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Lin X, Zhang J, Kong X, Li Y, Xu X, Du L, Zhang JL. Exercise-induced changes in intramuscular total creatine concentration measured with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A pilot study. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16171. [PMID: 39095332 PMCID: PMC11296883 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Total amount of creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine, or total creatine (tCr), may have a significant impact on the performance of skeletal muscles. In sports such as bodybuilding, it is popular to take Cr supplements to maintain tCr level. However, no study has explored the quantitative relationship between exercise intensity and the induced change in muscle's tCr. In this well-controlled study, straight-leg plantar flexion with specific load and duration was performed by 10 healthy subjects inside an MRI scanner, immediately followed by 1H MR spectroscopy (MRS) for measuring tCr concentration in gastrocnemius. For repeatability assessment, the experiment was repeated for each subject on two different days. Across all the subjects, baseline tCr was 46.6 ± 2.4 mM, ranging from 40.6 to 50.1 mM; with exercise, tCr significantly decreased by 10.9% ± 1.0% with 6-lb load and 21.0% ± 1.3% with 12-lb load (p < 0.0001). Between two different days, baseline tCr, percentage decrease induced by exercise with a 6-lb and 12-lb load differed by 2.2% ± 2.3%, 11.7% ± 6.0% and 4.9% ± 3.2%, respectively. In conclusion, the proposed protocol of controlled exercise stimulation and MRS acquisition can reproducibly monitor tCr level and its exercise-induced change in skeletal muscles. The measured tCr level is sensitive to exercise intensity, so can be used to quantitatively assess muscle performance or fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lin
- School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangwei Kong
- School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanbin Li
- Central Research Institute, Shanghai United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | - Xueqin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lianjun Du
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jeff L. Zhang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
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Presti N, Mansouri T, Maloney MK, Hostler D. The Impact Plant-Based Diets Have on Athletic Performance and Body Composition: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38913935 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2024.2365755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Plant-based diets have gained popularity among athletes in recent years. Some believe that plant-based diets will improve performance owing to higher intakes of carbohydrates and antioxidants. Some believe it that will harm performance due to lower intakes of complete protein and creatine. This systemic review was conducted using Covidence software. A literature search of PubMed, Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL Plus (EBSCO), and Web of Science was completed on 22 March 2022. Following the development of clear objectives and a research question that identified the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes, initial search criteria and keywords were identified. Extracted results totaled 2249, including 797 duplicates. The initial screening resulted in 1437 articles being excluded. The remaining 15 articles proceeded to full-text screening. A final 8 articles were included in the review, with 7 excluded. This paper will review the impact plant-based diets have on athletic performance and body composition in healthy young adults aged 18 to 45 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Presti
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tegan Mansouri
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Molly K Maloney
- University Libraries, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Romero-García D, Martínez-Sanz JM, Sebastiá-Rico J, Manchado C, Vaquero-Cristóbal R. Pattern of Consumption of Sports Supplements of Spanish Handball Players: Differences According to Gender and Competitive Level. Nutrients 2024; 16:315. [PMID: 38276553 PMCID: PMC10820419 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Given the physiological characteristics of handball, players may require the use of certain sports supplements (SS). However, very few studies have investigated the consumption of SS in handball. The aims were to determine the number of handball players who consume SS, to analyze their SS consumption pattern according to gender and competitive level, and to assess whether the SS they consume are supported by scientific evidence, and to which group they belong according to the classification of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). (2) Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was carried out on the habitual consumption of SS in 360 federated Spanish players by using a self-administered and validated questionnaire. (3) Results: These showed 65.8% of the sample consumed SS. According to the total number of participants, the most consumed supplements were from Group A: sports drinks (30.8%) and whey protein (30.4%). When analyzing the data by gender, the men's consumption was significantly higher for whey protein (p < 0.001), caffeine (p = 0.009), and creatine monohydrate (p < 0.001). When analyzed by competitive level, the provincial category players group showed a significantly lower consumption than the rest of the groups for protein bars (p = 0.038), whey protein (p = 0.005) and creatine monohydrate (p < 0.001), while the honor division group showed a significantly higher intake of creatine monohydrate than the remaining groups (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The handball players showed a moderate consumption of SS, without using substances that were not supported by scientific evidence and opting in most cases for supplements belonging to group A from the AIS classification. Men tended to consume more SS, and SS consumption increased based on competitive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Romero-García
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | | | - Jaime Sebastiá-Rico
- Area of Nutrition, University Clinic of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Physiotherapy (CUNAFF), Lluís Alcanyís Foundation—Universiy of Valencia, 46020 Valencia, Spain;
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Manchado
- General Didactics and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain;
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Kang S, Ahn BO, Park MH, Lim ST, Lee E. Effects of Black Maca supplement on isokinetics muscular performance of elite women's handball players: placebo-controlled, crossover study. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:10250. [PMID: 38187794 PMCID: PMC10770698 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.10250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in isokinetic muscular performance among female adolescent elite handball athletes with the supplementation of Black Maca (BM). Methods Eight elite handball athletes were recruited for the present study. The intake capsules contained 2,500 mg of 100% concentrated BM extract and a placebo each, for 4 weeks. Isokinetic muscular performance and physical fitness were measured three times at 4-week intervals after the intake of BM and placebo, including baseline. Results The one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis showed a significant improvement in 20 m-shuttle run (P < 0.001), 30°/s flexor (P < 0.01), and 120°/s flexor (P < 0.01) in isokinetic muscle function of the trunk, and 180°/s right extensor (P < 0.05), 180°/s left extensor (P < 0.05), and 180°/s left flexor (P < 0.01) in isokinetic muscle function of the knee, after BM supplementation. Post-hoc analysis indicated that the BM group had significantly higher results compared to the baseline and placebo groups in terms of 20 m-shuttle run, 30°/s flexor and 120°/s flexor of the trunk, 180°/s right extensor, 180°/s left extensor, and 180°/s left flexor of the knee. Conclusion BM supplementation can have a positive effect on improving the performance of elite handball players who engage in high-intensity movements by enhancing their isokinetic muscle function and endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwun Kang
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biohealth-Machinery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-O Ahn
- Hambaek Low Firm, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Republic of Korea Naval Academy, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Hun Park
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Chanmacist, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Taek Lim
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eunjae Lee
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence (ISAC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Thurlow F, Weakley J, Townshend AD, Timmins RG, Morrison M, McLaren SJ. The Acute Demands of Repeated-Sprint Training on Physiological, Neuromuscular, Perceptual and Performance Outcomes in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1609-1640. [PMID: 37222864 PMCID: PMC10356687 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated-sprint training (RST) involves maximal-effort, short-duration sprints (≤ 10 s) interspersed with brief recovery periods (≤ 60 s). Knowledge about the acute demands of RST and the influence of programming variables has implications for training prescription. OBJECTIVES To investigate the physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST, while also examining the moderating effects of programming variables (sprint modality, number of repetitions per set, sprint repetition distance, inter-repetition rest modality and inter-repetition rest duration) on these outcomes. METHODS The databases Pubmed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched for original research articles investigating overground running RST in team sport athletes ≥ 16 years. Eligible data were analysed using multi-level mixed effects meta-analysis, with meta-regression performed on outcomes with ~ 50 samples (10 per moderator) to examine the influence of programming factors. Effects were evaluated based on coverage of their confidence (compatibility) limits (CL) against elected thresholds of practical importance. RESULTS From 908 data samples nested within 176 studies eligible for meta-analysis, the pooled effects (± 90% CL) of RST were as follows: average heart rate (HRavg) of 163 ± 9 bpm, peak heart rate (HRpeak) of 182 ± 3 bpm, average oxygen consumption of 42.4 ± 10.1 mL·kg-1·min-1, end-set blood lactate concentration (B[La]) of 10.7 ± 0.6 mmol·L-1, deciMax session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) of 6.5 ± 0.5 au, average sprint time (Savg) of 5.57 ± 0.26 s, best sprint time (Sbest) of 5.52 ± 0.27 s and percentage sprint decrement (Sdec) of 5.0 ± 0.3%. When compared with a reference protocol of 6 × 30 m straight-line sprints with 20 s passive inter-repetition rest, shuttle-based sprints were associated with a substantial increase in repetition time (Savg: 1.42 ± 0.11 s, Sbest: 1.55 ± 0.13 s), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.6 ± 0.9 au). Performing two more repetitions per set had a trivial effect on HRpeak (0.8 ± 1.0 bpm), B[La] (0.3 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1), sRPE (0.2 ± 0.2 au), Savg (0.01 ± 0.03) and Sdec (0.4; ± 0.2%). Sprinting 10 m further per repetition was associated with a substantial increase in B[La] (2.7; ± 0.7 mmol·L-1) and Sdec (1.7 ± 0.4%), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.7 ± 0.6). Resting for 10 s longer between repetitions was associated with a substantial reduction in B[La] (-1.1 ± 0.5 mmol·L-1), Savg (-0.09 ± 0.06 s) and Sdec (-1.4 ± 0.4%), while the effects on HRpeak (-0.7 ± 1.8 bpm) and sRPE (-0.5 ± 0.5 au) were trivial. All other moderating effects were compatible with both trivial and substantial effects [i.e. equal coverage of the confidence interval (CI) across a trivial and a substantial region in only one direction], or inconclusive (i.e. the CI spanned across substantial and trivial regions in both positive and negative directions). CONCLUSIONS The physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST are substantial, with some of these outcomes moderated by the manipulation of programming variables. To amplify physiological demands and performance decrement, longer sprint distances (> 30 m) and shorter, inter-repetition rest (≤ 20 s) are recommended. Alternatively, to mitigate fatigue and enhance acute sprint performance, shorter sprint distances (e.g. 15-25 m) with longer, passive inter-repetition rest (≥ 30 s) are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Thurlow
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew D Townshend
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ryan G Timmins
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Morrison
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Endurance Performance in a Trained Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1017-1027. [PMID: 36877404 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is robust evidence that creatine monohydrate supplementation can enhance short-term high-intensity exercise in athletes. However, the effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic performance and its role during aerobic activities is still controversial. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the supplementation effects of creatine monohydrate on endurance performance in a trained population. METHODS The search strategy in this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were explored from inception until 19 May, 2022. Only human experimental trials, controlled with a placebo group, evaluating the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on endurance performance in a trained population were analyzed in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS A total of 13 studies satisfied all the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results for the pooled meta-analysis showed a non-significant change in endurance performance after creatine monohydrate supplementation in a trained population (p = 0.47), with a trivial negative effect (pooled standardized mean difference = - 0.07 [95% confidence interval - 0.32 to 0.18]; I2 = 34.75%). Further, after excluding the studies not evenly distributed around the base of the funnel plot, the results were similar (pooled standardized mean difference = - 0.07 [95% confidence interval - 0.27 to 0.13]; I2 = 0%; p = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS Creatine monohydrate supplementation was shown to be ineffective on endurance performance in a trained population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The study protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) with the following registration number: CRD42022327368.
