID: PMC6959282 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1709253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that taste receptors mediate a variety of functions in extra-oral tissues. The present study investigated the expression of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 in human adipocytes, the possible link with genetic background and the role of TAS2R38 in cell delipidation and lipid accumulation rate in vitro. Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues were collected in 32 obese and 18 lean subjects. The TAS2R38 gene expression and protein content were examined in whole tissues, differentiated adipocytes and stroma-vascular fraction cells (SVF). The P49A SNP of TAS2R38 gene was determined in each collected sample. The effect of two bitter agonists (6-n-propylthiouracil and quinine) was tested. TAS2R38 mRNA was more expressed in SAT and VAT of obese than lean subjects and the expression/protein content was greater in mature adipocytes. The expression levels were not linked to P49A variants. In in vitro differentiated adipocytes, bitter agonists induced a significant delipidation. Incubation with 6-n-propylthiouracil induced an inhibition of lipid accumulation rate together with an increase in TAS2R38 and a decrease in genes involved in adipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, TAS2R38 is more expressed in adipocytes of obese than lean subjects and is involved in differentiation and delipidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Cancello
- Laboratorio di ricerche sull’Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Micheletto
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale, Istituto Clinico Sant’Ambrogio, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei trapianti (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorela Meta
- Laboratorio di ricerche sull’Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosalia Lavagno
- Laboratorio di ricerche sull’Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bevilacqua
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale, Istituto Clinico Sant’Ambrogio, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei trapianti (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Panizzo
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale, Istituto Clinico Sant’Ambrogio, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Invitti
- Laboratorio di ricerche sull’Obesità, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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Procathepsin V Is Secreted in a TSH Regulated Manner from Human Thyroid Epithelial Cells and Is Accessible to an Activity-Based Probe. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239140. [PMID: 33266306 PMCID: PMC7731157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of cysteine cathepsins for the liberation of thyroid hormones from the precursor thyroglobulin was previously shown by in vivo and in vitro studies. Cathepsin L is most important for thyroglobulin processing in mice. The present study aims at specifying the possible contribution of its closest relative, cysteine cathepsin L2/V, to thyroid function. Immunofluorescence analysis on normal human thyroid tissue revealed its predominant localization at the apical plasma membrane of thyrocytes and within the follicle lumen, indicating the secretion of cathepsin V and extracellular tasks rather than its acting within endo-lysosomes. To explore the trafficking pathways of cathepsin V in more detail, a chimeric protein consisting of human cathepsin V tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was stably expressed in the Nthy-ori 3-1 thyroid epithelial cell line. Colocalization studies with compartment-specific markers and analyses of post-translational modifications revealed that the chimeric protein was sorted into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently transported to the Golgi apparatus, while being N-glycosylated. Immunoblotting showed that the chimeric protein reached endo-lysosomes and it became secreted from the transduced cells. Astonishingly, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-induced secretion of GFP-tagged cathepsin V occurred as the proform, suggesting that TSH upregulates its transport to the plasma membrane before it reaches endo-lysosomes for maturation. The proform of cathepsin V was found to be reactive with the activity-based probe DCG-04, suggesting that it possesses catalytic activity. We propose that TSH-stimulated secretion of procathepsin V is the default pathway in the thyroid to enable its contribution to thyroglobulin processing by extracellular means.
