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Jirsaraie RJ, Palma AM, Small SL, Sandman CA, Davis EP, Baram TZ, Stern H, Glynn LM, Yassa MA. Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Mood Entropy Is Associated With a Weakened and Inflexible Salience Network in Adolescence. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:207-216. [PMID: 37611745 PMCID: PMC10881896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal exposure to maternal mood dysregulation influences child cognitive and emotional development, which may have long-lasting implications for mental health. However, the neurobiological alterations associated with this dimension of adversity have yet to be explored. Here, we tested the hypothesis that fetal exposure to entropy, a novel index of dysregulated maternal mood, would predict the integrity of the salience network, which is involved in emotional processing. METHODS A sample of 138 child-mother pairs (70 females) participated in this prospective longitudinal study. Maternal negative mood level and entropy (an index of variable and unpredictable mood) were assessed 5 times during pregnancy. Adolescents engaged in a functional magnetic resonance imaging task that was acquired between 2 resting-state scans. Changes in network integrity were analyzed using mixed-effect and latent growth curve models. The amplitude of low frequency fluctuations was analyzed to corroborate findings. RESULTS Prenatal maternal mood entropy, but not mood level, was associated with salience network integrity. Both prenatal negative mood level and entropy were associated with the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations of the salience network. Latent class analysis yielded 2 profiles based on changes in network integrity across all functional magnetic resonance imaging sequences. The profile that exhibited little variation in network connectivity (i.e., inflexibility) consisted of adolescents who were exposed to higher negative maternal mood levels and more entropy. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that fetal exposure to maternal mood dysregulation is associated with a weakened and inflexible salience network. More broadly, they identify maternal mood entropy as a novel marker of early adversity that exhibits long-lasting associations with offspring brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Jirsaraie
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Anton M Palma
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Steven L Small
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Hal Stern
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Laura M Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California.
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
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Gee DG, Hanson C, Caglar LR, Fareri DS, Gabard-Durnam LJ, Mills-Finnerty C, Goff B, Caldera CJ, Lumian DS, Flannery J, Hanson SJ, Tottenham N. Experimental evidence for a child-to-adolescent switch in human amygdala-prefrontal cortex communication: A cross-sectional pilot study. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13238. [PMID: 35080089 PMCID: PMC9232876 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex are fundamental to human emotion. Despite the central role of frontoamygdala communication in adult emotional learning and regulation, little is known about how top-down control emerges during human development. In the present cross-sectional pilot study, we experimentally manipulated prefrontal engagement to test its effects on the amygdala during development. Inducing dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation resulted in developmentally-opposite effects on amygdala reactivity during childhood versus adolescence, such that dACC activation was followed by increased amygdala reactivity in childhood but reduced amygdala reactivity in adolescence. Bayesian network analyses revealed an age-related switch between childhood and adolescence in the nature of amygdala connectivity with the dACC and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC). Whereas adolescence was marked by information flow from dACC and vmPFC to amygdala (consistent with that observed in adults), the reverse information flow, from the amygdala to dACC and vmPFC, was dominant in childhood. The age-related switch in information flow suggests a potential shift from bottom-up co-excitatory to top-down regulatory frontoamygdala connectivity and may indicate a profound change in the circuitry supporting maturation of emotional behavior. These findings provide novel insight into the developmental construction of amygdala-cortical connections and implications for the ways in which childhood experiences may influence subsequent prefrontal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. Gee
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: ,
| | - Catherine Hanson
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Leyla Roksan Caglar
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Dominic S. Fareri
- Adelphi University, Department of Psychology, Blodgett Hall, Garden City, NY 11530
| | | | | | - Bonnie Goff
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christina J. Caldera
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Daniel S. Lumian
- University of Denver, Department of Psychology, 2155 S. Race Street, Denver, CO 80210
| | - Jessica Flannery
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology, 235 E. Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Stephen J. Hanson
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027
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3
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Using Virtual Reality to Examine the Association Between Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Adolescent Substance Use. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022:10.1007/s10578-021-01308-1. [PMID: 35066713 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Early substance use is associated with long-term negative health outcomes. Emotion regulation (ER) plays an important role in reducing risk, but detecting those vulnerable because of ER deficits is challenging. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a biomarker of ER, may be useful for early identification of substance use risk. To examine this, we enrolled 23 adolescents (Mage = 14.0; 56% minority) with and without a history of substance use and collected RSA during a neutral baseline, virtual reality challenge scene, and neutral recovery. ANOVAs indicated that adolescents who reported having used a substance were not different from non-using peers on baseline or challenge RSA but demonstrated lower RSA during recovery. This suggests that adolescents with a history of substance use exhibit slower return to baseline RSA after experiencing a challenging situation compared to non-using peers. RSA, an index of ER, may be useful in identifying adolescents at risk for early substance use.
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4
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Elucidating the neural correlates of emotion recognition in children with sub-clinical anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:75-83. [PMID: 34461352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pervasiveness of subclinical anxiety in children, highlights the need to identify its neurobiological underpinnings to better inform interventions. Given the now well-established link between aberrant emotion processing and anxiety disorders and yet limited neurobiologically-informed research in this area, this study examined the neural correlates of emotion recognition (ER) in children with sub-clinical anxiety. METHOD Ninety children (aged 9-11 years) with sub-clinical anxiety, completed an emotion recognition task whilst undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. The ER task required participants to match shapes and match emotional faces in the context of shape distractors. Participants also completed the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS). RESULTS Greater blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) changes associated with ER were observed in the lateral occipital cortex, middle frontal gyrus, superior middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus symmetrically. The clusters also included posterior cingulate cortex, insula, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum during matching emotions than those matching shapes. Females showed greater BOLD changes associated with ER than males in the right middle frontal gyrus. The BOLD changes associated with ER in the right middle frontal gyrus and right insula were greater in children with SCAS subscale (physical injury fear) scores in the normal range than those with elevated scores. DISCUSSION The findings in this study implicate the right middle frontal gyrus and insula as key regions in the neurobiological underpinnings of sub-clinical anxiety as they relate to attention impairments in anxious children. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate there are gender differences in young participants during emotion processing and provides a neurobiological target for attention impairments in anxious children.
