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Hajati A, Brondani M, Angerstig L, Klein V, Liljeblad L, Al-Moraissi EA, Louca Jounger S, Brondani B, Christidis N. Chocolate intake and muscle pain sensation: A randomized experimental study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284769. [PMID: 37224109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chocolate, as a cocoa-derived product rich in flavanols, has been used for medical and anti-inflammatory purposes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if the ingestion of different percentages of cocoa products affects the experimentally induced pain caused by intramuscular hypertonic saline injections in the masseter muscle of healthy men and women. METHODS This experimental randomized, double-blind, and controlled study included 15 young, healthy, and pain-free men and 15 age-matched women and involved three visits with at least a 1-week washout. Pain was induced twice at each visit with intramuscular injections of 0.2 mL hypertonic saline (5%), before and after intake of one of the different chocolate types: white (30% cocoa content), milk (34% cocoa content), and dark (70% cocoa content). Pain duration, pain area, peak pain, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were assessed every fifth minute after each injection, up until 30 min after the initial injection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using IBM® SPSS (Version 27); significance level was set to p<0.05. RESULTS This study showed that intake of chocolate, no matter the type, reduced the induced pain intensity significantly more than no intake of chocolate (p<0.05, Tukey test). There were no differences between the chocolate types. Further, men showed a significantly greater pain reduction than women after intake of white chocolate (p<0.05, Tukey test). No other differences between pain characteristics or sexes were revealed. CONCLUSION Intake of chocolate before a painful stimulus had a pain-reducing effect no matter the cocoa concentration. The results indicate that perhaps it is not the cocoa concentration (e.g., flavanols) alone that explains the positive effect on pain, but likely a combination of preference and taste-experience. Another possible explanation could be the composition of the chocolate, i.e. the concentration of the other ingredients such as sugar, soy, and vanilla. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05378984.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hajati
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mario Brondani
- Division of Dental Public Health, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lina Angerstig
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Victoria Klein
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Linda Liljeblad
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Essam Ahmed Al-Moraissi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Sofia Louca Jounger
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bruna Brondani
- Division of Dental Public Health, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Christidis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
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de Oliveira Rodrigues Junior E, de Santana IR, Durço AO, Conceição LSR, Barreto AS, Menezes IAC, Roman-Campos D, Dos Santos MRV. The effects of flavonoids in experimental sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37115723 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a host's dysregulated immune response to an infection associated with systemic inflammation and excessive oxidative stress, which can cause multiple organ failure and death. The literature suggests that flavonoids, a broad class of secondary plant metabolites, have numerous biological activities which can be valuable in the treatment of sepsis. This study aimed to review the effects of flavonoids on experimental sepsis, focusing mainly on survival rate, and also summarizing information on its mechanisms of action. We searched in the main databases up to November 2022 using relevant keywords, and data were extracted and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Thirty-two articles met the study criteria for review and 29 for meta-analysis. Overall, 30 different flavonoids were used in the studies. The flavonoids were able to strongly inhibit inflammatory response by reducing the levels of important pro-inflammatory mediators, for example, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1β, oxidative stress, and showed antibacterial and anti-apoptotic actions. The meta-analysis found an increase of 50% in survival rate of the animals treated with flavonoids. They appear to act as multi-target drugs and may be an excellent therapeutic alternative to reduce a number of the complications caused by sepsis, and consequently, to improve survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izabel Rodrigues de Santana
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Hospital Universitário, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aimée Obolari Durço
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Hospital Universitário, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lino Sérgio Rocha Conceição
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Hospital Universitário, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - André Sales Barreto
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Hospital Universitário, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Danilo Roman-Campos
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Roberto Viana Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Hospital Universitário, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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Zou YP, Zhang QC, Zhang QY, Jiang LB, Li XL. Procyanidin B2 alleviates oxidative stress-induced nucleus pulposus cells apoptosis through upregulating Nrf2 via PI3K-Akt pathway. J Orthop Res 2022. [PMID: 36448180 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can lead to nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) apoptosis, which is considered to be one of the main contributors to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Procyanidin B2 is a natural antioxidant that protects against oxidative stress. However, whether procyanidin B2 protects NPCs from oxidative stress remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that procyanidin B2 could reduce tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced reactive oxygen species in rat NPCs and attenuate rat NPC apoptosis. Further experiments revealed that procyanidin B2 upregulated the expression of both nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt). We then used silencing of Nrf2 and LY294002 to silence Nrf2 expression and block the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, respectively, and found that the protective roles of procyanidin B2 in NPCs were inhibited. Therefore, we demonstrated that procyanidin B2 alleviated rat NPC apoptosis induced by oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2 via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study provides a potential therapeutic approach for procyanidin B2 in IVDD, which might help in the development of new drugs for IVDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Pei Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Chen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Bo Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Lei Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Koga J, Ojiro K, Yanagida A, Suto T, Hiki H, Inoue Y, Sakai C, Nakamoto K, Fujisawa Y, Orihara A, Murakami H, Hirasawa S, Nakajima K, Sakazawa T, Yamane H. Ingestion of Indigestible Cacao Proteins Promotes Defecation and Alters the Intestinal Microbiota in Mice. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzac129. [PMID: 36204331 PMCID: PMC9529219 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In animals, the health effects of ingested cacao proteins are unknown because the proteins are difficult to extract and purify from cacao beans. Objectives This study aimed to develop an extraction and purification method for cacao proteins and reveal the effect of ingestion of cacao proteins on defecation and intestinal microbiota in mice. Methods Three groups of mice were fed a control diet (AIN-93 G), a cacao lignin diet (AIN-93 G containing 1.22% cacao lignin), or a cacao protein and lignin diet (AIN-93 G containing 1.97% cacao proteins and 1.22% cacao lignin) by pair-feeding for 8 d. Feces were collected as 2 bulked samples from days 1 to 4 and days 5 to 8 on each diet. The collected feces were weighed and the intestinal microbiota was analyzed by next-generation sequencing-based 16S rRNA. Results A new extraction and purification method for cacao proteins has been developed, then found that the proteins are resistant to digestive enzymes. However, the cacao protein powder made by this method contained 34.9% of lignin in addition to 56.4% of proteins. Therefore, to reveal the effect by cacao proteins alone, the fecal weight and intestinal microbiota of mice fed the cacao protein and lignin diet were compared with those of mice fed the cacao lignin diet. The fecal weight of mice fed the cacao protein and lignin diet was significantly greater than of mice fed the cacao lignin diet. The relative abundance of Lactococcus and Mucispirillum species in mice fed the cacao protein and lignin diet was significantly higher than in mice fed the cacao lignin diet, but the relative abundance of Anaerotruncus, Oscillospira, and Roseburia species in mice fed the cacao protein and lignin diet was significantly lower than in mice fed the cacao lignin diet. Conclusions Ingestion of indigestible cacao proteins promoted defecation and altered the intestinal microbiota such as Lactococcus, Mucispirillum, Anaerotruncus, Oscillospira, and Roseburia species in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinichiro Koga
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kota Ojiro
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yanagida
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takahisa Suto
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hiki
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sakai
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakamoto
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuta Fujisawa
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ayaka Orihara
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Haruka Murakami
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hirasawa
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kengo Nakajima
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sakazawa
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae as a causal pathogen of leaf blight, stem canker, and pod rot of Theobroma cacao in Malaysia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8966. [PMID: 35624295 PMCID: PMC9142511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptoms of leaf blight, stem canker, and pod rot were observed on T. cacao during a series of samplings conducted in several states of Malaysia from September 2018 to March 2019. The identity of the pathogen that was responsible for the diseases was determined using morphological characteristics, DNA sequences, and phylogenetic analyses of multiple genes, namely, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation translation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), β-tubulin (tub2), and RNA polymerase subunit II (rpb2). A total of 57 isolates recovered from diseased leaves of T. cacao (13 isolates), stems (20 isolates), and pods (24 isolates) showed morphological features that resembled Lasiodiplodia sp. The identity of the isolates was further determined up to the species level by comparing DNA sequences and phylogenetic analyses of multiple genes. The phylogenetic analysis of the combined dataset of ITS, tef1-α, tub2, and rpb2 elucidated that all of the isolates obtained were Lasiodiplodia theobromae as supported by 97% bootstrap value. The results of pathogenicity tests revealed L. theobromae as the causal pathogen of leaf blight, stem canker, and pod rot of T. cacao.