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Maicas-Pérez L, Hernández-Lougedo J, Heredia-Elvar JR, Pedauyé-Rueda B, Cañuelo-Márquez AM, Barba-Ruiz M, Lozano-Estevan MDC, García-Fernández P, Maté-Muñoz JL. Effects of Creatine Supplementation after 20 Minutes of Recovery in a Bench Press Exercise Protocol in Moderately Physically Trained Men. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030657. [PMID: 36771365 PMCID: PMC9919782 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to analyse the effect of creatine supplementation on the performance improvement in a bench pressing (BP) strength test of muscle failure and to evaluate muscle fatigue and metabolic stress 20 min after the exercise. METHODS Fifty young and healthy individuals were randomly assigned to a creatine group (n = 25) or a placebo group (n = 25). Three exercise sessions were carried out, with one week of rest between them. In the first week, a progressive load BP test was performed until the individuals reached the one repetition maximum (1RM) in order to for us obtain the load-to-velocity ratio of each participant. In the second week, the participants conducted a three-set BP exercise protocol against 70% 1RM, where they performed the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) until muscle failure occurred, with two minutes of rest between the sets. After one week, and following a supplementation period of 7 days, where half of the participants consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of creatine monohydrate (CR) and the other half consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of placebo (PLA, maltodextrin), the protocol from the second week was repeated. After each set, and up to 20 min after finishing the exercise, the blood lactate concentrations and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) at 1 m·s-1 were measured. RESULTS The CR group performed a significantly higher number of repetitions in Set 1 (CR = 14.8 repetitions, PLA = 13.6 repetitions, p = 0.006) and Set 2 (CR = 8 repetitions, PLA = 6.7 repetitions, p = 0.006) after supplementation, whereas no significant differences were seen in Set 3 (CR = 5.3 repetitions, PLA = 4.7 repetitions, p = 0.176). However, there was a significant increase in blood lactate at minute 10 (p = 0.003), minute 15 (p = 0.020), and minute 20 (p = 0.015) after the exercise in the post-supplementation period. Similarly, a significant increase was observed in the MPV at 1 m·s-1 in the CR group with respect to the PLA group at 10, 15, and 20 min after the exercise. CONCLUSIONS Although the creatine supplementation improved the performance in the strength test of muscle failure, the metabolic stress and muscle fatigue values were greater during the 20 min of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Maicas-Pérez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Hernández-Lougedo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Heredia-Elvar
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Pedauyé-Rueda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Cañuelo-Márquez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Barba-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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López-Torres O, Rodríguez-Longobardo C, Capel-Escoriza R, Fernández-Elías VE. Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010081. [PMID: 36615738 PMCID: PMC9823656 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most intervention studies investigating the effects of ergogenic aids (EAs) on sports performance have been carried out in the male population. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects in the existing literature of EAs used by female athletes on performance. A literature research was conducted, and a descriptive analysis of the articles included in the systematic review was carried out. Meta-analyses could be performed on 32 of the included articles, evaluating performance in strength, sprint, and cardiovascular capacity. A random-effects model and the standardized mean differences (SMD) ± 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. The results showed that caffeine helped to improve jumping performance, isometric strength values, and the number of repetitions until failure. Caffeine and sodium phosphate helped to improve sprint performance. Aerobic tests could be improved with the use of taurine, caffeine, and beta-alanine. No conclusive effects of beetroot juice, polyphenols, or creatine in improving aerobic performance were shown. In terms of anaerobic variables, both caffeine and sodium phosphate could help to improve repeated sprint ability. More studies are needed in female athletes that measure the effects of different EAs on sports performance, such as beetroot juice, beta-alanine or sodium phosphate, as the studies to date are scarce and there are many types of EA that need to be further considered in this population, such as creatine and taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga López-Torres
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Longobardo
- Social Sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Leisure Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Raquel Capel-Escoriza
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Raquel Wellness Instituto de Nutrición y Salud, 28050 Madrid, Spain
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Nutritional Compounds to Improve Post-Exercise Recovery. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235069. [PMID: 36501099 PMCID: PMC9736198 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic and mechanical stresses associated with muscle-fatiguing exercise result in perturbations to bodily tissues that lead to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), a state of fatigue involving oxidative stress and inflammation that is accompanied by muscle weakness, pain and a reduced ability to perform subsequent training sessions or competitions. This review collates evidence from previous research on a wide range of nutritional compounds that have the potential to speed up post-exercise recovery. We show that of the numerous compounds investigated thus far, only two-tart cherry and omega-3 fatty acids-are supported by substantial research evidence. Further studies are required to clarify the potential effects of other compounds presented here, many of which have been used since ancient times to treat conditions associated with inflammation and disease.
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10
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Short-Term Creatine Supplementation and Repeated Sprint Ability-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:491-500. [PMID: 36041731 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of short-term creatine supplementation on repeated sprint ability. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria of adopting double-blind randomized placebo-controlled designs in which participants (age: 18-60 years) completed a repeated sprint test (number of sprints: 4 < n ≤ 20; sprint duration: ≤10 s; recovery duration: ≤90 s) before and after supplementing with creatine or placebo for 3-7 days in a dose of ∼20 g/day. No exclusion restrictions were placed on the mode of exercise. Meta-analyses were completed using random-effects models, with effects on measures of peak power output, mean power output, and fatigue (performance decline) during each repeated sprint test presented as standardized mean difference (δ), and with effects on body mass and posttest blood lactate concentration presented as raw mean difference (D). Relative to placebo, creatine resulted in a significant increase in body mass (D = 0.79 kg; p < .00001) and mean power output (δ = 0.61; p = .002). However, there was no effect of creatine on measures of peak power (δ = 0.41; p = .10), fatigue (δ = 0.08; p = .61), or posttest blood lactate concentration (D = 0.22 L/min; p = .60). In conclusion, creatine supplementation may increase mean power output during repeated sprint tests, although the absence of corresponding effects on peak power and fatigue means that more research, with measurements of intramuscular creatine content, is necessary to confirm.
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11
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Kreider RB, Jäger R, Purpura M. Bioavailability, Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Status of Creatine and Related Compounds: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051035. [PMID: 35268011 PMCID: PMC8912867 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, we published a paper providing an overview about the bioavailability, efficacy, and regulatory status of creatine monohydrate (CrM), as well as other “novel forms” of creatine that were being marketed at the time. This paper concluded that no other purported form of creatine had been shown to be a more effective source of creatine than CrM, and that CrM was recognized by international regulatory authorities as safe for use in dietary supplements. Moreover, that most purported “forms” of creatine that were being marketed at the time were either less bioavailable, less effective, more expensive, and/or not sufficiently studied in terms of safety and/or efficacy. We also provided examples of several “forms” of creatine that were being marketed that were not bioavailable sources of creatine or less effective than CrM in comparative effectiveness trials. We had hoped that this paper would encourage supplement manufacturers to use CrM in dietary supplements given the overwhelming efficacy and safety profile. Alternatively, encourage them to conduct research to show their purported “form” of creatine was a bioavailable, effective, and safe source of creatine before making unsubstantiated claims of greater efficacy and/or safety than CrM. Unfortunately, unsupported misrepresentations about the effectiveness and safety of various “forms” of creatine have continued. The purpose of this critical review is to: (1) provide an overview of the physiochemical properties, bioavailability, and safety of CrM; (2) describe the data needed to substantiate claims that a “novel form” of creatine is a bioavailable, effective, and safe source of creatine; (3) examine whether other marketed sources of creatine are more effective sources of creatine than CrM; (4) provide an update about the regulatory status of CrM and other purported sources of creatine sold as dietary supplements; and (5) provide guidance regarding the type of research needed to validate that a purported “new form” of creatine is a bioavailable, effective and safe source of creatine for dietary supplements. Based on this analysis, we categorized forms of creatine that are being sold as dietary supplements as either having strong, some, or no evidence of bioavailability and safety. As will be seen, CrM continues to be the only source of creatine that has substantial evidence to support bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. Additionally, CrM is the source of creatine recommended explicitly by professional societies and organizations and approved for use in global markets as a dietary ingredient or food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-972-458-1498
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (R.J.); (M.P.)