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Potentially serious consequences for the use of Bitrex as a deterrent for the intentional inhalation of computer duster sprays. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Giuliani C, Franceschi C, Luiselli D, Garagnani P, Ulijaszek S. Ecological Sensing Through Taste and Chemosensation Mediates Inflammation: A Biological Anthropological Approach. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1671-1685. [PMID: 32647890 PMCID: PMC7666896 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological sensing and inflammation have evolved to ensure optima between organism survival and reproductive success in different and changing environments. At the molecular level, ecological sensing consists of many types of receptors located in different tissues that orchestrate integrated responses (immune, neuroendocrine systems) to external and internal stimuli. This review describes emerging data on taste and chemosensory receptors, proposing them as broad ecological sensors and providing evidence that taste perception is shaped not only according to sense epitopes from nutrients but also in response to highly diverse external and internal stimuli. We apply a biological anthropological approach to examine how ecological sensing has been shaped by these stimuli through human evolution for complex interkingdom communication between a host and pathological and symbiotic bacteria, focusing on population-specific genetic diversity. We then focus on how these sensory receptors play a major role in inflammatory processes that form the basis of many modern common metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and aging. The impacts of human niche construction and cultural evolution in shaping environments are described with emphasis on consequent biological responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giuliani
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging and Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Cultural Heritage (DBC), Laboratory of Ancient DNA (aDNALab), Campus of Ravenna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stanley Ulijaszek
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Mainland JD, Barlow LA, Munger SD, Millar SE, Vergara MN, Jiang P, Schwob JE, Goldstein BJ, Boye SE, Martens JR, Leopold DA, Bartoshuk LM, Doty RL, Hummel T, Pinto JM, Trimmer C, Kelly C, Pribitkin EA, Reed DR. Identifying Treatments for Taste and Smell Disorders: Gaps and Opportunities. Chem Senses 2020; 45:493-502. [PMID: 32556127 PMCID: PMC7545248 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical senses of taste and smell play a vital role in conveying information about ourselves and our environment. Tastes and smells can warn against danger and also contribute to the daily enjoyment of food, friends and family, and our surroundings. Over 12% of the US population is estimated to experience taste and smell (chemosensory) dysfunction. Yet, despite this high prevalence, long-term, effective treatments for these disorders have been largely elusive. Clinical successes in other sensory systems, including hearing and vision, have led to new hope for developments in the treatment of chemosensory disorders. To accelerate cures, we convened the "Identifying Treatments for Taste and Smell Disorders" conference, bringing together basic and translational sensory scientists, health care professionals, and patients to identify gaps in our current understanding of chemosensory dysfunction and next steps in a broad-based research strategy. Their suggestions for high-yield next steps were focused in 3 areas: increasing awareness and research capacity (e.g., patient advocacy), developing and enhancing clinical measures of taste and smell, and supporting new avenues of research into cellular and therapeutic approaches (e.g., developing human chemosensory cell lines, stem cells, and gene therapy approaches). These long-term strategies led to specific suggestions for immediate research priorities that focus on expanding our understanding of specific responses of chemosensory cells and developing valuable assays to identify and document cell development, regeneration, and function. Addressing these high-priority areas should accelerate the development of novel and effective treatments for taste and smell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1200 Newell Drive, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Natalia Vergara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James E Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, 40 Duke Medicine Cir Clinic 1F, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shannon E Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Center for Smell and Taste, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1200 Newell Drive, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Linda M Bartoshuk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, MC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Edmund A Pribitkin
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Rohde K, Schamarek I, Blüher M. Consequences of Obesity on the Sense of Taste: Taste Buds as Treatment Targets? Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:509-528. [PMID: 32431111 PMCID: PMC7453985 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature obesity-related mortality is caused by cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, physical disabilities, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. Obesity is caused by a positive energy balance due to hyper-caloric nutrition, low physical activity, and energy expenditure. Overeating is partially driven by impaired homeostatic feedback of the peripheral energy status in obesity. However, food with its different qualities is a key driver for the reward driven hedonic feeding with tremendous consequences on calorie consumption. In addition to visual and olfactory cues, taste buds of the oral cavity process the earliest signals which affect the regulation of food intake, appetite and satiety. Therefore, taste buds may play a crucial role how food related signals are transmitted to the brain, particularly in priming the body for digestion during the cephalic phase. Indeed, obesity development is associated with a significant reduction in taste buds. Impaired taste bud sensitivity may play a causal role in the pathophysiology of obesity in children and adolescents. In addition, genetic variation in taste receptors has been linked to body weight regulation. This review discusses the importance of taste buds as contributing factors in the development of obesity and how obesity may affect the sense of taste, alterations in food preferences and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rohde
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Imke Schamarek