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Vaillancourt K, Ben Lagha A, Grenier D. A Phenolic-rich Extract of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Beans Impairs the Pathogenic Properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Attenuates the Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B in a Monocyte Model. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:867793. [PMID: 35392377 PMCID: PMC8980215 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.867793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease that affects tooth-supporting tissues, is the result of a polymicrobial infection involving mainly Gram negative anaerobic bacteria. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a phenolic-rich extract of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans on the pathogenic properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is well-known as a keystone pathogen in the development of periodontitis. The effect of the cocoa extract on P. gingivalis-induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor in a monocyte model was also assessed. The cocoa extract, whose major phenolic compound was epicatechin, inhibited the growth, hemolytic activity, proteolytic activities, and adherence properties (basement membrane matrix, erythrocytes) of P. gingivalis in a dose-dependent manner. It also protected the barrier function of a keratinocyte model against the deleterious effects mediated by P. gingivalis, and attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by oral keratinocytes treated with P. gingivalis. Lastly, the cocoa extract showed an anti-inflammatory property by preventing P. gingivalis-induced NF-κB activation in monocytes. In conclusion, this in vitro study highlighted the potential value of an epicatechin-rich extract of cocoa beans for preventing and/or treating periodontal diseases.
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Périz M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ, Best I, Pastor-Soplin S, Castell M, Massot-Cladera M. Influence of Consumption of Two Peruvian Cocoa Populations on Mucosal and Systemic Immune Response in an Allergic Asthma Rat Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030410. [PMID: 35276769 PMCID: PMC8840350 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cocoa populations have demonstrated a protective role in a rat model of allergic asthma by attenuating the immunoglobulin (Ig) E synthesis and partially protecting against anaphylactic response. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of diets containing two native Peruvian cocoa populations (“Amazonas Peru” or APC, and “Criollo de Montaña” or CMC) and an ordinary cocoa (OC) on the bronchial compartment and the systemic and mucosal immune system in the same rat model of allergic asthma. Among other variables, cells and IgA content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum anti-allergen antibody response were analyzed. The three cocoa populations prevented the increase of the serum specific IgG1 (T helper 2 isotype). The three cocoa diets decreased asthma-induced granulocyte increase in the BALF, which was mainly due to the reduction in the proportion of eosinophils. Moreover, both the OC and CMC diets were able to prevent the leukocyte infiltration caused by asthma induction in both the trachea and nasal cavity and decreased the IgA in both fecal and BALF samples. Overall, these results highlight the potential of different cocoa populations in the prevention of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Périz
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Maria J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ivan Best
- Programa Cacao, Ingeniería Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru;
- Unidad de Investigación en Nutrición, Salud, Alimentos Funcionales y Nutracéuticos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-93-402-4505 (M.C.)
| | - Santiago Pastor-Soplin
- Programa Cacao, Ingeniería Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru;
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-93-402-4505 (M.C.)
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (M.J.R.-L.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Corr LD, Field A, Pufal D, Clifford T, Harper LD, Naughton RJ. The effects of cocoa flavanols on indices of muscle recovery and exercise performance: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:90. [PMID: 34391456 PMCID: PMC8364049 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, muscle soreness, and reductions in muscle function. Cocoa flavanols (CF) are (poly)phenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and thus may attenuate symptoms of EIMD. The purpose of this narrative review was to collate and evaluate the current literature investigating the effect of CF supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as changes in muscle function, perceived soreness, and exercise performance. Acute and sub-chronic intake of CF reduces oxidative stress resulting from exercise. Evidence for the effect of CF on exercise-induced inflammation is lacking and the impact on muscle function, perceived soreness and exercise performance is inconsistent across studies. Supplementation of CF may reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, with potential for delaying fatigue, but more evidence is required for any definitive conclusions on the impact of CF on markers of EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Corr
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Deborah Pufal
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Liam D Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Robert J Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.
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Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Chemical Characterization, and Safety Assessment of Argania spinosa Fruit Shell Extract from South-Western Morocco. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5536030. [PMID: 34395619 PMCID: PMC8357470 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5536030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Argania spinosa (L.) plays an important role in the Moroccan agroeconomy, providing both employment and export revenue. Argan oil production generates different by-products with functionalities that are not yet investigated, in particular, the shell fruit. The present study aims, for the first time, at evaluating the acute and subacute toxicity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of argan fruit shell ethanol extract (AFSEE). The LD50 of AFSEE was determined to be greater than the 5000 mg/kg body weight of mice. No significant variation in the body and organ weights was observed after 28 days of AFSEE treatment compared to that of the control group. Biochemical parameters and histopathological examination revealed no toxic effects of AFSEE. The AFSEE produced a significant inhibition of xylene-induced ear edema in mice. AFSEE reduced significantly the paw edema in mice after carrageenan injection. The chemical characterization showed that AFSEE contains a high level of total phenol content, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and flavanols. The obtained IC50 of DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, and β-carotene demonstrates that AFSEE has a potential antioxidant effect. The results indicate that AFSEE was safe and nontoxic to mice even at higher doses. Furthermore, the present findings demonstrate that AFSEE has potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
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10
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Sunil MA, Sunitha VS, Santhakumaran P, Mohan MC, Jose MS, Radhakrishnan EK, Mathew J. Protective effect of (+)-catechin against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells through downregulation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1139-1155. [PMID: 34115226 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Catechin, a flavonol belonging to the flavonoid group of polyphenols is present in many plant foods. The present study was done to evaluate the effect of catechin on various inflammatory mediators using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The effect of catechin on total cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), myeloperoxidase, nitrite and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level, secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) genes were also investigated. The effect was further analyzed using human PBMCs by assessing the level of TNF-α and IL-10. The study demonstrated that the inflammatory mediators such as COX, 5-LOX, nitrite, iNOS, and TNF-α were significantly inhibited by catechin in a concentration-dependent manner whereas IL-10 production was up-regulated in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, catechin down-regulated the mRNA level expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, NF-κB and p38 MAPK. The current study ratifies the beneficial effect of catechin as a dietary component in plant foods to provide protection against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sunil
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - V S Sunitha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | | | - Mohind C Mohan
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | | | - E K Radhakrishnan
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Jyothis Mathew
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
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Ben Lagha A, Maquera Huacho P, Grenier D. A cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) extract impairs the growth, virulence properties, and inflammatory potential of Fusobacterium nucleatum and improves oral epithelial barrier function. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252029. [PMID: 34029354 PMCID: PMC8143394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is associated with many conditions and diseases, including periodontal diseases that affect tooth-supporting tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a cocoa extract (Theobroma cacao L.) on F. nucleatum with respect to growth, biofilm formation, adherence, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production. The anti-inflammatory properties and the effect on epithelial barrier function of the cocoa extract were also assessed. The cocoa extract, whose major phenolic compound is epicatechin, dose-dependently inhibited the growth, biofilm formation, adherence properties (basement membrane matrix, oral epithelial cells), and H2S production of F. nucleatum. It also decreased IL-6 and IL-8 production by F. nucleatum-stimulated oral epithelial cells and inhibited F. nucleatum-induced NF-κB activation in monocytes. Lastly, the cocoa extract enhanced the barrier function of an oral epithelial model by increasing the transepithelial electrical resistance. We provide evidence that the beneficial properties of an epicatechin-rich cocoa extract may be useful for preventing and/or treating periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Maquera Huacho
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Urabe D, Fukaya K. Systematic Search for Transition States in Complex Molecules: Computational Analyses of Regio- and Stereoselective Interflavan Bond Formation in Flavan-3-ols. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-20-943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis with Colombian Studies on the Effect of Dark Chocolate Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Parameters. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:3419598. [PMID: 33376605 PMCID: PMC7739050 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3419598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is postulated that cocoa solids possess cardioprotective capacity by various mechanisms. In the different cocoa studies evaluating cardiovascular disease, there are no conclusive data on the role it plays in controlling the lipid profile and anthropometric variables, perhaps because the concentration of cocoa, the geographical origin of the population, and the different concentrations supplied lead to a high heterogeneity of results. This study aims to estimate the effect of consuming cocoa-rich chocolate compared to placebo on the lipid profile and anthropometric variables based on data from three clinical trials conducted in Colombia. Methods Meta-analysis of individual data from three randomized clinical trials conducted in Colombia. The entire population of the primary studies was included, which was reassigned into intervention groups if they consumed 50 grams of 70% concentrated cocoa or placebo, which was considered to be cocoa-free or with a concentration less than 50 grams. The variables at the beginning of the study were analyzed with medians, interquartile ranges, means, and deviations according to whether they met the normality assumption. Multiple imputations were used to manage missing data and were analyzed using the two approaches proposed for this type of study, that of one and two stages. In the two-stage approach, the data were weighted on a conventional Forrest plot, while in the one-stage approach, linear regressions with mixed models were applied. This study is governed by the regulations described in the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki and by article 11 of Resolution 8430 of 1993, which classifies it as a risk-free study. Results A total of 275 participants were included, who consumed cocoa or placebo for 81 days on average; 52.7% were female and few smoked at the time of the intervention (31/275). Physical activity performed in number of hours per week was comparable between the intervention groups. When evaluating total cholesterol, low-density cholesterol (LDL), high-density cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides, abdominal circumference, and final body mass index with both the one-stage and two-stage approaches, there were no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions According to the results obtained in the meta-analysis, the consumption of cocoa in the Colombian population does not seem to significantly modify variables such as lipid profile, abdominal circumference, and body mass index. This conclusion according to the quality of the evidence has a weak recommendation and a low-to-moderate certainty. However, the analysis through the two proposed approaches yielded similar results.