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12
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Kim S, Kim K, Park J, Jun W. Curcuma longa L. Water Extract Enhances Endurance Exercise Capacity by Promoting Intramuscular Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Mice. J Med Food 2022; 25:138-145. [PMID: 35148192 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of Curcuma longa L. extract on endurance exercise capacity (EEC). EEC is the ability to exercise continuously and recover quickly, even when tired. C. longa contains antioxidants that contribute beneficial effects on the body. We separated groups of nonexercise (CON), exercise control (Ex-CON), branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) intake, and C. longa water extract (CLW) intake (Ex-CLW). EEC increased on the 28th day of BCAA and CLW intake. Both treatment groups exhibited decreased lactate levels with increased levels of nonesterified fatty acids and muscular glycogen compared with the Ex-CON group. Also, the Ex-CLW group possessed higher intramuscular antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) than the Ex-CON group. The expression of PGC-1α, NRF, and Tfam, which are factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis, increased in the Ex-CLW group. Results suggest that CLW intake elevated EEC by increasing intramuscular mitochondrial biogenesis through suppressing the accumulation of fatigue substances and increasing fat consumption, and antioxidant enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintae Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyungmi Kim
- Department of Biofood Analysis, Korea Bio Polytechnic, Ganggyung, Korea
| | - Jeongjin Park
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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13
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Jurado-Castro JM, Campos-Pérez J, Vilches-Redondo MÁ, Mata F, Navarrete-Pérez A, Ranchal-Sanchez A. Morning versus Evening Intake of Creatine in Elite Female Handball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010393. [PMID: 35010653 PMCID: PMC8744932 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of evidence has been gathered on the use of creatine as an ergogenic supplement. Recent studies show greater benefits when creatine ingestion is performed close in time to training, but few studies tackle the way that circadian rhythms could influence creatine consumption. The aim of this study was therefore to observe the influence circadian rhythms exert on sports performance after creatine supplementation. Our method involved randomly assigning fourteen women players of a handball team into two groups in a single-blind study: one that consumed the supplement in the morning and one that consumed it in the evening, with both groups following a specific training program. After twelve weeks, the participants exhibited a decreased fat percentage, increased body weight and body water, and improved performance, with these results being very similar in the two groups. It is therefore concluded that, although circadian rhythms may influence performance, these appear not to affect creatine supplementation, as creatine is stored intramuscularly and is available for those moments of high energy demand, regardless of the time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Escuela Universitaria de Osuna (Centro Adscrito a la Universidad de Sevilla), 41640 Osuna, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.J.-C.); (A.R.-S.)
| | - Julián Campos-Pérez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Rabanales University Campus, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - M Ángeles Vilches-Redondo
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Fernando Mata
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Nutrición (CEAN), 14010 Cordoba, Spain;
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ainoa Navarrete-Pérez
- Neuroplasticity and Oxidative Stress, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Antonio Ranchal-Sanchez
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain;
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.J.-C.); (A.R.-S.)
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14
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Marinho AH, Gonçalves JS, Araújo PK, Lima-Silva AE, Ataide-Silva T, de Araujo GG. Effects of creatine and caffeine ingestion in combination on exercise performance: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-14. [PMID: 34845944 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2007470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (CRE) and caffeine (CAF) have been used as ergogenic aids to improve exercise performance. The present study reviewed the current evidence supporting the additional use of CAF intake during or after the CRE loading on exercise performance. The search was carried out in eight databases, with the methodological quality of the studies assessed via the QualSyst tool. From ten studies that met the criteria for inclusion, six had strong, three moderate, and one weak methodological quality. CAF was ingested ∼1 h before the performance trial (5-7 mg.kg-1) after a CRE loading period (5-6 days with 0.3 g.kg-1.d-1) in five studies, with the combination CAF + CRE providing additional ergogenic effect compared to CRE alone in three of these studies. Furthermore, CAF was ingested daily during the CRE loading protocol in five studies, with CAF showing additive benefits compared to CRE alone only in one study (3 g.d-1 of CRE during 3 days + 6 mg.kg-1 of CAF for 3 days). The combination CAF + CRE seems to provide additional benefits to exercise performance when CAF is acutely ingested after a CRE loading. There is, however, no apparent benefit in ingesting CAF during a CRE loading period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson H Marinho
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Palloma K Araújo
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thays Ataide-Silva
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G de Araujo
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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15
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Wax B, Kerksick CM, Jagim AR, Mayo JJ, Lyons BC, Kreider RB. Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations. Nutrients 2021; 13:1915. [PMID: 34199588 PMCID: PMC8228369 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine is one of the most studied and popular ergogenic aids for athletes and recreational weightlifters seeking to improve sport and exercise performance, augment exercise training adaptations, and mitigate recovery time. Studies consistently reveal that creatine supplementation exerts positive ergogenic effects on single and multiple bouts of short-duration, high-intensity exercise activities, in addition to potentiating exercise training adaptations. In this respect, supplementation consistently demonstrates the ability to enlarge the pool of intracellular creatine, leading to an amplification of the cell's ability to resynthesize adenosine triphosphate. This intracellular expansion is associated with several performance outcomes, including increases in maximal strength (low-speed strength), maximal work output, power production (high-speed strength), sprint performance, and fat-free mass. Additionally, creatine supplementation may speed up recovery time between bouts of intense exercise by mitigating muscle damage and promoting the faster recovery of lost force-production potential. Conversely, contradictory findings exist in the literature regarding the potential ergogenic benefits of creatine during intermittent and continuous endurance-type exercise, as well as in those athletic tasks where an increase in body mass may hinder enhanced performance. The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing literature surrounding the efficacy of creatine supplementation on exercise and sports performance, along with recovery factors in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wax
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
| | - Jerry J. Mayo
- Department of Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR 72035, USA;
| | - Brian C. Lyons
- Health, Kinesiology, and Sport Management Department, University of Wisconsin—Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141, USA;
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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16
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Short-Term Creatine Loading Improves Total Work and Repetitions to Failure but Not Load-Velocity Characteristics in Strength-Trained Men. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030826. [PMID: 33802283 PMCID: PMC8001551 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of a 7-day creatine (CRE) supplementation on the load–velocity profile and repeated sub-maximal bouts in the deep squat using mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and mean propulsive power (MPP). Eleven strength-trained men (31.4 ± 5.4 years) supplemented 0.3 g·kg−1·d−1 CRE or a placebo (PLA, maltodextrin) for seven days in a randomized order, separated by a 30-day washout period. Prior to and after the supplementation, the subjects performed an incremental maximal strength (1RM) test, as well as 3 × 10 repetitions and a repetitions-to-failure test (RFT), all at 70% 1RM. Maximal strength remained statistically unaltered in CRE (p = 0.107) and PLA (p = 0.568). No statistical main effect for time (p = 0.780) or interaction (p = 0.737) was observed for the load–velocity profile. The number of repetitions during RFT remained statistically unaltered in both conditions (CRE: +16.8 ± 32.8%, p = 0.112; PLA: +8.2 ± 47.2%, p = 0.370), but the effect size was larger in creatine compared to placebo (g = 0.51 vs. g = 0.01). The total work during RFT increased following creatine supplementation (+23.1 ± 35.9%, p = 0.043, g = 0.70) but remained statistically unaltered in the placebo condition (+15.0 ± 60.8%, p = 0.801, g = 0.08; between conditions: p = 0.410, g = 0.25). We showed that CRE loading over seven days did not affect load–velocity characteristics but may have increased total work and power output during submaximal deep squat protocols, as was indicated by moderate effect sizes.
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17
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Kreider RB, Stout JR. Creatine in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020447. [PMID: 33572884 PMCID: PMC7910963 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. This is because creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, particularly during metabolically stressed states, and limitations in the ability to transport and/or store creatine can impair metabolism. Moreover, increasing availability of creatine in tissue may enhance cellular metabolism and thereby lessen the severity of injury and/or disease conditions, particularly when oxygen availability is compromised. This systematic review assesses the peer-reviewed scientific and medical evidence related to creatine's role in promoting general health as we age and how creatine supplementation has been used as a nutritional strategy to help individuals recover from injury and/or manage chronic disease. Additionally, it provides reasonable conclusions about the role of creatine on health and disease based on current scientific evidence. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that creatine supplementation has several health and therapeutic benefits throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Kreider
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeffery R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
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18
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Muñoz A, López-Samanes Á, Domínguez R, Moreno-Pérez V, Jesús Sánchez-Oliver A, Del Coso J. Use of Sports Supplements in Competitive Handball Players: Sex and Competitive Level Differences. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3357. [PMID: 33142672 PMCID: PMC7692995 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports supplements are commonly used by elite athletes with the main goal of enhancing sport performance. Supplements use might be substantially different depending on the sport discipline, sex, and competitive level. To date, data about prevalence and the most-commonly used supplements in handball are scarce. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to determine the patterns of supplements use by handball players of both sexes and with different competitive levels: One hundred and eighty-seven handball players (112 men and 75 women) of different competitive levels (106 professional and 81 amateur) completed a validated self-administered questionnaire about supplements use. Supplements were classified according to the categorization of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Overall, 59.9% of the handball players (n = 112) declared the use of at least one supplement and there were no significant differences between men and women (58.9% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.762) nor between professional vs. amateur handball players (67.1% vs. 53.8%, p = 0.074). The most prevalent supplements were sports drinks (42.2%), followed by energy bars (35.3%) and caffeine-containing products (31.6%). However, a greater consumption of group A supplements (those with strong scientific evidence; p = 0.029) and group B supplements (those with emerging scientific support, p = 0.012) was observed in male compared to female handball players. Supplements categorized as medical supplements were more commonly consumed in professional vs. amateur players (0.48 ± 0.80 vs. 0.21 ± 0.44, supplements p < 0.006). Additionally, a higher consumption of group B supplements was observed in professional compared to amateur players (0.58 ± 0.88 vs. 0.33 ± 0.72 supplements, p = 0.015). Handball players revealed a moderate use of supplements while sex and competitive level slighted changed the pattern of supplements use. A high portion of handball players use supplements as fuel during exercise and reported the use of caffeine-containing supplements to enhance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Muñoz
