1
|
Mattathil JG, Volz A, Onabajo OO, Maynard S, Bixler SL, Shen XX, Vargas-Inchaustegui D, Robert-Guroff M, Lebranche C, Tomaras G, Montefiori D, Sutter G, Mattapallil JJ. Direct intranodal tonsil vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine protects macaques from highly pathogenic SIVmac251. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1264. [PMID: 36882405 PMCID: PMC9990026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a mucosally transmitted virus that causes immunodeficiency and AIDS. Developing efficacious vaccines to prevent infection is essential to control the epidemic. Protecting the vaginal and rectal mucosa, the primary routes of HIV entry has been a challenge given the significant compartmentalization between the mucosal and peripheral immune systems. We hypothesized that direct intranodal vaccination of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) such as the readily accessible palatine tonsils could overcome this compartmentalization. Here we show that rhesus macaques primed with plasmid DNA encoding SIVmac251-env and gag genes followed by an intranodal tonsil MALT boost with MVA encoding the same genes protects from a repeated low dose intrarectal challenge with highly pathogenic SIVmac251; 43% (3/7) of vaccinated macaques remained uninfected after 9 challenges as compared to the unvaccinated control (0/6) animals. One vaccinated animal remained free of infection even after 22 challenges. Vaccination was associated with a ~2 log decrease in acute viremia that inversely correlated with anamnestic immune responses. Our results suggest that a combination of systemic and intranodal tonsil MALT vaccination could induce robust adaptive and innate immune responses leading to protection from mucosal infection with highly pathogenic HIV and rapidly control viral breakthroughs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffy G Mattathil
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Sean Maynard
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Onabajo OO, Lewis MG, Mattapallil JJ. GALT CD4 +PD-1 hi T follicular helper (Tfh) cells repopulate after anti-retroviral therapy. Cell Immunol 2021; 366:104396. [PMID: 34157462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are characterized by dramatic alterations in the mucosal CD4 T cell compartment. Though viremia is effectively suppressed, and peripheral CD4 T cell numbers recover to near healthy levels after highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), some of the dysfunctional consequences of HIV infection continue to persist during therapy. We hypothesized that CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cell deficiencies may play a role in this process. Using the macaque model we show that SIV infection was associated with a significant loss of Tfh cells in the GALT that drain the mesentery lining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Loss of Tfh cells significantly correlated with the depletion of the overall memory CD4 T cell compartment; most Tfh cells in the GALT expressed a CD95+CD28+ memory phenotype suggesting that infection of the memory compartment likely drives the loss of GALT Tfh cells during infection. Continuous anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was accompanied by a significant repopulation of Tfh cells in the GALT to levels similar to those of uninfected animals. Repopulating Tfh cells displayed significantly higher capacity to produce IL-21 as compared to SIV infected animals suggesting that cART fully restores Tfh cells that are functionally capable of supporting GC reactions in the GALT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Onabajo OO, Mattapallil JJ. Gut Microbiome Homeostasis and the CD4 T- Follicular Helper Cell IgA Axis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657679. [PMID: 33815419 PMCID: PMC8017181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) are associated with severe perturbations in the gut mucosal environment characterized by massive viral replication and depletion of CD4 T cells leading to dysbiosis, breakdown of the epithelial barrier, microbial translocation, immune activation and disease progression. Multiple mechanisms play a role in maintaining homeostasis in the gut mucosa and protecting the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Among these are the secretory IgA (sIgA) that are produced daily in vast quantities throughout the mucosa and play a pivotal role in preventing commensal microbes from breaching the epithelial barrier. These microbe specific, high affinity IgA are produced by IgA+ plasma cells that are present within the Peyer’s Patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the isolated lymphoid follicles that are prevalent in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Differentiation, maturation and class switching to IgA producing plasma cells requires help from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are present within these lymphoid tissues. HIV replication and CD4 T cell depletion is accompanied by severe dysregulation of Tfh cell responses that compromises the generation of mucosal IgA that in turn alters barrier integrity leading to commensal bacteria readily breaching the epithelial barrier and causing mucosal pathology. Here we review the effect of HIV infection on Tfh cells and mucosal IgA responses in the GIT and the consequences these have for gut dysbiosis and mucosal immunopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- F. E. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blum FC, Hardy BL, Bishop-Lilly KA, Frey KG, Hamilton T, Whitney JB, Lewis MG, Merrell DS, Mattapallil JJ. Microbial Dysbiosis During Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection is Partially Reverted with Combination Anti-retroviral Therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6387. [PMID: 32286417 PMCID: PMC7156522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by a massive loss of CD4 T cells in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that is accompanied by changes in the gut microbiome and microbial translocation that contribute to inflammation and chronic immune activation. Though highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to better long-term outcomes in HIV infected patients, it has not been as effective at reverting pathogenesis in the GIT. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection model, we show that combination antiretroviral therapy (c-ART) partially reverted microbial dysbiosis observed during SIV infection. Though the relative abundance of bacteria, their richness or diversity did not significantly differ between infected and treated animals, microbial dysbiosis was evident via multiple beta diversity metrics: Jaccard similarity coefficient, Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient, and Yue & Clayton theta similarity coefficient. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) clustered SIV-infected untreated animals away from healthy and treated animals that were clustered closely, indicating that c-ART partially reversed the gut dysbiosis associated with SIV infection. Metastats analysis identified specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) falling within the Streptococcus, Prevotella, Acinetobacter, Treponema, and Lactobacillus genera that were differentially represented across the three groups. Our results suggest that complete viral suppression with c-ART could potentially revert microbial dysbiosis observed during SIV and HIV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith C Blum
