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Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Piechowski-Jóźwiak B, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. The Role of Progranulin (PGRN) in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3435-3447. [PMID: 37561339 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening medical condition and is a leading cause of disability. Cerebral ischemia is characterized by a distinct inflammatory response starting with the production of various cytokines and other inflammation-related agents. Progranulin (PGRN), a multifunctional protein, is critical in diverse physiological reactions, such as cell proliferation, inflammation, wound healing, and nervous system development. A mature PGRN is anti-inflammatory, while granulin, its derivative, conversely induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. PGRN is significantly involved in the brain tissue and its damage, for example, improving mood and cognitive disorders caused by cerebral ischemia. It may also have protective effects against nerve and spinal cord injuries by inhibiting neuroinflammatory response and apoptosis or it may be related to the proliferation, accumulation, differentiation, and activation of microglia. PGRN is a neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. It may increase post-stroke neurogenesis of the subventricular zone (SVZ), which is particularly important in improving long-term brain function following cerebral ischemia. The neurogenesis enhanced via PGRN in the ischemic brain SVZ may be attributed to the induction of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling routes. PGRN can also promote the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PGRN increases hippocampal neurogenesis, reducing anxiety and impaired spatial learning post-cerebral ischemia. PGRN alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. PGRN can be introduced as a potent neuroprotective agent capable of improving post-ischemia neuronal actions, mainly by reducing and elevating the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Expression, storage, cleavage, and function of progranulin (PGRN) in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Bartłomiej Piechowski-Jóźwiak
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, 59 Hamouda Bin Ali Al Dhaheri Street, Jazeerat Al Maryah, PO Box 112412, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Migheli R, Lostia G, Galleri G, Rocchitta G, Serra PA, Campesi I, Bassareo V, Acquas E, Peana AT. New perspective for an old drug: Can naloxone be considered an antioxidant agent? Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101441. [PMID: 36875795 PMCID: PMC9975616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental evidence indicates that Naloxone (NLX) holds antioxidant properties. The present study aims at verifying the hypothesis that NLX could prevent oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in PC12 cells. Methods To investigate the antioxidant effect of NLX, initially, we performed electrochemical experiments by means of platinum-based sensors in a cell-free system. Subsequently, NLX was tested in PC12 cells on H2O2-induced overproduction of intracellular levels of reactive-oxygen-species (ROS), apoptosis, modification of cells' cycle distribution and damage of cells' plasma membrane. Results This study reveals that NLX counteracts intracellular ROS production, reduces H2O2-induced apoptosis levels, and prevents the oxidative damage-dependent increases of the percentage of cells in G2/M phase. Likewise, NLX protects PC12 cells from H2O2- induced oxidative damage, by preventing the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Moreover, electrochemical experiments confirmed the antioxidant properties of NLX. Conclusion Overall, these findings provide a starting point for studying further the protective effects of NLX on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Migheli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Giada Lostia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Grazia Galleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Bassareo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center of Excellence for the Study of Neurobiology of Addiction, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elio Acquas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and Center of Excellence for the Study of Neurobiology of Addiction, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra T. Peana
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Corresponding author.
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Nozohouri S, Zhang Y, Albekairi TH, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Glutamate Buffering Capacity and Blood-Brain Barrier Protection of Opioid Receptor Agonists Biphalin and Nociceptin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:260-269. [PMID: 34663677 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids play crucial roles in the regulation of many important brain functions including pain, memory, and neurogenesis. Activation of opioid receptors is reported to have neuroprotective effects after ischemic reperfusion injury. The objective of this study was to understand the role of biphalin and nociceptin, opioid receptor agonists, on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity during ischemic stroke. In this study, we aimed to measure the effect of biphalin and nociceptin on astrocytic glutamate uptake and on expression of excitatory amino acid transporter to study the indirect role of astrocytes on opioid receptor-mediated BBB protection during in vitro stroke conditions. We used mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) and primary astrocytes as an in vitro BBB model. Restrictive BBB properties were evaluated by measuring [14C] sucrose paracellular permeability and the redistribution of the tight junction proteins. The protective effect of biphalin and nociceptin on BBB integrity was assessed after exposing cells to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and glutamate. It was observed that combined stress (2 mM glutamate and 2 hours of OGD) significantly reduced glutamate uptake by astrocytes; however, biphalin and nociceptin treatment increased glutamate uptake in primary astrocytes. This suggests a role of increased astrocytic buffering capacity in opioid-meditated protection of the BBB during ischemic stroke. It was also found that the combined stress significantly increased [14C] sucrose paracellular permeability in an in vitro BBB model. Biphalin and nociceptin treatment attenuated the effect of the combined stress, which was reversed by the opioid receptor antagonists, suggesting the role of opioid receptors in biphalin and nociception's BBB modulatory activity. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT: There is an unmet need for discovering new efficacious therapeutic agents to offset the deleterious effects of ischemic stroke. Given the confirmed roles of opioid receptors in the regulation of central nervous system functions, opioid receptor agonists have been studied as potential neuroprotective options in ischemic conditions. This study adds to the knowledge about the cerebrovascular protective effects of opioid receptor agonists and provides insight about the mechanism of action of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas (S.N., Y.Z., T.H.A., B.V., T.J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.H.A.)