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5
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Skversky-Blocq Y, Haaker J, Shechner T. Watch and Learn: Vicarious Threat Learning across Human Development. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101345. [PMID: 34679409 PMCID: PMC8533719 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicarious threat learning is an important pathway in learning about safety and danger in the environment and is therefore critical for survival. It involves learning by observing another person's (the demonstrator) fearful responses to threat and begins as early as infancy. The review discusses the literature on vicarious threat learning and infers how this learning pathway may evolve over human development. We begin by discussing the methods currently being used to study observational threat learning in the laboratory. Next, we focus on the social factors influencing vicarious threat learning; this is followed by a review of vicarious threat learning among children and adolescents. Finally, we examine the neural mechanisms underpinning vicarious threat learning across human development. To conclude, we encourage future research directions that will help elucidate how vicarious threat learning emerges and how it relates to the development of normative fear and pathological anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Skversky-Blocq
- School of Psychological Sciences and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | - Jan Haaker
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Tomer Shechner
- School of Psychological Sciences and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- Correspondence:
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6
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Chaarani B, Hahn S, Allgaier N, Adise S, Owens MM, Juliano AC, Yuan DK, Loso H, Ivanciu A, Albaugh MD, Dumas J, Mackey S, Laurent J, Ivanova M, Hagler DJ, Cornejo MD, Hatton S, Agrawal A, Aguinaldo L, Ahonen L, Aklin W, Anokhin AP, Arroyo J, Avenevoli S, Babcock D, Bagot K, Baker FC, Banich MT, Barch DM, Bartsch H, Baskin-Sommers A, Bjork JM, Blachman-Demner D, Bloch M, Bogdan R, Bookheimer SY, Breslin F, Brown S, Calabro FJ, Calhoun V, Casey BJ, Chang L, Clark DB, Cloak C, Constable RT, Constable K, Corley R, Cottler LB, Coxe S, Dagher RK, Dale AM, Dapretto M, Delcarmen-Wiggins R, Dick AS, Do EK, Dosenbach NUF, Dowling GJ, Edwards S, Ernst TM, Fair DA, Fan CC, Feczko E, Feldstein-Ewing SW, Florsheim P, Foxe JJ, Freedman EG, Friedman NP, Friedman-Hill S, Fuemmeler BF, Galvan A, Gee DG, Giedd J, Glantz M, Glaser P, Godino J, Gonzalez M, Gonzalez R, Grant S, Gray KM, Haist F, Harms MP, Hawes S, Heath AC, Heeringa S, Heitzeg MM, Hermosillo R, Herting MM, Hettema JM, Hewitt JK, Heyser C, Hoffman E, Howlett K, Huber RS, Huestis MA, Hyde LW, Iacono WG, Infante MA, Irfanoglu O, Isaiah A, Iyengar S, Jacobus J, James R, Jean-Francois B, Jernigan T, Karcher NR, Kaufman A, Kelley B, Kit B, Ksinan A, Kuperman J, Laird AR, Larson C, LeBlanc K, Lessov-Schlagger C, Lever N, Lewis DA, Lisdahl K, Little AR, Lopez M, Luciana M, Luna B, Madden PA, Maes HH, Makowski C, Marshall AT, Mason MJ, Matochik J, McCandliss BD, McGlade E, Montoya I, Morgan G, Morris A, Mulford C, Murray P, Nagel BJ, Neale MC, Neigh G, Nencka A, Noronha A, Nixon SJ, Palmer CE, Pariyadath V, Paulus MP, Pelham WE, Pfefferbaum D, Pierpaoli C, Prescot A, Prouty D, Puttler LI, Rajapaske N, Rapuano KM, Reeves G, Renshaw PF, Riedel MC, Rojas P, de la Rosa M, Rosenberg MD, Ross MJ, Sanchez M, Schirda C, Schloesser D, Schulenberg J, Sher KJ, Sheth C, Shilling PD, Simmons WK, Sowell ER, Speer N, Spittel M, Squeglia LM, Sripada C, Steinberg J, Striley C, Sutherland MT, Tanabe J, Tapert SF, Thompson W, Tomko RL, Uban KA, Vrieze S, Wade NE, Watts R, Weiss S, Wiens BA, Williams OD, Wilbur A, Wing D, Wolff-Hughes D, Yang R, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Zucker RA, Potter A, Garavan HP. Baseline brain function in the preadolescents of the ABCD Study. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1176-1186. [PMID: 34099922 PMCID: PMC8947197 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® is a 10-year longitudinal study of children recruited at ages 9 and 10. A battery of neuroimaging tasks are administered biennially to track neurodevelopment and identify individual differences in brain function. This study reports activation patterns from functional MRI (fMRI) tasks completed at baseline, which were designed to measure cognitive impulse control with a stop signal task (SST; N = 5,547), reward anticipation and receipt with a monetary incentive delay (MID) task (N = 6,657) and working memory and emotion reactivity with an emotional N-back (EN-back) task (N = 6,009). Further, we report the spatial reproducibility of activation patterns by assessing between-group vertex/voxelwise correlations of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation. Analyses reveal robust brain activations that are consistent with the published literature, vary across fMRI tasks/contrasts and slightly correlate with individual behavioral performance on the tasks. These results establish the preadolescent brain function baseline, guide interpretation of cross-sectional analyses and will enable the investigation of longitudinal changes during adolescent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - S Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - N Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - S Adise
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M M Owens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - A C Juliano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - D K Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - H Loso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - A Ivanciu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M D Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J Dumas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - S Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J Laurent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M Ivanova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - D J Hagler
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M D Cornejo
- Institute of Physics UC, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Pontificia, Chile
| | - S Hatton
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Aguinaldo
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Ahonen
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W Aklin
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A P Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Arroyo
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Avenevoli
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Babcock
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Bagot
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - F C Baker
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - M T Banich
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - H Bartsch
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - J M Bjork
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - D Blachman-Demner
- NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Bloch
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Bogdan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - F Breslin
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - S Brown
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F J Calabro
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - V Calhoun
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - L Chang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D B Clark
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Cloak
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - K Constable
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Corley
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - S Coxe
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R K Dagher
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A M Dale
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Dapretto
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - A S Dick
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - E K Do
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - N U F Dosenbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - G J Dowling
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Edwards
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T M Ernst
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D A Fair
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C C Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - E Feczko
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | - J J Foxe
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - A Galvan
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D G Gee
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Giedd
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Glantz
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Glaser
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Godino
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Gonzalez
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Gonzalez
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S Grant
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K M Gray
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - F Haist
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M P Harms
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Hawes
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A C Heath
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Heeringa
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - R Hermosillo
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M M Herting
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J M Hettema
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J K Hewitt
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C Heyser
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Hoffman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Howlett
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R S Huber
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M A Huestis
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L W Hyde
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - W G Iacono
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M A Infante
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - O Irfanoglu
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Isaiah
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Iyengar
- National Endowment for the Arts, Washington DC, USA
| | - J Jacobus
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R James
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - B Jean-Francois
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Jernigan
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N R Karcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A Kaufman
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Kelley
- National Institute of Justice, Washington DC, USA
| | - B Kit
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Ksinan
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J Kuperman
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A R Laird
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - C Larson
- University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K LeBlanc
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Lessov-Schlagger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - N Lever
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D A Lewis
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K Lisdahl
- University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A R Little
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Lopez
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Luciana
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - B Luna
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P A Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - H H Maes
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - C Makowski
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A T Marshall
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M J Mason
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - J Matochik
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - E McGlade
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - I Montoya
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Morgan
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Morris
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - C Mulford
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Murray
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B J Nagel
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - G Neigh
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A Nencka
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A Noronha
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S J Nixon
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C E Palmer
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - V Pariyadath
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - W E Pelham
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - C Pierpaoli
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Prescot
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - D Prouty
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - N Rajapaske
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - G Reeves
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - M C Riedel
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - P Rojas
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M de la Rosa
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - M J Ross
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M Sanchez
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - C Schirda
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Schloesser
- NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - K J Sher
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - C Sheth
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - P D Shilling
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W K Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - E R Sowell
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Speer
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Spittel
- NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L M Squeglia
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C Sripada
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Steinberg
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - C Striley
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - J Tanabe
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S F Tapert
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W Thompson
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R L Tomko
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K A Uban
- University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - S Vrieze
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - N E Wade
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Watts
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Weiss
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B A Wiens
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - O D Williams
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Wilbur
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D Wing
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Wolff-Hughes
- NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Yang
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - R A Zucker
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - H P Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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7
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Ashworth E, Brooks SJ, Schiöth HB. Neural activation of anxiety and depression in children and young people: A systematic meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 311:111272. [PMID: 33725661 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies consistently demonstrate altered neural activation in youth experiencing anxiety and depression in a way that is distinct from adult-onset disorders. However, there is a paucity of research systematically reviewing this, and no meta-analyses have been conducted using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE). The present study conducted a systematic literature search to identify fMRI studies in youth (age 4-18) with depression or anxiety disorders. 48 studies with over 2000 participants were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Significant foci were extracted. Five ALE meta-analyses were conducted: a) activation for both anxiety disorders and depression; b) activation for anxiety disorders only; c) activation for depression only; d) deactivation for both anxiety disorders and depression; e) deactivation for depression. Results indicated significant clusters of increased activation in the bilateral amygdala for youth with internalising disorders, and specifically for those with anxiety disorders. Significant increased activation extended into the dorsal anterior cingulate, entorhinal cortex, the putamen, and the medial and lateral globus pallidus in youth with anxiety disorders. These findings help to detail the nature of anxiety being an amygdala hyperactivity disorder, whilst also defining the distinction between neural activation patterns in anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ashworth
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Samantha J Brooks
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; School of Human and Community Development, Department of Psychology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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8
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Parents still matter! Parental warmth predicts adolescent brain function and anxiety and depressive symptoms 2 years later. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:226-239. [PMID: 32096757 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is the most prevalent psychological disorder among youth, and even following treatment, it confers risk for anxiety relapse and the development of depression. Anxiety disorders are associated with heightened response to negative affective stimuli in the brain networks that underlie emotion processing. One factor that can attenuate the symptoms of anxiety and depression in high-risk youth is parental warmth. The current study investigates whether parental warmth helps to protect against future anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescents with histories of anxiety and whether neural functioning in the brain regions that are implicated in emotion processing and regulation can account for this link. Following treatment for anxiety disorder (Time 1), 30 adolescents (M age = 11.58, SD = 1.26) reported on maternal warmth, and 2 years later (Time 2) they participated in a functional neuroimaging task where they listened to prerecorded criticism and neutral statements from a parent. Higher maternal warmth predicted lower neural activation during criticism, compared with the response during neutral statements, in the left amygdala, bilateral insula, subgenual anterior cingulate (sgACC), right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Maternal warmth was associated with adolescents' anxiety and depressive symptoms due to the indirect effects of sgACC activation, suggesting that parenting may attenuate risk for internalizing through its effects on brain function.