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Britney L Hardy
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth G Frey
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Theron Hamilton
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - James B Whitney
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - D Scott Merrell
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gender differences in innate responses and gene expression profiles in memory CD4 T cells are apparent very early during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221159. [PMID: 31490965 PMCID: PMC6730907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression and comorbidities have been extensively reported. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaque model, we show that these differences are apparent very early during the course of infection. Though there were no major changes in the proportions of CD4 T cells or its subsets, central memory CD4 T cells from female macaques were found to differentially regulate a significantly larger number of genes at day 4 post-infection (PI) as compared to males. Pathway analysis revealed divergence of both canonical and biological pathways that persisted at day 10 PI. Changes in gene expression profiles were accompanied by a significant increase in plasma levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as MCP-1/CCL2, I-TAC/CXCL11, and MIF. Though plasma levels of IFNα did not differ between male and female macaques, the expression levels of IFNα subtype-14, 16, IFNβ, and IFNω were significantly upregulated in the lymph nodes of female macaques at day 10 PI as compared to male macaques. Our results suggest that the pathogenic sequelae seen during chronic infection may be shaped by gender differences in immune responses induced very early during the course of HIV infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Policing the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier: Innate Immune Functions of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
7
|
Allers K, Puyskens A, Epple HJ, Schürmann D, Hofmann J, Moos V, Schneider T. Distribution and Activation of CD8+ T Cells in the Duodenal Mucosa before and after HIV Seroconversion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:481-491. [PMID: 27872210 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa influence the HIV-associated pathogenesis, but little is known about the dynamics of mucosal CD8+ T cell counts and activation of these cells during the course of infection. In this study, mucosal CD8+ T cells in the duodenum were studied at different stages of HIV infection, starting from the seronegative phase. In seronegative acute HIV infection, CD8+ T cell counts increased in the epithelium, but not in the lamina propria. Infiltration of the lamina propria by peripherally expanded CD8+ T cells was observed after seroconversion. Highest increase in the expression of perforin, the rate-limiting molecule for cytotoxic CD8+ T cell activity, was evident in the lamina propria of seronegative acutely HIV-infected patients. The number of perforin-expressing cells in the lamina propria of acutely HIV-infected patients was positively associated with biomarkers of enterocyte damage and microbial translocation. After seroconversion, perforin expression was downregulated in the lamina propria, but not in the epithelium. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that intraepithelial and lamina propria CD8+ T cells exhibit different dynamics of numerical alteration and cytotoxic activity in HIV-infected patients. Moreover, our results suggest that perforin-dependent cytotoxic mechanisms by CD8+ T cells could impair the intestinal mucosal barrier already in the seronegative phase of acute HIV infection, thereby inducing microbial translocation as one of the earliest pathological events in HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Allers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Puyskens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Epple
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schürmann
- Division of Infectious Disease and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Phenotypic and functional characterization of HIV-1-specific CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells in early and chronic HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:444-56. [PMID: 19360930 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31819aa8c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells represent a poorly characterized population of effector T cells found at low frequencies in the peripheral blood. Virus-specific DP T cells have been identified in HIV-1-infected patients but their origin, relationship to conventional CD4+ and CD8+ single-positive (SP) T cells, and role in disease pathogenesis are unclear. METHODS In this study, peripheral blood T cells were analyzed for cytokine production, maturation, and cytolytic marker expression by polychromatic flow cytometry in subjects with both early (n = 27) and chronic (n = 21) HIV-1 infection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS HIV-1-specific interferon gamma (IFN-g)-producing DP T cells were identified at a median frequency of 0.48% compared with 1.08% and 0.02% for CD8 and CD4 SP cells, respectively, in response to pooled HIV-1 peptides. HIV-1- specific DP T cells exhibited polyfunctionality with characteristics of both CD4 and CD8 SP T cells, including coproduction of IFN-gamma and IL-2 and expression of cytolytic-associated lysosomal-associated membrane protein. No differences in frequencies of unstimulated DP T cells were observed in early compared with chronic infection. However, chronic infection was associated with higher frequencies of HIV-specific, IFN-gamma-producing DP T cells and higher fractions of effector memory and lysosomal-associated membrane protein expression among these cells, suggesting an effect of cumulative viral antigen burden on DP T-cell function.