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Medina-Rodriguez EM, Rice KC, Beurel E, Jope RS. (+)-Naloxone blocks Toll-like receptor 4 to ameliorate deleterious effects of stress on male mouse behaviors. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:226-234. [PMID: 32860941 PMCID: PMC7570045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and current treatments are often inadequate for many patients. Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation contributes to susceptibility to depression. We hypothesized that targeting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), one of the main signaling pathways for triggering an inflammatory response, would lessen stress-induced depression-like behaviors in male mice. TLR4 inhibition with the CNS-penetrating drug (+)-naloxone that is a TLR4 antagonist but is inactive at opiate receptors increased resistance to the learned helplessness model of depression and provided an antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension test. (+)-Naloxone administration also reversed chronic restraint stress-induced impairments in social behavior and novel object recognition. These effects involved blockade of stress-induced activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), NF-κB, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nitric oxide production, and reduced levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-β (IFNβ). These findings demonstrate that blocking TLR4 with (+)-naloxone effectively diminishes several detrimental responses to stress and raise the possibility that (+)-naloxone may be a feasible intervention for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Medina-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States,Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, United States
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Richard S. Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States,Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States,Corresponding author at: Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building room 415, Miami, FL 33136, United States. (R.S. Jope)
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Peyravian N, Dikici E, Deo S, Toborek M, Daunert S. Opioid antagonists as potential therapeutics for ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 182:101679. [PMID: 31398359 PMCID: PMC6814577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic use of prescription opioids exacerbates risk and severity of ischemic stroke. Annually, 6 million people die from stroke worldwide and there are no neuroprotective or neurorestorative agents to improve stroke outcomes and promote recovery. Prescribed opioids such as morphine have been shown to alter tight junction protein expression, resulting in the disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), ultimately leading to stroke pathogenesis. Consequently, protection of the BBB has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. This perspective addresses the deficiency in stroke pharmacological options and examines a novel application and repurposing of FDA-approved opioid antagonists as a prospective neuroprotective therapeutic strategy to minimize BBB damage, reduce stroke severity, and promote neural recovery. Future directions discuss potential drug design and delivery methods to enhance these novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Peyravian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA
| | - Sapna Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA.
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA; Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute of the University of Miami, USA; University of Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute, USA.
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6
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Wang J, Chen J, Chen J, Liu X, Yang H, Liu J, He A, Gao X, Xin Y. KIF2 mediates the neuroprotection in cerebral ischaemia injury by affecting NF-κB pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:274-280. [PMID: 31514228 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality around the world. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in nerve injury and cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) during cerebrovascular disease are still not completely clear. In the present study, we investigate the role of kinesin family member 2 (KIF2) in the neuroprotection after cerebral I/R injury. KIF2 was aberrantly expressed in the cerebral tissues from middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model in a time dependent manner. A similar changing pattern was found in the cultured hypoxic neurons as well as SK-N-SH cells in vitro. Compared to the control, KIF2 inhibition significantly increased the level of malonic dialdehyde (MDA), and reduced the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity in cerebral tissues of MCAO rat model. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was also up-regulated after KIF2 siRNA knockdown in cultured hypoxic SK-N-SH cells. The apoptosis rates of hypoxic neurons and SK-N-SH cells as well as activated-caspase-3 level were obviously increased after KIF2 silencing. Furthermore, we found that the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was involved in KIF2-mediated neuroprotection after cerebral I/R injury, and induced apoptosis of hypoxic SK-N-SH cells by KIF2 silencing could be attenuated by the specific inhibitor BAY11-7082 of NF-κB. In conclusion, we demonstrate that KIF2 could mediate the neuroprotection in cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting activation of NF-κB pathway. This might provide a novel therapeutic target for cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xifang Liu
- Nerve & Spine Ward, Rehabilitation Center for TCM Orthopedics, Xi'an Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixia Yang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ali He
- Department of Acupuncture, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohang Gao
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinhu Xin
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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7
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Wang X, Sun ZJ, Wu JL, Quan WQ, Xiao WD, Chew H, Jiang CM, Li D. Naloxone attenuates ischemic brain injury in rats through suppressing the NIK/IKKα/NF-κB and neuronal apoptotic pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:170-179. [PMID: 29904091 PMCID: PMC6329773 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although naloxone has been documented to exert neuroprotection in animal model of cerebral ischemia, the mechanism is not well understood. In this present study we investigated whether naloxone affected the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in ischemic brain injury of rats. SD rats were subjected to a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery, and received naloxone (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg, i.v.) immediately after ischemia. Neurological deficits were evaluated 24 h after ischemia using the McGraw Stroke Index, and then the rats were killed, and the brains were collected for further analyses. We show that naloxone treatment dose-dependently decreased the infarction volume and morphological injury, improved motor behavioral function, and markedly curtailed brain edema. Furthermore, naloxone administration significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and decreased the levels of nuclear NF-κB p65 in the ischemic penumbra. Naloxone administration also dose-dependently increased the NF-κB inhibitory protein (IκBα) levels and attenuated phosphorylated NIK and IKKα levels in the ischemic penumbra. In addition, naloxone administration dose-dependently increased Bcl-2 levels, decreased Bax levels, stabilized the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and inhibited cytochrome c release and caspase 3 and caspase 9 activation. These results indicate that the neuroprotective effects of naloxone against ischemic brain injury involve the inhibition of NF-κB activation via the suppression of the NIK/IKKα/IκBα pathway and the obstruction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200060, China
| | - Zu-Jun Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jun-Lu Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Quan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wei-Dong Xiao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Helen Chew
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Cui-Min Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200060, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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Post-stroke Intranasal (+)-Naloxone Delivery Reduces Microglial Activation and Improves Behavioral Recovery from Ischemic Injury. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0395-17. [PMID: 29766045 PMCID: PMC5952324 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0395-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of disability, and effective therapeutic strategies are needed to promote complete recovery. Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in stroke pathophysiology, and there is limited understanding of how it affects recovery. The aim of this study was to characterize the spatiotemporal expression profile of microglial activation and whether dampening microglial/macrophage activation post-stroke facilitates the recovery. For dampening microglial/macrophage activation, we chose intranasal administration of naloxone, a drug that is already in clinical use for opioid overdose and is known to decrease microglia/macrophage activation. We characterized the temporal progression of microglia/macrophage activation following cortical ischemic injury in rat and found the peak activation in cortex 7 d post-stroke. Unexpectedly, there was a chronic expression of phagocytic cells in the thalamus associated with neuronal loss. (+)-Naloxone, an enantiomer that reduces microglial activation without antagonizing opioid receptors, was administered intranasally starting 1 d post-stroke and continuing for 7 d. (+)-Naloxone treatment decreased microglia/macrophage activation in the striatum and thalamus, promoted behavioral recovery during the 14-d monitoring period, and reduced neuronal death in the lesioned cortex and ipsilateral thalamus. Our results are the first to show that post-stroke intranasal (+)-naloxone administration promotes short-term functional recovery and reduces microglia/macrophage activation. Therefore, (+)-naloxone is a promising drug for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and further studies should be conducted.
