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Brahadeeswaran S, Dasgupta T, Manickam V, Saraswathi V, Tamizhselvi R. NLRP3: a new therapeutic target in alcoholic liver disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215333. [PMID: 37520548 PMCID: PMC10374212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is in charge of a wide range of critical physiological processes and it plays an important role in activating the innate immune system which elicits the inflammatory events. Chronic ethanol exposure disrupts hepatic inflammatory mechanism and leads to the release of proinflammatory mediators such as chemokines, cytokines and activation of inflammasomes. The mechanism of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis involve activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the destruction of hepatocytes and subsequent metabolic dysregulation in humans. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that alcohol intake significantly modifies liver epigenetics, promoting the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Epigenetic changes including histone modification, microRNA-induced genetic modulation, and DNA methylation are crucial in alcohol-evoked cell signaling that affects gene expression in the hepatic system. Though we are at the beginning stage without having the entire print of epigenetic signature, it is time to focus more on NLRP3 inflammasome and epigenetic modifications. Here we review the novel aspect of ALD pathology linking to inflammation and highlighting the role of epigenetic modification associated with NLRP3 inflammasome and how it could be a therapeutic target in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Brahadeeswaran
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tiasha Dasgupta
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatraman Manickam
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ramasamy Tamizhselvi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Microbiome-Based Metabolic Therapeutic Approaches in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158749. [PMID: 35955885 PMCID: PMC9368757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a global healthcare problem. Chronic alcohol consumption generates a wide spectrum of hepatic lesions, the most characteristic of which are steatosis, hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) refer to liver damage and metabolomic changes caused by excessive alcohol intake. ALD present several clinical stages of severity found in liver metabolisms. With increased alcohol consumption, the gut microbiome promotes a leaky gut, metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, liver inflammation, and hepatocellular injury. Much attention has focused on ALD, such as alcoholic fatty liver (AFL), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), alcoholic cirrhosis (AC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a partnership that reflects the metabolomic significance. Here, we report on the global function of inflammation, inhibition, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms in the liver biology framework. In this tutorial review, we hypothetically revisit therapeutic gut microbiota-derived alcoholic oxidative stress, liver inflammation, inflammatory cytokines, and metabolic regulation. We summarize the perspective of microbial therapy of genes, gut microbes, and metabolic role in ALD. The end stage is liver transplantation or death. This review may inspire a summary of the gut microbial genes, critical inflammatory molecules, oxidative stress, and metabolic routes, which will offer future promising therapeutic compounds in ALD.
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Do MH, Lee HHL, Kim Y, Lee HB, Lee E, Park JH, Park HY. Corchorus olitorius L. ameliorates alcoholic liver disease by regulating gut-liver axis. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Zahr NM, Pohl KM, Kwong AJ, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Preliminary Evidence for a Relationship between Elevated Plasma TNFα and Smaller Subcortical White Matter Volume in HCV Infection Irrespective of HIV or AUD Comorbidity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094953. [PMID: 34067023 PMCID: PMC8124321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical inflammation in response to bacterial, parasitic, or viral infections such as HIV includes local recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Proposed biomarkers of organ integrity in Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) include elevations in peripheral plasma levels of proinflammatory proteins. In testing this proposal, previous work included a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals as positive controls and identified elevations in the soluble proteins TNFα and IP10; these cytokines were only elevated in AUD individuals seropositive for hepatitis C infection (HCV). The current observational, cross-sectional study evaluated whether higher levels of these proinflammatory cytokines would be associated with compromised brain integrity. Soluble protein levels were quantified in 86 healthy controls, 132 individuals with AUD, 54 individuals seropositive for HIV, and 49 individuals with AUD and HIV. Among the patient groups, HCV was present in 24 of the individuals with AUD, 13 individuals with HIV, and 20 of the individuals in the comorbid AUD and HIV group. Soluble protein levels were correlated to regional brain volumes as quantified with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition to higher levels of TNFα and IP10 in the 2 HIV groups and the HCV-seropositive AUD group, this study identified lower levels of IL1β in the 3 patient groups relative to the control group. Only TNFα, however, showed a relationship with brain integrity: in HCV or HIV infection, higher peripheral levels of TNFα correlated with smaller subcortical white matter volume. These preliminary results highlight the privileged status of TNFα on brain integrity in the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-859-5243
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
| | - Allison J. Kwong
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94350, USA;
| | | | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
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Wen B, Zhang C, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Che Q, Cao H, Bai Y, Guo J, Su Z. Targeted treatment of alcoholic liver disease based on inflammatory signalling pathways. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107752. [PMID: 33253739 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is an emerging treatment strategy for alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Inflammation plays an important role in the occurrence and development of ALD, and is a key choice for its targeted treatment, and anti-inflammatory treatment has been considered beneficial for liver disease. Surprisingly, immune checkpoint inhibitors have become important therapeutic agents for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moreover, studies have shown that the combination of inflammatory molecule inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors can exert better effects than either alone in mouse models of HCC. This review discusses the mechanism of hepatic ethanol metabolism and the conditions under which inflammation occurs. In addition, we focus on the potential molecular targets in inflammatory signalling pathways and summarize the potential targeted inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, providing a theoretical basis for the targeted treatment of ALD and the development of new combination therapy strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjian Wen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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cAMP Signaling in Pathobiology of Alcohol Associated Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101433. [PMID: 33050657 PMCID: PMC7600246 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cellular responses to extracellular signals is well established. Many years after discovery, our understanding of the intricacy of cAMP signaling has improved dramatically. Multiple layers of regulation exist to ensure the specificity of cellular cAMP signaling. Hence, disturbances in cAMP homeostasis could arise at multiple levels, from changes in G protein coupled receptors and production of cAMP to the rate of degradation by phosphodiesterases. cAMP signaling plays critical roles in metabolism, inflammation and development of fibrosis in several tissues. Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a multifactorial condition ranging from a simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis, which might lead to hepatocellular cancer. To date, there is no FDA-approved therapy for ALD. Hence, identifying the targets for the treatment of ALD is an important undertaking. Several human studies have reported the changes in cAMP homeostasis in relation to alcohol use disorders. cAMP signaling has also been extensively studied in in vitro and in vivo models of ALD. This review focuses on the role of cAMP in the pathobiology of ALD with emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting cAMP signaling for the treatment of various stages of ALD.