- Medical Department III (Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Medical Department III (Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Salvestrini V, Ciciarello M, Pensato V, Simonetti G, Laginestra MA, Bruno S, Pazzaglia M, De Marchi E, Forte D, Orecchioni S, Martinelli G, Bertolini F, Méndez-Ferrer S, Adinolfi E, Di Virgilio F, Cavo M, Curti A. Denatonium as a Bitter Taste Receptor Agonist Modifies Transcriptomic Profile and Functions of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1225. [PMID: 32793492 PMCID: PMC7393209 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of cell-extrinsic factors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) generation and persistence has gained interest. Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are G protein-coupled receptors known for their primary role as a central warning signal to induce aversion toward noxious or harmful substances. Nevertheless, the increasing amount of evidence about their extra-oral localization has suggested a wider function in sensing microenvironment, also in cancer settings. In this study, we found that AML cells express functional TAS2Rs. We also highlighted a significant association between the modulation of some TAS2Rs and the poor-prognosis AML groups, i.e., TP53- and TET2-mutated, supporting a potential role of TAS2Rs in AML cell biology. Gene expression profile analysis showed that TAS2R activation with the prototypical agonist, denatonium benzoate, significantly modulated a number of genes involved in relevant AML cellular processes. Functional assay substantiated molecular data and indicated that denatonium reduced AML cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase or induced apoptosis via caspase cascade activation. Moreover, denatonium exposure impaired AML cell motility and migratory capacity, and inhibited cellular respiration by decreasing glucose uptake and oxidative phosphorylation. In conclusion, our results in AML cells expand the observation of cancer TAS2R expression to the setting of hematological neoplasms and shed light on a role of TAS2Rs in the extrinsic regulation of leukemia cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Salvestrini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marilena Ciciarello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Pensato
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Laginestra
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Samantha Bruno
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Pazzaglia
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dorian Forte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Orecchioni
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertolini
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Simon Méndez-Ferrer
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Cavo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Curti
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Institute of Hematology “L. and A. Seràgnoli”, University-Hospital S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Fendler W, Pietruszewska W. Clinical Role of Extraoral Bitter Taste Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5156. [PMID: 32708215 PMCID: PMC7404188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Sour and salty substances are linked to ion channels, while sweet, bitter and umami flavours are transmitted through receptors linked to the G protein (G protein-coupled receptors; GPCRs). There are two main types of GPCRs that transmit information about sweet, umami and bitter tastes-the Tas1r and TAS2R families. There are about 25 functional TAS2R genes coding bitter taste receptor proteins. They are found not only in the mouth and throat, but also in the intestines, brain, bladder and lower and upper respiratory tract. The determination of their purpose in these locations has become an inspiration for much research. Their presence has also been confirmed in breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells and neuroblastoma, revealing a promising new oncological marker. Polymorphisms of TAS2R38 have been proven to have an influence on the course of chronic rhinosinusitis and upper airway defensive mechanisms. TAS2R receptors mediate the bronchodilatory effect in human airway smooth muscle, which may lead to the creation of another medicine group used in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The discovery that functionally compromised TAS2R receptors negatively impact glucose homeostasis has produced a new area of diabetes research. In this article, we would like to focus on what facts have been already established in the matter of extraoral TAS2R receptors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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45
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Bloxham CJ, Foster SR, Thomas WG. A Bitter Taste in Your Heart. Front Physiol 2020; 11:431. [PMID: 32457649 PMCID: PMC7225360 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome contains ∼29 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs), which are responsible for detecting thousands of bitter ligands, including toxic and aversive compounds. This sentinel function varies between individuals and is underpinned by naturally occurring T2R polymorphisms, which have also been associated with disease. Recent studies have reported the expression of T2Rs and their downstream signaling components within non-gustatory tissues, including the heart. Though the precise role of T2Rs in the heart remains unclear, evidence points toward a role in cardiac contractility and overall vascular tone. In this review, we summarize the extra-oral expression of T2Rs, focusing on evidence for expression in heart; we speculate on the range of potential ligands that may activate them; we define the possible signaling pathways they activate; and we argue that their discovery in heart predicts an, as yet, unappreciated cardiac physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon R Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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46
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Taste disorder's management: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:1889-1908. [PMID: 32385655 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taste disorder is a frequent drug-induced or disease-related oral trouble. Various pharmacological, surgical, or physical treatments have previously been proposed for taste function recovery. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the effects of palliative and curative interventions on taste recovery in light of recent literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, a search of the literature published up to June 2019 was conducted using MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, and The US National Institutes of Health Trials Register (PROSPERO registration reference: CRD 42019139315). The methodological quality of the included trials was rated with the "Delphi list For Quality Assessment of Randomized Clinical Trials" and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS From the 1842 titles first identified, 28 articles met the inclusion criteria. Interventions included zinc (aspartate, sulfate, gluconate, acetate, picolinate, and Polaprezinc®), esomeprazole, L-thyroxin, bethanechol, oral glutamine, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, alpha-lipoic acid, Ginkgo biloba, artificial saliva, pilocarpine, local anesthesia, and improved oral hygiene. The quality of evidence ranged from poor to high. CONCLUSION Improving oral hygiene may promote taste ability. Zinc may prevent and alleviate taste disorder in patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The systematic review provided evidence about the clinical efficacy of oral procedures, zinc supplementation, and palliative cares in dysgeusic patients. Further research is needed to find effective treatments with low adverse effects.