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9
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Mind and gut: Associations between mood and gastrointestinal distress in children exposed to adversity. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:309-328. [PMID: 30919798 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal and mental disorders are highly comorbid, and animal models have shown that both can be caused by early adversity (e.g., parental deprivation). Interactions between the brain and bacteria that live within the gastrointestinal system (the microbiome) underlie adversity-gastrointestinal-anxiety interactions, but these links have not been investigated during human development. In this study, we utilized data from a population of 344 youth (3-18 years old) who were raised with their biological parents or were exposed to early adverse caregiving experiences (i.e., institutional or foster care followed by international adoption) to explore adversity-gastrointestinal-anxiety associations. In Study 1, we demonstrated that previous adverse care experiences were associated with increased incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in youth. Gastrointestinal symptoms were also associated with concurrent and future anxiety (measured across 5 years), and those gastrointestinal symptoms mediated the adversity-anxiety association at Time 1. In a subsample of children who provided both stool samples and functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (Study 2, which was a "proof-of-principle"), adversity was associated with changes in diversity (both alpha and beta) of microbial communities, and bacteria levels (adversity-associated and adversity-independent) were correlated with prefrontal cortex activation to emotional faces. Implications of these data for supporting youth mental health are discussed.
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10
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Grose-Fifer J, Lobel M, diFilipo D, Gordon J. Low Spatial Frequency Sensitivity and Emotional Face Processing in Adolescents: An Event-related Potential Study. Dev Neuropsychol 2020; 45:279-296. [PMID: 32648782 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1789144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Slow maturation of visual pathways transmitting low spatial frequency (LSF) information may contribute to inaccurate facial emotion recognition in adolescence. We recorded ERPs from adolescents and adults to upright and inverted happy faces, fearful faces, and chairs, which were unfiltered, contained only LSFs, or only high spatial frequencies. P100s and N170s were larger for adolescents than adults, with the greatest effect size for LSF stimuli. For LSFs only, adolescents showed a larger N170 inversion effect for happy than for fearful faces, but adults showed the opposite response. Thus, immaturities in LSF pathways appear to impact facial expression processing in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Grose-Fifer
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York , New York, NY.,John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
| | - Max Lobel
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
| | - Danielle diFilipo
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York , New York, NY.,John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
| | - James Gordon
- Hunter College, City University of New York , New York, NY, USA
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11
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Deluca P, Coulton S, Alam MF, Boniface S, Donoghue K, Gilvarry E, Kaner E, Lynch E, Maconochie I, McArdle P, McGovern R, Newbury-Birch D, Patton R, Pellatt-Higgins T, Phillips C, Phillips T, Pockett R, Russell IT, Strang J, Drummond C. Screening and brief interventions for adolescent alcohol use disorders presenting through emergency departments: a research programme including two RCTs. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar08020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background
Alcohol consumption and related harm increase steeply from the ages of 12–20 years. Adolescents in the UK are among the heaviest drinkers in Europe. Excessive drinking in adolescents is associated with increased risk of accidents, injuries, self-harm, unprotected or regretted sex, violence and disorder, poisoning and accidental death. However, there is lack of clear evidence for the most clinically effective and cost-effective screening and brief interventions for reducing or preventing alcohol consumption in adolescents attending emergency departments (EDs).
Objectives
To estimate the distribution of alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems and alcohol use disorders in adolescents attending EDs; to develop age-appropriate alcohol screening and brief intervention tools; and to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these interventions.
Design
The research has been conducted in three linked stages: (1) a prevalence study, (2) intervention development and (3) two linked randomised controlled trials (RCTs).
Setting
Twelve EDs in England (London, North East, and Yorkshire and The Humber).
Participants
A total of 5376 participants in the prevalence study [mean age 13.0 years, standard deviation (SD) 2.0 years; 46.2% female] and 1640 participants in the two linked RCTs (mean age 15.6 years, SD 1.0 years; 50.7% female).
Interventions
Personalised feedback and brief advice (PFBA) and personalised feedback plus electronic brief intervention (eBI), compared with alcohol screening alone. These age-appropriate alcohol interventions were developed in collaboration with the target audience through a series of focus groups and evaluations during stage 2 of the research programme and following two literature reviews.
Main outcome measures
Total alcohol consumed in standard UK units (1 unit = 8 g of ethanol) over the previous 3 months at 12-month follow-up, assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Consumption (3 items) (AUDIT-C).
Results
In the prevalence study, 2112 participants (39.5%) reported having had a drink of alcohol that was more than a sip in their lifetime, with prevalence increasing steadily with age and reaching 89.5% at the age of 17 years. The prevalence of at-risk alcohol consumption was 15% [95% confidence interval (CI) 14% to 16%] and the optimum cut-off point of the AUDIT-C in identifying at-risk drinking was ≥ 3. Associations of alcohol consumption and early onset of drinking with poorer health and social functioning were also found. In the RCT, the analysis of the primary outcome (average weekly alcohol consumption at month 12) identified no significant differences in effect between the three groups in both trials. In the high-risk drinking trial, the mean difference compared with control was 0.57 (95% CI –0.36 to 1.70) for PFBA and 0.19 (95% CI –0.71 to 1.30) for eBI. In the low-risk drinking trial, the mean difference compared with control was 0.03 (95% CI –0.07 to 0.13) for PFBA and 0.01 (95% CI –0.10 to 0.11) for eBI. The health economic analysis showed that eBI and PFBA were not more cost-effective than screening alone.
Conclusions
The ED can offer an opportunity for the identification of at-risk alcohol use in adolescents. A simple, short, self-completed screening instrument, the AUDIT-C, is an effective tool for identifying adolescents who are at risk of alcohol-related problems. Associations of alcohol consumption and earlier onset of drinking with poorer health and social functioning were observed in the prevalence study. The trials were feasible to implement and exceeded the recruitment target and minimum follow-up rates. However, PFBA and eBI were not found to be more effective than screening alone in reducing or preventing alcohol consumption in 14- to 17-year-olds attending EDs.