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Effects of taraxasterol against ethanol and high-fat diet-induced liver injury by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. Life Sci 2020; 262:118546. [PMID: 33035580 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported that taraxasterol (TAR) is effective in the treatment of immune liver injury and alcoholic liver injury. The mechanism of action is mainly related to the inhibition of inflammation. To determine the key molecular mechanisms for the effect of TAR on alleviating ethanol and high-fat diet-induced liver injury, pathological morphology, biochemistry, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and lipid metabolism were examined. Our results showed that TAR could inhibit ethanol-induced hepatocyte death or lipid accumulation, and suppress oxidative stress, inflammatory response and lipid metabolism disorders. More specifically, ethanol-induced TLR-4 and MyD88 inflammatory response were down-regulated, when treated with TAR. Production of CYP2E1, Nrf2 and HO-1, which produced in response to increased oxidative stress, were regulated in TAR treated, ethanol-induced hepatocytes. In summary, TAR could inhibit the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which was related to the regulation of TAR on TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.
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Hörauf JA, Kany S, Janicova A, Xu B, Vrdoljak T, Sturm R, Dunay IR, Martin L, Relja B. Short Exposure to Ethanol Diminishes Caspase-1 and ASC Activation in Human HepG2 Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093196. [PMID: 32366053 PMCID: PMC7246869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses how the assembly of pro-caspase-1 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) in macromolecular protein complexes, inflammasomes, activates caspase-1. The present study investigates the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation in HepG2 cells and examines how short exposures to ethanol (EtOH) affect inflammasome activation. HepG2 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ATP or nigericin (NIG) in a two-step model. After LPS priming, ATP or NIG were added. As inhibitors, sodium orthovanadate (general inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases), AC-YVAD-CMK (caspase-1 inhibitor) or AZ10606120 (purinergic receptor P2X7R inhibitor) were applied after LPS priming. To monitor the inflammasome activation, the caspase-1 activity, ASC speck formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell death were analyzed. To elucidate the mechanistical approach of EtOH to the inflammasome assembly, the cells were treated with EtOH either under simultaneous LPS administration or concurrently with ATP or NIG application. The co-stimulation with LPS and ATP induced a significant ASC speck formation, caspase-1 activation, cell death and ROS generation. The inhibition of the ATP-dependent purinoreceptor P2X7 decreased the caspase-1 activation, whereas sodium orthovanadate significantly induced caspase-1. Additional treatment with EtOH reversed the LPS and ATP-induced caspase-1 activation, ASC speck formation and ROS production. The ASC speck formation and caspase-1 induction require a two-step signaling with LPS and ATP in HepG2 cells. Inflammasome activation may depend on P2X7. The molecular pathway of an acute effect of EtOH on inflammasomes may involve a reduction in ROS generation, which in turn may increase the activity of tyrosine phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason-Alexander Hörauf
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.-A.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Shinwan Kany
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.K.); (A.J.); (B.X.)
- Department of Cardiology with Emphasis on Electrophysiology, University Heart Centre, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Janicova
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.K.); (A.J.); (B.X.)
| | - Baolin Xu
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.K.); (A.J.); (B.X.)
| | - Teodora Vrdoljak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ramona Sturm
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.-A.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Lukas Martin
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.K.); (A.J.); (B.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-67-28242
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Palmer E, Tyacke R, Sastre M, Lingford-Hughes A, Nutt D, Ward RJ. Alcohol Hangover: Underlying Biochemical, Inflammatory and Neurochemical Mechanisms. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:196-203. [PMID: 30916313 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To review current alcohol hangover research in animals and humans and evaluate key evidence for contributing biological factors. METHOD Narrative review with alcohol hangover defined as the state the day after a single episode of heavy drinking, when the alcohol concentration in the blood approaches zero. RESULTS Many of the human studies of hangover are not well controlled, with subjects consuming different concentrations of alcohol over variable time periods and evaluation not blinded. Also, studies have measured different symptoms and use varying methods of measurement. Animal studies show variations with respect to the route of administration (intragastric or intraperitoneal), the behavioural tests utilised and discrepancy in the timepoint used for hangover onset. Human studies have the advantage over animal models of being able to assess subjective hangover severity and its correlation with specific behaviours and/or biochemical markers. However, animal models provide valuable insight into the neural mechanisms of hangover. Despite such limitations, several hangover models have identified pathological changes which correlate with the hangover state. We review studies examining the contribution of alcohol's metabolites, neurotransmitter changes with particular reference to glutamate, neuroinflammation and ingested congeners to hangover severity. CONCLUSION Alcohol metabolites, neurotransmitter alterations, inflammatory factors and mitochondrial dysfunction are the most likely factors in hangover pathology. Future research should aim to investigate the relationship between these factors and their causal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Tyacke
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Nutt
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberta J Ward
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Bellozi PM, Pelição R, Santos MC, Lima IV, Saliba SW, Vieira ÉL, Campos AC, Teixeira AL, de Oliveira AC, Nakamura-Palacios EM, Rodrigues LC. URB597 ameliorates the deleterious effects induced by binge alcohol consumption in adolescent rats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Tomato lycopene prevention of alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2018; 4:211-224. [PMID: 30603740 PMCID: PMC6308920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in the United States, and chronic, excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for 32%–45% of all the liver cancer cases in the United States. Avoidance of chronic or excessive alcohol intake is the best protection against alcohol-related liver injury; however, the social presence and addictive power of alcohol are strong. Induction of the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) enzyme by chronic and excessive alcohol intake is known to play a role in the pathogenesis of ALD. High intake of tomatoes, rich in the carotenoid lycopene, is associated with a decreased risk of chronic disease. The review will overview the prevention of ALD and HCC through dietary tomato rich in lycopene as an effective intervention strategy and the crucial role of CYP2E1 induction as a molecular target. The review also indicates a need for caution among individuals consuming both alcohol and high dose lycopene as a dietary supplement.