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Shu Q, Fan H, Li S, Zhou D, Ma W, Zhao X, Yan J, Wu G. Retracted
: Protective effects of Progranulin against focal cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress and NF‐κB activation in reactive astrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6584-6597. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shu
- Department of PharmacyThe Ninth Hospital of Xi'anXi'anChina
| | - Hua Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyangChina
| | - Shi‐Jun Li
- Department of PharmacyWuhan Union HospitalWuhanChina
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of PharmacyThe Ninth Hospital of Xi'anXi'anChina
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of PharmacyThe Ninth Hospital of Xi'anXi'anChina
| | - Xiao‐Yan Zhao
- Department of PharmacyThe Ninth Hospital of Xi'anXi'anChina
| | - Jun‐Qiang Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyangChina
| | - Gang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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Anttila JE, Whitaker KW, Wires ES, Harvey BK, Airavaara M. Role of microglia in ischemic focal stroke and recovery: focus on Toll-like receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:3-14. [PMID: 27389423 PMCID: PMC5214845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in adults. Drug treatments that target stroke-induced pathological mechanisms and promote recovery are desperately needed. In the brain, an ischemic event triggers major inflammatory responses that are mediated by the resident microglial cells. In this review, we focus on the microglia activation after ischemic brain injury as a target of immunomodulatory therapeutics. We divide the microglia-mediated events following ischemic stroke into three categories: acute, subacute, and long-term events. This division encompasses the spatial and temporal dynamics of microglia as they participate in the pathophysiological changes that contribute to the symptoms and sequela of a stroke. The importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the outcomes of these pathophysiological changes is highlighted. Increasing evidence shows that microglia have a complex role in stroke pathophysiology, and they mediate both detrimental and beneficial effects on stroke outcome. So far, most of the pharmacological studies in experimental models of stroke have focused on neuroprotective strategies which are impractical for clinical applications. Post-ischemic inflammation is long lasting and thus, could provide a therapeutic target for novel delayed drug treatment. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the role of microglia in the recovery process from an ischemic stroke and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of modulating post-ischemic inflammation to promote functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni E Anttila
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Keith W Whitaker
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA; Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA
| | - Emily S Wires
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Michael FM, Mohapatra AN, Venkitasamy L, Chandrasekar K, Seldon T, Venkatachalam S. Contusive spinal cord injury up regulates mu-opioid receptor (mor)gene expression in the brain and down regulates its expression in the spinal cord: possible implications in spinal cord injury research. Neurol Res 2015; 37:788-96. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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He X, Sandhu HK, Yang Y, Hua F, Belser N, Kim DH, Xia Y. Neuroprotection against hypoxia/ischemia: δ-opioid receptor-mediated cellular/molecular events. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2291-303. [PMID: 23014992 PMCID: PMC11113157 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic injury remains the most dreaded cause of neurological disability and mortality. Despite the humbling experiences due to lack of promising therapy, our understanding of the complex cascades underlying the neuronal insult has led to advances in basic science research. One of the most noteworthy has been the effect of opioid receptors, especially the delta-opioid receptor (DOR), on hypoxic/ischemic neurons. Our recent studies, and those of others worldwide, present strong evidence that sheds light on DOR-mediated neuroprotection in the brain, especially in the cortex. The mechanisms of DOR neuroprotection are broadly categorized as: (1) stabilization of the ionic homeostasis, (2) inhibition of excitatory transmitter release, (3) attenuation of disrupted neuronal transmission, (4) increase in antioxidant capacity, (5) regulation of intracellular pathways-inhibition of apoptotic signals and activation of pro-survival signaling, (6) regulation of specific gene and protein expression, and (7) up-regulation of endogenous opioid release and/or DOR expression. Depending upon the severity and duration of hypoxic/ischemic insult, the release of endogenous opioids and DOR expression are regulated in response to the stress, and DOR signaling acts at multiple levels to confer neuronal tolerance to harmful insult. The phenomenon of DOR neuroprotection offers a potential clue for a promising target that may have significant clinical implications in our quest for neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou He
- The Third Clinical College of Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Harleen K. Sandhu
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Yilin Yang
- The Third Clinical College of Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Fei Hua
- The Third Clinical College of Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Nathalee Belser
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Dong H. Kim
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Ying Xia
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, 77030 TX USA
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Feng Y, He X, Yang Y, Chao D, Lazarus LH, Xia Y. Current research on opioid receptor function. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:230-46. [PMID: 22204322 DOI: 10.2174/138945012799201612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent studies have generated fresh insights into opioid receptor-mediated functions and their underlying mechanisms. Three major opioid receptors (μ-opioid receptor, MOR; δ-opioid receptor, DOR; and κ-opioid receptor, KOR) have been cloned in many species. Each opioid receptor is functionally sub-classified into several pharmacological subtypes, although, specific gene corresponding each of these receptor subtypes is still unidentified as only a single gene has been isolated for each opioid receptor. In addition to pain modulation and addiction, opioid receptors are widely involved in various physiological and pathophysiological activities, including the regulation of membrane ionic homeostasis, cell proliferation, emotional response, epileptic seizures, immune function, feeding, obesity, respiratory and cardiovascular control as well as some neurodegenerative disorders. In some species, they play an essential role in hibernation. One of the most exciting findings of the past decade is the opioid-receptor, especially DOR, mediated neuroprotection and cardioprotection. The upregulation of DOR expression and DOR activation increase the neuronal tolerance to hypoxic/ischemic stress. The DOR signal triggers (depending on stress duration and severity) different mechanisms at multiple levels to preserve neuronal survival, including the stabilization of homeostasis and increased pro-survival signaling (e.g., PKC-ERK-Bcl 2) and antioxidative capacity. In the heart, PKC and KATP channels are involved in the opioid receptor-mediated cardioprotection. The DOR-mediated neuroprotection and cardioprotection have the potential to significantly alter the clinical pharmacology in terms of prevention and treatment of life-threatening conditions like stroke and myocardial infarction. The main purpose of this article is to review the recent work done on opioids and their receptor functions. It shall provide an informative reference for better understanding the opioid system and further elucidation of the opioid receptor function from a physiological and pharmacological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Sena