Limitations and future work
Only one-third of participants engaged with the application program; this is likely to have limited the effect of the intervention. We recommend that future research should focus on methods to maximise engagement with digital interventions and evaluate the effect of such engagement on clinical outcomes.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN45300218.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 8, No. 2. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Deluca
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Coulton
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Sadie Boniface
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Kim Donoghue
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Eilish Gilvarry
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ellen Lynch
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian Maconochie
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul McArdle
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ruth McGovern
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Robert Patton
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Ceri Phillips
- Swansea Centre for Health Economics, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Thomas Phillips
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Rhys Pockett
- Swansea Centre for Health Economics, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - John Strang
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Colin Drummond
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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12
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Novello B, Renner A, Maurer G, Musse S, Arteche A. Development of the Youth Emotion Picture Set. Perception 2018; 47:1029-1042. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006618797226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several facial expression image sets have been developed. Nevertheless, there is a lack of facial expression sets comprising adolescents’ images depicting all basic emotions. This study aimed to fill this gap through the development of an image database of youth facial expressions, containing pictures of six basic emotions plus neutral. Posed and spontaneous expressions were collected from 31 youths, 12 to 20 years old; 2,279 frames were obtained, and an initial screening was conducted through the exclusion of similar frames, low intensity images, and ambiguous or blended expressions; 256 frames met criteria and were rechecked by two expert judges. Images were retained if they depicted all the prototypical features of the designated expression. A final selection was conducted to assure an image set that covered all age ranges, both sexes and an even number of images by expression, resulting in 42 frames (21 male, six of each emotion). Expert judges, independent adults, independent teenagers, and a software validation were used to assure database validity. Agreement across raters was high, and no differences were observed for posed and spontaneous images. The data set developed in this study can be a valid tool in studies of facial expressions, in particular, with adolescents’ samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Novello
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anelise Renner
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Maurer
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Soraia Musse
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriane Arteche
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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13
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Neurocognitive Functioning in Depressed Young People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 28:216-231. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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DiFrancesco MW, Shamsuzzaman A, McConnell KB, Ishman SL, Zhang N, Huang G, Hossain M, Amin RS. Age-related changes in baroreflex sensitivity and cardiac autonomic tone in children mirrored by regional brain gray matter volume trajectories. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:498-505. [PMID: 29261644 PMCID: PMC5866169 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe baroreflex and central autonomic brain regions together control the cardiovascular system. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) decreases with age in adults. Age-related changes in brain regions for cardiovascular control in children are unknown. We studied age-related changes in BRS, cardiac autonomic tone, and gray matter volume (GMV) of brain regions associated with cardiovascular control.MethodsBeat-to-beat blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were recorded in 49 children (6-14 years old). Spontaneous BRS was calculated by the sequence method. Cardiac autonomic tone was measured by spectral analysis of HR variability. GMV was measured using voxel-based morphometryin 112 healthy children (5-18 years old).ResultsAge-related changes in BRS were significantly different in children <10 years and ≥10 years. Age-related changes in GMV in regions of interest (ROI) were also significantly different between children <10 and ≥10 years and between children <11 and ≥11 years. However, age-related changes in cardiac autonomic tone were progressive.ConclusionsSignificant changes in BRS trajectories between <10 and ≥10 years may be associated with similar age-related changes of GMV in brain ROI. This new knowledge will guide future studies examining whether childhood cardiovascular disruption manifests as deviated maturation trajectories of specific brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. DiFrancesco
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Abu Shamsuzzaman
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Keith B. McConnell
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stacey L. Ishman
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Nanhua Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Guixia Huang
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Monir Hossain
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Raouf S. Amin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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15
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Hardee JE, Cope LM, Munier EC, Welsh RC, Zucker RA, Heitzeg MM. Sex differences in the development of emotion circuitry in adolescents at risk for substance abuse: a longitudinal fMRI study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:965-975. [PMID: 28338724 PMCID: PMC5472107 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence for behavioral sex differences in risk trajectories for alcohol and substance use, with internalizing factors such as negative affectivity contributing more to female risk. Because the neural development of emotion circuitry varies between males and females across adolescence, it represents a potential mechanism by which underlying neurobiology contributes to risk for substance use. Longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted in males and females (n = 18 each) with a family history of alcohol use disorders starting at ages 8-13 years. Participants performed an affective word task during functional magnetic resonance imaging at 1- to 2-year intervals, covering the age range of 8.5-17.6 years (3-4 scans per participant). Significant age-related sex differences were found in the right amygdala and right precentral gyrus for the negative vs neutral word condition. Males showed a significant decrease in both amygdala and precentral gyrus activation with age, whereas the response in females persisted. The subjective experience of internalizing symptomatology significantly increased with age for females but not for males. Taken together, these results reveal sex differences in negative affect processing in at-risk adolescents, and offer longitudinal neural evidence for female substance use risk through internalizing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E. Hardee
- Department of Psychiatry
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lora M. Cope
- Department of Psychiatry
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily C. Munier
- Department of Psychiatry
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert C. Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert A. Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary M. Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry
- Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Donoghue K, Rose H, Boniface S, Deluca P, Coulton S, Alam MF, Gilvarry E, Kaner E, Lynch E, Maconochie I, McArdle P, McGovern R, Newbury-Birch D, Patton R, Phillips CJ, Phillips T, Russell I, Strang J, Drummond C. Alcohol Consumption, Early-Onset Drinking, and Health-Related Consequences in Adolescents Presenting at Emergency Departments in England. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:438-446. [PMID: 28110867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Globally, alcohol use is the leading cause of ill health and life years lost in adolescents, although its clinical impact is often overlooked, particularly in England where most research is based in schools. This study aims to examine the prevalence of alcohol consumption and the association between alcohol consumption and age of onset with health and social consequences among adolescents presenting to emergency departments (EDs). METHODS Consecutive attenders (n = 5,576) aged 10-17 years at 10 EDs were included. Information was collected on general health and functioning, quality of life, alcohol use, and alcohol-related health and social consequences. RESULTS Nearly 40% of adolescents reported the consumption of alcohol that was more than a sip in their lifetime. Age of the first alcohol consumption before the age of 15 years was associated with tobacco use (p < .001), lower quality of life (p = .003), and evidence of an alcohol use disorder (p = .002). It was also associated with general social functioning (problems with conduct p = .001 and hyperactivity p = .001) and alcohol-related health and social consequences (accident p = .046, problems with a parent p = .017, school p = .0117, or police p = .012). CONCLUSIONS Rates of alcohol consumption in adolescents presenting to the ED were similar to those reported in schools in England and globally. Associations of alcohol consumption and earlier onset of drinking with poorer health and social functioning were observed. The ED can offer an opportunity for the identification of hazardous alcohol use in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Donoghue
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Hannah Rose
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sadie Boniface
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Deluca
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Coulton
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eilish Gilvarry
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Lynch
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Maconochie
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McArdle
- Health Economics and Policy Research Unit, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth McGovern
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Newbury-Birch
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Patton
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri J Phillips
- Swansea Centre for Health Economics, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Phillips
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Humber NHS Foundation Trust, Willerby, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Russell
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - John Strang
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Drummond
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Dale A, Lafrenière A, De Koninck J. Dream content of Canadian males from adolescence to old age: An exploration of ontogenetic patterns. Conscious Cogn 2017; 49:145-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Relationship Between Unsupervised Time and Participation in an Emotion Regulation Intervention and Risk Outcomes. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2017; 38:714-722. [PMID: 28902065 PMCID: PMC5668172 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is a secondary analysis of outcomes examining risk behavior in the context of the naturalistic occurrence of parental monitoring and participation in an emotion regulation intervention over a 12-month period. METHOD Early adolescents with mental health symptoms (N=420), ages 12-14 years, were recruited and randomized into either an Emotional Regulation (ER) or Health Promotion (HP) condition. Assessments included adolescent self-report of unsupervised time, substance use and sexual behavior at baseline, 6-months, and one year post-intervention. Analytic groups were formed by intervention condition (ER or HP) and baseline reports of unsupervised time (≤1× per week or >1× per week of unsupervised time with opposite sex peers) resulting in a total of four groups. Logistic regression and time-to-event analyses were used to test differences in substance use and delay of sexual initiation between the groups. RESULTS Participation in the ER intervention in the presence of low unsupervised time was superior in reducing both substance use and sexual initiation than either factor alone; and either factor alone was more effective than the absence of both. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that interventions targeting health risk behaviors, including substance use and sexual risk behavior, among early adolescents with mental health symptoms may be more effective when targeting both internal (e.g., emotional regulation) and external (e.g., unsupervised time spent with peers) protective factors. Limiting unsupervised time spent with peers through parental monitoring may serve to scaffold and reinforce early adolescent acquisition of effective emotion regulation which can be employed during emotionally arousing risk situations.
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19
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Long-lasting monoaminergic and behavioral dysfunctions in a mice model of socio-environmental stress during adolescence. Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:132-140. [PMID: 27641324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is one of the critical periods of development and has great importance to health for an individual as an adult. Stressors or traumatic events during this period are associated with several psychiatric disorders as related to anxiety or depression and cognitive impairments, but whether negative experiences continue to hinder individuals as they age is not as well understood. We determined how stress during adolescence affects behavior and neurochemistry in adulthood. Using an unpredictable paradigm (2 stressors per day for 10days) in Balb/c mice, behavioral, hormonal, and neurochemical changes were identified 20days after the cessation of treatment. Adolescent stress increased motor activity, emotional arousal and vigilance, together with a reduction in anxiety, and also affected recognition memory. Furthermore, decreased serotonergic activity on hippocampus, hypothalamus and cortex, decreased noradrenergic activity on hippocampus and hypothalamus, and increased the turnover of dopamine in cortex. These data suggest behavioral phenotypes associated with emotional arousal, but not depression, emerge after cessation of stress and remain in adulthood. Social-environmental stress can induce marked and long-lasting changes in HPA resulting from monoaminergic neurotransmission, mainly 5-HT activity.