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WITHDRAWN: Cytokines and fatty liver diseases. LIVER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mohamed IN, Sarhan NR, Eladl MA, El-Remessy AB, El-Sherbiny M. Deletion of Thioredoxin-interacting protein ameliorates high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through modulation of Toll-like receptor 2-NLRP3-inflammasome axis: Histological and immunohistochemical study. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:242-254. [PMID: 29482933 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endemic prevalence of obesity is associated with alarming increases in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with limited available therapeutics. Toll-like receptor2 (TLR2) and Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) Inflammasome are implicated in hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis; the histological landmark stages of NASH. TXNIP, a member of α-arrestin family activates NLRP3 in response to various danger stimuli. The aim of current work was to investigate the effect of TXNIP genetic deletion on histological manifestations of high fat diet-induced steatohepatitis and activation of TLR2-NLRP3-inflammasome axis. Wild-type mice (WT) and TXNIP knock out (TKO) littermates were randomized to normal diet (WT-ND and TKO-ND) or high fat diet (HFD, 60% fat) (WT-HFD and TKO-HFD). After 8-weeks, liver samples from all groups were evaluated by histological, immunohistochemical and western blot analysis. HFD resulted in significant induction of micro and macrovesicular hepatic steatosis, that was associated with increased inflammatory immune cell infiltration in WT-HFD compared with WT-ND and TKO-ND controls, but not in TKO-HFD group. In parallel, WT-HFD group showed significant fibrosis and α-SMA expression; a marker of pro-fibrotic stellate-cell activation, in areas surrounding the central vein and portal circulation, versus all other groups. Western blot revealed increased activation of TLR2-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and downstream IL-1β and TNFα in WT-HFD group, but not in TKO-HFD group. IL-1β expression coincided within the same areas of steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen deposition and α-SMA expression in WT-HFD mice, that was significantly reduced in TKO-HFD mice. In conclusion, TXNIP deletion ameliorates the HFD-induced steatosis, inflammatory and fibrotic response via modulation of TLR2-NLRP3 inflammasome axis. Targeting TXNIP-TLR2-NLRP3 pathway may provide potential therapeutic modalities for NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam N Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, USA; Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Nahla Reda Sarhan
- Department of Histology & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Eladl
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Azza B El-Remessy
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Medicine, Al-Maarefa College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
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Xiao M, Yang R, Zhao YY, Zeng T. The common genetic variants in IL-1Β and IL-1RN may have no predisposition to alcoholic liver disease: A meta-analysis. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Neupane SP, Skulberg A, Skulberg KR, Aass HCD, Bramness JG. Cytokine Changes following Acute Ethanol Intoxication in Healthy Men: A Crossover Study. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3758590. [PMID: 28090151 PMCID: PMC5206441 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3758590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a known modulator of the innate immune system. Owing to the absence of human studies, alcohol's effect on circulating cytokine profile remains unclear. We investigated the effect of acute high dose alcohol consumption on systemic cytokine release. After an overnight fasting, alcohol-experienced healthy male volunteers (N = 20) aged 25-45 years were given oral ethanol in the form of vodka (4.28 mL/kg) which they drank over a period of 30 minutes reaching peak blood alcohol concentration of 0.12% (SD 0.028). Blood samples were obtained prior to alcohol intake as well as 2, 7, and 12 hours thereafter. Serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, MCP-1, and TNF-α were determined by the multibead-based assay. Baseline cytokine levels were not related to BMI, hepatic parameters, electrolytes, glucose, or morning cortisol levels. Within 2 hours of alcohol intake, levels of IL-1Ra were elevated and remained so throughout the assessment period (p for trend = 0.015). In contrast, the levels of the chemokine MCP-1 dropped acutely followed by steadily increasing levels during the observation period (p < 0.001). The impact of sustained elevated levels of MCP-1 even after the clearance of blood alcohol content deserves attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Prasad Neupane
- Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Jørgen G. Bramness
- Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Zeng T, Zhang CL, Xiao M, Yang R, Xie KQ. Critical Roles of Kupffer Cells in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease: From Basic Science to Clinical Trials. Front Immunol 2016; 7:538. [PMID: 27965666 PMCID: PMC5126119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) encompasses a spectrum of liver injury ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and finally cirrhosis. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that Kupffer cells (KCs) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of both chronic and acute ALD. It has become clear that alcohol exposure can result in increased hepatic translocation of gut-sourced endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide, which is a strong M1 polarization inducer of KCs. The activated KCs then produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, which finally lead to liver injury. The critical roles of KCs and related inflammatory cascade in the pathogenesis of ALD make it a promising target in pharmaceutical drug developments for ALD treatment. Several drugs (such as rifaximin, pentoxifylline, and infliximab) have been evaluated or are under evaluation for ALD treatment in randomized clinical trials. Furthermore, screening pharmacological regulators for KCs toward M2 polarization may provide additional therapeutic agents. The combination of these potentially therapeutic drugs with hepatoprotective agents (such as zinc, melatonin, and silymarin) may bring encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Mo Xiao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Ke-Qin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University , Jinan , China
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Tilg H, Moschen AR, Szabo G. Interleukin-1 and inflammasomes in alcoholic liver disease/acute alcoholic hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2016; 64:955-65. [PMID: 26773297 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Both alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are characterized by massive lipid accumulation in the liver accompanied by inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in a substantial subgroup of patients. At several stages in these diseases, mediators of the immune system, such as cytokines or inflammasomes, are crucially involved. In ALD, chronic ethanol exposure sensitizes Kupffer cells to activation by lipopolysaccharides through Toll-like receptors, e.g., Toll-like receptor 4. This sensitization enhances the production of various proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thereby contributing to hepatocyte dysfunction, necrosis, and apoptosis and the generation of extracellular matrix proteins leading to fibrosis/cirrhosis. Indeed, neutralization of IL-1 by IL-1 receptor antagonist has recently been shown to potently prevent liver injury in murine models of ALD. As IL-1 is clearly linked to key clinical symptoms of acute alcoholic hepatitis such as fever, neutrophilia, and wasting, interfering with the IL-1 pathway might be an attractive treatment strategy in the future. An important role for IL-1-type cytokines and certain inflammasomes has also been demonstrated in murine models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. IL-1-type cytokines can regulate hepatic steatosis; the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome is critically involved in metabolic dysregulation. CONCLUSION IL-1 cytokine family members and various inflammasomes mediate different aspects of both ALD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (Hepatology 2016;64:955-965).