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Navarrete-Yañez V, Garate-Carrillo A, Rodriguez A, Mendoza-Lorenzo P, Ceballos G, Calzada-Mendoza C, Hogan MC, Villarreal F, Ramirez-Sanchez I. Effects of (-)-epicatechin on neuroinflammation and hyperphosphorylation of tau in the hippocampus of aged mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:10351-10361. [PMID: 33201160 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02438d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has implicated oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation as drivers of neurodegenerative pathologies. We previously reported on the beneficial effects of (-)-epicatechin (Epi) treatment on aging-induced OS and its capacity to restore modulators of mitochondrial biogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of 26-month-old male mice. In the present study using the same mouse model of aging, we examined the capacity of Epi to mitigate hippocampus OS, inflammation, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, soluble β-amyloid protein levels, cell survival, memory, anxiety-like behavior levels and systemic inflammation. Mice were subjected to 4 weeks of Epi treatment (1 mg kg-1 day-1) and samples of the hippocampus were obtained. Assessments of the OS markers, protein carbonyls, and malondialdehyde levels demonstrated their significant increase (∼3 fold) with aging that were partially suppressed by Epi. The protein levels of the glial fibrillary acidic protein, inflammatory factor 1 (Iba1), pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukins (IL-1β, IL-3, 5, 6 and 15), cyclooxygenase 2, tumor necrosis factor α, nuclear factor-activated B cells and interferon γ increase with aging and were also significantly decreased with Epi treatment. However, anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ra, IL-10 and 11 decrease with aging and were restored with Epi. Epi also reversed the aging effects on the hyperphosphorylation of tau, increased soluble β-amyloid levels (∼2 fold), cellular death (as per caspase 3 and 9 activity), and reduced nerve growth factor and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 levels. Measures of anxiety like-behavior and memory demonstrated improvements with Epi treatment. Indicators of systemic inflammation increase with aging and Epi was capable of decreasing blood inflammatory markers. Altogether, the results show a significant capacity of Epi to mitigate hippocampus OS and inflammation leading to improved brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viridiana Navarrete-Yañez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., Mexico.
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15
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Mendonça CR, Noll M, Castro MCR, Silveira EA. Effects of Nutritional Interventions in the Control of Musculoskeletal Pain: An Integrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103075. [PMID: 33050122 PMCID: PMC7601187 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food consumption has significant positive effects on an individual’s health status, including the reduction of symptoms associated with musculoskeletal pain. However, specific food groups indicated for the treatment of pain are not yet determined. Hence, this review aimed to analyze the effects of nutritional interventions with specific diets, oils and/or fatty acids, and foodstuffs in natura in the reduction of musculoskeletal pain. An integrative review was conducted in the following databases: Embase, PubMed, LILACS, and Google Scholar. Clinical trials written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese and published between 2000 and March 2020 were included in this review. Seventeen studies were included. Among these, a reduction of musculoskeletal pain with different types of nutritional interventions, such as vegan and Mediterranean diets and the consumption of blueberry, strawberry, passion fruit peel extract, argan oil, fish oil (omega-3), olive oil, and undenatured type II collagen and vitamin D gel capsules, was observed in 14 studies. Eight studies evaluated the profiles of several inflammatory markers, and of these, decreased interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were observed in two studies. This review suggests that different nutritional interventions with specific diets, oils and/or fatty acids, and foodstuffs in natura reduce musculoskeletal pain, specifically in adults with osteoarthritis. Besides pain improvement, nutritional interventions, including the consumption of strawberry and vitamin D gel capsules, decrease the levels of several inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodrigues Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (M.N.); (M.C.R.C.); (E.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Matias Noll
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (M.N.); (M.C.R.C.); (E.A.S.)
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Ceres, Ceres 76300-000, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Rezende Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (M.N.); (M.C.R.C.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Erika Aparecida Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (M.N.); (M.C.R.C.); (E.A.S.)
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Fukaya K, Saito A, Nakajima N, Urabe D. A Computational Study on the Intramolecular C4-C8′ Interflavan Bond Formations of Tethered Catechin Derivatives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fukaya
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, 18-8 Hatsu-cho, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8530, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakajima
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Daisuke Urabe
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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Wang J, Zhao D, Tiano S, Esteban-Fernández A, Yuan B, Smith C, Brathwaite J, Jlayer Z, Wu Q, Simon JE, Trageser KJ, Pasinetti GM. Prophylactic effect of flavanol rich preparation metabolites in promoting resilience to a mouse model of social stress. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:183. [PMID: 32518327 PMCID: PMC7283298 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability, and there is an urgent need for new therapeutics. Stress-mediated induction of pro-inflammation in the periphery contributes to depression-like behaviors both in humans and in experimental models. Inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. Our studies demonstrated that metabolism of flavanol rich cocoa preparation (FRP) led to the accumulation of select phenolic acids that may contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity. Using a repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) model of depression, we showed that oral administration of FRP attenuates susceptibility to RSDS-mediated depression, supporting the further development of FRP as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of stress disorders and anxiety in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.274295.f0000 0004 0420 1184Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, NY 10468 USA
| | - Danyue Zhao
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Simoni Tiano
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Adelaida Esteban-Fernández
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Bo Yuan
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Chad Smith
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Justin Brathwaite
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Zahra Jlayer
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Qingli Wu
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - James E. Simon
- grid.274295.f0000 0004 0420 1184Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, NY 10468 USA
| | - Kyle J. Trageser
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Giulio M. Pasinetti
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.274295.f0000 0004 0420 1184Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, NY 10468 USA
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Barrera-Reyes PK, de Lara JCF, González-Soto M, Tejero ME. Effects of Cocoa-Derived Polyphenols on Cognitive Function in Humans. Systematic Review and Analysis of Methodological Aspects. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 75:1-11. [PMID: 31933112 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-019-00779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cocoa-derived polyphenols on cognitive functions have been analyzed through numerous studies using different interventions (doses, vehicles, time frame, cognition tests, and characteristics of participants) which may hamper the interpretation and comparison of findings across investigations. Thus, a systematic review was conducted to analyze the effects of cocoa-derived polyphenols intake on human cognition and discuss the methodological aspects that may contribute to the heterogeneity of findings. Randomized clinical trials evaluating the effect of cocoa polyphenols on cognitive function in healthy subjects were selected according to selection criteria. Twelve studies were selected. Quality was assessed according to the Cochrane risk for bias tool. The most common risk for bias was the lack of information about the sequence generation process. Effects on cognitive function were observed after consumption of 50 mg/day of (-)-epicatechin and in studies using a component-matched placebo and cocoa as the polyphenol vehicle given to healthy adults (18-50 years). Memory (n = 5) and executive function (n = 4) showed the most significant effects with medium and large effect sizes after intake of intermediate doses of cocoa flavanols (500-750 mg/day). Overall, this set of studies suggest a positive effect of cocoa polyphenols on memory and executive function. However, the available evidence is very diverse and future studies may address the identified sources of variation to strengthen current evidence on this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma K Barrera-Reyes
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur 4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, CP 016000, Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Josué Cortés-Fernández de Lara
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur 4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, CP 016000, Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Melissa González-Soto
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur 4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, CP 016000, Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - M Elizabeth Tejero
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur 4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, CP 016000, Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico.