ES, Jeffreys AL, Cox SF, Sastra SA, Churilov L, Rewell S, Batchelor PE, van der Worp HB, Macleod MR, Howells DW. The Benefit of Hypothermia in Experimental Ischemic Stroke is Not Affected by Pethidine. Int J Stroke 2012; 8:180-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypothermia is a promising experimental treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Human trials are still at an early stage, with the focus now on using hypothermia in awake patients. Pethidine (meperidine) is the principle agent used to control shivering in humans; however, whether it has any modulating effects on the neuroprotective efficacy of hypothermia is unknown. Aim The aim of this study was to determine if pethidine influences the neuroprotective effect of hypothermia in experimental stroke. Methods Seventy-two male spontaneously hypertensive rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and randomly assigned to either normothermia (37·4°C rectal temperature); hypothermia (33°C maintained for 130 mins); normothermia plus pethidine (2·5 mg/kg); or hypothermia plus pethidine. Temporary (90 mins) endovascular occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was induced blinded to treatment allocation and was confirmed with laser Doppler flowmetry. Pethidine and cooling were started immediately after vessel occlusion. Animals in the normothermia group had active temperature management using a heat lamp and fan. Assessments of outcome were carried out 24 after the induction of injury. Results Thirteen animals met our prespecified criteria for exclusion, and data for 59 rats were presented here. Hypothermia was associated with a 63% reduction in infarct size, and pethidine had no significant impact on the efficacy of hypothermia. No effects were observed in neurobehavioral outcome or edema volume across experimental groups. Conclusions The effects of hypothermia in a model of focal ischemia are not affected by administration of pethidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Sena
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- National Stroke Research Institute & Florey Neurosciences Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy L. Jeffreys
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan F. Cox
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen A. Sastra
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- National Stroke Research Institute & Florey Neurosciences Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Rewell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- National Stroke Research Institute & Florey Neurosciences Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter E. Batchelor
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - H. Bart van der Worp
- Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malcolm R. Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David W. Howells
- National Stroke Research Institute & Florey Neurosciences Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Turner SMF, Johnson SM. Delta-opioid receptor activation prolongs respiratory motor output during oxygen-glucose deprivation in neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Neuroscience 2011; 187:70-83. [PMID: 21571044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Delta opioid receptor (DOR) activation protects the adult mammalian brain during oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), but it is not known whether neonatal spinal motor circuits are also protected. Also, it is unclear whether the timing of spinal DOR activation relative to spinal OGD is important for neuroprotection. Thus, a split-bath in vitro neonatal rat brainstem/spinal cord preparation was used to record spontaneous respiratory motor output from cervical (C4-C5) and thoracic (T5-T6) ventral spinal roots while exposing only the spinal cord to OGD solution (0 mM glucose, bubbled with 95% N(2)/5% CO(2)) or DOR agonist drugs (DADLE, DPDPE). Spinal OGD solution application caused respiratory motor output frequency and amplitude to decrease until all activity was abolished (i.e. end-point times) after 25.9±1.4 min (cervical) and 25.2±1.4 min (thoracic). Spinal DOR activation via DPDPE (1.0 μM) prior-to and during spinal OGD increased cervical and thoracic end-point times to 35-48 min. Spinal DADLE or DPDPE (1.0 μM) application 15 min following spinal OGD onset increased cervical and thoracic end-point times to 36-45 min. Brief spinal DPDPE (1.0 μM) application for 10 min at 25 min before spinal OGD onset increased cervical and thoracic end-point times to 41-46 min. Overall, the selective DOR agonist, DPDPE, was more effective at increasing end-point times than DADLE. Naltrindole (DOR antagonist; 10 μM) pretreatment blocked DPDPE-dependent increase in end-point times, suggesting that DOR activation was required. Spinal naloxone (1.0 μM) application before and during spinal OGD also increased end-point times to 31-33 min, but end-point times were not altered by Mu opioid receptor (MOR) activation or DOR activation/MOR blockade, indicating that there are complex interactions between OGD and opioid signaling pathways. These data suggest DOR activation before, during, and after spinal OGD protects central motor networks and may provide neuroprotection during unpredictable perinatal ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M F Turner
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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16
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Wang YY, Lin SY, Chuang YH, Chen CJ, Tung KC, Sheu WHH. Adipose proinflammatory cytokine expression through sympathetic system is associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in a rat ischemic stroke model. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E155-63. [PMID: 20978230 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00301.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients who experience acute ischemic stroke may develop hyperglycemia, even in the absence of diabetes, but the exact mechanisms are still unclear. Adipose tissue secretes numerous proinflammatory cytokines and is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. This study aimed to determine the effects of acute stroke on adipose inflammatory cytokine expression. In addition, because sympathetic activity is activated after acute stroke and catecholamines can regulate the expression of several adipocytokines, this study also evaluated whether alterations in adipose proinflammatory cytokines following acute stroke, if any, were medicated by sympathetic system. Acute ischemic brain injury was induced by ligating the right middle cerebral artery and bilateral common carotid arteries in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Adipose tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA and protein levels were determined by RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunoassay, respectively. The stroke rats developed glucose intolerance on days 1 and 2 after cerebral ischemic injury. The fasting blood insulin levels and insulin resistance index measured by homeostasis model assessment were higher in the stroke rats compared with the sham group. Epididymal adipose TNF-α and MCP-1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated one- to twofold, in association with increased macrophage infiltration into the adipose tissue. When the rats were treated with a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol, before induction of cerebral ischemic injury, the acute stroke-induced increase in TNF-α and MCP-1 was blocked, and fasting blood insulin concentration and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance were decreased. These results suggest a potential role of adipose proinflammatory cytokines induced by the sympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of glucose metabolic disorder in rats with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yu Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Shin EJ, Hong JS, Kim HC. Neuropsychopharmacological understanding for therapeutic application of morphinans. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1575-87. [PMID: 21052935 PMCID: PMC3399693 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Morphinans are a class of compounds containing the basic structure of morphine. It is well-known that morphinans possess diverse pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. This review will demonstrate novel neuroprotective effects of several morphinans such as, dextromethorphan, its analogs and naloxone on the models of multiple neurodegenerative disease by modulating glial activation associated with the production of a host of proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors, although dextromethorphan possesses neuropsychotoxic potentials. The neuroprotective effects and the therapeutic potential for the treatment of excitotoxic and inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases, and underlying mechanism of morphinans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