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USAMA
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Gano A, Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Deak T. Sustained alterations in neuroimmune gene expression after daily, but not intermittent, alcohol exposure. Brain Res 2016; 1646:62-72. [PMID: 27208497 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol intoxication is associated with Rapid Alterations in Neuroimmune Gene Expression (RANGE), including increased Interleukin (IL)-6 and Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα), and suppressed IL-1β and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, yet little is known about adaptations in cytokines across the first few ethanol exposures. Thus, the present studies examined central cytokines during intoxication (3h post-ethanol) following 2, 4 or 6 intragastric ethanol challenges (4g/kg) delivered either daily or every-other-day (EOD). Subsequent analyses of blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) and corticosterone were performed to determine whether the schedule of ethanol delivery would alter the pharmacokinetics of, or general sensitivity to, subacute ethanol exposure. As expected, ethanol led to robust increases in IL-6 and IκBα gene expression in hippocampus, amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), whereas IL-1β and TNFα were suppressed, thereby replicating our prior work. Ethanol-dependent increases in IL-6 and IκBα remained significant in all structures - even after 6 days of ethanol. When these doses were administered EOD, modest IL-6 increases in BNST were observed, with TNFα and IL-1β suppressed exclusively in the hippocampus. Analysis of BECs revealed a small but significant reduction in ethanol after 4 EOD exposures - an effect which was not observed when ethanol was delivered after 6 daily intubations. These findings suggest that ethanol-induced RANGE effects are not simply a function of ethanol load per se, and underscore the critical role that ethanol dosing interval plays in determining the neuroimmune consequences of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Gano
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Tamara L Doremus-Fitzwater
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
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20
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Li H, Chen J, Qi Y, Dai L, Zhang M, Frank JA, Handshoe JW, Cui J, Xu W, Chen G. Deficient PKR in RAX/PKR Association Ameliorates Ethanol-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:386-97. [PMID: 25592072 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol-induced neuronal loss is closely related to the pathogenesis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The cerebellum is one of the brain areas that are most sensitive to ethanol. The mechanism underlying ethanol neurotoxicity remains unclear. Our previous in vitro studies have shown that the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) regulates neuronal apoptosis upon ethanol exposure and ethanol activates PKR through association with its intracellular activator RAX. However, the role of PKR and its interaction with RAX in vivo have not been investigated. In the current study, by utilizing N-PKR-/- mice, C57BL/6J mice with a deficient RAX-binding domain in PKR, we determined the critical role of RAX/PKR association in PKR-regulated ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing cerebellum. Our data indicate that while N-PKR-/- mice have a similar BAC profile as wild-type mice, ethanol induces less brain/body mass reduction as well as cerebellar neuronal loss. In addition, ethanol promotes interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion, and IL-1β is a master cytokine regulating inflammatory response. Importantly, ethanol-promoted IL-1β secretion is inhibited in the developing cerebellum of N-PKR-/- mice. Thus, RAX/PKR interaction and PKR activation regulate ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing cerebellum, which may involve ethanol-induced neuroinflammation. Further, PKR could be a possible target for pharmacological intervention to prevent or treat fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, MN306, UKMC, 800 Rose street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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21
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Kuttippurathu L, Patra B, Hoek JB, Vadigepalli R. A novel comparative pattern count analysis reveals a chronic ethanol-induced dynamic shift in immediate early NF-κB genome-wide promoter binding during liver regeneration. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1037-56. [PMID: 26847025 PMCID: PMC4891188 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00740b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is a clinically important process that is impaired by adaptation to chronic alcohol intake. We focused on the initial time points following partial hepatectomy (PHx) to analyze the genome-wide binding activity of NF-κB, a key immediate early regulator. We investigated the effect of chronic alcohol intake on immediate early NF-κB genome-wide localization, in the adapted state as well as in response to partial hepatectomy, using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by promoter microarray analysis. We found many ethanol-specific NF-κB binding target promoters in the ethanol-adapted state, corresponding to the regulation of biosynthetic processes, oxidation-reduction and apoptosis. Partial hepatectomy induced a diet-independent shift in NF-κB binding loci relative to the transcription start sites. We employed a novel pattern count analysis to exhaustively enumerate and compare the number of promoters corresponding to the temporal binding patterns in ethanol and pair-fed control groups. The highest pattern count corresponded to promoters with NF-κB binding exclusively in the ethanol group at 1 h post PHx. This set was associated with the regulation of cell death, response to oxidative stress, histone modification, mitochondrial function, and metabolic processes. Integration with the global gene expression profiles to identify putative transcriptional consequences of NF-κB binding patterns revealed that several of ethanol-specific 1 h binding targets showed ethanol-specific differential expression through 6 h post PHx. Motif analysis yielded co-incident binding loci for STAT3, AP-1, CREB, C/EBP-β, PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α, likely participating in co-regulatory modules with NF-κB in shaping the immediate early response to PHx. We conclude that adaptation to chronic ethanol intake disrupts the NF-κB promoter binding landscape with consequences for the immediate early gene regulatory response to the acute challenge of PHx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kuttippurathu
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Biswanath Patra
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Jan B Hoek
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. and Mitocare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. and Mitocare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Stice CP, Hussain S, Liu C, Ausman LM, Wang XD, Greenberg AS. Deletion of tumor progression locus 2 attenuates alcohol-induced hepatic inflammation. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2016; 5:29-37. [PMID: 26904554 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) involves the interaction of several inflammatory signaling pathways. Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2), also known as Cancer Osaka Thyroid (COT) and MAP3K8, is a serine-threonine kinase that functions as a critical regulator of inflammatory pathways by up-regulating production of inflammatory cytokines. The present study aims to fill the gap in knowledge regarding the involvement of TPL2 in the mechanism of alcohol-induced hepatic inflammation. METHODS Male TPL2(-/-) knockout (TPL2KO) mice and TPL2(+/+) wild-type (WT) mice were group pair-fed with Lieber-DeCarli liquid ethanol diet (EtOH diet, 27% energy from EtOH) or control diet (ctrl diet) for 4 weeks. Both histological and molecular biomarkers involved in the induction of hepatic inflammation by alcohol consumption were examined. RESULTS Consumption of the EtOH diet in WT mice lead to a significant induction of TPL2 mRNA expression as compared with WT mice fed ctrl diet. A significant induction in inflammatory foci and steatosis was also observed in WT mice fed EtOH diet. The deletion of TPL2 significantly reduced inflammatory foci in the liver of mice consuming both ctrl and EtOH diets as compared to their respective WT controls. This reduction was associated with suppression of hepatic inflammatory gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and macrophage marker F4/80. In addition, histological analysis of livers revealed that TPL2 deletion resulted in reduced steatosis in both ctrl (significant) and EtOH (non-significant) diet-fed mice as compared to their respective WT controls. CONCLUSIONS The demonstration that TPL2 deletion attenuates alcohol-induced hepatic inflammation provides evidence of a novel role for TPL2 in the pathogenesis of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla P Stice
- 1 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, 2 Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sajid Hussain
- 1 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, 2 Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chun Liu
- 1 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, 2 Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynne M Ausman
- 1 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, 2 Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- 1 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, 2 Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S Greenberg
- 1 Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, 2 Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Grønbæk L, Vilstrup H, Deleuran B, Wiest R, Krag A, Jepsen P. Alcoholic Cirrhosis Increases Risk for Autoimmune Diseases: A Nationwide Registry-Based Cohort Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:2017-22. [PMID: 26044312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic cirrhosis is associated with hyperactivation and dysregulation of the immune system. In addition to its ability to increase risk for infections, it also may increase the risk for autoimmune diseases. We studied the incidence of autoimmune diseases among patients with alcoholic cirrhosis vs controls in Denmark. METHODS We collected data from nationwide health care registries to identify and follow up all citizens of Denmark diagnosed with alcoholic cirrhosis from 1977 through 2010. Each patient was matched with 5 random individuals from the population (controls) of the same sex and age. The incidence rates of various autoimmune diseases were compared between patients with cirrhosis and controls and adjusted for the number of hospitalizations in the previous year (a marker for the frequency of clinical examination). RESULTS Of the 24,679 patients diagnosed with alcoholic cirrhosis, 532 developed an autoimmune disease, yielding an overall increased adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) of 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.50). The strongest associations were with Addison's disease (aIRR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.04-5.85), inflammatory bowel disease (aIRR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.26-1.92), celiac disease (aIRR, 5.12; 95% CI, 2.58-10.16), pernicious anemia (aIRR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.50-3.68), and psoriasis (aIRR, 4.06; 95% CI, 3.32-4.97). There was no increase in the incidence rate for rheumatoid arthritis (aIRR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.69-1.15); the incidence rate for polymyalgia rheumatica decreased in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis compared with controls (aIRR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.33-0.67). CONCLUSIONS Based on a nationwide cohort study of patients in Denmark, alcoholic cirrhosis is a risk factor for several autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Jepsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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24