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Alamgeer, Asif H, Sandhu MZA, Aziz M, Irfan HM, Moreno KGT, Junior AG. Ameliorative Effects and Cellular Aspects of Phytoconstituents in Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2574-2582. [PMID: 32056518 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200214161139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease that involves vessels through the development of fatty streaks and plaques. Plant-based compounds can help treat or prevent atherosclerosis by affecting various factors that are involved in the disease. The present review discusses our current knowledge of the major cellular and molecular mechanisms of phytotherapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have evaluated the antiatherosclerotic activity of phytoconstituents to provide preliminary evidence of efficacy, but only a few studies have delineated the underlying molecular mechanisms. Plant-derived phytotherapeutics primarily targets abnormal levels of lipoproteins, endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell migration, foam cell development, and atheromatous plaque formation. Nonetheless, the principal mechanisms that are responsible for their therapeutic actions remain unclear. Further pharmacological studies are needed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antiatherosclerotic response to these phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hira Asif
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan,Department of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Z A Sandhu
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Aziz
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M Irfan
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Karyne G T Moreno
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
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20
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Castro MC, Villagarcía H, Nazar A, Arbeláez LG, Massa ML, Del Zotto H, Ríos JL, Schinella GR, Francini F. Cacao extract enriched in polyphenols prevents endocrine-metabolic disturbances in a rat model of prediabetes triggered by a sucrose rich diet. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112263. [PMID: 31580944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cocoa extracts rich in polyphenols are used as potential agent for treating diabetes. Cocoa polyphenols have been proved to ameliorate important hallmarks of type-2 diabetes (T2D). They can regulate glucose levels by increasing insulin secretion, promoting β-cell proliferation and a reduction of insulin resistance. In addition, epidemiological evidence indicates that consumption of flavonoid decreases the incidence of T2D. AIM OF THE STUDY T2D is preceded by a prediabetic state in which the endocrine-metabolic changes described in T2D are already present. Since epidemiological evidence indicates that consumption of flavonoid decreases its incidence, we evaluated possible preventive effects of polyphenol-enriched cocoa extract on a model of prediabetes induced by sucrose. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined circulating parameters and insulin sensitivity indexes, liver protein carbonyl groups and reduced glutathione, liver mRNA expression levels of lipogenic enzymes, expression of different pro-inflammatory mediators, fructokinase activity and liver glycogen content. For that, radioimmunoassay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, spectrophotometry, and immunohistochemistry were used. RESULTS We demonstrated that sucrose administration triggered hypertriglyceridemia, insulin-resistance, and liver increased oxidative stress and inflammation markers compared to control rats. Additionally, we found an increase in glycogen deposit, fructokinase activity, and lipogenic genes expression (SREBP-1c, FAS and GPAT) together with a decrease in P-Akt and P-eNOS protein content (P < 0.05). Sucrose-induced insulin resistance, hepatic carbohydrate and lipid dysmetabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation were effectively disrupted by polyphenol-enriched cocoa extract (PECE) co-administration (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Dietary administration of cocoa flavanols may be an effective and complementary tool for preventing or reverting T2D at an early stage of its development (prediabetes).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Castro
- CENEXA (Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada) (UNLP-CONICET La Plata-FCM, CEAS-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Hernán Villagarcía
- CENEXA (Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada) (UNLP-CONICET La Plata-FCM, CEAS-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ada Nazar
- CENEXA (Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada) (UNLP-CONICET La Plata-FCM, CEAS-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luisa González Arbeláez
- CIC (Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares) (UNLP-CONICET La Plata-FCM), La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Laura Massa
- CENEXA (Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada) (UNLP-CONICET La Plata-FCM, CEAS-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Héctor Del Zotto
- CENEXA (Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada) (UNLP-CONICET La Plata-FCM, CEAS-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - José Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Guillermo R Schinella
- Cátedra Farmacología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas UNLP and CICPBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Flavio Francini
- CENEXA (Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada) (UNLP-CONICET La Plata-FCM, CEAS-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina.
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Fatima A, Siddique YH. Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders with Special Emphasis on Tangeritin. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:581-597. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190916141934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols found universally in all fruits, vegetables
and medicinal plants. They have emerged as a promising candidate in the formulation of treatment
strategies for various neurodegenerative disorders. The use of flavonoid rich plant extracts and
food in dietary supplementation have shown favourable outcomes. The present review describes the
types, properties and metabolism of flavonoids. Neuroprotective role of various flavonoids and the
possible mechanism of action in the brain against the neurodegeneration have been described in detail
with special emphasis on the tangeritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Fatima
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Forni C, Facchiano F, Bartoli M, Pieretti S, Facchiano A, D'Arcangelo D, Norelli S, Valle G, Nisini R, Beninati S, Tabolacci C, Jadeja RN. Beneficial Role of Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8748253. [PMID: 31080832 PMCID: PMC6475554 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8748253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is related to a number of functional and morphological changes leading to progressive decline of the biological functions of an organism. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), released by several endogenous and exogenous processes, may cause important oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to important cellular dysfunctions. The imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses brings to oxidative stress conditions and, related to accumulation of ROS, aging-associated diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the most relevant data reported in literature on the natural compounds, mainly phytochemicals, with antioxidant activity and their potential protective effects on age-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and chronic inflammation, and possibly lower side effects, when compared to other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Forni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela D'Arcangelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Norelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Valle
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Fukaya K, Saito A, Nakajima N, Urabe D. A Computational Study on the Stereo- and Regioselective Formation of the C4α-C6' Bond of Tethered Catechin Moieties by an Exhaustive Search of the Transition States. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2840-2849. [PMID: 30701979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the total synthesis of procyanidin B6 by using the stereo- and regioselective C-C bond formation of tethered catechin moieties as the key step. The reaction afforded the product bearing a new C4α-C6' bond linkage instead of the inherently preferable C4α-C8' bond. However, the origin of this selectivity remained unclear due to the complex structure of the substrate. Here we report the results of computational exploration of this C-C bond formation to gain mechanistic insights into the selectivity. The computational study of highly flexible compounds was realized by an exhaustive search of transition states. A large library of candidate transition states was generated by a conformational search of constrained models using molecular mechanics simulations and semiempirical molecular orbital calculations. Subsequent DFT-based transition state calculations provided 367 transition states for C4-C6' and C4-C8' bond formations. Comparison of the geometries and energies showed that the C4α-C6' linkage is preferentially formed via two competing transition states, leading to a C6'-diastereomeric mixture. Interactive atomic distances and visualization of the nonbonding interactions suggest the importance of nonclassical hydrogen bonding and CH-π, π-π, and lone pair-π interactions in stabilizing the two transition states. The present study supports preferential C4α-C6' bond formation of the tethered catechins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fukaya
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology , Toyama Prefectural University , 5180 Kurokawa , Imizu , Toyama 939-0398 , Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka Electro-Communication University , 18-8 Hatsu-cho , Neyagawa , Osaka 572-8530 , Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakajima
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Toyama Prefectural University , 5180 Kurokawa , Imizu , Toyama 939-0398 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Urabe
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology , Toyama Prefectural University , 5180 Kurokawa , Imizu , Toyama 939-0398 , Japan