- Exercise Physiology Group, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, Brazil;
- Escuela Universitaria de Osuna (Attached Universidad de Sevilla), 41640 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deporte, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain;
| | | | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
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19
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Abdalla LHP, Broxterman RM, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Creatine supplementation attenuates the rate of fatigue development during intermittent isometric exercise performed above end-test torque. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2073-2085. [PMID: 33073449 DOI: 10.1113/ep088910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does creatine supplementation augment the total torque impulse accumulated above end-test torque (IET) during severe-intensity knee-extensor exercise by attenuating the rate of decrease in peak potentiated twitch torque (PT)? What is the main finding and its importance? Creatine augmented the IET and attenuated the rate of decrease in both voluntary activation and PT during severe-intensity exercise. The IET was related to the rate of decrease in PT. These findings reveal an important role for the rates of neuromuscular fatigue development as key determinants of exercise tolerance within the severe domain. ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of creatine supplementation on exercise tolerance, total torque impulse accumulated above end-test torque (total IET) and neuromuscular fatigue development of the knee extensors during severe-intensity intermittent isometric exercise. Sixteen men were randomly allocated into Creatine (n = 8, 20 g day-1 for 5 days) or Placebo (n = 8) groups and performed knee-extensor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) testing, all-out testing to determine end-test torque (ET) and the finite torque impulse accumulated above end-test torque (IET'), and three submaximal tests at ET + 10%: (i) time to task failure without supplementation (Baseline); (ii) time to task failure after creatine or placebo supplementation; and (iii) time matched to Baseline after creatine (Creatine-Isotime) or placebo (Placebo-Isotime) supplementation. Creatine supplementation significantly increased the time to task failure (Baseline = 572 ± 144 s versus Creatine = 833 ± 221 s) and total IET (Baseline = 5761 ± 1710 N m s versus Creatine = 7878 ± 1903 N m s), but there were no significant differences within the Placebo group. The percentage change pre- to postexercise in MVC, voluntary activation, peak potentiated twitch torque and integrated EMG during MVC were not significantly different between Baseline and Creatine but were all significantly attenuated in Creatine-Isotime compared with Baseline. There were no significant differences in these variables within the placebo group. The total IET was significantly correlated with the rates of change in potentiated twitch torque peak (r = 0.83-0.87) and rate of torque development (r = -0.83 to -0.87) for the submaximal tests to task failure. These findings reveal an important role for the rates of neuromuscular fatigue development as key determinants of exercise tolerance during severe-intensity intermittent isometric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Michael Broxterman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Camila Coelho Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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20
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Whinton AK, Donahoe K, Gao R, Thompson KMA, Aubry R, Saunders TJ, Johnston A, Chilibeck PD, Burr JF. Repeated Application of a Novel Creatine Cream Improves Muscular Peak and Average Power in Male Subjects. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2482-2491. [PMID: 32865944 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Whinton, AK, Donahoe, K, Gao, R, Thompson, KMA, Aubry, R, Saunders, TJ, Johnston, A, Chilibeck, PD, and Burr, JF. Repeated application of a novel creatine cream improves muscular peak and average power in male subjects. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2482-2491, 2020-Using a multicenter, randomized controlled trial, (N = 123, age 23 ± 4 years) we sought to determine whether administration of a novel, topical creatine supplement could improve muscular performance after acute and repeated (7-day) exposure. To study the acute performance enhancing effects of the supplement, subjects completed 5 sets of 15 maximal concentric single-leg knee extensions with and without the application of a low- (low dose [LD]-3.5 ml) or high-dose (high dose [HD]-7 ml) topical creatine cream. After a wash-out period, subjects had one leg randomized to receive either the creatine or placebo cream, with further randomization into an oral creatine or placebo supplement group. Subjects completed 5 sets of 15 maximal concentric single leg knee extensions before and after the supplementation protocol. After acute application, no significant differences in peak power (LD: 252 ± 93 W, HD: 261 ± 100 W, p = 0.21), average power (LD: 172 ± 65 W, HD: 177 ± 69 W, p = 0.78), or fatigue index (LD: 13.4 ± 10.6%, HD: 14 ± 11.9%, p = 0.79) were observed between experimental and placebo creams (peak power: LD: 244 ± 76 W, HD: 267 ± 109 W; average power: LD: 168 ± 57 W, HD: 177 ± 67 W; fatigue index: LD: 12.4 ± 9.6%, HD: 12.8 ± 10.6%) or when controlling for sex. After the 7-day supplementation protocol, a significant increase in average power (creatine: 203 ± 61-220 ± 65 W, placebo: 224 ± 61-214 ± 61 W) and peak power (creatine: 264 ± 73-281 ± 80 W, placebo: 286 ± 79-271 ± 73 W) in the leg receiving creatine cream was observed in male subjects. No differences were observed in female subjects. The topical creatine cream did not enhance measures of muscle performance after acute application, but was able to improve peak and average power in male subjects after 7 consecutive days of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna K Whinton
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katelynn Donahoe
- Applied Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; and
| | - Ruirui Gao
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kyle M A Thompson
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Aubry
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Travis J Saunders
- Applied Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; and
| | - Adam Johnston
- Applied Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; and
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to Augment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance Adaptations-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020390. [PMID: 32024038 PMCID: PMC7071320 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves short bursts of intense activity interspersed by periods of low-intensity exercise or rest. HIIT is a viable alternative to traditional continuous moderate-intensity endurance training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake and endurance performance. Combining nutritional strategies with HIIT may result in more favorable outcomes. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight key dietary interventions that may augment adaptations to HIIT, including creatine monohydrate, caffeine, nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, protein, and essential amino acids, as well as manipulating carbohydrate availability. Nutrient timing and potential sex differences are also discussed. Overall, sodium bicarbonate and nitrates show promise for enhancing HIIT adaptations and performance. Beta-alanine has the potential to increase training volume and intensity and improve HIIT adaptations. Caffeine and creatine have potential benefits, however, longer-term studies are lacking. Presently, there is a lack of evidence supporting high protein diets to augment HIIT. Low carbohydrate training enhances the upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes, however, there does not seem to be a performance advantage, and a periodized approach may be warranted. Lastly, potential sex differences suggest the need for future research to examine sex-specific nutritional strategies in response to HIIT.
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Short term creatine loading without weight gain improves sprint, agility and leg strength performance in female futsal players. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reproducibility and Repeatability of Five Different Technologies for Bar Velocity Measurement in Resistance Training. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:1523-1538. [PMID: 30980292 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the agreement between five bar velocity monitoring devices, currently used in resistance training, to determine the most reliable device based on reproducibility (between-device agreement for a given trial) and repeatability (between-trial variation for each device). Seventeen resistance-trained men performed duplicate trials against seven increasing loads (20-30-40-50-60-70-80 kg) while obtaining mean, mean propulsive and peak velocity outcomes in the bench press, full squat and prone bench pull exercises. Measurements were simultaneously registered by two linear velocity transducers (LVT), two linear position transducers (LPT), two optoelectronic camera-based systems (OEC), two smartphone video-based systems (VBS) and one accelerometer (ACC). A comprehensive set of statistics for assessing reliability was used. Magnitude of errors was reported both in absolute (m s-1) and relative terms (%1RM), and included the smallest detectable change (SDC) and maximum errors (MaxError). LVT was the most reliable and sensitive device (SDC 0.02-0.06 m s-1, MaxError 3.4-7.1% 1RM) and the preferred reference to compare with other technologies. OEC and LPT were the second-best alternatives (SDC 0.06-0.11 m s-1), always considering the particular margins of error for each exercise and velocity outcome. ACC and VBS are not recommended given their substantial errors and uncertainty of the measurements (SDC > 0.13 m s-1).
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Kasai N, Mizuno S, Ishimoto S, Sakamoto E, Maruta M, Kurihara T, Kurosawa Y, Goto K. Impact of Six Consecutive Days of Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Performance in Competitive Sprint Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:36-43. [PMID: 28445224 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kasai, N, Mizuno, S, Ishimoto, S, Sakamoto, E, Maruta, M, Kurihara, T, Kurosawa, Y, and Goto, K. Impact of six consecutive days of sprint training in hypoxia on performance in competitive sprint runners. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 36-43, 2019-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 successive days of repeated sprint (RS) training in moderate hypoxia on anaerobic capacity in 100-200-m sprint runners. Eighteen male sprint runners (age, 20.0 ± 0.3 years; height, 175.9 ± 1.1 cm; and body mass, 65.0 ± 1.2 kg) performed repeated cycling sprints for 6 consecutive days in either normoxic (NOR; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2], 20.9%; n = 9) or hypoxic conditions (HYPO; FiO2, 14.5%; n = 9). The RS ability (10 × 6-second sprints), 30-second maximal sprint ability, maximal oxygen uptake ((Equation is included in full-text article.)max), and 60-m running time on the track were measured before and after the training period. Intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) content (quadriceps femoris muscle) was measured by P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P-MRS) before and after the training period. Both groups showed similar improvements in RS ability after the training period (p < 0.05). Power output during the 30-second maximal sprint test and (Equation is included in full-text article.)max did not change significantly after the training period in either group. Running time for 0-10 m improved significantly after the training period in the HYPO only (before, 1.39 ± 0.01 seconds; after, 1.34 ± 0.02 seconds, p < 0.05). The HYPO also showed a significant increase in intramuscular PCr content after the training period (before, 31.5 ± 1.3 mM; after, 38.2 ± 2.8 mM, p < 0.05). These results suggest that sprint training for 6 consecutive days in hypoxia or normoxia improved RS ability in competitive sprint runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sahiro Mizuno
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sayuri Ishimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Etsuko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Misato Maruta
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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da Silva Azevedo AP, Michelone Acquesta F, Lancha AH, Bertuzzi R, Poortmans JR, Amadio AC, Cerca Serrão J. Creatine supplementation can improve impact control in high-intensity interval training. Nutrition 2019; 61:99-104. [PMID: 30708260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on biomechanical parameters related to shock attenuation during a session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). METHODS A single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design was adopted to test eight male elite soccer players during HIIT sessions under two conditions: after placebo supplementation and after Cr supplementation. HIIT test sessions consisted of an intermittent test (five bouts of running) with a constant load applied until exhaustion was reached. The vertical component of ground reaction force and electromyography data were recorded by Gaitway and Lynx-EMG Systems, respectively. Heart rate, rated perceived exertion (Borg's Scale) and lactate concentration information were also obtained. RESULTS Cr supplementation did not affect heart rate, rated perceived exertion, and lactate concentration. Decreased values of magnitude of the first peak of the vertical component of ground reaction force (17.2-24.2%) and impulse of the first 50 ms (Imp50; 34.3%) were observed for Cr, but higher values of time to reach the first peak were detected for Cr compared with placebo. Significant modifications in muscle activation were also observed, mainly in the pre-activation phase, and changes were observed in intermediary bouts. CONCLUSIONS Cr supplementation has the potential to influence biomechanical parameters related to impact control during a single session of HIIT based on running. In particular, the findings of the current study indicate possible improvements in shock attenuation and a safer practice of HIIT under Cr supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula da Silva Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Michelone Acquesta