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Nilakantan H, Kuttippurathu L, Parrish A, Hoek JB, Vadigepalli R. In Vivo Zonal Variation and Liver Cell-Type Specific NF-κB Localization after Chronic Adaptation to Ethanol and following Partial Hepatectomy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140236. [PMID: 26452159 PMCID: PMC4599916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a major inflammatory response mediator in the liver, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. We investigated zonal as well as liver cell type-specific distribution of NF-κB activation across the liver acinus following adaptation to chronic ethanol intake and 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). We employed immunofluorescence staining, digital image analysis and statistical distributional analysis to quantify subcellular localization of NF-κB in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We detected significant spatial heterogeneity of NF-κB expression and cellular localization between cytoplasm and nucleus across liver tissue. Our main aims involved investigating the zonal bias in NF-κB localization and determining to what extent chronic ethanol intake affects this zonal bias with in hepatocytes at baseline and post-PHx. Hepatocytes in the periportal area showed higher NF-κB expression than in the pericentral region in the carbohydrate-fed controls, but not in the ethanol group. However, the distribution of NF-κB nuclear localization in hepatocytes was shifted towards higher levels in pericentral region than in periportal area, across all treatment conditions. Chronic ethanol intake shifted the NF-κB distribution towards higher nuclear fraction in hepatocytes as compared to the pair-fed control group. Ethanol also stimulated higher NF-κB expression in a subpopulation of HSCs. In the control group, PHx elicited a shift towards higher NF-κB nuclear fraction in hepatocytes. However, this distribution remained unchanged in the ethanol group post-PHx. HSCs showed a lower NF-κB expression following PHx in both ethanol and control groups. We conclude that adaptation to chronic ethanol intake attenuates the liver zonal variation in NF-κB expression and limits the PHx-induced NF-κB activation in hepatocytes, but does not alter the NF-κB expression changes in HSCs in response to PHx. Our findings provide new insights as to how ethanol treatment may affect cell-type specific processes regulated by NF-κB activation in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Nilakantan
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Kuttippurathu
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Austin Parrish
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jan B. Hoek
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Gano A, Paniccia JE, Deak T. Male adolescent rats display blunted cytokine responses in the CNS after acute ethanol or lipopolysaccharide exposure. Physiol Behav 2015; 148:131-44. [PMID: 25708278 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol induces widespread changes in cytokine expression, with recent data from our laboratory having demonstrated that, during acute ethanol intoxication, adult rats exhibit consistent increases in interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression in several brain regions, while showing reductions in IL-1 and TNFα expression. Given evidence indicating that adolescence may be an ontogenetic period in which some neuroimmune processes and cells may not yet have fully matured, the purpose of the current experiments was to examine potential age differences in the central cytokine response of adolescent (P31-33days of age) and adult (69-71days of age) rats to either an acute immune (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) or non-immune challenge (ethanol). In Experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either sterile saline, LPS (250μg/kg), or ethanol (4-g/kg), and then trunk blood and brain tissue were collected 3h later for measurement of blood ethanol concentrations (BECs), plasma endotoxin, and central mRNA expression of several immune-related gene targets. In Experiment 2, the response to intragastrically (i.g.) administered ethanol was examined and compared to animals given tap water (i.g.). Results showed that LPS stimulated robust increases in expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, and IκBα in the hippocampus, PVN, and amygdala, and that these increases were generally less pronounced in adolescents relative to adults. Following an i.p. ethanol challenge, IL-6 and IκBα expression was significantly increased in both ages in the PVN and amygdala, and adults exhibited even greater increases in IκBα than adolescents. I.g. administration of ethanol also increased IL-6 and IκBα expression in all three brain regions, with hippocampal IL-6 elevated even more so in adults compared to adolescents. Furthermore, assessment of plasma endotoxin concentrations revealed (i) whereas robust increases in plasma endotoxin were observed in adults injected with LPS, no corresponding elevations were seen in adolescents after LPS; and (ii) neither adolescents nor adults demonstrated increases in plasma endotoxin concentrations following i.p. or i.g. ethanol administration. Analysis of BECs indicated that, for both routes of exposure, adolescents exhibited lower BECs than adults. Taken together, these data suggest that categorically different mechanisms are involved in the central cytokine response to antigen exposure versus ethanol administration. Furthermore, these findings confirm once again that acute ethanol intoxication is a potent activator of brain cytokines, and calls for future studies to identify the mechanisms underlying age-related differences in the cytokine response observed during ethanol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Doremus-Fitzwater
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
| | - Anny Gano
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Jacqueline E Paniccia
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
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26
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Costa MLV, Lima-Júnior RCP, Aragão KS, Medeiros RP, Marques-Neto RD, de Sá Grassi L, Leite LL, Nunes LG, de Mesquita Neto JWB, de Castro Brito GA, de Souza MHLP, de Almeida PRC, Ribeiro RA. Chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis induced by irinotecan: a novel animal model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:711-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Xiao J, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Tipoe GL, Xing F, So KF. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates alcoholic cellular injury through TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:73-8. [PMID: 24858535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine to nourish liver, kidneys and the eyes. However, the underlying mechanisms of its hepatic-protective properties remain uncertain. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome mediated the attenuation of ethanol-induced hepatic injury by Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP). Rat normal hepatocyte line BRL-3A was pre-treated with LBP prior to ethanol incubation. Hepatic damages, including apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, were measured. Then the inhibition of endogenous TXNIP expression was achieved by using its specific siRNA to test its possible involvement in the injury attenuation. We found that 50μg/ml LBP pre-treatment significantly alleviated 24-h ethanol exposure-induced overexpression of TXNIP, increased cellular apoptosis, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, production of ROS, and reduced antioxidant enzyme expression. Silence of TXNIP suppressed the activated NLRP3 inflammasome, increased oxidative stress and worsened apoptosis in the cells. Further addition of LBP did not influence the effects of TXNIP inhibition on the cells. In conclusion, inhibition of hepatic TXNIP by LBP contributes to the reduction of cellular apoptosis, oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xiao
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yinghui Zhu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - George L Tipoe
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- GMH Institute of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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The effect of inflammatory cytokines in alcoholic liver disease. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:495156. [PMID: 24385684 PMCID: PMC3872233 DOI: 10.1155/2013/495156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is the most common cause of liver disease in the world. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to hepatocellular injury and liver inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ, induce liver injury in the rat model of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Hepatoprotective cytokines, such as IL-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, are also associated with ALD. IL-6 improves ALD via activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the subsequent induction of a variety of hepatoprotective genes in hepatocytes. IL-10 inhibits alcoholic liver inflammation via activation of STAT3 in Kupffer cells and the subsequent inhibition of liver inflammation. Alcohol consumption promotes liver inflammation by increasing translocation of gut-derived endotoxins to the portal circulation and activating Kupffer cells through the LPS/Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathways. Oxidative stress and microflora products are also associated with ALD. Interactions between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and other cytokines and chemokines are likely to play important roles in the development of ALD. The present study aims to conduct a systemic review of ALD from the aspect of inflammation.