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47
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Fotsing JR, Darmohusodo V, Patron AP, Ching BW, Brady T, Arellano M, Chen Q, Davis TJ, Liu H, Servant G, Zhang L, Williams M, Saganich M, Ditschun T, Tachdjian C, Karanewsky DS. Discovery and Development of S6821 and S7958 as Potent TAS2R8 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4957-4977. [PMID: 32330040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In humans, bitter taste is mediated by 25 TAS2Rs. Many compounds, including certain active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, and nutraceuticals, impart their bitter taste (or in part) through TAS2R8 activation. However, effective TAS2R8 blockers that can either suppress or reduce the bitterness of these compounds have not been described. We are hereby reporting a series of novel 3-(pyrazol-4-yl) imidazolidine-2,4-diones as potent and selective TAS2R8 antagonists. In human sensory tests, S6821 and S7958, two of the most potent analogues from the series, demonstrated efficacy in blocking TAS2R8-mediated bitterness and were selected for development. Following data evaluation by expert panels of a number of national and multinational regulatory bodies, including the US, the EU, and Japan, S6821 and S7958 were approved as safe under conditions of intended use as bitter taste blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Fotsing
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vincent Darmohusodo
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew P Patron
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brett W Ching
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas Brady
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Melissa Arellano
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Timothy J Davis
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hanghui Liu
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Guy Servant
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lan Zhang
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Williams
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Saganich
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tanya Ditschun
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Catherine Tachdjian
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donald S Karanewsky
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Duarte AC, Santos J, Costa AR, Ferreira CL, Tomás J, Quintela T, Ishikawa H, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Ferrer I, Carro E, Gonçalves I, Santos CRA. Bitter taste receptors profiling in the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113954. [PMID: 32251676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells establish an important blood-brain interface, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which constitutes a complementary gateway to the blood-brain-barrier for the entrance of several molecules into the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms that operate at the BCSFB to regulate the molecular traffic are still poorly understood. The taste signalling machinery, present in many extra-oral tissues, is involved in the chemical sensing of the composition of body fluids. We have identified this pathway in rat CP and hypothesised that it could also be present in the human BCSFB. In this study, we characterised the bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) expression profiling in human CP by combining data retrieved from available databases of the human CP transcriptome with its expression analysis in a human CP cell line and immunohistochemistry of human CP sections from men and women. TAS2R4, 5, 14 and 39 expression was confirmed in human CP tissue by immunohistochemistry and in HIBCPP cells by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and Western blot. Moreover, the presence of downstream effector proteins GNAT3, PLCβ2 and TRPM5 was also detected in HIBCPP cells. Then, we demonstrated that HIBCPP cells respond to chloramphenicol via TAS2R39 and to quercetin via TAS2R14. Our findings support an active role of TAS2Rs at the human BCSFB, as surveyors of the bloodstream and CSF compositions. These findings open new avenues for studies on the uptake of relevant compounds for targeted therapies of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Duarte
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Catarina L Ferreira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joana Tomás
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Instituto de Investigacion Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases. CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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49
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Wang Q, Liszt KI, Depoortere I. Extra-oral bitter taste receptors: New targets against obesity? Peptides 2020; 127:170284. [PMID: 32092303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Taste perception on the tongue is essential to help us to identify nutritious or potential toxic food substances. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the expression and function of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in a wide range of extra-oral tissues. In particular, TAS2Rs in gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells control the secretion of appetite regulating gut hormones and influence hunger and food intake. Furthermore, these effects may be reinforced by the presence of TAS2Rs on intestinal smooth muscle cells, adipocytes and the brain. This review summarises how activation of extra-oral TAS2Rs can influence appetite and body weight control and how obesity impacts the expression and function of TAS2Rs. Region-selective targeting of bitter taste receptors may be promising targets for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathrin I Liszt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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50
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Di Pizio A, Waterloo LAW, Brox R, Löber S, Weikert D, Behrens M, Gmeiner P, Niv MY. Rational design of agonists for bitter taste receptor TAS2R14: from modeling to bench and back. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:531-542. [PMID: 31236627 PMCID: PMC11104859 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are a subfamily of 25 G protein-coupled receptors that mediate bitter taste perception. TAS2R14 is the most broadly tuned bitter taste receptor, recognizing a range of chemically diverse agonists with micromolar-range potency. The receptor is expressed in several extra-oral tissues and is suggested to have physiological roles related to innate immune responses, male fertility, and cancer. Higher potency ligands are needed to investigate TAS2R14 function and to modulate it for future clinical applications. Here, a structure-based modeling approach is described for the design of TAS2R14 agonists beginning from flufenamic acid, an approved non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic that activates TAS2R14 at sub-micromolar concentrations. Structure-based molecular modeling was integrated with experimental data to design new TAS2R14 agonists. Subsequent chemical synthesis and in vitro profiling resulted in new TAS2R14 agonists with improved potency compared to the lead. The integrated approach provides a validated and refined structural model of ligand-TAS2R14 interactions and a general framework for structure-based discovery in the absence of closely related experimental structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Pizio
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
- Section In Silico Biology & Machine Learning, Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Lukas A W Waterloo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Löber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maik Behrens
- Section Chemoreception and Biosignals, Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Masha Y Niv
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
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