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of deaths in highly developed countries. Dietetic interventions that involve recommendations for consumption of products with a confirmed health-improving action are an important aspect of prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Cocoa is an alimentary product with significant cardioprotective potential due to its high content of bioactive compounds. The aim of the present study was to review the most recent literature concerning the effectiveness and mechanisms of action of compounds contained in cocoa with regard to selected cardiovascular risk factors and cardiometabolic markers. Study results indicate that cocoa consumption, especially in the form of dark chocolate with high flavonoid content, may be a good strategy to diminish cardiovascular risk due to its beneficial effect on platelet aggregation, decreasing blood pressure, diminishing dyslipidemia, and decreasing blood plasma glucose concentration. Many studies have shown that cocoa-derived flavonoids have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and also play a significant role in preventing insulin resistance. However, in order to completely confirm the potential cardiovascular benefits, it is necessary to conduct larger and longer studies, also with regard to potential dangers associated with long-term consumption of large amounts of flavonoids and determination of a safe and effective dose. Key teaching points Cocoa consumption may be a good strategy in diminishing cardiovascular risk. Beneficial effects on platelet aggregation, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glycemia, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity are observed. There is a need to conduct larger and longer studies to determine a safe and effective dose of cocoa flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Zięba
- a SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humans , Chodakowska , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Magdalena Makarewicz-Wujec
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw Banacha 1 , Warsaw , Poland
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Davinelli S, Corbi G, Righetti S, Sears B, Olarte HH, Grassi D, Scapagnini G. Cardioprotection by Cocoa Polyphenols and ω-3 Fatty Acids: A Disease-Prevention Perspective on Aging-Associated Cardiovascular Risk. J Med Food 2018; 21:1060-1069. [PMID: 29723102 PMCID: PMC6206547 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death today. Many of the biochemical alterations associated with the pathophysiology of CVD can be modified by adequate intakes of bioactive nutrients through a correct diet or supplementation. Recently, there has been growing public and clinical interest in cocoa polyphenols (CPs) and omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids. A plethora of nutritional intervention trials and experimental studies demonstrates that consumption of these bioactive food compounds is beneficial to promote cardiovascular health. The purpose of this review is to summarize the major cardioprotective effects of CPs and ω-3 fatty acids, providing a scientific rationale for incorporating the combination of these molecules as a nutritional intervention in the prevention of CVD. Although several studies have shown the individual cardioprotective nature of these compounds, a combination treatment with CPs and ω-3 fatty acids may be a promising approach to enhance the preventive value of these molecules and reduce cardiovascular risk factors associated with aging. Therefore, this article also reviews some of the key studies on the interaction between CPs and the metabolism of ω-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Davinelli
- 1 Department of Medicine and Health Sciences " V. Tiberio", University of Molise , Campobasso, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- 1 Department of Medicine and Health Sciences " V. Tiberio", University of Molise , Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Barry Sears
- 3 Inflammation Research Foundation , Peabody, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Davide Grassi
- 5 Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- 1 Department of Medicine and Health Sciences " V. Tiberio", University of Molise , Campobasso, Italy
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de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Micol V, Joven J, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Arroyo S. Different behavior of polyphenols in energy metabolism of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. Food Res Int 2018; 118:96-100. [PMID: 30898358 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidation and inflammation in pathophysiological processes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines from knock-out mice for paraoxonase-1 and from transgenic mice overexpressing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were obtained as model of pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory scenarios. Theobroma cacao and Lippia citriodora (worldwide consumed and common ingredient of many food products) were tested in these cell models to assess the action of polyphenols in the energy management. Our metabolomics experiments show a different behavior of polyphenols: T. cacao extract partially reverts the effect of LPS in a pro-oxidant scenario through the antioxidant properties of theobromine, flavonols and procyanidins, while L. citriodora seems to act mainly in a pro-inflammatory cell model through the action of verbascoside decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MCP-1. Nevertheless, the action of polyphenols cannot be attributed only to a mechanism of action but the sum of different modulations in biological pathways. The capacity of both plant extracts to decrease α-ketoglutarate levels merits special attention due to the implications in future medicine. The action of polyphenols modulating oxidative stress, cytokine production and epigenetic changes make an interesting source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical or functional food purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. Del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio BioRegion, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain; CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn (CB12/03/30038), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Jorge Joven
- Biomedical Research Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, Rovira i Virgili University, C/Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Campus of international excellence southern Catalonia, C/de l'Escorxador s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. Del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio BioRegion, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Biomedical Research Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, Rovira i Virgili University, C/Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Campus of international excellence southern Catalonia, C/de l'Escorxador s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain.
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Liu HW, Chen YJ, Chang YC, Chang SJ. Oligonol, a Low-Molecular Weight Polyphenol Derived from Lychee, Alleviates Muscle Loss in Diabetes by Suppressing Atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9091040. [PMID: 28930190 PMCID: PMC5622800 DOI: 10.3390/nu9091040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-especially E3 ubiquitin ligases Atrogin-1 and MuRF1-is associated with muscle loss in diabetes. Elevated lipid metabolites impair myogenesis. Oligonol, a low molecular weight polyphenol derived from lychee, exhibited anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties, suggesting it could be a proper supplement for attenuating muscle loss. Dietary (10 weeks) oligonol supplementation (20 or 200 mg/kg diet) on the skeletal muscle loss was investigated in diabetic db/db mice. Transcription factors NF-κB and FoxO3a involved in regulation of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 were also investigated. Attenuation of muscle loss by oligonol (both doses) was associated with down-regulation of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 gene expression. Oligonol supplementation decreased NF-κB expression in the nuclear fraction compared with db/db mice without oligonol supplement. Upregulation of sirtuin1 (SIRT1) expression prevented FoxO3a nuclear localization in db/db mice supplemented with oligonol. Marked increases in AMPKα activity and Ppara mRNA expression leading to lower lipid accumulation by oligonol provided additional benefits for attenuating muscle loss. Oligonol limited palmitate-induced senescent phenotype and cell cycle arrest and suppressed Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA expression in palmitate-treated C2C12 muscle cells, thus contributing to improving the impaired myotube formation. In conclusion, oligonol-mediated downregulation of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 gene expression alleviates muscle loss and improves the impaired myotube formation, indicating that oligonol supplementation may be useful for the attenuation of myotube loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Ching Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Sue-Joan Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Ludovici V, Barthelmes J, Nägele MP, Enseleit F, Ferri C, Flammer AJ, Ruschitzka F, Sudano I. Cocoa, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function. Front Nutr 2017; 4:36. [PMID: 28824916 PMCID: PMC5539137 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the most common cause of death worldwide. The consumption of natural polyphenol-rich foods, and cocoa in particular, has been related to a reduced risk of CVD, including coronary heart disease and stroke. Intervention studies strongly suggest that cocoa exerts a beneficial impact on cardiovascular health, through the reduction of blood pressure (BP), improvement of vascular function, modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, and reduction of platelet aggregation. These potentially beneficial effects have been shown in healthy subjects as well as in patients with risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes, and smoking) or established CVD (coronary heart disease or heart failure). Several potential mechanisms are supposed to be responsible for the positive effect of cocoa; among them activation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, increased bioavailability of NO as well as antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is the aim of this review to summarize the findings of cocoa and chocolate on BP and vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ludovici
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jens Barthelmes