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Herbert Lancha
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Poortmans
- Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Cerca Serrão
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bergstrom HC, Byrd MT, Wallace BJ, Clasey JL. Examination of a Multi-ingredient Preworkout Supplement on Total Volume of Resistance Exercise and Subsequent Strength and Power Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1479-1490. [PMID: 29401192 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bergstrom, HC, Byrd, MT, Wallace, BJ, and Clasey, JL. Examination of a multi-ingredient preworkout supplement on total volume of resistance exercise and subsequent strength and power performance. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1479-1490, 2018-This study examined the acute effects of a multi-ingredient preworkout supplement on (a) total-, lower-, and upper-body volume of resistance exercise and (b) the subsequent lower-body strength (isokinetic leg extension and flexion), lower-body power (vertical jump [VJ] height), upper-body power (bench throw velocity [BTv]), and cycle ergometry performance (critical power and anaerobic work capacity). Twelve men completed baseline strength and power measures before 2 experimental visits, supplement (SUP) and placebo (PL). The experimental visits involved a fatiguing cycling protocol 30 minutes after ingestion of the SUP or PL and 15 minutes before the beginning of the resistance exercise protocol, which consisted of 4 upper-body and 4 lower-body resistance exercises performed for 4 sets to failure at 75% 1 repetition maximum. The exercise volume for the total, lower, and upper body was assessed. The VJ height and BTv were measured immediately after the resistance exercise. Postexercise isokinetic leg extension and flexion strength was measured 15 minutes after the completion of a second cycling protocol. There was a 9% increase in the total-body volume of exercise and a 14% increase in lower-body volume of exercise for the SUP compared with the PL, with no effect on exercise volume for the upper body between the SUP and PL. The increased lower-body volume for the SUP did not result in greater lower-body strength and power performance decrements after exhaustive exercise, compared with the PL. These findings suggested the potential for the SUP to increase resistance exercise volume, primarily related to an increased lower-body volume of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - M Travis Byrd
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Brian J Wallace
- Kinesiology and Athletic Training Department, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin
| | - Jody L Clasey
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Fernandes AL, Hayashi AP, Jambassi-Filho JC, de Capitani MD, de Santana DA, Gualano B, Roschel H. Different protein and derivatives supplementation strategies combined with resistance training in pre-frail and frail elderly: Rationale and protocol for the "Pro-Elderly" Study. Nutr Health 2018; 23:251-260. [PMID: 29214924 DOI: 10.1177/0260106017737465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty is a multifactorial geriatric syndrome characterized by progressive decline in health and associated with decreased muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity. Resistance training (RT) combined with protein or amino acids supplementation has been shown to be promising for mitigating age-related impairments. AIM To investigate the chronic effects of different strategies of protein and derivatives supplementation in association with RT on selected health-related parameters in pre-frail and frail elderly. METHODS This is a series of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trials. Volunteers will be divided into nine groups, comprising four different sub-studies evaluating the effects of: isolated leucine supplementation (study 1); protein source (whey vs. soy - study 2); combination of whey protein and creatine (study 3); and sexual dimorphism on the response to protein intake and RT (males vs. females - study 4). Muscle cross-sectional area, fiber cross-sectional area, body composition, lower-limb maximal dynamic and isometric strength, functionality, lipid profile, biochemical parameters, renal function, quality of life, and nutritional status will be assessed before and after a 16-week intervention period. Data will be tested for normality and a mixed-model for repeated measures will be conducted to assess within- and between-group effects of the intervention on the dependent variables. Confidence intervals (95%), effect sizes, and relative changes will also be determined, with significance set at p < 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Lins Fernandes
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Hayashi
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil.,2 Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Claudio Jambassi-Filho
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Dutilh de Capitani
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Alves de Santana
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil.,2 Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil.,2 Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- 1 Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil.,2 Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Creatine Supplementation and Upper Limb Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:163-173. [PMID: 27328852 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine is the most widely used supplementation to increase performance in strength; however, the most recent meta-analysis focused specifically on supplementation responses in muscles of the lower limbs without regard to upper limbs. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically review the effect of creatine supplementation on upper limb strength performance. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of all randomized controlled trials comparing creatine supplementation with a placebo, with strength performance measured in exercises shorter than 3 min in duration. The search strategy used the keywords 'creatine', 'supplementation', and 'performance'. Independent variables were age, sex and level of physical activity at baseline, while dependent variables were creatine loading, total dose, duration, time interval between baseline (T0) and the end of the supplementation (T1), and any training during supplementation. We conducted three meta-analyses: at T0 and T1, and on changes between T0 and T1. Each meta-analysis was stratified within upper limb muscle groups. RESULTS We included 53 studies (563 individuals in the creatine supplementation group and 575 controls). Results did not differ at T0, while, at T1, the effect size (ES) for bench press and chest press were 0.265 (95 % CI 0.132-0.398; p < 0.001) and 0.677 (95 % CI 0.149-1.206; p = 0.012), respectively. Overall, pectoral ES was 0.289 (95 % CI 0.160-0.419; p = 0.000), and global upper limb ES was 0.317 (95 % CI 0.185-0.449; p < 0.001). Meta-analysis of changes between T0 and T1 gave similar results. The meta-regression showed no link with characteristics of population or supplementation, demonstrating the efficacy of creatine independently of all listed conditions. CONCLUSION Creatine supplementation is effective in upper limb strength performance for exercise with a duration of less than 3 min, independent of population characteristics, training protocols, and supplementary doses or duration.
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Crisafulli DL, Buddhadev HH, Brilla LR, Chalmers GR, Suprak DN, San Juan JG. Creatine-electrolyte supplementation improves repeated sprint cycling performance: A double blind randomized control study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:21. [PMID: 29743825 PMCID: PMC5930494 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine supplementation is recommended as an ergogenic aid to improve repeated sprint cycling performance. Furthermore, creatine uptake is increased in the presence of electrolytes. Prior research examining the effect of a creatine-electrolyte (CE) supplement on repeated sprint cycling performance, however, did not show post-supplementation improvement. The purpose of this double blind randomized control study was to investigate the effect of a six-week CE supplementation intervention on overall and repeated peak and mean power output during repeated cycling sprints with recovery periods of 2 min between sprints. Methods Peak and mean power generated by 23 male recreational cyclists (CE group: n = 12; 24.0 ± 4.2 years; placebo (P) group: n = 11; 23.3 ± 3.1 years) were measured on a Velotron ergometer as they completed five 15-s cycling sprints, with 2 min of recovery between sprints, pre- and post-supplementation. Mixed-model ANOVAs were used for statistical analyses. Results A supplement-time interaction showed a 4% increase in overall peak power (pre: 734 ± 75 W; post: 765 ± 71 W; p = 0.040; ηp2 = 0.187) and a 5% increase in overall mean power (pre: 586 ± 72 W; post: 615 ± 74 W; p = 0.019; ηp2 = 0.234) from pre- to post-supplementation for the CE group. For the P group, no differences were observed in overall peak (pre: 768 ± 95 W; post: 772 ± 108 W; p = 0.735) and overall mean power (pre: 638 ± 77 W; post: 643 ± 92 W; p = 0.435) from pre- to post-testing. For repeated sprint analysis, peak (pre: 737 ± 88 W; post: 767 ± 92 W; p = 0.002; ηp2 = 0.380) and mean (pre: 650 ± 92 W; post: 694 ± 87 W; p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.578) power output were significantly increased only in the first sprint effort in CE group from pre- to post-supplementation testing. For the P group, no differences were observed for repeated sprint performance. Conclusion A CE supplement improves overall and repeated short duration sprint cycling performance when sprints are interspersed with adequate recovery periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Crisafulli
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - Harsh H Buddhadev
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - Lorrie R Brilla
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - Gordon R Chalmers
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - David N Suprak
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - Jun G San Juan
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
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Aubry RL, Whinton AK, Burr JF. The effect of creatine supplementation on the response of central and peripheral pulse wave velocity to high-intensity resistance exercise. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1512352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Aubry
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alanna K. Whinton
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jamie F. Burr
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Wang CC, Lin SC, Hsu SC, Yang MT, Chan KH. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Optimal Individual Post-Activation Potentiation Time of the Upper Body in Canoeists. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111169. [PMID: 29077022 PMCID: PMC5707641 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine supplementation reduces the impact of muscle fatigue on post-activation potentiation (PAP) of the lower body, but its effects on the upper body remain unknown. This study examined the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle strength, explosive power, and optimal individual PAP time of the upper body during a set of complex training bouts in canoeists. Seventeen male high school canoeists performed a bench row for one repetition at maximum strength and conducted complex training bouts to determine the optimal individual timing of PAP and distance of overhead medicine ball throw before and after the supplementation. Subjects were assigned to a creatine or placebo group, and later consumed 20 g of creatine or carboxymethyl cellulose per day for six days. After supplementation, the maximal strength in the creatine group significantly increased (p < 0.05). The optimal individual PAP time in the creatine group was significantly earlier than the pre-supplementation times (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in explosive power for either group. Our findings support the notion that creatine supplementation increases maximal strength and shortens the optimal individual PAP time of the upper body in high school athletes, but has no effect on explosive power. Moreover, it was found that the recovery time between a bench row and an overhead medicine ball throw in a complex training bout is an individual phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Wang
- Athletic Department, National Taipei University of Business, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Cheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Ching Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ta Yang
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10031, Taiwan.
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan.