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Whitman BA, Knapp DJ, Werner DF, Crews FT, Breese GR. The cytokine mRNA increase induced by withdrawal from chronic ethanol in the sterile environment of brain is mediated by CRF and HMGB1 release. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:2086-97. [PMID: 23895427 PMCID: PMC3815509 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many neurobiological factors may initiate and sustain alcoholism. Recently, dysregulation of the neuroimmune system by chronic ethanol (CE) has implicated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation. Even though TLR4s are linked to CE initiation of brain cytokine mRNAs, the means by which CE influences neuroimmune signaling in brain in the absence of infection remains uncertain. Therefore, the hypothesis is tested that release of an endogenous TLR4 agonist, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and/or corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) during CE withdrawal are responsible for CE protocols increasing cytokine mRNAs. METHODS Acute ethanol (EtOH; 2.75 g/kg) and acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 250 μg/kg) dosing on cytokine mRNAs are first compared. Then, the effects of chronic LPS exposure (250 μg/kg for 10 days) on cytokine mRNAs are compared with changes induced by CE protocols (15 days of continuous 7% EtOH diet [CE protocol] or 3 intermittent 5-day cycles of 7% EtOH diet [CIE protocol]). Additionally, TLR4, HMGB1, and downstream effector mRNAs are assessed after CE, CIE, and chronic LPS. To test whether HMGB1 and/or CRF support the CE withdrawal increase in cytokine mRNAs, the HMGB1 antagonists, glycyrrhizin and ethyl pyruvate, and a CRF1 receptor antagonist (CRF1RA) are administered during 24 hours of CE withdrawal. RESULTS While cytokine mRNAs were not increased following acute EtOH, acute LPS increased all cytokine mRNAs 4 hours after injection. CE produced no change in cytokine mRNAs prior to CE removal; however, the CE and CIE protocols increased cytokine mRNAs by 24 hours after withdrawal. In contrast, chronic LPS produced no cytokine mRNA changes 24 hours after LPS dosing. TLR4 mRNA was elevated 24 hours following both CE protocols and chronic LPS exposure. While chronic LPS had no effect on HMGB1 mRNA, withdrawal from CE protocols significantly elevated HMGB1 mRNA. Systemic administration of HMGB1 antagonists or a CRF1RA significantly reduced the cytokine mRNA increase following CE withdrawal. The CRF1RA and the HMGB1 antagonist, ethyl pyruvate, also reduced the HMGB1 mRNA increase that followed CE withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS By blocking HMGB1 or CRF action during CE withdrawal, evidence is provided that HMGB1 and CRF release are critical for the CE withdrawal induction of selected brain cytokine mRNAs. Consequently, these results clarify a means by which withdrawal from CE exposure activates neuroimmune function in the sterile milieu of brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddy A Whitman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Curriculum in Neurobiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Abstract
Because of its unique function and anatomical location, the liver is exposed to a multitude of toxins and xenobiotics, including medications and alcohol, as well as to infection by hepatotropic viruses, and therefore, is highly susceptible to tissue injury. Cell death in the liver occurs mainly by apoptosis or necrosis, with apoptosis also being the physiologic route to eliminate damaged or infected cells and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Liver cells, especially hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, are particularly susceptible to death receptor-mediated apoptosis, given the ubiquitous expression of the death receptors in the organ. In a quite unique way, death receptor-induced apoptosis in these cells is mediated by both mitochondrial and lysosomal permeabilization. Signaling between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria promotes hepatocyte apoptosis in response to excessive free fatty acid generation during the metabolic syndrome. These cell death pathways are partially regulated by microRNAs. Necrosis in the liver is generally associated with acute injury (i.e., ischemia/reperfusion injury) and has been long considered an unregulated process. Recently, a new form of "programmed" necrosis (named necroptosis) has been described: the role of necroptosis in the liver has yet to be explored. However, the minimal expression of a key player in this process in the liver suggests this form of cell death may be uncommon in liver diseases. Because apoptosis is a key feature of so many diseases of the liver, therapeutic modulation of liver cell death holds promise. An updated overview of these concepts is given in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Orman ES, Odena G, Bataller R. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis, management, and novel targets for therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1:77-84. [PMID: 23855300 PMCID: PMC4405238 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, with much of its negative impact as the result of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). ALD is a broad term that encompasses a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanisms underlying the development of these different disease stages are incompletely understood. Standard treatment of ALD, which includes abstinence, nutritional support, and corticosteroids, has not changed in the last 40 years despite continued poor outcomes. Novel therapies are therefore urgently needed. The development of such therapies has been hindered by inadequate resources for research and unsuitable animal models. However, recent developments in translational research have allowed for identification of new potential targets for therapy. These targets include: (i) CXC chemokines, (ii) IL-22/STAT3, (iii) TNF receptor superfamily, (iv) osteopontin, (v) gut microbiota and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), (vi) endocannabinoids, and (vii) inflammasomes. We review the natural history, risk factors, pathogenesis, and current treatments for ALD. We further discuss the findings of recent translational studies and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Orman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Seo YS, Shah VH. The role of gut-liver axis in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Clin Mol Hepatol 2012; 18:337-46. [PMID: 23323248 PMCID: PMC3540369 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2012.18.4.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the anatomical position and its unique vascular system, the liver is susceptible to the exposure to the microbial products from the gut. Although large amount of microbes colonize in the gut, translocation of the microbes or microbial products into the liver and systemic circulation is prevented by gut epithelial barrier function and cleansing and detoxifying functions of the liver in healthy subjects. However, when the intestinal barrier function is disrupted, large amount of bacterial products can enter into the liver and systemic circulation and induce inflammation through their receptors. Nowadays, there have been various reports suggesting the role of gut flora and bacterial translocation in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and portal hypertension. This review summarizes the current knowledge about bacterial translocation and its contribution to the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases and portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Seok Seo
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Inflammation is a common element in the pathogenesis of most chronic liver diseases that lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Inflammation is characterized by activation of innate immune cells and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNFα. Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes expressed in both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of the liver that in response to cellular danger signals activate caspase-1, and release IL-1β and IL-18. The importance of inflammasome activation in various forms of liver diseases in relation to liver damage, steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