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18
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Chao D, Xia Y. Ionic storm in hypoxic/ischemic stress: can opioid receptors subside it? Prog Neurobiol 2009; 90:439-70. [PMID: 20036308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are extremely vulnerable to oxygen deprivation and blood supply insufficiency. Indeed, hypoxic/ischemic stress triggers multiple pathophysiological changes in the brain, forming the basis of hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy. One of the initial and crucial events induced by hypoxia/ischemia is the disruption of ionic homeostasis characterized by enhanced K(+) efflux and Na(+)-, Ca(2+)- and Cl(-)-influx, which causes neuronal injury or even death. Recent data from our laboratory and those of others have shown that activation of opioid receptors, particularly delta-opioid receptors (DOR), is neuroprotective against hypoxic/ischemic insult. This protective mechanism may be one of the key factors that determine neuronal survival under hypoxic/ischemic condition. An important aspect of the DOR-mediated neuroprotection is its action against hypoxic/ischemic disruption of ionic homeostasis. Specially, DOR signal inhibits Na(+) influx through the membrane and reduces the increase in intracellular Ca(2+), thus decreasing the excessive leakage of intracellular K(+). Such protection is dependent on a PKC-dependent and PKA-independent signaling pathway. Furthermore, our novel exploration shows that DOR attenuates hypoxic/ischemic disruption of ionic homeostasis through the inhibitory regulation of Na(+) channels. In this review, we will first update current information regarding the process and features of hypoxic/ischemic disruption of ionic homeostasis and then discuss the opioid-mediated regulation of ionic homeostasis, especially in hypoxic/ischemic condition, and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongman Chao
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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19
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Zhang Y, Allodi S, Sandeman DC, Beltz BS. Adult neurogenesis in the crayfish brain: proliferation, migration, and possible origin of precursor cells. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:415-36. [PMID: 19294644 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The birth of new neurons and their incorporation into functional circuits in the adult brain is a characteristic of many vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, including decapod crustaceans. Precursor cells maintaining life-long proliferation in the brains of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Cherax destructor) and clawed lobsters (Homarus americanus) reside within a specialized niche on the ventral surface of the brain; their daughters migrate to two proliferation zones along a stream formed by processes of the niche precursors. Here they divide again, finally producing interneurons in the olfactory pathway. The present studies in P. clarkii explore (1) differential proliferative activity among the niche precursor cells with growth and aging, (2) morphological characteristics of cells in the niche and migratory streams, and (3) aspects of the cell cycle in this lineage. Morphologically symmetrical divisions of neuronal precursor cells were observed in the niche near where the migratory streams emerge, as well as in the streams and proliferation zones. The nuclei of migrating cells elongate and undergo shape changes consistent with nucleokinetic movement. LIS1, a highly conserved dynein-binding protein, is expressed in cells in the migratory stream and neurogenic niche, implicating this protein in the translocation of crustacean brain neuronal precursor cells. Symmetrical divisions of the niche precursors and migration of both daughters raised the question of how the niche precursor pool is replenished. We present here preliminary evidence for an association between vascular cells and the niche precursors, which may relate to the life-long growth and maintenance of the crustacean neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Neurobiology Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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20
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Huang HM, Yu JY, Ou HC, Jeng KC. Effect of naloxone on the induction of immediately early genes following oxygen- and glucose-deprivation in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2008; 438:252-6. [PMID: 18457920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion involves inflammatory process and naloxone is able to reduce infarct volume and has been used as a therapeutic agent for brain injury. Hypoxia induces the immediate early genes (IEGs) rapidly and transiently that may initiate a cascade of cellular responses that are necessary for survival and normal function. However, the protective effect of naloxone on ischemic/hypoxic neuronal cells was only partly studied. Thus, the effects of naloxone on oxygen- and glucose-deprivation (OGD) and OGD followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R) on the expression of IEGs were examined in PC12 cells. The result showed that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released in the media was reduced by naloxone. The temporal response of IEG mRNA encoding c-fos, c-jun, nur77, and zif268 was induced with different degree of intensity following hypoxia, whereas the level of GAPDH mRNA was relatively constant. However, these signals of c-fos, c-jun, and nur77 by hypoxia were reduced significantly by naloxone. Treatment with OGD also activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The induction of c-fos, c-jun, nur77, and zif268 by hypoxia was inhibited by naloxone (0.1 microM) and MAPK inhibitors (10 microM of U0126, D98059, SB203580). However, naloxone increased the expression of ERK1/2 by OGD concomitantly diminished the LDH release. Thus, the present studies demonstrated that OGD induced IEGs including c-fos, c-jun, nur77, and zif268 and MAPK signaling pathways were regulated differently by naloxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Meei Huang
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Kao TK, Ou YC, Liao SL, Chen WY, Wang CC, Chen SY, Chiang AN, Chen CJ. Opioids modulate post-ischemic progression in a rat model of stroke. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1256-65. [PMID: 18294735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the opioidergic system have been found in cerebral ischemia. Neuroprotection studies have demonstrated the involvement of the opioidergic system in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, the neuroprotective mechanisms remain largely unclear. This study was conducted to investigate whether intracerebroventricular administration of opioidergic agonists has a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia in rats and, if this proved to be the case, to determine the potential neuroprotective mechanisms. Using a focal cerebral I/R rat model, we demonstrated that the opioidergic agents, BW373U86 (delta agonist) and Dynorphin A 1-13 (kappa agonist), but not TAPP (mu agonist), attenuated cerebral ischemic injury as manifested in the reduction of cerebral infarction and preservation of neurons. The antagonism assay showed that the neuroprotective effect of Dynorphin A was attenuated by nor-Binaltorphimine (kappa antagonist). Surprisingly, BW373U86-induced neuroprotection was not changed by Naltrindole (delta antagonist). These findings indicate that BW373U86 and Dynorphin A exerted distinct neuroprotection against ischemia via opioid-independent and -dependent mechanisms, respectively. The post-ischemic protection in beneficial treatments was accompanied by alleviations in brain edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression. In vitro cell study further demonstrated that the opioidergic agonists, delta and kappa, but not mu, attenuated IL-6 production from stimulated glial cells. Our findings indicate that opioidergic agents have a role in post-ischemic progression through both opioid-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In spite of the distinct-involved action mechanism, the potential neuroprotective effect of opioidergic compounds was associated with immune suppression. Taken together, these findings suggest a potential role for opioidergic agents in the therapeutic consideration of neuroinflammatory diseases. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved is necessary before this therapeutic potential can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Kuei Kao