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Nägele
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Enseleit
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andreas J Flammer
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Sudano
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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von Wowern E, Olofsson P. Can flavonoid-rich chocolate modulate arterial elasticity and pathological uterine artery Doppler blood flow in pregnant women? A pilot study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:2293-2298. [PMID: 28612673 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1341483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dark chocolate has shown beneficial effects on cardiovascular health and might also modulate hypertensive complications in pregnancy and uteroplacental blood flow. Increased uteroplacental resistance is associated with systemic arterial stiffness. We aimed to investigate the short-term effect of flavonoid-rich chocolate on arterial stiffness and Doppler blood flow velocimetry indexes in pregnant women with compromised uteroplacental blood flow. METHODS Doppler blood flow velocimetry and digital pulse wave analysis (DPA) were performed in 25 women pregnant in the second and third trimesters with uterine artery (UtA) score (UAS) 3-4, before and after 3 days of ingestion of chocolate with high flavonoid and antioxidant contents. UtA pulsatility index (PI), UtA diastolic notching, UAS (semiquantitative measure of PI and notching combined), and umbilical artery PI were calculated, and DPA variables representing central and peripheral maternal arteries were recorded. RESULTS Mean UtA PI (p = .049) and UAS (p = .025) significantly decreased after chocolate consumption. There were no significant changes in UtA diastolic notching or any DPA indexes of arterial stiffness/vascular tone. CONCLUSION Chocolate may have beneficial effects on the uteroplacental circulation, but in this pilot study, we could not demonstrate effects on arterial vascular tone as assessed by DPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma von Wowern
- a Institution of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Per Olofsson
- a Institution of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
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Chocolate intake and incidence of heart failure: Findings from the Cohort of Swedish Men. Am Heart J 2017; 183:18-23. [PMID: 27979037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of chocolate consumption and heart failure (HF) in a large population of Swedish men. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 31,917 men 45-79 years old with no history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, or HF at baseline who were participants in the population-based Cohort of Swedish Men study. Chocolate consumption was assessed through a self-administrated food frequency questionnaire. Participants were followed for HF hospitalization or mortality from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2011, using record linkage to the Swedish inpatient and cause-of-death registries. RESULTS During 14 years of follow-up, 2,157 men were hospitalized (n=1,901) or died from incident HF (n=256). Compared with subjects who reported no chocolate intake, the multivariable-adjusted rate ratio of HF was 0.88 (95% CI 0.78-0.99) for those consuming 1-3 servings per month, 0.83 (95% CI 0.72-0.94) for those consuming 1-2 servings per week, 0.82 (95% CI 0.68-0.99) for those consuming 3-6 servings per week, and 1.10 (95% CI 0.84-1.45) for those consuming ≥1 serving per day (P for quadratic trend=.001). CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective cohort study, there was a J-shaped relationship between chocolate consumption and HF incidence. Moderate chocolate consumption was associated with a lower rate of HF hospitalization or death, but the protective association was not observed among individuals consuming ≥1 serving per day. Journal Subject Codes: Etiology: Epidemiology, Heart failure: Congestive.
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Kwok CS, Loke YK, Welch AA, Luben RN, Lentjes MAH, Boekholdt SM, Pfister R, Mamas MA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Myint PK. Habitual chocolate consumption and the risk of incident heart failure among healthy men and women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:722-734. [PMID: 27052923 PMCID: PMC4987462 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to examine the association between chocolate intake and the risk of incident heart failure in a UK general population. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify this association. METHODS AND RESULTS We used data from a prospective population-based study, the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort. Chocolate intake was quantified based on a food frequency questionnaire obtained at baseline (1993-1997) and incident heart failure was ascertained up to March 2009. We supplemented the primary data with a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies which evaluated risk of incident heart failure with chocolate consumption. A total of 20,922 participants (53% women; mean age 58 ± 9 years) were included of whom 1101 developed heart failure during the follow up (mean 12.5 ± 2.7 years, total person years 262,291 years). After adjusting for lifestyle and dietary factors, we found 19% relative reduction in heart failure incidence in the top (up to 100 g/d) compared to the bottom quintile of chocolate consumption (HR 0.81 95%CI 0.66-0.98) but the results were no longer significant after controlling for comorbidities (HR 0.87 95%CI 0.71-1.06). Additional adjustment for potential mediators did not attenuate the results further. We identified five relevant studies including the current study (N = 75,408). The pooled results showed non-significant 19% relative risk reduction of heart failure incidence with higher chocolate consumption (HR 0.81 95%CI 0.66-1.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that higher chocolate intake is not associated with subsequent incident heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Kwok
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Y K Loke
- Department of Population Health & Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - A A Welch
- Department of Population Health & Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - R N Luben
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M A H Lentjes
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S M Boekholdt
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Pfister
- Department III of Internal Medicine, Heart Centre of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M A Mamas
- Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - N J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - K-T Khaw
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P K Myint
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Ellinger S, Stehle P. Impact of Cocoa Consumption on Inflammation Processes-A Critical Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060321. [PMID: 27240397 PMCID: PMC4924162 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cocoa flavanols have strong anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. If these also occur in vivo, cocoa consumption may contribute to the prevention or treatment of diseases mediated by chronic inflammation. This critical review judged the evidence for such effects occurring after cocoa consumption. Methods: A literature search in Medline was performed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of cocoa consumption on inflammatory biomarkers. Results: Thirty-three RCTs were included, along with 9 bolus and 24 regular consumption studies. Acute cocoa consumption decreased adhesion molecules and 4-series leukotrienes in serum, nuclear factor κB activation in leukocytes, and the expression of CD62P and CD11b on monocytes and neutrophils. In healthy subjects and in patients with cardiovascular diseases, most regular consumption trials did not find any changes except for a decreased number of endothelial microparticles, but several cellular and humoral inflammation markers decreased in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose. Conclusions: Little evidence exists that consumption of cocoa-rich food may reduce inflammation, probably by lowering the activation of monocytes and neutrophils. The efficacy seems to depend on the extent of the basal inflammatory burden. Further well-designed RCTs with inflammation as the primary outcome are needed, focusing on specific markers of leukocyte activation and considering endothelial microparticles as marker of vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ellinger
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Hospitality Sciences Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Rheydter Str. 277, Mönchengladbach 41065, Germany.
| | - Peter Stehle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, Bonn 53115, Germany.
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The mechanisms of action of flavonoids in the brain: Direct versus indirect effects. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:126-39. [PMID: 26260546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The projected increase in the incidence of dementia in the population highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of how different aspects of lifestyle, in particular exercise and diet, may affect neural function and consequent cognitive performance throughout the life course. In this regard, flavonoids, found in a variety of fruits, vegetables and derived beverages, have been identified as a group of promising bioactive compounds capable of influencing different aspects of brain function, including cerebrovascular blood flow and synaptic plasticity, both resulting in improvements in learning and memory in mammalian species. However, the precise mechanisms by which flavonoids exert these actions are yet to be fully established, although accumulating data indicate an ability to interact with neuronal receptors and kinase signaling pathways which are key to neuronal activation and communication and synaptic strengthening. Alternatively or concurrently, there is also compelling evidence derived from human clinical studies suggesting that flavonoids can positively affect peripheral and cerebrovascular blood flow, which may be an indirect effective mechanism by which dietary flavonoids can impact on brain health and cognition. The current review examines the beneficial effects of flavonoids on both human and animal brain function and attempts to address and link direct and indirect actions of flavonoids and their derivatives within the central nervous system (CNS).