Collapse
|
9
|
Heightened cytotoxic responses and impaired biogenesis contribute to early pathogenesis in the oral mucosa of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 16:277-81. [PMID: 19091994 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00265-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection disseminated into the oropharyngeal tissues of rhesus macaques 6 weeks following intravenous inoculation. Severe local CD4(+) T-cell depletion coincided with increases in NK cell and proinflammatory biomarkers and the disruption of growth-associated gene transcription, demonstrating the rapid establishment of pathogenesis in the oral mucosa.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Zhang H, Ma H, Lu B, Wang J, Li Y, Li J. Inhibitory effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to intestinal IL-15 expression is associated with reduction of TCRαβ+CD8α+CD8β− intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:475-81. [PMID: 17855067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and their cytokines play an important role in the regulation of gut immune response and take part in gut immune barrier function. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is an immunoregulator that has been shown to influence the process of gut inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a T-cell growth factor that has been shown to influence the differentiation of IEL. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of dietary n-3 PUFA on IEL. IEL phenotype and cytokine (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta1) profile were measured by FACS and real-time RT-PCR in healthy adult rats fed with fish oil diet for 90 days. Rats fed with corn oil diet served as controls. Intestinal IL-15 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. The results demonstrated a decrease of intestinal IL-15 expression in the fish oil group. Associated with this deduction, n-3 PUFA significantly decreased the proportion of TCRalphabeta+CD8alpha+CD8beta- cells and IEL-derived TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10. In conclusion, n-3 PUFA could inhibit intestinal mucosal expression of IL-15 and may influence phenotype and function of IEL through this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21002, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moretto MM, Weiss LM, Combe CL, Khan IA. IFN-gamma-producing dendritic cells are important for priming of gut intraepithelial lymphocyte response against intracellular parasitic infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2485-92. [PMID: 17675510 PMCID: PMC3109618 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The importance of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in immunoprotection against orally acquired pathogens is being increasingly recognized. Recent studies have demonstrated that Ag-specific IEL can be generated and can provide an important first line of defense against pathogens acquired via oral route. However, the mechanism involved in priming of IEL remains elusive. Our current study, using a microsporidial model of infection, demonstrates that priming of IEL is dependent on IFN-gamma-producing dendritic cells (DC) from mucosal sites. DC from mice lacking the IFN-gamma gene are unable to prime IEL, resulting in failure of these cells to proliferate and lyse pathogen-infected targets. Also, treatment of wild-type DC from Peyer's patches with Ab to IFN-gamma abrogates their ability to prime an IEL response against Encephalitozoon cuniculi in vitro. Moreover, when incubated with activated DC from IFN-gamma knockout mice, splenic CD8(+) T cells are not primed efficiently and exhibit reduced ability to home to the gut compartment. These data strongly suggest that IFN-gamma-producing DC from mucosal sites play an important role in the generation of an Ag-specific IEL response in the small intestine. To our knowledge, this report is the first demonstrating a role for IFN-gamma-producing DC from Peyer's patches in the development of Ag-specific IEL population and their trafficking to the gut epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magali M. Moretto
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Microbiology, Tropical Medicine and Immunology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Crescent L. Combe
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Imtiaz A. Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Microbiology, Tropical Medicine and Immunology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Imtiaz A. Khan, Department of Microbiology, Tropical Medicine and Immunology, George Washington University, 2300 I Street, Washington, DC 20037.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Howard KE, Burkhard MJ. FIV infection induces unique changes in phenotype and cellularity in the medial iliac lymph node and intestinal IEL. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:720-8. [PMID: 17530999 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques have identified profound depletion of CD4(+) T cells and expansion of CD8(+) T cells in the gastrointestinal lamina propria. Less attention has been given to CD8(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and no studies have concurrently examined inductive sites such as draining lymph nodes. Our preliminary data in the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) animal model suggested additional changes in IEL, and marked differences in the responses of lymph nodes draining different mucosal sites. To address this, we quantified the absolute leukocyte yield and examined the phenotype of cells from small intestinal IEL, mesenteric lymph node (MLN), and medial iliac lymph node (ILN) from chronically FIV-infected cats. The cellularity of