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20
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Baker AJL, Asayan M, LaCheen-Baker A. Best Interest of the Child and Parental Alienation: A Survey of State Statutes. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1011-6. [PMID: 27364282 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
State statutes regarding the best interests of the child (BIC) in deciding disputed custody were reviewed and independently coded with respect to three issues (i) the child's preference and any limits (ii) parental alienation and (iii) psychological maltreatment. Results revealed that many states allowed for the child's preferences to be considered and none qualified that preference when undue influence has occurred; parental alienation as a term was not found in any state statutes but 70% of the states included at least one BIC factor relevant to its core construct of the parent supporting the child's relationship to the other parent; and many states included a history of domestic violence or child abuse but only three states explicitly mentioned psychological maltreatment. These findings highlight yet another way in which the BICS factors lack specificity in ways that could negatively impact children caught in their parents' conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J L Baker
- Vincent J Fontana Center for Child Protection - Research, 27 Christopher Street, New York, NY, 10014
| | - Mariann Asayan
- Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave., Syracuse, NY, 13244
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21
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Del Piero LB, Saxbe DE, Margolin G. Basic emotion processing and the adolescent brain: Task demands, analytic approaches, and trajectories of changes. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 19:174-89. [PMID: 27038840 PMCID: PMC4912905 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early neuroimaging studies suggested that adolescents show initial development in brain regions linked with emotional reactivity, but slower development in brain structures linked with emotion regulation. However, the increased sophistication of adolescent brain research has made this picture more complex. This review examines functional neuroimaging studies that test for differences in basic emotion processing (reactivity and regulation) between adolescents and either children or adults. We delineated different emotional processing demands across the experimental paradigms in the reviewed studies to synthesize the diverse results. The methods for assessing change (i.e., analytical approach) and cohort characteristics (e.g., age range) were also explored as potential factors influencing study results. Few unifying dimensions were found to successfully distill the results of the reviewed studies. However, this review highlights the potential impact of subtle methodological and analytic differences between studies, need for standardized and theory-driven experimental paradigms, and necessity of analytic approaches that are can adequately test the trajectories of developmental change that have recently been proposed. Recommendations for future research highlight connectivity analyses and non-linear developmental trajectories, which appear to be promising approaches for measuring change across adolescence. Recommendations are made for evaluating gender and biological markers of development beyond chronological age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darby E Saxbe
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Gayla Margolin
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
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22
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Wu M, Kujawa A, Lu LH, Fitzgerald DA, Klumpp H, Fitzgerald KD, Monk CS, Phan KL. Age-related changes in amygdala-frontal connectivity during emotional face processing from childhood into young adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1684-95. [PMID: 26931629 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to process and respond to emotional facial expressions is a critical skill for healthy social and emotional development. There has been growing interest in understanding the neural circuitry underlying development of emotional processing, with previous research implicating functional connectivity between amygdala and frontal regions. However, existing work has focused on threatening emotional faces, raising questions regarding the extent to which these developmental patterns are specific to threat or to emotional face processing more broadly. In the current study, we examined age-related changes in brain activity and amygdala functional connectivity during an fMRI emotional face matching task (including angry, fearful, and happy faces) in 61 healthy subjects aged 7-25 years. We found age-related decreases in ventral medial prefrontal cortex activity in response to happy faces but not to angry or fearful faces, and an age-related change (shifting from positive to negative correlation) in amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (ACC/mPFC) functional connectivity to all emotional faces. Specifically, positive correlations between amygdala and ACC/mPFC in children changed to negative correlations in adults, which may suggest early emergence of bottom-up amygdala excitatory signaling to ACC/mPFC in children and later development of top-down inhibitory control of ACC/mPFC over amygdala in adults. Age-related changes in amygdala-ACC/mPFC connectivity did not vary for processing of different facial emotions, suggesting changes in amygdala-ACC/mPFC connectivity may underlie development of broad emotional processing, rather than threat-specific processing. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1684-1695, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Lisa H Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel A Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heide Klumpp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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23
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Dale A, Lortie-Lussier M, De Koninck J. Ontogenetic patterns in the dreams of women across the lifespan. Conscious Cogn 2015; 37:214-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Heller AS, Casey B. The neurodynamics of emotion: delineating typical and atypical emotional processes during adolescence. Dev Sci 2015; 19:3-18. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S. Heller
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; USA
- Department of Psychology; University of Miami; USA
| | - B.J. Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; USA
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25
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Ehrlich DE, Josselyn SA. Plasticity-related genes in brain development and amygdala-dependent learning. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 15:125-43. [PMID: 26419764 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Learning about motivationally important stimuli involves plasticity in the amygdala, a temporal lobe structure. Amygdala-dependent learning involves a growing number of plasticity-related signaling pathways also implicated in brain development, suggesting that learning-related signaling in juveniles may simultaneously influence development. Here, we review the pleiotropic functions in nervous system development and amygdala-dependent learning of a signaling pathway that includes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), extracellular signaling-related kinases (ERKs) and cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Using these canonical, plasticity-related genes as an example, we discuss the intersection of learning-related and developmental plasticity in the immature amygdala, when aversive and appetitive learning may influence the developmental trajectory of amygdala function. We propose that learning-dependent activation of BDNF, ERK and CREB signaling in the immature amygdala exaggerates and accelerates neural development, promoting amygdala excitability and environmental sensitivity later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Ehrlich
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S A Josselyn
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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26
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Spechler PA, Orr CA, Chaarani B, Kan KJ, Mackey S, Morton A, Snowe MP, Hudson KE, Althoff RR, Higgins ST, Cattrell A, Flor H, Nees F, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Whelan R, Büchel C, Bromberg U, Conrod P, Frouin V, Papadopoulos D, Gallinat J, Heinz A, Walter H, Ittermann B, Gowland P, Paus T, Poustka L, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Garavan H. Cannabis use in early adolescence: Evidence of amygdala hypersensitivity to signals of threat. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 16:63-70. [PMID: 26347227 PMCID: PMC4801124 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Teenagers experimenting with cannabis may be characterized with fMRI. We report a face processing study of cannabis experimenting teenagers. Cannabis experimenting teenagers exhibit greater amygdala reactivity to angry faces. Very low use of cannabis during adolescence may impact healthy emotional development.
Cannabis use in adolescence may be characterized by differences in the neural basis of affective processing. In this study, we used an fMRI affective face processing task to compare a large group (n = 70) of 14-year olds with a history of cannabis use to a group (n = 70) of never-using controls matched on numerous characteristics including IQ, SES, alcohol and cigarette use. The task contained short movies displaying angry and neutral faces. Results indicated that cannabis users had greater reactivity in the bilateral amygdalae to angry faces than neutral faces, an effect that was not observed in their abstinent peers. In contrast, activity levels in the cannabis users in cortical areas including the right temporal-parietal junction and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex did not discriminate between the two face conditions, but did differ in controls. Results did not change after excluding subjects with any psychiatric symptomology. Given the high density of cannabinoid receptors in the amygdala, our findings suggest cannabis use in early adolescence is associated with hypersensitivity to signals of threat. Hypersensitivity to negative affect in adolescence may place the subject at-risk for mood disorders in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Spechler
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States.