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Yáñez-Silva A, Buzzachera CF, Piçarro IDC, Januario RSB, Ferreira LHB, McAnulty SR, Utter AC, Souza-Junior TP. Effect of low dose, short-term creatine supplementation on muscle power output in elite youth soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:5. [PMID: 28190980 PMCID: PMC5296953 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the effects of a low dose, short-term Creatine monohydrate (Cr) supplementation (0.03 g.kg.d−1 during 14 d) on muscle power output in elite youth soccer players. Methods Using a two-group matched, double blind, placebo-controlled design, nineteen male soccer players (mean age = 17.0 ± 0.5 years) were randomly assigned to either Cr (N = 9) or placebo (N = 10) group. Before and after supplementation, participants performed a 30s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) to assess peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), fatigue index (FI), and total work. Results There were significant increases in both PPO and MPO after the Cr supplementation period (P ≤ 0.05) but not the placebo period. There were also significant increases in total work, but not FI, after the Cr supplementation and placebo periods (P ≤ 0.05). Notably, there were differences in total work between the Cr and placebo groups after (P ≤ 0.05) but not before the 14 d supplementation period. Conclusion There is substantial evidence to indicate that a low-dose, short-term oral Cr supplementation beneficially affected muscle power output in elite youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aquiles Yáñez-Silva
- Dirección de Investigación, Universidad Mayor Santiago de Chile; Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca. Chile. Carrera de Educación Física, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Cosme F Buzzachera
- Department of Physical Education, North University of Parana, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ivan Da C Piçarro
- School of Physical Education, Max Planck Faculty, Indaiatuba, Brazil
| | - Renata S B Januario
- Department of Physical Education, North University of Parana, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luis H B Ferreira
- Department of Physical Education, Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Steven R McAnulty
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA
| | - Alan C Utter
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA
| | - Tacito P Souza-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA
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Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Roelofs EJ, Hirsch KR, Persky AM, Mock MG. Effects of Coffee and Caffeine Anhydrous Intake During Creatine Loading. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1438-46. [PMID: 26439785 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 5 days of creatine (CRE) loading alone or in combination with caffeine anhydrous (CAF) or coffee (COF) on upper-body and lower-body strength and sprint performance. Physically active males (n = 54; mean ± SD; age = 20.1 ± 2.1 years; weight = 78.8 ± 8.8 kg) completed baseline testing, consisting of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and repetitions to fatigue with 80% 1RM for bench press and leg press, followed by a repeated sprint test of five, 10-second sprints separated by 60-second rest on a cycle ergometer to determine peak power (PP) and total power (TP). At least 72 hours later, subjects were randomly assigned to supplement with CRE (5 g of CRE monohydrate, 4 times per day; n = 14), CRE + CAF (CRE +300 mg·d of CAF; n = 13), CRE + COF (CRE +8.9 g of COF, yielding 303 mg of CAF; n = 13), or placebo (PLA; n = 14) for 5 days. Serum creatinine (CRN) was measured before and after supplementation, and on day 6, participants repeated pretesting procedures. Strength measures were improved in all groups (p ≤ 0.05), with no significant time × treatment interactions. No significant interaction or main effects were observed for PP. For TP, a time × sprint interaction was observed (p ≤ 0.05), with no significant interactions among treatment groups. A time × treatment interaction was observed for serum CRN values (p ≤ 0.05) that showed increases in all groups except PLA. Four subjects reported mild gastrointestinal discomfort with CRE + CAF, with no side effects reported in other groups. These findings suggest that neither CRE alone nor in combination with CAF or COF significantly affected performance compared with PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Trexler
- 1Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; 2Human Movement Sciences, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and 3School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Abstract
The use and effects of selected performance-enhancing drugs and nutritional supplements are reviewed. Recent sports medicine studies are mostly double blind and placebo controlled but contain relatively small sample sizes. Their data appear reliable and are reported in reputable journals. Definitions and methods used in sports medicine are provided to enhance the understanding of this literature. The use of performance-enhancing substances is probably under-reported. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are reportedly used in 0% to 1% of women, 0.5% to 3% of high school girls, 1% to 5% of men, 1% to 12% of high school boys, and up to 67% of some groups of elite athletes. The use of combinations of performance-enhancing substances is common. Carbohydrate loading, adequate protein intake, creatine, blood doping, and erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) appear to enhance performance. Anabolic-androgenic steroids enhance performance, but health risks limit their use. Growth hormones and β2 -selective adrenergic agonists may enhance performance, but additional studies are needed. Androstenedione, caffeine, amphetamines, and nonprescription sympathomimetics do not appear to enhance performance. Performance-enhancing drugs have shown some benefit in diseased patients with malnutrition and/or decreases in physical ability. Pharmacists and other health care providers have opportunities to improve the understanding, use, and monitoring of performance-enhancing substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Boyce
- Clinical Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
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Lanhers C, Pereira B, Naughton G, Trousselard M, Lesage FX, Dutheil F. Creatine Supplementation and Lower Limb Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Sports Med 2016; 45:1285-1294. [PMID: 25946994 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine is the most widely used supplementation to increase strength performance. However, the few meta-analyses are more than 10 years old and suffer from inclusion bias such as the absence of randomization and placebo, the diversity of the inclusion criteria (aerobic/endurance, anaerobic/strength), no evaluation on specific muscles or group of muscles, and the considerable amount of conflicting results within the last decade. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate meta-analyzed effects of creatine supplementation on lower limb strength performance. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of all randomized controlled trials comparing creatine supplementation with a placebo, with strength performance of the lower limbs measured in exercises lasting less than 3 min. The search strategy used the keywords "creatine supplementation" and "performance". Dependent variables were creatine loading, total dose, duration, the time-intervals between baseline (T0) and the end of the supplementation (T1), as well as any training during supplementation. Independent variables were age, sex, and level of physical activity at baseline. We conducted meta-analyses at T1, and on changes between T0 and T1. Each meta-analysis was stratified within lower limb muscle groups and exercise tests. RESULTS We included 60 studies (646 individuals in the creatine supplementation group and 651 controls). At T1, the effect size (ES) among stratification for squat and leg press were, respectively, 0.336 (95 % CI 0.047-0.625, p = 0.023) and 0.297 (95 % CI 0.098-0.496, p = 0.003). Overall quadriceps ES was 0.266 (95 % CI 0.150-0.381, p < 0.001). Global lower limb ES was 0.235 (95 % CI 0.125-0.346, p < 0.001). Meta-analysis on changes between T0 and T1 gave similar results. The meta-regression showed no links with characteristics of population or of supplementation, demonstrating the creatine efficacy effects, independent of all listed conditions. CONCLUSION Creatine supplementation is effective in lower limb strength performance for exercise with a duration of less than 3 min, independent of population characteristic, training protocols, and supplementary doses and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lanhers
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 58 rue Montalembert, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Clinical research and innovation direction, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Geraldine Naughton
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marion Trousselard
- Neurophysiology of stress, Armies' Biomedical Research Institute, Armies' Health Service, Bretigny sur Orge, France
| | | | - Frédéric Dutheil
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 58 rue Montalembert, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions EA3533, Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,Research Centre in Human Nutrition (CRNH) Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Explosive Performance and Optimal Individual Postactivation Potentiation Time. Nutrients 2016; 8:143. [PMID: 26959056 PMCID: PMC4808872 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine plays an important role in muscle energy metabolism. Postactivation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon that can acutely increase muscle power, but it is an individualized process that is influenced by muscle fatigue. This study examined the effects of creatine supplementation on explosive performance and the optimal individual PAP time during a set of complex training bouts. Thirty explosive athletes performed tests of back squat for one repetition maximum (1RM) strength and complex training bouts for determining the individual optimal timing of PAP, height and peak power of a counter movement jump before and after the supplementation. Subjects were assigned to a creatine or placebo group and then consumed 20 g of creatine or carboxymethyl cellulose per day for six days. After the supplementation, the 1RM strength in the creatine group significantly increased (p < 0.05). The optimal individual PAP time in the creatine group was also significant earlier than the pre-supplementation and post-supplementation of the placebo group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in jump performance between the groups. This study demonstrates that creatine supplementation improves maximal muscle strength and the optimal individual PAP time of complex training but has no effect on explosive performance.
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Short-term creatine supplementation has no impact on upper-body anaerobic power in trained wrestlers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:45. [PMID: 26664350 PMCID: PMC4673838 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine (CR) is considered an effective nutritional supplement having ergogenic effects, which appears more pronounced in upper-body compared to lower-body exercise. Nevertheless, results regarding the impact of CR loading on repeated high-intensity arm-cranking exercise are scarce and in some cases conflicting. Interestingly, few of the conducted studies have structured their research designs to mimic real world sporting events. Therefore, our purpose was to address the hypothesis that CR ingestion would increase anaerobic power output in consecutive upper-body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) tests designed to simulate wrestling matches on a competition-day. Methods In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, 20 trained wrestlers were assigned to either placebo or CR supplemented group (0.3 g ∙ kg−1 of body mass per day). Four 6-min UBISP tests interspersed with 30-min recovery periods were performed before (trial 1) and after 5 days (trial 2) of supplementation. Each test consisted of six 15-s periods of arm-cranking at maximal executable cadence against resistance of 0.04 kg ∙ kg−1 body mass interspersed with 40-s unloaded easy cranking periods and 5-s acceleration intervals (T1–T4). Mean power (MP), peak power (PP), fatigue index and heart rate parameters were measured during UBISP tests. Also, body weight and hydration status were assessed. Principle measures were statistical analysed with mixed-model ANOVAs. Results Mean individual CR consumption in the CR group was 24.8 ± 2.5 g ∙ d−1. No significant (P > 0.05) differences occurred in body mass or hydration status indices between the groups or across trials. MP, PP and fatigue index responses were unaffected by supplementation; although, a significant reduction in MP and PP did occurred from T1 to T4 in both trial 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). Overall heart rate responses in the tests tended to be higher in the CR than PLC group (P < 0.05); but, trends in responses in trials and tests were comparable (P > 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that 5-day CR supplementation has no impact on upper-body muscle anaerobic power output in consecutive UBISP anaerobic tests mimicking wrestling matches on a competition day.