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Tuong W, Kuo S, Sivamani RK. Photoprotective effect of botanicals and vitamins: A systematic review of clinical trials. J DERMATOL TREAT 2015; 26:558-70. [PMID: 25865615 DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2015.1027647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexposure to solar radiation is a major contributor to skin cancer development and premature skin aging. Botanical extracts and vitamins may represent novel photoprotective agents. OBJECTIVE We sought to systemically review clinical evidence for the use of botanically derived agents and vitamins as photoprotective agents. METHODS We systematically searched Embase and PubMed databases. Two independent reviewers reviewed abstracts for inclusion. Additional relevant studies were identified by a manual review of reference lists. Data from eligible studies were extracted independently and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS A total of 51 studies met inclusion criteria. Limited available evidence indicates that several botanical agents and vitamins in topical or oral forms may have promising photoprotective effects. However, generalizability of results is limited by small sample sizes. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Botanical extracts and vitamins may add to the armamentarium of sun-protective agents. Additional high-quality trials are needed to strengthen support for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tuong
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Sandy Kuo
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
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Zielinsky P, Martignoni FV, Vian I. Deleterious effects of maternal ingestion of cocoa upon fetal ductus arteriosus in late pregnancy. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:281. [PMID: 25566077 PMCID: PMC4273632 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa powder has twice more antioxidants than red wine and three times more than green tea. Ten percent of its weight is made up of flavonoids. Cocoa has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating cyclooxigenase-2 receptors expression in the endothelium and enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability. There are evidences that while polyphenols ingestion have cardioprotective effects in the adult, it may have deleterious effect on the fetus if ingested by the mother on the third trimester of pregnancy, causing intrauterine fetal ductus arteriosus (DA) constriction. Polyphenols present in many foods and their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities have been shown to be as or more powerful than those of indomethacin. These effects are dependent on the inhibition of modulation of the arachidonic acid and the synthesis of prostaglandins, especially E-2, which is responsible for fetal DA patency. So, we hypothesized that this same mechanism is responsible for the harmful effect of polyphenol-rich foods, such as cocoa, upon the fetal DA after maternal intake of such substances in the third trimester of pregnancy, thereby rising the perspective of a note of caution for pregnant women diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Zielinsky
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Martignoni
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Izabele Vian
- Fetal Cardiology Unit, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
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A select review reporting the quality of studies measuring endothelial dysfunction in randomised diet intervention trials. Br J Nutr 2014; 113:89-99. [PMID: 25374114 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A quality assessment of the primary studies reported in the literature carried out using select dietary ingredients (DI) purported to affect vascular endothelial function was conducted through a systematic PubMed search from January 2000 to August 2012. A total of seventy randomised controlled trials with defined DI (folic acid (fifteen), n-3 fatty acids (twenty), cocoa (fifteen) and isoflavones (twenty)) and standardised measures of vascular endothelial function were evaluated. Jadad scores, quality scoring parameters for DI and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) methodology used were ascertained. A total of 3959 randomised subjects, mean age 51 (se 0·21) years (range 9-79 years), were represented in the dataset. The mean Jadad scores did not differ statistically among the DI studies, with the majority of the studies being of good quality. Higher DI quality scores were achieved by studies using the botanical ingredients cocoa and isoflavones than by those using the nutrient ingredients folic acid and n-3 fatty acids. The mean DI quality scores were 4·13 (se 0·34), 5·20 (se 0·47), 6·13 (se 0·41) and 6·00 (se 0·59) for the folic acid, n-3 fatty acid, cocoa and isoflavone intervention studies, respectively (and significantly different). The mean Corretti FMD scores were 7·27 (se 0·56), 7·46 (se 0·79), 6·29 (se 0·61) and 7·11 (se 0·56) for the folic acid, n-3 fatty acid, cocoa and isoflavone intervention studies, respectively (NS). FMD studies failed to adequately describe the equipment used and more than half failed to provide an adequate description of the procedures used for vascular image acquisition and measurement. DI can be utilised for dietary intervention studies; however, the methodology should be clearly reported using the guidelines for assessment for both DI and FMD.
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Scapagnini G, Davinelli S, Di Renzo L, De Lorenzo A, Olarte HH, Micali G, Cicero AF, Gonzalez S. Cocoa bioactive compounds: significance and potential for the maintenance of skin health. Nutrients 2014; 6:3202-13. [PMID: 25116848 PMCID: PMC4145303 DOI: 10.3390/nu6083202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa has a rich history in human use. Skin is prone to the development of several diseases, and the mechanisms in the pathogenesis of aged skin are still poorly understood. However, a growing body of evidence from clinical and bench research has begun to provide scientific validation for the use of cocoa-derived phytochemicals as an effective approach for skin protection. Although the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms of the beneficial actions of cocoa phytochemicals remain to be elucidated, this review will provide an overview of the current literature emphasizing potential cytoprotective pathways modulated by cocoa and its polyphenolic components. Moreover, we will summarize in vivo studies showing that bioactive compounds of cocoa may have a positive impact on skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | | | - Giuseppe Micali
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.
| | - Arrigo F Cicero
- Department Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.
| | - Salvador Gonzalez
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10017, USA.
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Park JC, Lee SH, Hong JK, Cho JH, Kim IH, Park SK. Effect of dietary supplementation of procyanidin on growth performance and immune response in pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:131-9. [PMID: 25049935 PMCID: PMC4093277 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of procyanidin on growth performance, blood characteristics, and immune function in growing pigs. In experiment 1 (Exp. 1), thirty-two crossbred pigs with an initial BW of 19.2±0.3 kg were allocated into 4 treatments for an 8-wk experiment: i) CON (basal diet), ii) MOS 0.1 (basal diet+0.1% mannanoligosaccharide), iii) Pro-1 (basal diet+0.01% procyanidin), and iv) Pro-2 (basal diet+0.02% procyanidin). Pigs fed Pro-1 and Pro-2 diets had greater (p<0.05) gain:feed ratio compared with those fed CON or MOS 0.1 diets. Serum creatinine concentration was less (p<0.05) in Pro-2 treatment than those in CON, MOS 0.1 and Pro-1 treatments. In Exp. 2, twelve pigs (BW 13.4±1.3 kg) received basal diet with i) 0 (CON), ii) 0.02% (Pro-0.02%), and iii) 0.04% procyanidin (Pro-0.04%) for 4 wk. Concentration of platelets was lower (p<0.05) in the Pro-0.04% group compared to CON at 24 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. In addition, secretion of cytokines from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the presence or absence of procyanidin was examined. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were lower (p<0.05) in Pro (LPS-stimulated PBMCs+procyanidin) than those in CON (LPS-stimulated PBMCs+PBS) at 4 h after LPS challenge. These data suggest that dietary addition of procyanidin improves feed efficiency and anti-inflammatory cytokines of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, R.D.A., Suwon 441-706, Korea
| | - S H Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, R.D.A., Suwon 441-706, Korea
| | - J K Hong
- National Institute of Animal Science, R.D.A., Suwon 441-706, Korea
| | - J H Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, R.D.A., Suwon 441-706, Korea
| | - I H Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, R.D.A., Suwon 441-706, Korea
| | - S K Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, R.D.A., Suwon 441-706, Korea
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Kim J, Kim J, Shim J, Lee CY, Lee KW, Lee HJ. Cocoa Phytochemicals: Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms on Health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1458-72. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.641041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gu Y, Yu S, Park JY, Harvatine K, Lambert JD. Dietary cocoa reduces metabolic endotoxemia and adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat fed mice. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:439-45. [PMID: 24561154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In diet-induced obesity, adipose tissue (AT) is in a chronic state of inflammation predisposing the development of metabolic syndrome. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a polyphenol-rich food with putative anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we examined the impact and underlying mechanisms of action of cocoa on AT inflammation in high fat-fed mice. In the present study, male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high fat diet (HF), a HF diet with 8% (w/w) unsweetened cocoa powder (HFC), or a low-fat diet (LF) for 18 weeks. Cocoa supplementation decreased AT mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 by 40-60% compared to HF group, and this was accompanied by decreased nuclear protein levels of nuclear factor-κB. Cocoa treatment reduced the levels of arachidonic acid in the AT by 33% compared to HF controls. Moreover, cocoa treatment also reduced protein levels of the eicosanoid-generating enzymes, adipose-specific phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase-2 by 53% and 55%, respectively, compared to HF-fed mice. Finally, cocoa treatment ameliorated metabolic endotoxemia (40% reduction in plasma endotoxin) and improved gut barrier function (as measured by increased plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-2). In conclusion, the present study has shown for the first time that long-term cocoa supplementation can reduce AT inflammation in part by modulating eicosanoid metabolism and metabolic endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyi Gu
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jong Yung Park
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kevin Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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Pucciarelli DL. Cocoa and heart health: a historical review of the science. Nutrients 2013; 5:3854-70. [PMID: 24077240 PMCID: PMC3820048 DOI: 10.3390/nu5103854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal use of cocoa has a long history dating back almost five hundred years when Hernán Cortés’s first experienced the drink in Mesoamerica. Doctors in Europe recommended the beverage to patients in the 1700s, and later American physicians followed suit and prescribed the drink in early America―ca. 1800s. This article delineates the historic trajectory of cocoa consumption, the linkage between cocoa’s bioactive-mechanistic properties, paying special attention to nitric oxides role in vasodilation of the arteries, to the current indicators purporting the benefits of cocoa and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Pucciarelli
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47304, USA.