| | - Catherine A Orr
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Kees-Jan Kan
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Scott Mackey
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Aaron Morton
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Mitchell P Snowe
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Kelsey E Hudson
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Whelan
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Haus S10, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Dimitri Papadopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jurgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM CEAUnit1000, "Imaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, United States
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27
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Ballinger EC, Cordeiro L, Chavez AD, Hagerman RJ, Hessl D. Emotion potentiated startle in fragile X syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 44:2536-46. [PMID: 24816942 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Social avoidance and anxiety are prevalent in fragile X syndrome (FXS) and are potentially mediated by the amygdala, a brain region critical for social behavior. Unfortunately, functional brain resonance imaging investigation of the amygdala in FXS is limited by the difficulties experienced by intellectually impaired and anxious participants. We investigated the relationship between social avoidance and emotion-potentiated startle, a probe of amygdala activation, in children and adolescents with FXS, developmental disability without FXS (DD), and typical development. Individuals with FXS or DD demonstrated significantly reduced potentiation to fearful faces than a typically developing control group (p < .05). However, among individuals with FXS, social avoidance correlated positively with fearful-face potentiation (p < .05). This suggests that general intellectual disability blunts amygdalar response, but differential amygdala responsiveness to social stimuli contributes to phenotypic variability among individuals with FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
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28
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Lawrence K, Campbell R, Skuse D. Age, gender, and puberty influence the development of facial emotion recognition. Front Psychol 2015; 6:761. [PMID: 26136697 PMCID: PMC4468868 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to differentiate between simple facial expressions of emotion develops between infancy and early adulthood, yet few studies have explored the developmental trajectory of emotion recognition using a single methodology across a wide age-range. We investigated the development of emotion recognition abilities through childhood and adolescence, testing the hypothesis that children's ability to recognize simple emotions is modulated by chronological age, pubertal stage and gender. In order to establish norms, we assessed 478 children aged 6-16 years, using the Ekman-Friesen Pictures of Facial Affect. We then modeled these cross-sectional data in terms of competence in accurate recognition of the six emotions studied, when the positive correlation between emotion recognition and IQ was controlled. Significant linear trends were seen in children's ability to recognize facial expressions of happiness, surprise, fear, and disgust; there was improvement with increasing age. In contrast, for sad and angry expressions there is little or no change in accuracy over the age range 6-16 years; near-adult levels of competence are established by middle-childhood. In a sampled subset, pubertal status influenced the ability to recognize facial expressions of disgust and anger; there was an increase in competence from mid to late puberty, which occurred independently of age. A small female advantage was found in the recognition of some facial expressions. The normative data provided in this study will aid clinicians and researchers in assessing the emotion recognition abilities of children and will facilitate the identification of abnormalities in a skill that is often impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders. If emotion recognition abilities are a good model with which to understand adolescent development, then these results could have implications for the education, mental health provision and legal treatment of teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lawrence
- Department of Psychology, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London UK
| | - Ruth Campbell
- Deafness Cognition and Language Centre, University College London London, UK
| | - David Skuse
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London UK
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29
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Yuan J, Ju E, Meng X, Chen X, Zhu S, Yang J, Li H. Enhanced brain susceptibility to negative stimuli in adolescents: ERP evidences. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:98. [PMID: 25972790 PMCID: PMC4412063 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies investigated neural substrates of emotional face processing in adolescents and its comparison with adults. As emotional faces elicit more of emotional expression recognition rather than direct emotional responding, it remains undetermined how adolescents are different from adults in brain susceptibility to emotionally stressful stimuli. METHODS Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded for highly negative (HN), moderately negative (MN), and neutral pictures in 20 adolescents and 20 adults while subjects performed a standard/deviant distinction task by pressing different keys, irrespective of the emotionality of deviant stimuli. RESULTS Adolescents exhibited more negative amplitudes for HN vs. neutral pictures in N1 (100-150 ms), P2 (130-190 ms), N2 (210-290 ms), and P3 (360-440 ms) components. In addition, adolescents showed more negative amplitudes for MN compared to neutral pictures in N1, P2, and N2 components. By contrast, adults exhibited significant emotion effects for HN stimuli in N2 and P3 amplitudes but not in N1 and P2 amplitudes, and they did not exhibit a significant emotion effect for MN stimuli at all these components. In the 210-290 ms time interval, the emotion effect for HN stimuli was significant across frontal and central regions in adolescents, while this emotion effect was noticeable only in the central region for adults. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents are more emotionally sensitive to negative stimuli compared to adults, regardless of the emotional intensity of the stimuli, possibly due to the immature prefrontal control system over the limbic emotional inputs during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - Enxia Ju
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Psychology in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an, China
| | - Xianxin Meng
- School of Education, Nanyang Normal College Nanyang, China
| | - Xuhai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Psychology in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - Jiemin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University Chongqing, China ; Postdoctoral research station of mathematics, Southwest University Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
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30
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Abstract
This paper highlights recent human neuroimaging and cross-species developmental and genetic studies that examine how fear regulation varies by age and the individual, especially during the period of adolescence, when there is a peak in the prevalence of anxiety disorders. The findings have significant implications for understanding who may be at risk for anxiety disorders and for whom, and when, an exposure-based therapy may be most effective. We provide proof of concept for targeting treatment to the individual as a function of age and genetics, inferred from mouse and human studies, and suggest optimization of treatment for nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Casey
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, New York, New York
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, New York, New York
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31
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Abstract
Adolescence is the transition from childhood to adulthood that begins around the onset of puberty and ends with relative independence from the parent. This developmental period is one when an individual is probably stronger, of higher reasoning capacity, and more resistant to disease than ever before, yet when mortality rates increase by 200%. These untimely deaths are not due to disease but to preventable deaths associated with adolescents putting themselves in harm's way (e.g., accidental fatalities). We present evidence that these alarming health statistics are in part due to diminished self-control--the ability to inhibit inappropriate desires, emotions, and actions in favor of appropriate ones. Findings of adolescent-specific changes in self-control and underlying brain circuitry are considered in terms of how evolutionarily based biological constraints and experiences shape the brain to adapt to the unique intellectual, physical, sexual, and social challenges of adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Casey
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065;
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32
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Leventon JS, Stevens JS, Bauer PJ. Development in the neurophysiology of emotion processing and memory in school-age children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 10:21-33. [PMID: 25160677 PMCID: PMC6987950 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of emotional memory in school-age children. Emotional arousal measured via subjective ratings, ERPs, and physiological response. Recognition memory measured via ERPs and behavioral response. More consistent emotion responses across measures for negative vs positive stimuli. Age-related increases in enhancing effect of emotion on memory in school age years.
In the adult literature, emotional arousal is regarded as a source of the enhancing effect of emotion on subsequent memory. Here, we used behavioral, electrophysiological, and psychophysiological methods to examine the role of emotional arousal on subsequent memory in school-age children. Five- to 8-year-olds, divided into younger and older groups, viewed emotional scenes as EEG, heart rate, and respiration was recorded, and participated in a memory task 24 hours later where EEG and behavioral responses were recorded; participants provided subjective ratings of the scenes after the memory task. All measures indicated emotion responses in both groups, and in ERP measures the effects were stronger for older children. Emotion responses were more consistent across measures for negative than positive stimuli. Behavioral memory performance was strong but did not differ by emotion condition. Emotion influenced the ERP index of recognition memory in the older group only (enhanced recognition of negative scenes). The findings an increasing interaction of emotion and memory during the school years. Further, the findings impress the value of combining multiple methods to assess emotion and memory in development. Development in the neurophysiology of emotion processing and memory in school-age children.
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Tottenham N. The importance of early experiences for neuro-affective development. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 16:109-29. [PMID: 24264369 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2013_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter considers the functional utility of the prolonged period of immaturity in human brain development. Development of the amygdala and its connections with the prefrontal cortex is used as an example system for discussing the special role of sensitive periods in shaping neural functional architecture. The argument is made that neural immaturity during childhood may be important and confer a longer period of neuroplasticity, which can increase learning from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nim Tottenham
- University of California, Franz Hall, Psychology Department, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA,
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A translational neuroscience framework for the development of socioemotional functioning in health and psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:1293-309. [DOI: 10.1017/s095457941300062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe development of socioemotional functioning is a complex process that occurs over a protracted time period and requires coordinating affective, cognitive, and social faculties. At many points in development, the trajectory of socioemotional development can be deleteriously altered due to a combination of environmental insults and individual vulnerabilities. The result can be psychopathology. However, researchers are just beginning to understand the neural and genetic mechanisms involved in the development of healthy and disordered socioemotional functioning. We propose a translational developmental neuroscience framework to understand the transactional process that results in socioemotional functioning in both healthy and disordered populations. We then apply this framework to healthy socioemotional development, pediatric anxiety, pediatric depression, and autism spectrum disorder, selectively reviewing current literature in light of the framework. Finally, we examine ways that the framework can help to frame future directions of research on socioemotional development and translational implications for intervention.