- Department of Nursing, Tajen Institute of Technology, Pingtung 907, Taiwan
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22
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Erman T, Yildiz MS, Göçer AI, Zorludemir S, Demirhindi H, Tuna M. Effects of antithrombin III on myeloperoxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and malondialdehyde levels and histopathological findings after spinal cord injury in the rat. Neurosurgery 2006; 56:828-35. [PMID: 15792522 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000157004.19427.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among the many possible mechanisms of the secondary spinal cord injury (SCI), microcirculatory disturbances as a result of activated leukocyte-induced endothelial cell injury is important because it is potentially treatable and reversible. Currently, clinically available pharmacological agents for treatment of acute SCI do not inhibit neutrophil activation. The effect of antithrombin III (AT-III) on neutrophil activation was studied in rats with SCI produced with an aneurysm clip on the T2-T7 segments. METHODS Forty rats were randomly allocated to four groups. Group I (10 rats) was killed to provide normal spinal cord tissue for testing. Group II (10 rats) underwent a six-segment laminectomy for the effects of total laminectomy to be determined. In Group III, 10 rats underwent a six-segment laminectomy and SCI was produced by extradural compression of the exposed cord. The same procedures were performed in 10 rats in Group IV, but they also received one (250 IU/kg) intraperitoneal injection of AT-III immediately after the injury and a second dose 24 hours later. The animals from Groups II through IV were killed 48 hours after the trauma. The effect of AT-III on the myeloperoxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and malondialdehyde levels and histopathological findings were studied. RESULTS Myeloperoxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower and there was less histopathological damage in the AT-III treatment group than in the trauma group. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that AT-III treatment may reduce secondary structural changes in damaged rat spinal cord tissue by inhibiting leukocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Erman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.
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Mühlfeld C, Urru M, Rümelin R, Mirzaie M, Schöndube F, Richter J, Dörge H. Myocardial ischemia tolerance in the newborn rat involving opioid receptors and mitochondrial K+ channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:297-303. [PMID: 16456873 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal rat hearts are more tolerant to ischemia compared to adult rat hearts. We hypothesized that opioid receptors and mitochondrial potassium channels are involved in the elevated ischemia tolerance of neonatal rats. Newborn rats were treated by an intraperitoneal injection with sodium chloride (placebo, Pla; n = 7), naloxone (Nal; n = 8), or K+ (ATP) channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (HD; n = 8), or were left untreated (sham; n = 8). Thirty minutes after injection, the rats were sacrificed and hearts were arrested cardioplegically and fixed with aldehyde fixative 90 min after global ischemia at room temperature. For control, newborn rat hearts were fixed immediately after sacrifice. Ventricular tissue blocks were prepared for electron microscopy. Mitochondrial (volume-weighted mean volume of mitochondria) and cardiomyocyte volume (cellular edema index, CEI) were estimated to quantify the ischemic injury. Compared to control myocardium, CEI was increased by 244% +/- 39% in sham, 173% +/- 28% in Nal, 142% +/- 25% in HD, and 101% +/- 24% in Pla (P < 0.05 between groups). Volume-weighted mean volume of mitochondria was increased by 514% +/- 235% in sham, 341% +/- 110% in Nal, 458% +/- 149% in HD, and 175% +/- 70% in Pla. Differences between Pla and other groups were significant (P < 0.01 for all). No significant difference was observed between the other groups. Thus, ischemic injury was smallest with placebo, indicating a mechanism similar to preconditioning induced by the intraperitoneal injection. This response was attenuated by blockade of opioid receptors and mitochondrial potassium channels, suggesting their involvement in the elevated ischemia tolerance of newborn rat hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mühlfeld
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Department of Anatomy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Kao TK, Ou YC, Kuo JS, Chen WY, Liao SL, Wu CW, Chen CJ, Ling NN, Zhang YH, Peng WH. Neuroprotection by tetramethylpyrazine against ischemic brain injury in rats. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:166-76. [PMID: 16316708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, Ligusticum wallichii Franchat (Chuan Xiong) and its active ingredient tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) have been used to treat cardiovascular diseases and to relieve various neurological symptoms such as ischemic deficits. However, scientific evidence related to their effectiveness or precise modes of neuroprotective action is largely unclear. In the current study, we elicited the neuroprotective mechanisms of TMP after focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) by common carotid arteries and middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats. TMP was administrated 60 min before occlusion via intraperitoneal injection. TMP concentration-dependently exhibited significant neuroprotective effect against ischemic deficits by reduction of behavioral disturbance. Neuronal loss and brain infarction in the ischemic side of rats were markedly lowered by treatment with TMP. Cerebral I/R-induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activation, and cytochrome c release were reduced by TMP treatment. Western blot analysis revealed the down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and the up-regulation of Bax and Bad by cerebral I/R insult. Among them, only the alteration in Bcl-xL expression was reversed by TMP treatment. Moreover, the activation of microglia and/or recruitment of inflammatory cells within the ischemic side and the consequent production of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were suppressed by TMP pre-treatment. Our findings suggest that TMP might provide neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury, in part, through suppression of inflammatory reaction, reduction of neuronal apoptosis, and prevention of neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Kuei Kao