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Araujo QRD, Gattward JN, Almoosawi S, Parada Costa Silva MDGC, Dantas PADS, Araujo Júnior QRD. Cocoa and Human Health: From Head to Foot—A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 56:1-12. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.657921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cady RJ, Denson JE, Durham PL. Inclusion of cocoa as a dietary supplement represses expression of inflammatory proteins in spinal trigeminal nucleus in response to chronic trigeminal nerve stimulation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:996-1006. [PMID: 23576361 PMCID: PMC3777559 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Central sensitization is implicated in the pathology of temporomandibular joint disorder and other types of orofacial pain. We investigated the effects of dietary cocoa on expression of proteins involved in the development of central sensitization in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) in response to inflammatory stimulation of trigeminal nerves. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control diet or an isocaloric diet consisting of 10% cocoa powder 14 days prior to bilateral injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the temporomandibular joint to promote prolonged activation of trigeminal ganglion neurons and glia. While dietary cocoa stimulated basal expression of glutamate-aspartate transporter and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 when compared to animals on a normal diet, cocoa suppressed basal calcitonin gene-related peptide levels in the STN. CFA-stimulated levels of protein kinase A, P2X3 , P-p38, glial fibrillary-associated protein, and OX-42, whose elevated levels in the STN are implicated in central sensitization, were repressed to near control levels in animals on a cocoa-enriched diet. Similarly, dietary cocoa repressed CFA-stimulated inflammatory cytokine expression. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, we speculate that cocoa-enriched diets could be beneficial as a natural therapeutic option for temporomandibular joint disorder and other chronic orofacial pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Cady
- Center for Biomedical & Life Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
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44
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Osakabe N. Flavan 3-ols improve metabolic syndrome risk factors: evidence and mechanisms. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 52:186-92. [PMID: 23704807 PMCID: PMC3652297 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.12-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavan 3-ols, a type of polyphenolic substance, are distributed in a number of plant foods. Of these foods, chocolate is very rich in flavan 3-ols as flavan 3-ol monomers, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin, and the oligomers as procyanidins. There is evidence that cacao products containing flavan 3-ols have the potential to contribute to the risk reduction of cardiometabolic disorders according to recent epidemiological or intervention studies. This review focuses on recent advances in research on the ability of flavan 3-ols to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease as a result of improving metabolic syndrome risk factors and these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
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45
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Gu Y, Yu S, Lambert JD. Dietary cocoa ameliorates obesity-related inflammation in high fat-fed mice. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:149-58. [PMID: 23494741 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of cocoa powder supplementation on obesity-related inflammation in high fat (HF)-fed obese mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J (n = 126) were fed with either low-fat (LF, 10 % kcal from fat) or HF (60 % kcal from fat) diet for 18 weeks. After 8 weeks, mice from HF group were randomized to HF diet or HF diet supplemented with 8 % cocoa powder (HF-HFC group) for 10 weeks. Blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical analyses. RESULTS Cocoa powder supplementation significantly reduced the rate of body weight gain (15.8 %) and increased fecal lipid content (55.2 %) compared to HF-fed control mice. Further, cocoa supplementation attenuated insulin resistance, as indicated by improved HOMA-IR, and reduced the severity of obesity-related fatty liver disease (decreased plasma alanine aminotransferase and liver triglyceride) compared to HF group. Cocoa supplementation also significantly decreased plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6, 30.4 %), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, 25.2 %), and increased adiponectin (33.7 %) compared to HF-fed mice. Expression of pro-inflammatory genes (Il6, Il12b, Nos2, and Emr1) in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of the epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) was significantly reduced (37-56 %) in the cocoa-supplemented mice. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with cocoa ameliorates obesity-related inflammation, insulin resistance, and fatty liver disease in HF-fed obese mice, principally through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression in WAT. These effects appear to be mediated in part by a modulation of dietary fat absorption and inhibition of macrophage infiltration in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyi Gu
- Center of Excellence for Plant and Mushroom Foods and Health, Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 332 Food Science Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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46
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Smith DF. Benefits of flavanol-rich cocoa-derived products for mental well-being: A review. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Quiñones M, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Beneficial effects of polyphenols on cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2012; 68:125-31. [PMID: 23174266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated the health benefits of polyphenols, and special attention has been paid to their beneficial effects against cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the world today. Polyphenols present vasodilator effects and are able to improve lipid profiles and attenuate the oxidation of low density lipoproteins. In addition, they present clear anti-inflammatory effects and can modulate apoptotic processes in the vascular endothelium. It has been suggested that most of these effects are a consequence of the antioxidant properties of polyphenols, but this idea is not completely accepted, and many other mechanisms have been proposed recently to explain the health effects of these compounds. In fact, different signaling pathways have been linked to polyphenols. This review brings together some recent studies which establish the beneficial properties of polyphenols for cardiovascular disease and analyzes the mechanisms involved in these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Quiñones
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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48
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Cocoa polyphenols and their potential benefits for human health. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:906252. [PMID: 23150750 PMCID: PMC3488419 DOI: 10.1155/2012/906252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper compiles the beneficial effects of cocoa polyphenols on human health, especially with regard to cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer prevention. Their antioxidant properties may be responsible for many of their pharmacological effects, including the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the protection of LDL-cholesterol against oxidation, and increase resistance to oxidative stress. The phenolics from cocoa also modify the glycemic response and the lipid profile, decreasing platelet function and inflammation along with diastolic and systolic arterial pressures, which, taken together, may reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Cocoa polyphenols can also modulate intestinal inflammation through the reduction of neutrophil infiltration and expression of different transcription factors, which leads to decreases in the production of proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines. The phenolics from cocoa may thus protect against diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated as a causal or contributing factor, such as cancer. They also have antiproliferative, antimutagenic, and chemoprotective effects, in addition to their anticariogenic effects.
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Wu X, Schauss AG. Mitigation of inflammation with foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6703-6717. [PMID: 22468569 DOI: 10.1021/jf3007008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Constant overproduction of pro-inflammatory molecules leads to chronic inflammation. Unlike acute inflammation, which is essential for healing, chronic inflammation can delay healing and, if left unchecked, contribute to a host of diseases. There is growing evidence that some dietary factors can play important roles in maintaining health and even reversing the progression of chronic diseases, with anti-inflammatory effects as important underlying mechanism. Such findings add to the body of evidence that certain dietary components, including polyphenols and other types of compounds, found in various dietary factors including fruits, berries, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, and foods of marine origin, can play an important role in attenuating and mitigating chronic pro-inflammatory processes associated with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wu
- USDA Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States
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Martinez-Micaelo N, González-Abuín N, Ardèvol A, Pinent M, Blay MT. Procyanidins and inflammation: molecular targets and health implications. Biofactors 2012; 38:257-65. [PMID: 22505223 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Thus, the modulation of the inflammatory response by the consumption of bioactive food compounds, such as procyanidins, is a powerful tool to promote health. Procyanidin-mediated anti-inflammatory molecular mechanisms include, among others, the modulation of the arachidonic acid pathway, the inhibition of the gene transcription, protein expression and enzymatic activity of eicosanoid generating enzymes, the production and secretion of inflammatory mediators (such as cytokines and nitric oxide), the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation, and the modulation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. The NF-κB pathway can be regulated by procyanidins at several levels. During early events in NF-κB signaling, procyanidins modulate Iκκ activity, and the cytoplasmic retention of p65:p50 NF-κB by the inhibition of IκB phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation, while at late stages, they affect the nuclear translocation of pro/anti-inflammatory NF-κB homo/hetero dimers and their subsequent binding to the promoter regions of target genes. To identify and understand the value of procyanidins in the modulation of the inflammatory response, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activities and prohomeostatic effects of procyanidins need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Martinez-Micaelo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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