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Scherf KS, Smyth JM, Delgado MR. The amygdala: an agent of change in adolescent neural networks. Horm Behav 2013; 64:298-313. [PMID: 23756154 PMCID: PMC3781589 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Puberty and Adolescence". A unique component of adolescent development is the need to master new developmental tasks in which peer interactions become primary (for the purposes of becoming autonomous from parents, forming intimate friendships, and romantic/sexual partnerships). Previously, it has been suggested that the ability to master these tasks requires an important re-organization in the relation between perceptual, motivational, affective, and cognitive systems in a very general and broad way that is fundamentally influenced by the infusion of sex hormones during pubertal development (Scherf et al., 2012). Herein, we extend this argument to suggest that the amygdala, which is vastly connected with cortical and subcortical regions and contains sex hormone receptors, may lie at the heart of this re-organization. We propose that during adolescent development there is a shift in the attribution of relevance to existing stimuli and contexts that is mediated by the amygdala (e.g., heightened relevance of peer faces, reduced relevance of physical distance from parents). As a result, amygdala inputs to existing stable neural networks are re-weighted (increased or decreased), which destabilizes the functional interactions among regions within these networks and allows for a critical restructuring of the network functional organization. This process of network re-organization enables processing of qualitatively new kinds of social information and the emergence of novel behaviors that support mastery of adolescent-specific developmental tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Suzanne Scherf
- Dept. of Psychology, Center for Brain, Behavior & Cognition, and Social Science Research Institute, Penn State University
| | - Joshua M. Smyth
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health and Social Science Research Institute, Penn State University
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A developmental shift from positive to negative connectivity in human amygdala-prefrontal circuitry. J Neurosci 2013; 33:4584-93. [PMID: 23467374 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3446-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent human imaging and animal studies highlight the importance of frontoamygdala circuitry in the regulation of emotional behavior and its disruption in anxiety-related disorders. Although tracing studies have suggested changes in amygdala-cortical connectivity through the adolescent period in rodents, less is known about the reciprocal connections within this circuitry across human development, when these circuits are being fine-tuned and substantial changes in emotional control are observed. The present study examined developmental changes in amygdala-prefrontal circuitry across the ages of 4-22 years using task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results suggest positive amygdala-prefrontal connectivity in early childhood that switches to negative functional connectivity during the transition to adolescence. Amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity was significantly positive (greater than zero) among participants younger than 10 years, whereas functional connectivity was significantly negative (less than zero) among participants 10 years and older, over and above the effect of amygdala reactivity. The developmental switch in functional connectivity was paralleled by a steady decline in amygdala reactivity. Moreover, the valence switch might explain age-related improvement in task performance and a developmentally normative decline in anxiety. Initial positive connectivity followed by a valence shift to negative connectivity provides a neurobiological basis for regulatory development and may present novel insight into a more general process of developing regulatory connections.
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Arain M, Haque M, Johal L, Mathur P, Nel W, Rais A, Sandhu R, Sharma S. Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:449-61. [PMID: 23579318 PMCID: PMC3621648 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s39776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is the developmental epoch during which children become adults - intellectually, physically, hormonally, and socially. Adolescence is a tumultuous time, full of changes and transformations. The pubertal transition to adulthood involves both gonadal and behavioral maturation. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have discovered that myelinogenesis, required for proper insulation and efficient neurocybernetics, continues from childhood and the brain's region-specific neurocircuitry remains structurally and functionally vulnerable to impulsive sex, food, and sleep habits. The maturation of the adolescent brain is also influenced by heredity, environment, and sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone), which play a crucial role in myelination. Furthermore, glutamatergic neurotransmission predominates, whereas gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission remains under construction, and this might be responsible for immature and impulsive behavior and neurobehavioral excitement during adolescent life. The adolescent population is highly vulnerable to driving under the influence of alcohol and social maladjustments due to an immature limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Synaptic plasticity and the release of neurotransmitters may also be influenced by environmental neurotoxins and drugs of abuse including cigarettes, caffeine, and alcohol during adolescence. Adolescents may become involved with offensive crimes, irresponsible behavior, unprotected sex, juvenile courts, or even prison. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the major cause of death among the teenage population is due to injury and violence related to sex and substance abuse. Prenatal neglect, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption may also significantly impact maturation of the adolescent brain. Pharmacological interventions to regulate adolescent behavior have been attempted with limited success. Since several factors, including age, sex, disease, nutritional status, and substance abuse have a significant impact on the maturation of the adolescent brain, we have highlighted the influence of these clinically significant and socially important aspects in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Arain
- Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, The Netherlands
| | - Maliha Haque
- Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, The Netherlands
| | - Lina Johal
- Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, The Netherlands
| | - Puja Mathur
- Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, The Netherlands
| | - Wynand Nel
- Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, The Netherlands
| | - Afsha Rais
- Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, The Netherlands
| | - Ranbir Sandhu
- Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, The Netherlands
| | - Sushil Sharma
- Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, The Netherlands
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Franco Corso S. Educación basada en el funcionamiento del cerebro. MEDUNAB 2013. [DOI: 10.29375/01237047.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introducción: La educación basada en el cerebro es una disciplina que busca maximizar la capacidad de aprender –memoria, atención, entendimiento- a partir de los hallazgos neurocientíficos. Desarrollo: En el siguiente artículo buscamos exponer algunos de los conocimientos de neurociencias y aprendizaje y como estos tienen aplicabilidad en el aula de clase o en general en el proceso de aprendizaje que se va deteriorando con la edad. Conclusión: El dividir la clase en bloques, realizar animaciones para estimulación visual, despertar emociones o exponer primero los conceptos generales antes que los específicos han sido formas eficaces de mejorar el rendimiento de los estudiantes en el aula de clase. La adecuada alimentación, el ejercicio constante, el reforzamiento en la lectura o ejercicios de memoria son clave para estimular el cerebro y prevenir el deterioro cognitivo normal de el envejecimiento.
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van den Bulk BG, Koolschijn PCMP, Meens PHF, van Lang NDJ, van der Wee NJA, Rombouts SARB, Vermeiren RRJM, Crone EA. How stable is activation in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in adolescence? A study of emotional face processing across three measurements. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 4:65-76. [PMID: 23043904 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior developmental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated elevated activation patterns in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in response to viewing emotional faces. As adolescence is a time of substantial variability in mood and emotional responsiveness, the stability of activation patterns could be fluctuating over time. In the current study, 27 healthy adolescents (age: 12-19 years) were scanned three times over a period of six months (mean test-retest interval of three months; final samples N=27, N=22, N=18). At each session, participants performed the same emotional faces task. At first measurement the presentation of emotional faces resulted in heightened activation in bilateral amygdala, bilateral lateral PFC and visual areas including the fusiform face area. Average activation did not differ across test-sessions over time, indicating that at the group level activation patterns in this network do not vary significantly over time. However, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), fMRI reliability demonstrated only fair reliability for PFC (ICC=0.41-0.59) and poor reliability for the amygdala (ICC<0.4). These findings suggest substantial variability of brain activity over time and may have implications for studies investigating the influence of treatment effects on changes in neural levels in adolescents with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca G van den Bulk
- Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Endegeesterstraatweg 27, 2342 AK, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands.