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Islam H, Yorgason NJ, Hazell TJ. Creatine co-ingestion with carbohydrate or cinnamon extract provides no added benefit to anaerobic performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:685-93. [PMID: 26313717 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1071877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The insulin response following carbohydrate ingestion enhances creatine transport into muscle. Cinnamon extract is promoted to have insulin-like effects, therefore this study examined if creatine co-ingestion with carbohydrates or cinnamon extract improved anaerobic capacity, muscular strength, and muscular endurance. Active young males (n = 25; 23.7 ± 2.5 y) were stratified into 3 groups: (1) creatine only (CRE); (2) creatine+ 70 g carbohydrate (CHO); or (3) creatine+ 500 mg cinnamon extract (CIN), based on anaerobic capacity (peak power·kg(-1)) and muscular strength at baseline. Three weeks of supplementation consisted of a 5 d loading phase (20 g/d) and a 16 d maintenance phase (5 g/d). Pre- and post-supplementation measures included a 30-s Wingate and a 30-s maximal running test (on a self-propelled treadmill) for anaerobic capacity. Muscular strength was measured as the one-repetition maximum 1-RM for chest, back, quadriceps, hamstrings, and leg press. Additional sets of the number of repetitions performed at 60% 1-RM until fatigue measured muscular endurance. All three groups significantly improved Wingate relative peak power (CRE: 15.4% P = .004; CHO: 14.6% P = .004; CIN: 15.7%, P = .003), and muscular strength for chest (CRE: 6.6% P < .001; CHO: 6.7% P < .001; CIN: 6.4% P < .001), back (CRE: 5.8% P < .001; CHO: 6.4% P < .001; CIN: 8.1% P < .001), and leg press (CRE: 11.7% P = .013; CHO: 10.0% P = .007; CIN: 17.3% P < .001). Only the CRE (10.4%, P = .021) and CIN (15.5%, P < .001) group improved total muscular endurance. No differences existed between groups post-supplementation. These findings demonstrate that three different methods of creatine ingestion lead to similar changes in anaerobic power, strength, and endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- a Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Nick J Yorgason
- b Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Science , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , Alberta , Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Tom J Hazell
- a Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada N2L 3C5
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Camic CL, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, Traylor DA, Bergstrom HC, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO, Housh DJ. The effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on anaerobic performance measures and body composition. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:825-33. [PMID: 23897021 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a361a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 28 days of polyethylene glycosylated creatine (PEG-creatine) supplementation (1.25 and 2.50 g·d) on anaerobic performance measures (vertical and broad jumps, 40-yard dash, 20-yard shuttle run, and 3-cone drill), upper- and lower-body muscular strength and endurance (bench press and leg extension), and body composition. This study used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel design. Seventy-seven adult men (mean age ± SD, 22.1 ± 2.5 years; body mass, 81.7 ± 10.8 kg) volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to a placebo (n = 23), 1.25 g·d of PEG-creatine (n = 27), or 2.50 g·d of PEG-creatine (n = 27) group. The subjects performed anaerobic performance measures, muscular strength (one-repetition maximum [1RM]), and endurance (80% 1RM) tests for bench press and leg extension, and underwater weighing for the determination of body composition at day 0 (baseline), day 14, and day 28. The results indicated that there were improvements (p < 0.0167) in vertical jump, 20-yard shuttle run, 3-cone drill, muscular endurance for bench press, and body mass for at least one of the PEG-creatine groups without changes for the placebo group. Thus, the present results demonstrated that PEG-creatine supplementation at 1.25 or 2.50 g·d had an ergogenic effect on lower-body vertical power, agility, change-of-direction ability, upper-body muscular endurance, and body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton L Camic
- 1Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin; 2Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; 3Department of Exercise Science, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska; and 4Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Smith RN, Agharkar AS, Gonzales EB. A review of creatine supplementation in age-related diseases: more than a supplement for athletes. F1000Res 2014; 3:222. [PMID: 25664170 PMCID: PMC4304302 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5218.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is an endogenous compound synthesized from arginine, glycine and methionine. This dietary supplement can be acquired from food sources such as meat and fish, along with athlete supplement powders. Since the majority of creatine is stored in skeletal muscle, dietary creatine supplementation has traditionally been important for athletes and bodybuilders to increase the power, strength, and mass of the skeletal muscle. However, new uses for creatine have emerged suggesting that it may be important in preventing or delaying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging. On average, 30% of muscle mass is lost by age 80, while muscular weakness remains a vital cause for loss of independence in the elderly population. In light of these new roles of creatine, the dietary supplement's usage has been studied to determine its efficacy in treating congestive heart failure, gyrate atrophy, insulin insensitivity, cancer, and high cholesterol. In relation to the brain, creatine has been shown to have antioxidant properties, reduce mental fatigue, protect the brain from neurotoxicity, and improve facets/components of neurological disorders like depression and bipolar disorder. The combination of these benefits has made creatine a leading candidate in the fight against age-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, long-term memory impairments associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. In this review, we explore the normal mechanisms by which creatine is produced and its necessary physiology, while paying special attention to the importance of creatine supplementation in improving diseases and disorders associated with brain aging and outlining the clinical trials involving creatine to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Amruta S. Agharkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Eric B. Gonzales
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
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D'Antona G, Nabavi SM, Micheletti P, Di Lorenzo A, Aquilani R, Nisoli E, Rondanelli M, Daglia M. Creatine, L-carnitine, and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation from healthy to diseased skeletal muscle. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:613890. [PMID: 25243159 PMCID: PMC4163371 DOI: 10.1155/2014/613890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myopathies are chronic degenerative pathologies that induce the deterioration of the structure and function of skeletal muscle. So far a definitive therapy has not yet been developed and the main aim of myopathy treatment is to slow the progression of the disease. Current nonpharmacological therapies include rehabilitation, ventilator assistance, and nutritional supplements, all of which aim to delay the onset of the disease and relieve its symptoms. Besides an adequate diet, nutritional supplements could play an important role in the treatment of myopathic patients. Here we review the most recent in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the role supplementation with creatine, L-carnitine, and ω3 PUFAs plays in myopathy treatment. Our results suggest that these dietary supplements could have beneficial effects; nevertheless continued studies are required before they could be recommended as a routine treatment in muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Antona
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Laboratory for Motor Activities in Rare Diseases (LUSAMMR), University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran
| | - Piero Micheletti
- Department of Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Lorenzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Aquilani
- Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano Scientific Institute, Via Per Montescano 31, 27040 Montescano, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Human Nutrition Section, Health Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Via Emilia 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Isokinetic strength evaluation of the knee flexion and extension in concentric mode of contraction is an important part of the comprehensive evaluation of athletes. The aims of this study were to evaluate the isokinetic knee peak torque in both the extension and flexion movement in the dominant and non-dominant leg, and the relationship with jumping performance. Twelve elite male handball players from the top Spanish handball division voluntary participated in the study (age 27.68 ± 4.12 years; body mass 92.89 ± 12.34 kg; body height 1.90 ± 0.05 m). The knee extensor and flexor muscle peak torque of each leg were concentrically measured at 60º/s and 180º/s with an isokinetic dynamometer. The Squat Jump and Countermovement Jump were performed on a force platform to determine power and vertical jump height. Non-significant differences were observed between legs in the isokinetic knee extension (dominant= 2.91 ± 0.53 Nm/kg vs non-dominant = 2.70 ± 0.47 Nm/kg at 60º/s; dominant = 1.90 ± 0.31 Nm/kg vs non-dominant = 1.83 ± 0.29 Nm/kg at 180º/s) and flexion peak torques (dominant = 1.76 ± 0.29 Nm/kg vs non-dominant = 1.72 ± 0.39 Nm/kg at 60º/s; dominant = 1.30 ± 0.23 Nm/kg vs non-dominant = 1.27 ± 0.35 Nm/kg at 180º/s). Low and non-significant correlation coefficients were found between the isokinetic peak torques and vertical jumping performance (SJ = 31.21 ± 4.32 cm; CMJ = 35.89 ± 4.20 cm). Similar isokinetic strength was observed between the legs; therefore, no relationship was found between the isokinetic knee flexion and extension peak torques as well as vertical jumping performance in elite handball players.
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Claudino JG, Mezêncio B, Amaral S, Zanetti V, Benatti F, Roschel H, Gualano B, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. Creatine monohydrate supplementation on lower-limb muscle power in Brazilian elite soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:32. [PMID: 24991195 PMCID: PMC4077550 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies involving chronic creatine supplementation in elite soccer players are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on lower-limb muscle power in Brazilian elite soccer players (n = 14 males) during pre-season training. Findings This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study. Brazilian professional elite soccer players participated in this study. During the pre-season (7 weeks), all the subjects underwent a standardized physical and specific soccer training. Prior to and after either creatine monohydrate or placebo supplementation, the lower-limb muscle power was measured by countermovement jump performance. The Jumping performance was compared between groups at baseline (p = 0.99). After the intervention, jumping performance was lower in the placebo group (percent change = - 0.7%; ES = - 0.3) than in the creatine group (percent change = + 2.4%; ES = + 0.1), but it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.23 for time x group interaction). Fisher’s exact test revealed that the proportion of subjects that experienced a reduction in jumping performance was significantly greater in the placebo group than in the creatine group (5 and 1, respectively; p = 0.05) after the training. The magnitude-based inferences demonstrated that placebo resulted in a possible negative effect (50%) in jumping performance, whereas creatine supplementation led to a very likely trivial effect (96%) in jumping performance in the creatine group. Conclusions Creatine monohydrate supplementation prevented the decrement in lower-limb muscle power in elite soccer players during a pre-season progressive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- João G Claudino
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Amaral
- Department of Health and Performance, Red Bull Brazil Football, João Lúcio do Prado street, Km 10, Jarinu, SP 13240-000, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Zanetti
- Department of Health and Performance, Red Bull Brazil Football, João Lúcio do Prado street, Km 10, Jarinu, SP 13240-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Benatti
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Medicine - Division of Rheumatology, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Medicine - Division of Rheumatology, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Alberto C Amadio
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Julio C Serrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
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Kendall KL, Moon JR, Fairman CM, Spradley BD, Tai CY, Falcone PH, Carson LR, Mosman MM, Joy JM, Kim MP, Serrano ER, Esposito EN. Ingesting a preworkout supplement containing caffeine, creatine, β-alanine, amino acids, and B vitamins for 28 days is both safe and efficacious in recreationally active men. Nutr Res 2014; 34:442-9. [PMID: 24916558 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of consuming a preworkout supplement (SUP) containing caffeine, creatine, β-alanine, amino acids, and B vitamins for 28 days. We hypothesized that little to no changes in kidney and liver clinical blood markers or resting heart rate and blood pressure (BP) would be observed. In addition, we hypothesized that body composition and performance would improve in recreationally active males after 28 days of supplementation. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, participants were randomly assigned to ingest one scoop of either the SUP or placebo every day for 28 days, either 20 minutes before exercise or ad libitum on nonexercise days. Resting heart rate and BP, body composition, and fasting blood samples were collected before and after supplementation. Aerobic capacity as well as muscular strength and endurance were also measured. Significant (P < .05) main effects for time were observed for resting heart rate (presupplementation, 67.59 ± 7.90 beats per minute; postsupplementation, 66.18 ± 7.63 beats per minute), systolic BP (presupplementation, 122.41 ± 11.25 mm Hg; postsupplementation, 118.35 ± 11.58 mm Hg), blood urea nitrogen (presupplementation, 13.12 ± 2.55 mg/dL; postsupplementation, 15.24 ± 4.47 mg/dL), aspartate aminotransferase (presupplementation, 34.29 ± 16.48 IU/L; postsupplementation, 24.76 ± 4.71 IU/L), and alanine aminotransferase (presupplementation, 32.76 ± 19.72 IU/L; postsupplementation, 24.88 ± 9.68 IU/L). Significant main effects for time were observed for body fat percentage (presupplementation, 15.55% ± 5.79%; postsupplementation, 14.21% ± 5.38%; P = .004) and fat-free mass (presupplementation, 70.80 ± 9.21 kg; postsupplementation, 71.98 ± 9.27 kg; P = .006). A significant decrease in maximal oxygen consumption (presupplementation, 47.28 ± 2.69 mL/kg per minute; postsupplementation, 45.60 ± 2.81 mL/kg per minute) and a significant increase in percentage of oxygen consumption per unit time at which ventilatory threshold occurred (presupplementation, 64.38% ± 6.63%; postsupplementation, 70.63% ± 6.39%) and leg press one-repetition maximum (presupplementation, 218.75 ± 38.43 kg; postsupplementation, 228.75 ± 44.79 kg) were observed in the SUP only. No adverse effects were noted for renal and hepatic clinical blood markers, resting heart rate, or BP. Supplements containing similar ingredients and doses should be safe for ingestion periods lasting up to 28 days in healthy, recreationally trained, college-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Kendall
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.