the ILN was increased 530% in FIV-infected animals with an expansion of CD62L(+) cells, suggesting an increased population of naive T cells. The number of CD4(+), as well as CD8(+), T cells was increased in the ILN, resulting in a CD4:CD8 ratio greater than 1:1. In contrast, reduced cellularity, specific loss of CD4(+) T cells, and inversion of the CD4:CD8 ratio was observed in the MLN, which drains the intestine. In IEL, loss of CD8alpha, CD8beta, and CD4-expressing T cells was found in FIV-infected cats. Furthermore, expression intensity of CD8alpha and CD5, markers known to be important in T cell function, was markedly decreased on IEL. These findings expand the array of immune alterations induced by lentiviral infection and indicate that characterization of multiple mucosal sites will be necessary to fully understand the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miyake A, Ibuki K, Enose Y, Suzuki H, Horiuchi R, Motohara M, Saito N, Nakasone T, Honda M, Watanabe T, Miura T, Hayami M. Rapid dissemination of a pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus to systemic organs and active replication in lymphoid tissues following intrarectal infection. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1311-1320. [PMID: 16603534 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of virological events during the early phase of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is important for development of effective antiviral vaccines. In this study, by using quantitative PCR and an infectious plaque assay, virus distribution and replication were examined in various internal organs of rhesus macaques for almost 1 month after intrarectal inoculation of a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV chimeric virus (SHIV-C2/1-KS661c). At 3 days post-inoculation (p.i.), proviral DNA was detected in the rectum, thymus and axillary lymph node. In lymphoid tissues, infectious virus was first detected at 6 days p.i. and a high level of proviral DNA and infectious virus were both detected at 13 days p.i. By 27 days p.i., levels of infectious virus decreased dramatically, although proviral DNA load remained unaltered. In the intestinal tract, levels of infectious virus detected were much lower than in lymphoid tissues, whereas proviral DNA was detected at the same level as in lymphoid tissues throughout the infection. In the thymus and jejunum, CD4CD8 double-positive T cells were depleted earlier than CD4 single-positive cells. These results show that the virus spread quickly to systemic tissues after mucosal transmission. Thereafter, infectious virus was actively produced in the lymphoid tissues, but levels decreased significantly after the peak of viraemia. In contrast, in the intestinal tract, infectious virus was produced at low levels from the beginning of infection. Moreover, virus pathogenesis differed in CD4 single-positive and CD4CD8 double-positive T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariko Miyake
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ibuki
- Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Enose
- Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hajime Suzuki
- Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Reii Horiuchi
- Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Makiko Motohara
- Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoki Saito
- Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuo Honda
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masanori Hayami
- Institute for Virus Research, Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Disease, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Henschke S, Pawlowski NN, Wild MK, Kroesen AJ, Zeitz M, Hoffmann JC. Lamina propria T cell activation: role of the costimulatory molecule CD2 and its cytoplasmic tail for the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21:321-31. [PMID: 16133008 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-005-0016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Accumulation of T lymphocytes in the gut is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease probably caused by insufficient T cell apoptosis. Activated peripheral T cells, or "resting" lamina propria T lymphocytes (LPLs), are highly susceptible to apoptosis induction, e.g., using the mitogenic anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) pair T11(2+3). It is, however, unknown how CD2-mediated LPL apoptosis is related to proliferation and whether the whole CD2 molecule is required for apoptosis induction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mapping of anti-CD2 mAb was performed using erythrocyte rosetting assays and cross-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNCs) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) blasts were stimulated with a panel of 18 anti-CD2 mAbs followed by apoptosis analysis [Annexin V expression on propidium iodide (PI)-negative cells, 4c6-diamidino-2-phenylindole x 2HCl (DAPI) staining]. Proliferation was measured by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. For structural analysis, EL4 cells were used which were transfected with human CD2 (wild type (WT), cytoplasmic-deficient, cytoplasmic CD28). Sorting was performed employing standard techniques RESULTS All three mitogenic anti-CD2 mAb pairs induced apoptosis of LPMNC and PHA blasts. Two out of four submitogenic anti-CD2 mAb, AICD2.M3, and ICRFCD2.3 lead to LPMNC proliferation but no apoptosis. Importantly, apoptosis was also detected in cytoplasmic-deficient CD2 tg or CD2/CD2/CD28 tg EL4 cells. Sorted CD45(high) huCD2 WT EL4 had higher apoptosis rates compared to WT huCD2tg EL4 cells CONCLUSION LPMNC apoptosis induction via CD2 is always associated with proliferation, although proliferation is not necessarily associated with apoptosis. The cytoplasmic tail of CD2 is not required, and CD45 appears to transmit apoptotic signals entering the T cell via CD2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Henschke