- Department of Nursing, Tajen Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Liao SL, Kao TK, Chen WY, Lin YS, Chen SY, Raung SL, Wu CW, Lu HC, Chen CJ. Tetramethylpyrazine reduces ischemic brain injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2005; 372:40-5. [PMID: 15531085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), which is widely used in the treatment of ischemic stroke by Chinese herbalists, is one of the most important active ingredients of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Ligusticum wallichii Franchat (Chung Xiong). However, the mechanism by which TMP protects the brain is still not clear. We examined neuroprotective effects of TMP after transient focal cerebral ischemia using common carotid artery and middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats and evaluated the involvement of anti-inflammation. TMP administrated intraperitoneally significantly protected the brain against ischemic insult as evidenced by the reduction in infarction volume, preservation of neurons, and decrease in brain edema. TMP markedly reduced cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory cell activation and proinflammatory mediator production. Moreover, TMP suppressed lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma-induced inflammation and prostaglandin E(2) production in cultured glial cells. Our findings suggest that one of neuroprotective effects of TMP against ischemic brain injury might involve its anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160, Section 3, Taichung-Gang Road, Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC
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26
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27
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Chen CJ, Chen JH, Chen SY, Liao SL, Raung SL. Upregulation of RANTES gene expression in neuroglia by Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Virol 2004; 78:12107-19. [PMID: 15507597 PMCID: PMC525064 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12107-12119.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes cerebral inflammation and stimulates inflammatory cytokine expression. Glial cells orchestrate immunocyte recruitment to focal sites of viral infection within the central nervous system (CNS) and synchronize immune cell functions through a regulated network of cytokines and chemokines. Since immune cell infiltration is prominent, we investigated the production of a responding chemoattractant, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), in response to JEV infection of glial cells. Infection with JEV was found to elicit the production of RANTES from primary neurons/glia, mixed glia, microglia, and astrocytes but not from neuron cultures. The production of RANTES did not seem to be directly responsible for JEV-induced neuronal death but instead contributed to the recruitment of immune cells. RANTES expression required viral replication and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as well as transcription factors, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor IL-6 (NF-IL-6). The induction of RANTES expression by JEV infection in glial cells needed the coordinate activation of NF-kappaB and NF-IL-6. Using enzymatic inhibitors, we demonstrated a strong correlation between the ERK signaling pathway and RANTES expression. However, JEV replication was not dependent on the activation of ERK, NF-kappaB, and NF-IL-6. Altogether, these results demonstrated that infection of glial cells by JEV provided the early ERK-, NF-kappaB-, and NF-IL-6-mediated signals that directly activated RANTES expression, which might be involved in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160 Sec. 3 Taichung-Gang Road, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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Unal-Cevik I, Kilinç M, Gürsoy-Ozdemir Y, Gurer G, Dalkara T. Loss of NeuN immunoreactivity after cerebral ischemia does not indicate neuronal cell loss: a cautionary note. Brain Res 2004; 1015:169-74. [PMID: 15223381 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
NeuN immunoreactivity is used as a specific marker for neurons. The number of NeuN-positive cells decreases under pathological conditions. This finding is usually considered as an evidence of neuronal loss. However, decrease in NeuN labeling may also be caused by depletion of the protein or loss of its antigenicity. Hence, we have investigated the morphological features of neurons that lost NeuN immunoreactivity and the NeuN protein levels in mouse brain after cerebral ischemia. The number of NeuN-labeled cells was decreased 6 h after a mild ischemic insult (30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion) in penumbral and core regions. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of adjacent sections showed that neurons in the penumbra were not disintegrated but displayed early ischemic changes. The nuclear NeuN staining was dramatically reduced or lost in some neurons. However, Hoechst 33258 staining of the same sections revealed that these nuclei were preserved with an intact membrane. Labeling of neurons that had lost NeuN-positivity with antibodies against caspase-3-p20, which is constitutively not present but emerges in neurons after ischemia, disclosed that these neurons still preserved their integrity. Moreover, Western blots showed that NeuN protein levels were not decreased, suggesting that reduced NeuN antigenicity accounted for loss of immunoreactivity in this mild brain injury model. Supporting this idea, NeuN labeling was partially restored after antigenic retrieval. In conclusion, since NeuN immunoreactivity readily decreases after metabolic perturbations, reduced NeuN labeling should not be taken as an indicator of neuronal loss and, quantitative analysis based on NeuN-positivity should be used cautiously after central nervous system (CNS) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isin Unal-Cevik
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye Ankara 06100, Turkey
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Liao SL, Chen WY, Raung SL, Chen CJ. Neuroprotection of naloxone against ischemic injury in rats: role of mu receptor antagonism. Neurosci Lett 2003; 345:169-72. [PMID: 12842283 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Naloxone has been advanced as a potential neuroprotectant against ischemic injury. This study examined the involvement of classical opioid receptors in the reduction of middle cerebral arterial ligation-induced cortical infarction in rats. The infarct volume was significantly reduced after infusion of (-)-naloxone, but not its inert stereoisomer (+)-naloxone. Beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA), a mu opioid antagonist, also reduced ischemic infarct volume. Both (-)-naloxone and beta-FNA attenuated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced increases in neutrophil-associated myeloperoxidase activity and chemokine mRNA expression, including macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and -2. However, (-)-naloxone and beta-FNA failed to decrease cerebral I/R-induced brain edema. The findings suggest that naloxone, acting through a blockade of mu opioid receptor activation, is beneficial to cerebral I/R insult in terms of reducing brain infarction, neutrophil accumulation, and chemokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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30
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Abstract
Although zinc exerts direct neurotoxic action, this metal is also essential for the activity of numerous biological systems and zinc deficiency has been associated with various pathologies. We investigated the cellular responses and neuronal viability following exposure to different concentrations of zinc in primary cultures of neonatal rat cortical neurons. Higher concentrations of zinc (0.15 and 0.2 mM) triggered excessive zinc influx, glutathione depletion and ATP loss leading to necrotic neuronal death. In contrast, lower concentrations of zinc (0.05 and 0.1 mM) attenuated serum-deprivation induced apoptotic neuronal death. The antiapoptotic action of low amounts of zinc was found both in mixed cultures and neuron-enriched cultures indicating the independence of glial mediator. Neurotrophic action was not accompanied by significant alteration in those cellular responses but required chelatable zinc. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, MK-801, mimicked the beneficial effect of zinc in protecting neuronal death. Moreover, both MK-801 and zinc eliminated NMDA-induced neuronal injury. The results suggest that zinc is an intrinsic factor for neuron survival and exogenous zinc, in low amounts, is an active neuroprotectant against serum deprivation in part through the antagonism of NMDA receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160, Section 3, Taichung-Gang Road, Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC.