| | - Jordan R Moon
- Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL; Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm, Corp, Denver, CO
| | - Ciaran M Fairman
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA
| | - Brandon D Spradley
- Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL
| | - Chih-Yin Tai
- Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL; Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm, Corp, Denver, CO
| | | | | | - Matt M Mosman
- Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm, Corp, Denver, CO
| | - Jordan M Joy
- Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm, Corp, Denver, CO
| | - Michael P Kim
- Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm, Corp, Denver, CO
| | | | - Enrico N Esposito
- Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL; Department of Human Performance & Exercise Science, University of Mobile, Mobile, AL
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Loturco I, Ugrinowitsch C, Tricoli V, Pivetti B, Roschel H. Different loading schemes in power training during the preseason promote similar performance improvements in Brazilian elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:1791-7. [PMID: 23085970 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182772da6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of 2 different power training loading schemes in Brazilian elite soccer players. Thirty-two players participated in the study. Maximum dynamic strength (1RM) was evaluated before (B), at midpoint (i.e., after 3 weeks; T1), and after 6 weeks (T2) of a preseason strength/power training. Muscle power, jumping, and sprinting performance were evaluated at B and T2. Players were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 training groups: velocity-based (VEL: n = 16; age, 19.18 ± 0.72 years; height, 173 ± 6 cm; body mass, 72.7 ± 5.8 kg) or intensity-based (INT: n = 16; age, 19.11 ± 0.7 years; height, 172 ± 4.5 cm; body mass, 71.8 ± 4.6 kg). After the individual determination of the optimal power load, both groups completed a 3-week traditional strength training period. Afterward, the VEL group performed 3 weeks of power-oriented training with increasing velocity and decreasing intensity (from 60 to 30% 1RM) throughout the training period, whereas the INT group increased the training intensity (from 30 to 60% 1RM) and thus decreased movement velocity throughout the power-oriented training period. Both groups used loads within ±15% (ranging from 30 to 60% 1RM) of the measured optimal power load (i.e., 45.2 ± 3.0% 1RM). Similar 1RM gains were observed in both groups at T1 (VEL: 9.2%; INT: 11.0%) and T2 (VEL: 19.8%; INT: 22.1%). The 2 groups also presented significant improvements (within-group comparisons) in all of the variables. However, no between-group differences were detected. Mean power in the back squat (VEL: 18.5%; INT: 20.4%) and mean propulsive power in the jump squat (VEL: 29.1%; INT: 31.0%) were similarly improved at T2. The 10-m sprint (VEL: -4.3%; INT: -1.6%), jump squat (VEL: 7.1%; INT: 4.5%), and countermovement jump (VEL: 6.7%; INT: 6.9%) were also improved in both groups at T2. Curiously, the 30-m sprint time (VEL: -0.8%; INT: -0.1%) did not significantly improve for both groups. In summary, our data suggest that male professional soccer players can achieve improvements in strength- and power-related abilities as a result of 6 weeks of power-oriented training during the preseason. Furthermore, similar performance improvements are observed when training intensity manipulation occurs around only a small range within the optimal power training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on simulated soccer performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9:503-10. [PMID: 24434117 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of acute short-term creatine (Cr) supplementation on physical performance during a 90-min soccer-specific performance test. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design was adopted during which 16 male amateur soccer players were required to consume 20 g/d Cr for 7 d or a placebo. A Ball-Sport Endurance and Speed Test (BEAST) comprising measures of aerobic (circuit time), speed (12- and 20-m sprint), and explosive-power (vertical jump) abilities performed over 90 min was performed presupplementation and postsupplementation. RESULTS Performance measures during the BEAST deteriorated during the second half relative to the first for both Cr (1.2-2.3%) and placebo (1.0-2.2%) groups, indicating a fatigue effect associated with the BEAST. However, no significant differences existed between groups, suggesting that Cr had no performance-enhancing effect or ability to offset fatigue. When effect sizes were considered, some measures (12-m sprint, -0.53 ± 0.69; 20-m sprint, -0.39 ± 0.59) showed a negative tendency, indicating chances of harm were greater than chances of benefit. CONCLUSIONS Acute short-term Cr supplementation has no beneficial effect on physical measures obtained during a 90-min soccer-simulation test, thus bringing into question its potential as an effective ergogenic aid for soccer players.
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Barber JJ, McDermott AY, McGaughey KJ, Olmstead JD, Hagobian TA. Effects of combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on repeated sprint performance in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:252-8. [PMID: 23254493 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318252f6b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation independently increase exercise performance, but it remains unclear whether combining these 2 supplements is more beneficial on exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of combining creatine monohydrate and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance. Thirteen healthy, trained men (21.1 ± 0.6 years, 23.5 ± 0.5 kg·m(-2), 66.7 ± 5.7 ml·(kg·m)(-1) completed 3 conditions in a double-blinded, crossover fashion: (a) Placebo (Pl; 20 g maltodextrin + 0.5 g·kg(-1) maltodextrin), (b) Creatine (Cr; 20 g + 0.5 g·kg(-1) maltodextrin), and (c) Creatine plus sodium bicarbonate (Cr + Sb; 20 g + 0.5 g·kg(-1) sodium bicarbonate). Each condition consisted of supplementation for 2 days followed by a 3-week washout. Peak power, mean power, relative peak power, and bicarbonate concentrations were assessed during six 10-second repeated Wingate sprint tests on a cycle ergometer with a 60-second rest period between each sprint. Compared with Pl, relative peak power was significantly higher in Cr (4%) and Cr + Sb (7%). Relative peak power was significantly lower in sprints 4-6, compared with that in sprint 1, in both Pl and Cr. However, in Cr + Sb, sprint 6 was the only sprint significantly lower compared with sprint 1. Pre-Wingate bicarbonate concentrations were significantly higher in Cr + Sb (10%), compared with in Pl and Cr, and mean concentrations remained higher after sprint 6, although not significantly. Combining creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation increased peak and mean power and had the greatest attenuation of decline in relative peak power over the 6 repeated sprints. These data suggest that combining these 2 supplements may be advantageous for athletes participating in high-intensity, intermittent exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Barber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
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Tang FC, Chan CC, Kuo PL. Contribution of creatine to protein homeostasis in athletes after endurance and sprint running. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:61-71. [PMID: 23392621 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have focused on the metabolic changes induced by creatine supplementation. This study investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on plasma and urinary metabolite changes of athletes after endurance and sprint running. METHODS Twelve male athletes (20.3 ± 1.4 y) performed two identical (65-70 % maximum heart rate reserved) 60 min running exercises (endurance trial) before and after creatine supplementation (12 g creatine monohydrate/day for 15 days), followed by a 5-day washout period. Subsequently, they performed two identical 100 m sprint running exercises (power trial) before and after 15 days of creatine supplementation in accordance with the supplementary protocol of the endurance trial. Body composition measurements were performed during the entire study. Plasma samples were examined for the concentrations of glucose, lactate, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), free-tryptophan (f-TRP), glutamine, alanine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid. Urinary samples were examined for the concentrations of hydroxyproline, 3-methylhistidine, urea nitrogen, and creatinine. RESULTS Creatine supplementation significantly increased body weights of the athletes of endurance trial. Plasma lactate concentration and ratio of f-TRP/BCAAs after recovery from endurance running were significantly decreased with creatine supplementation. Plasma purine metabolites (the sum of hypoxanthine and uric acid), glutamine, urinary 3-methylhistidine, and urea nitrogen concentrations tended to decrease before running in trials with creatine supplements. After running, urinary hydroxyproline concentration significantly increased in the power trial with creatine supplements. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that creatine supplementation tended to decrease muscle glycogen and protein degradation, especially after endurance exercise. However, creatine supplementation might induce collagen proteolysis in athletes after sprint running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chun Tang
- Graduate Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Education, #162, Hoping E. Rd. 1st Sec, Taipei, 10600, Taiwan, ROC,
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Do Amaral VC, Simões MDJ, Marcondes RR, Matozinho Cubas JJ, Baracat EC, Soares JM. Histomorphometric analysis of the effects of creatine on rat myometrium. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:587-9. [PMID: 22309498 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.650748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the myometrial thickness of rats subjected to creatine (Cr) ingestion. STUDY DESIGN A total of 14 rats was equally divided into the control group (ConGr) receiving 1 ml potable water and the creatine group (CrGr) subjected to the ingestion of 1.6 g/kg Cr diluted in 1 ml potable water. At the end of 8 weeks, the animals were anesthetized (xylazine and ketamine) and sacrificed, the uteri and ovaries stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the thickness of both the myometrium and the epithelium measured and the follicles counted. RESULTS Analysis revealed a significant increase in thickness of the myometrium in the CrGr (272.26 ± 66.71μm) contrasted with that from the ConGr (160.76 ± 35.65μm), CrGr > ConGr (p < 0001). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Cr changed myometrial morphology in rats by enhancing myometrial thickness, but its action mechanism in the smooth muscle is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Cestari Do Amaral
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Gynecology (LIM 58), School of Medicine - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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