- Innere Medizin II, Medizinische Klinik, Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
George MD, Reay E, Sankaran S, Dandekar S. Early antiretroviral therapy for simian immunodeficiency virus infection leads to mucosal CD4+ T-cell restoration and enhanced gene expression regulating mucosal repair and regeneration. J Virol 2005; 79:2709-19. [PMID: 15708990 PMCID: PMC548479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2709-2719.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to rapid depletion of CD4(+) T cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Although the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been shown to increase CD4(+) T-cell levels in the peripheral blood in both SIV and HIV infections, its efficacy in restoring intestinal mucosal CD4(+) T cells has not been well investigated. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of virally induced disruptions in the mucosal immune system, we have evaluated longitudinal changes in viral burden, T-cell subsets, and mucosal gene expression profiles in SIV-infected rhesus macaques in the absence or presence of ART. Our results demonstrate a dramatic suppression of mucosal viral loads and rapid reconstitution of CD4(+) T cells in GALT in animals receiving ART that were not observed in untreated SIV-infected animals. DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling indicated that CD4(+) T-cell restoration in GALT was associated with up regulation of growth factors and genes involved in repair and regeneration of the mucosal epithelium. In contrast, untreated SIV-infected animals increased expression of lymphocyte activation and inflammatory response-associated genes and did not up regulate mucosal growth and repair associated transcription. In conclusion, these data indicate that initiating ART in primary SIV infection may lead to the restoration of the mucosal immune system through reduction of inflammation and promotion of epithelial repair in the intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D George
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Stevens R, Howard KE, Nordone S, Burkhard M, Dean GA. Oral immunization with recombinant listeria monocytogenes controls virus load after vaginal challenge with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2004; 78:8210-8. [PMID: 15254192 PMCID: PMC446143 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.15.8210-8218.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes has many attractive characteristics as a vaccine vector against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Wild-type and attenuated Listeria strains expressing HIV Gag have been shown to induce long-lived mucosal and systemic T-cell responses in mice. Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model of HIV we evaluated recombinant L. monocytogenes in a challenge system. Five cats were immunized with recombinant L. monocytogenes that expresses the FIV Gag and delivers an FIV Env-expressing DNA vaccine (LMgag/pND14-Lc-env). Control cats were either sham immunized or immunized with wild-type L. monocytogenes (LM-wt). At 1 year after vaginal challenge, provirus could not be detected in any of the nine tissues evaluated from cats immunized with the recombinant bacteria but was detected in at least one tissue in 8 of 10 control animals. Virus was isolated from bone marrow of four of five LMgag/pND14-Lc-env-immunized cats by use of a stringent coculture system but required CD8(+) T-cell depletion, indicating CD8(+) T-cell suppression of virus replication. Control animals had an inverted CD4:CD8 ratio in mesenteric lymph node and were depleted of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) intestinal epithelial T cells, while LMgag/pND14-Lc-env-immunized animals showed no such abnormalities. Vaginal FIV-specific immunoglobulin A was present at high titer in three LMgag/pND14-Lc-env-immunized cats before challenge and in all five at 1 year postchallenge. This study demonstrates that recombinant L. monocytogenes conferred some control of viral load after vaginal challenge with FIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stevceva L, Moniuszko M, Alvarez X, Lackner AA, Franchini G. Functional simian immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes in the mucosae of SIVmac251- or simian-human immunodeficiency virus KU2-infected macaques. Virology 2004; 319:190-200. [PMID: 14980480 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2003] [Revised: 07/31/2003] [Accepted: 08/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The vaginal and rectal mucosae are the first line of cellular immune defense to sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry. Thus, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) may be important in the immune response to HIV infection. Here we investigated whether functional IELs in mucosal compartments could be visualized by direct staining with a tetrameric complex specific for the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) immunodominant Gag epitope in either separated IEL cells or tissues of macaques infected with SIVmac251. Of the 15 Mamu-A*01-positive macaques studied here, eight were chronically infected with either SIVmac251 or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) KU2 and the remaining seven were exposed mucosally to SIVmac251 and sacrificed within 48 h to assess the local immune response. Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells were found in separated IELs from the rectum, colon, jejunum, and vagina of most infected animals. Direct staining of tetramers also revealed their presence in intact tissue. These Gag-specific IELs expressed the activation marker CD69 and produced IFN-gamma, suggesting an active immune response in this locale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liljana Stevceva