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Akulinin VA, Dahlstrom A. Quantitative analysis of MAP2 immunoreactivity in human neocortex of three patients surviving after brain ischemia. Neurochem Res 2003; 28:373-8. [PMID: 12608711 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022401922669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Transient global ischemia caused by cardiac arrest results in lesions that involve all brain structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of MAP2 immunoreactivity in neurons in the brain of patients surviving for various times after an ischemic incident, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. We performed a quantitative analysis of the distribution and density of MAP2-positive structures in human neocortical areas after survival times of 1 week, 3 months, and 1 year after the cardiac arrest. Three important observations were made in the present study: (i) in all human brain areas investigated (motor, temporal, frontal, and visual cortex) a decrease of MAP2 immunoreactivity was found; (ii) in all studied areas the most significant decrease in MAP2 was found in layers II-III, compared with layers V-VII; (iii) the decrease of MAP2 immunoreactivity in layers II-III was related to the duration of the postischemic period. The maximal decrease, by 66.3% (P < .05), in MAP2-positive pyramidal neurons, was observed in layers II-III in the motor cortex after 1 year of survival after cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Akulinin
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Omsk State Medical Academy, Lenin 1 Omsk 644099, Russia.
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-fourth installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 2001 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists. The particular topics covered this year include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology(Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Liu Y, Qin L, Wilson BC, An L, Hong JS, Liu B. Inhibition by naloxone stereoisomers of beta-amyloid peptide (1-42)-induced superoxide production in microglia and degeneration of cortical and mesencephalic neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302:1212-9. [PMID: 12183682 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.035956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that naloxone stereoisomers, in an opioid receptor-independent manner, attenuated the inflammation-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by inhibition of the activation of microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain. Recently we discovered that beta-amyloid peptide Abeta (1-42) exhibited enhanced neurotoxicity toward both cortical and mesencephalic neurons through the activation of microglia and production of superoxide. The purpose of this study was to determine whether naloxone isomers had any effect on Abeta (1-42)-induced neurodegeneration. Pretreatment of either cortical or mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures with 1 to 10 microM (-)-naloxone, prior to treatment for up to 11 days with 0.1 to 3 microM Abeta (1-42), afforded significant neuroprotection as judged by neurotransmitter uptake, immunocytochemical analysis, and cell counting. More importantly, (+)-naloxone, the ineffective enantiomer of (-)-naloxone in binding opioid receptors, was equally effective in affording neuroprotection. Mechanistically, inhibition of Abeta (1-42)-induced production of superoxide in microglia underlay the neuroprotective effect of naloxone stereoisomers. Moreover, neuroprotection and inhibition of Abeta (1-42)-induced superoxide production was also achieved with naloxone methiodide, a charged analog with quaternary amine, suggesting that the site of action for naloxone isomers is at the cell surface of microglia. These results demonstrated that naloxone isomers, through mechanisms unrelated to the opioid receptors, were capable of inhibiting Abeta (1-42)-induced microglial activation and degeneration of both cortical and mesencephalic neurons. Combined with our previous observations with inflammagen-induced neurodegeneration, naloxone analogs, especially (+)-naloxone, may have potential therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Abstract
It is hypothesized that manganese neurotoxicity could be secondary to a diminution of cellular protective and scavenger mechanisms. Since manganese is known to be sequestered in glial cells, we investigated possible neurotoxic mechanisms involving astrocytes in vitro. Astrocytes differentiated into process-bearing stellate cells in response to manganese treatment. Manganese concentration dependently decreased cellular DNA synthesis, glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, energy production, antioxidant capacity, and glutamate transporter activity. In contrast, manganese increased glutamine synthetase protein expression and cytokine-stimulated interleukin 6 mRNA expression. Under the concentration of 0.1 mM, manganese chloride caused no significant astrocyte death even up to 48 h after treatment. That is, these astrocytic alterations proceeded before the onset of cell demise. As a possible mediator of manganese-derived alterations, we determined intracellular redox state in astrocytes. Manganese time-dependently changed intracellular redox potential into oxidized state. The influx of manganese and its resultant oxidative stress was essential to most of the alterations, except for the action on stellation. Astrocytes are central component of the brain's antioxidant defense. Therefore, the observations suggest that dysfunction of astrocytes possibly involved in neurotoxic action of manganese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160, Sec. 3, Taichung-Gang Road, Taichung, 40705, Republic of China.
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