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Tottenham N, Phuong J, Flannery J, Gabard-Durnam L, Goff B. A negativity bias for ambiguous facial-expression valence during childhood: converging evidence from behavior and facial corrugator muscle responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:92-103. [PMID: 22906084 DOI: 10.1037/a0029431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interpretations of facial expressions with ambiguous valence, such as surprised (which can be perceived as having positive or negative valence), reveal individual differences in positivity-negativity biases. Negative interpretations are first and fast, but this initial negativity default can be overridden by regulatory control processes that result in positive interpretations. We tested the initial negativity hypothesis by examining positivity-negativity biases during development. We hypothesized that during childhood, the default negativity mode would be more evident than in adulthood and, as a group, children would show a negativity bias when processing ambiguous facial expressions. We examined ratings of two ambiguous expressions, surprised and neutral expressions, from childhood through adolescence and recorded facial corrugator muscle activity, a physiological index of negative appraisals. Surprised faces were rated as conveying clear negative affect by younger participants as indexed by fast RTs and negative ratings, and corrugator data showed a corresponding increase in activity to surprised faces. By adolescence, positive ratings of surprised faces became more frequent and RTs slowed, suggesting that surprised faces were perceived as having more ambiguous meaning. Accordingly, corrugator activity also decreased during adolescence. Neutral faces also produced negative ratings by children, but were also rated as conveying negative affect by older participants. Accordingly, neutral faces also elicited high corrugator activity that was similar to that elicited by negative expressions. These data show that early in life, ambiguous facial expressions are perceived as conveying negative meaning, adding support for an initial-negativity hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
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Ordaz S, Luna B. Sex differences in physiological reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1135-57. [PMID: 22281210 PMCID: PMC3472630 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Females begin to demonstrate greater negative affective responses to stress than males in adolescence. This may reflect the concurrent emergence of underlying differences in physiological response systems, including corticolimbic circuitries, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This review examines when sex differences in physiological reactivity to acute psychosocial stress emerge and the directionality of these differences over development. Indeed, the literature indicates that sex differences emerge during adolescence and persist into adulthood for all three physiological response systems. However, the directionality of the differences varies by system. The emerging corticolimbic reactivity literature suggests greater female reactivity, particularly in limbic regions densely innervated by gonadal hormone receptors. In contrast, males generally show higher levels of HPAA and ANS reactivity. We argue that the contrasting directionality of corticolimbic and peripheral physiological responses may reflect specific effects of gonadal hormones on distinct systems and also sex differences in evolved behavioral responses that demand different levels of peripheral physiological activation. Studies that examine both subjective reports of negative affect and physiological responses indicate that beginning in adolescence, females respond to acute stressors with more intense negative affect than males despite their comparatively lower peripheral physiological responses. This dissociation is not clearly explained by sex differences in the strength of the relationship between physiological and subjective responses. We suggest that females' greater subjective responsivity may instead arise from a greater activity in brain regions that translate stress responses to subjective awareness in adolescence. Future research directions include investigations of the role of pubertal hormones in physiological reactivity across all systems, examining the relationship of corticolimbic reactivity and negative affect, and sex differences in emotion regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ordaz
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 121 Meyran Avenue, Loeffler Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 121 Meyran Avenue, Loeffler Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 121 Meyran Avenue, Loeffler Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Tottenham N. Human amygdala development in the absence of species-expected caregiving. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 54:598-611. [PMID: 22714586 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In altricial species, like the human, caregiver presence is necessary for typical emotional development. Children who have been raised in institutional care early in life experience caregiver deprivation and are at significantly elevated risk for emotional difficulties. The current manuscript examines the non-human and human literatures on amygdala development following caregiver deprivation and presents an argument that in the absence of the species-expected caregiver presence, human amygdala development exhibits rapid development and perhaps premature engagement that results in some of the emotional phenotypes observed following early institutional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, PO Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Payne MA. Areallteenagers emotionally illiterate? Charting a neuroscientific storying of normative deficit. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2012.672864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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REFERENCES. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
This article discusses recent findings on the neurobiology of pediatric depression as well as the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in determining the risk for the disorder. Utilizing data from both animal and human studies, the authors focus on the evolving understanding of the developmental neurobiology of emotional regulation, cognitive function and social behavior as it applies to the risk and clinical course of depression. Treatment implications and directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Weir
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville Tennessee
| | - Arthurine Zakama
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville Tennessee
| | - Uma Rao
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville Tennessee
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville Tennessee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Meharry Medical College, Nashville Tennessee
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Hulvershorn LA, Cullen K, Anand A. Toward dysfunctional connectivity: a review of neuroimaging findings in pediatric major depressive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2012; 5:307-28. [PMID: 21901425 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-011-9134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Child and adolescent psychiatric neuroimaging research typically lags behind similar advances in adult disorders. While the pediatric depression imaging literature is less developed, a recent surge in interest has created the need for a synthetic review of this work. Major findings from pediatric volumetric and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state functional connectivity studies converge to implicate a corticolimbic network of key areas that work together to mediate the task of emotion regulation. Imaging the brain of children and adolescents with unipolar depression began with volumetric studies of isolated brain regions that served to identify key prefrontal, cingulate and limbic nodes of depression-related circuitry elucidated from more recent advances in DTI and functional connectivity imaging. Systematic review of these studies preliminarily suggests developmental differences between findings in youth and adults, including prodromal neurobiological features, along with some continuity across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Mood and Emotional Disorders Across the Lifespan Center, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Pfeifer JH, Blakemore SJ. Adolescent social cognitive and affective neuroscience: past, present, and future. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 7:1-10. [PMID: 22228750 PMCID: PMC3252635 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review three areas of research within adolescent social cognitive and affective neuroscience: (i) emotion reactivity and regulation, (ii) mentalizing and (iii) peer relations, including social rejection or acceptance as well as peer influence. The review provides a context for current contributions to the special issue of Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience on Adolescence, and highlights three important themes that emerge from the special issue, which are relevant to future research. First, the age of participants studied (and labels for these age groups) is a critical design consideration. We suggest that it might be logical to reduce the reliance on convenience samples of undergraduates to represent adults in psychology and cognitive neuroscience studies, since there is substantial evidence that the brain is still developing within this age range. Second, developmental researchers are broadening their scope of inquiry by testing for non-linear effects, via increased use of longitudinal strategies or much wider age ranges and larger samples. Third, there is increasing appreciation for the interrelatedness of the three areas of focus in this special issue (emotion reactivity and regulation, mentalizing, and peer relations), as well as with other areas of interest in adolescent development.
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Hung Y, Smith ML, Taylor MJ. Development of ACC-amygdala activations in processing unattended fear. Neuroimage 2011; 60:545-52. [PMID: 22182768 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to assess facial expressions of others involves specialised brain systems important for emotional and social learning, a skill that emerges over childhood. We investigated the development of neural responses associated with implicit processing of facial emotions using magnetoencephalography in children (7-10 yrs), adolescents (12-15 yrs) and adults. The results demonstrated spatial-temporal activations in the ACC and amygdala emotion-processing systems that changed with age. The processing of emotions first engaged the earlier-developing amygdala responses and then involved the later-maturing ACC system. With increasing age there was a shift in lateralization of amygdala responses sensitive to the fearful faces. The findings contribute to a critical understanding of the development related to functional specialization of fear perception in the frontal-limbic emotion systems. The present study offers critical insights into the developmentally time-sensitive impact on the normal functioning of these brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Hung
- Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G1X8
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Scherf KS, Behrmann M, Dahl RE. Facing changes and changing faces in adolescence: a new model for investigating adolescent-specific interactions between pubertal, brain and behavioral development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2011; 2:199-219. [PMID: 22483070 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of dramatic physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes as well as a time for the development of many social-emotional problems. These characteristics raise compelling questions about accompanying neural changes that are unique to this period of development. Here, we propose that studying adolescent-specific changes in face processing and its underlying neural circuitry provides an ideal model for addressing these questions. We also use this model to formulate new hypotheses. Specifically, pubertal hormones are likely to increase motivation to master new peer-oriented developmental tasks, which will in turn, instigate the emergence of new social/affective components of face processing. We also predict that pubertal hormones have a fundamental impact on the re-organization of neural circuitry supporting face processing and propose, in particular, that, the functional connectivity, or temporal synchrony, between regions of the face-processing network will change with the emergence of these new components of face processing in adolescence. Finally, we show how this approach will help reveal why adolescence may be a period of vulnerability in brain development and suggest how it could lead to prevention and intervention strategies that facilitate more adaptive functional interactions between regions within the broader social information processing network.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzanne Scherf
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 111 Moore Bldg., University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Baird AA, Silver SH, Veague HB. Cognitive control reduces sensitivity to relational aggression among adolescent girls. Soc Neurosci 2011; 5:519-32. [PMID: 20614370 DOI: 10.1080/17470911003747386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Relational aggression is a type of aggression that aims to hurt others through relationships and includes behaviors such as gossip and ostracism. This type of aggression is very common among adolescent girls, and in its more intense forms has been linked with poor psychosocial outcomes, including depression and suicide. In the present study we investigated whether individual differences in sensitivity to relational aggression among adolescent girls predicted recruitment of neural networks associated with executive function and cognitive control. Neural response was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging during an affect recognition task that included unfamiliar peer faces. A finding of relatively fewer reports of being victimized by relational aggression was associated with increased recruitment of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices as well as anterior and posterior cingulate cortices in response to the affect recognition task, as well as with greater competence on behavioral measures of executive function. Our results suggest that girls who are able to recruit specific frontal networks to improve cognitive and executive control are less sensitive to relational aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Baird
- Department of Psychology, Vassar College, Box 53, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA.
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