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 41/D804, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
George MD, Sankaran S, Reay E, Gelli AC, Dandekar S. High-throughput gene expression profiling indicates dysregulation of intestinal cell cycle mediators and growth factors during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Virology 2003; 312:84-94. [PMID: 12890623 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, CD4+ T cells are severely depleted in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), while CD8+ T-cell numbers dramatically increase. To gain an understanding of the molecular basis of this disruption in T-cell homeostasis, host gene expression was monitored in longitudinal jejunum tissue biopsies from SIV-infected rhesus macaques by DNA microarray analysis. Transcription of cyclin E1, CDC2, retinoblastoma, transforming growth factor (TGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and interleukin-2 was repressed while cyclins B1 and D2 and transcription factor E2F were upregulated, indicating a complex dysregulation of growth and proliferation within the intestinal mucosa. Innate, cell-mediated, and humoral immune responses were markedly upregulated in animals that significantly reduced their viral loads and retained more intestinal CD4+ T cells. We conclude that the alterations in intestinal gene expression during primary SIV infection were characteristic of a broad-range immune response, and reflective of the efficacy of viral suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D George
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schmitz JE, Veazey RS, Kuroda MJ, Levy DB, Seth A, Mansfield KG, Nickerson CE, Lifton MA, Alvarez X, Lackner AA, Letvin NL. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in gastrointestinal tissues of chronically SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. Blood 2001; 98:3757-61. [PMID: 11739183 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.13.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although systemic virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are of critical importance in controlling virus replication in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), little is known about this immune response in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This study investigated the GI tract CTL response in a nonhuman primate model for HIV-1 infection, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkeys. Lymphocytes from duodenal pinch biopsy specimens were obtained from 9 chronically SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys and GI tract lymphocytes were harvested from the jejunum and ileum of 4 euthanized SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys. Lymphocytes were also assessed in GI mucosal tissues by in situ staining in histologic specimens. SIVmac Gag-specific CTLs were assessed in the monkeys using the tetramer technology. These GI mucosal tissues of chronically SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys contained levels of CTLs comparable to those found in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes. The present studies suggest that the CD8(+) CTL response in GI mucosal sites is comparable to that seen systemically in SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Schmitz
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vödrös D, Thorstensson R, Biberfeld G, Schols D, De Clercq E, Fenyö EM. Coreceptor usage of sequential isolates from cynomolgus monkeys experimentally Infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm). Virology 2001; 291:12-21. [PMID: 11878872 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequential isolates from eight cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm, of sooty mangabey origin) were tested for coreceptor use in the human osteosarcoma indicator cell line, GHOST(3), expressing CD4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors CCR3, CCR5, CXCR4, BOB, or the orphan receptor Bonzo. The indicator cell line carries the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein gene that becomes activated upon infection with HIV or SIV and fluorescence can be quantitated by flow cytometric analysis. The methodological details are described in the accompanying paper (Vödrös et al., 2001, Virology 290, in press). All SIVsm inoculum viruses and reisolates used CCR5 with a high level of efficiency. CCR5 use was stable over time. BOB and Bonzo use was less efficient than CCR5 use and, in particular, late isolates obtained at the time of immunodeficiency varied greatly in their coreceptor use and often could not establish a productive infection in BOB- or Bonzo-expressing cells. Unexpectedly, early reisolates obtained 12 days postinfection could infect the entire GHOST(3) panel including the parental cells. In one case this was due to use of CXCR4, either transfected or endogenously expressed on the GHOST(3) cells. Our results demonstrate the complex coreceptor use of SIVsm isolates. Moreover, they focus attention on the initial phase of virus replication when the availability of target cells may govern the replication pattern of the virus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Benzylamines
- Cyclams
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology
- Humans
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Macaca fascicularis
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Vödrös
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|