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Chronic ethanol consumption increases the levels of chemerin in the serum and adipose tissue of humans and rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:652-9. [PMID: 22447224 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Chemerin is a new adipokine involved in adipogenesis and insulin resistance. Since ethanol affects the insulin sensitivity that is closely associated with adipokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol on chemerin in humans and rats. METHODS In the human study, 148 men who consumed alcohol for more than 3 years and 55 men who abstained from alcohol were included. Based on ethanol consumption per day, the drinkers were classified into 3 groups: low-dose (<15 g/d), middle-dose (15-47.9 g/d) and high-dose (≥48 g/d). Anthropometric measurements and serum parameters were collected. In the rat study, 27 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups administered water or ethanol (0.5, 2.5, or 5 g·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 22 weeks. The chemerin levels in the sera, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver were measured using ELISA. RESULTS In the high-dose group of humans and middle- and high-dose groups of rats, chronic ethanol consumption significantly increased the serum chemerin level. Both the middle- and high-dose ethanol significantly increased the chemerin level in the VAT of rats. In humans, triglyceride, fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were independently associated with chemerin. In rats, the serum chemerin level was positively correlated with chemerin in the VAT after adjustments for the liver chemerin (r=+0.768). High-dose ethanol significantly increased the body fat in humans and the VAT in rats. CONCLUSION Chronic ethanol consumption dose-dependently increases the chemerin levels in the serum and VAT. The serum chemerin level is associated with metabolic parameters in humans. The increased serum chemerin level is mainly attributed to an elevation of chemerin in the VAT after the ethanol treatment.
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Trebicka J, Racz I, Siegmund SV, Cara E, Granzow M, Schierwagen R, Klein S, Wojtalla A, Hennenberg M, Huss S, Fischer HP, Heller J, Zimmer A, Sauerbruch T. Role of cannabinoid receptors in alcoholic hepatic injury: steatosis and fibrogenesis are increased in CB2 receptor-deficient mice and decreased in CB1 receptor knockouts. Liver Int 2011; 31:860-70. [PMID: 21645218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol is a common cause of hepatic liver injury with steatosis and fibrosis. Cannabinoid receptors (CB) modulate steatosis, inflammation and fibrogenesis. To investigate the differences between CB(1) and CB(2) in the hepatic response to chronic alcohol intake, we examined CB knockout mice (CB(1)(-/-), CB(2)(-/-)). METHODS Eight- to 10-week-old CB(1)(-/-), CB(2)(-/-) and wild-type mice received 16% ethanol for 35 weeks. Animals receiving water served as controls. We analysed triglyceride and hydroxyproline contents in liver homogenates. mRNA levels of CBs, pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-1β] and profibrotic factors [α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), procollagen-Ia, platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβ-R)] were analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Histology (hemalaun and eosin, oil-red O, CD3, CD45R, CD45, F4/80, Sirius red) characterized hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Activation of lipogenic pathways, activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) were assessed by western blot [fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), α-SMA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cathepsin D]. RESULTS Hepatic mRNA levels of the respective CBs were increased in wild-type animals and in CB(1)(-/-) mice after ethanol intake. Ethanol intake in CB(2)(-/-) mice induced much higher steatosis (SREBP-1c mediated) and inflammation (B-cell predominant infiltrates) compared with wild-type animals and CB(1)(-/-) mice. HSC activation and collagen production were increased in all groups after forced ethanol intake, being most pronounced in CB(2)(-/-) mice and least pronounced in CB(1)(-/-) mice. DISCUSSION The fact that CB(2) receptor knockout mice exhibited the most pronounced liver damage after ethanol challenge indicates a protective role of CB(2) receptor expression in chronic ethanol intake. By contrast, in CB(1) knockouts, the effect of ethanol was attenuated, suggesting aggravation of fibrogenesis and SREBP-1c-mediated steatosis via CB(1) receptor expression after ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Ishihara Y, Ito F, Shimamoto N. Increased expression of c-Fos by extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation under sustained oxidative stress elicits BimEL upregulation and hepatocyte apoptosis. FEBS J 2011; 278:1873-81. [PMID: 21439021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the inhibition of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by treatment with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATZ) and mercaptosuccinic acid evoked sustained increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in rat primary hepatocytes. Apoptosis was accompanied by increased expression of BimEL, following activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism underlying hepatocyte apoptosis by identifying the transcription factor that induces BimEL expression. The bim promoter region was cloned into a promoterless-luc vector, and promoter activity was monitored by a luciferase assay. The luciferase activity increased in the presence of ATZ + mercaptosuccinic acid. Pretreatment with a MEK inhibitor, U0126, or an antioxidant, vitamin C, suppressed the promoter activity. Furthermore, ATZ + mercaptosuccinic acid-induced luciferase activity was attenuated by mutation of the activator protein-1 binding site in the bim promoter region. The amounts of total and phosphorylated c-Fos increased over time in the presence of ATZ + mercaptosuccinic acid, whereas the amounts of total and phosphorylated c-Jun remained unchanged. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that both c-Fos and c-Jun localized to the activator protein-1-binding site in the bim promoter region. BimEL expression and hepatocyte apoptosis were suppressed by knockdown of c-Fos and c-Jun, respectively. These results indicate that increases in c-Fos following extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation are critical for BimEL upregulation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan
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Zahr NM, Luong R, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Measurement of serum, liver, and brain cytokine induction, thiamine levels, and hepatopathology in rats exposed to a 4-day alcohol binge protocol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 34:1858-70. [PMID: 20662804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rodent and human studies, ethanol (EtOH) exposure is associated with elevated brain levels of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) signal representing choline-containing compounds (Cho). One interpretation of elevated brain Cho is that it is a marker of neuroinflammation, and some evidence suggests that EtOH exposure promotes neuroinflammation. This study aimed to determine whether binge EtOH exposure (intragastric 3 g/kg 25% EtOH every 8 hours for 4 days) would induce the expression of certain cytokines in blood, liver, or brain, thereby supporting the neuroinflammation hypothesis of elevated Cho. METHODS Ten of 18 wild-type male Wistar rats (~322 g at baseline) were exposed to EtOH and attained average blood alcohol levels of ~315 mg/dl across 4 days. Blood for cytokine immunoassays was collected at baseline, after 5 doses of EtOH (binge), and immediately preceding euthanasia either 4 or 24 hours after the last dose of EtOH. Blood was additionally assayed for the levels of thiamine and liver enzymes; liver histopathology was performed postmortem; and tissue from liver and 6 brain regions was assayed for the potential induction of 7 cytokines. RESULTS There were no group effects on the levels of thiamine or its phosphate derivatives, thiamine monophosphate or thiamine diphosphate. ANOVAs of liver enzyme levels indicated that only alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were higher in the EtOH group than in control group at binge; ALP elevations, however, are difficult to explain in the absence of changes in the levels of additional liver enzymes. Postmortem liver pathology provided evidence for minimal microvesicular lipidosis and portocentric fibrosis in the EtOH group. Group effects on the levels of the measured cytokines in the blood (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and GRO/CXCL1) were not significant. Similarly, postmortem evaluation of liver cytokines did not reveal group effects. Postmortem evaluation of the 7 cytokines in 6 brain regions (anterior cerebellar vermis, cingulate cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum) also failed to identify group effects. CONCLUSIONS A single 4-day bout of binge EtOH exposure alone was insufficient to induce the expression of 7 cytokines in blood, liver, or 6 brain regions of wild-type Wistar rats. Alternative interpretations for elevations in brain Cho in response to a 4-day binge EtOH treatment are therefore necessary and may include induction of cytokines not measured herein or other noninflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Ishihara Y, Takeuchi K, Ito F, Shimamoto N. Dual regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis by reactive oxygen species: Increases in transcriptional expression and decreases in proteasomal degradation of BimEL. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1007-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Role of TLR4 in ethanol effects on innate and adaptive immune responses in peritoneal macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:716-27. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Association of IL-1B genetic polymorphisms with an increased risk of opioid and alcohol dependence. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2010; 19:869-76. [PMID: 19801958 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328331e68f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between genetic variability of IL-1B, which encodes for the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta and the risk of developing opioid dependence. To confirm a previous study, we also examined the association between the IL-1B genetic polymorphism and alcohol dependence. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from 60 opioid-dependent, 99 alcohol-dependent patients and 60 healthy nondependent controls. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to determine the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions -511, -31 and 3954 of IL-1B. RESULTS IL-1B -511C and -31T alleles were more frequent in both the opioid-dependent and alcohol-dependent patients compared with the control group: odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval) P values corrected for false discovery rate=1.91 (1.14-3.20), P=0.043 and 1.89 (1.19-2.99), P=0.014, respectively, for IL-1B -511C>T; and OR=1.74 (1.02-2.97), P=0.066 and 1.80 (1.13-2.88), P=0.017, respectively, for IL-1B -31T>C. In contrast, no association was observed between opioid dependence and the IL-1B 3954C>T single nucleotide polymorphism [OR=1.60 (0.84-3.02), P=0.15]. CONCLUSION This study confirms the previous finding that IL-1B polymorphism is associated with altered risk of alcohol dependence. IL-1B single nucleotide polymorphisms at position -511 and -31, which increase IL-1beta production, occur at a higher frequency in opioid-dependent populations and may be associated, albeit weakly, with an increased risk of opioid dependence.
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Valles SL, Dolz-Gaiton P, Gambini J, Borras C, LLoret A, Pallardo FV, Viña J. Estradiol or genistein prevent Alzheimer's disease-associated inflammation correlating with an increase PPARγ expression in cultured astrocytes. Brain Res 2010; 1312:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hidaka H, Hotokezaka M, Nakashima S, Uchiyama S, Maehara N, Chijiiwa K. Sex difference in survival of patients treated by surgical resection for esophageal cancer. World J Surg 2007; 31:1982-7. [PMID: 17676426 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-007-9193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for most of the esophageal cancers in Japan and is often related to excessive smoking and drinking. Although esophageal cancer occurs far more frequently in men than in women, it is not certain whether there are sex-specific differences in morbidity and mortality after surgical resection of the esophagus. We conducted a study to determine the influence of sex on the short- and long-term results of surgical resection in patients with esophageal cancer. METHODS There were 295 patients with a newly diagnosed primary malignant neoplasm of the esophagus treated at our University hospital between January 1978 and December 2005. There were 185 patients (166 men, 19 women; age range 39-86 years) who underwent surgical resection for primary esophageal malignant neoplasms. Survival rates were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and tested with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess independent predictors of survival. RESULTS The cumulative amount of alcohol consumed and number of cigarettes smoked were significantly higher in men than in women. Postoperative complications occurred in 101 men (60.8%) and 9 women (47.4%), but significant sex differences in postoperative morbidity and mortality were not observed. Overall survival was significantly better for women than for men. CONCLUSION Postoperative morbidity and mortality do not appear to differ between men and women with esophageal cancer treated by surgical resection. Long-term survival after surgical resection of the esophagus appears to be significantly better for women than for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hidaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Regulation of Organ Function, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
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D'Souza El-Guindy NB, de Villiers WJ, Doherty DE. Acute alcohol intake impairs lung inflammation by changing pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator balance. Alcohol 2007; 41:335-45. [PMID: 17889310 PMCID: PMC2075099 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) intoxication impairs lung immunity by affecting cytokines pivotal to the inflammatory process. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that acute alcohol intoxication impairs lung innate immunity by downregulating the expression of proinflammatory mediators while simultaneously upregulating anti-inflammatory mediators. EtOH was administered to the mice 0.5h prior to an intratracheal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The animals were killed either 4 or 24h after LPS to recover plasma, lungs, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Lung inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), IL-10, TGF-beta, and receptors for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TGF-beta as well as glycoprotein (gp)130 and corticosterone (CS) levels were evaluated at mRNA and protein level. While the mRNA expression and the soluble TNF-Rp55 levels were significantly upregulated by EtOH, LPS-induced TNF-alpha activity, TNF-Rp55 mRNA expression, and soluble TNF-Rp55 levels were significantly suppressed. The LPS-induced expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, MIF, gp130, and receptors IL-1RI, IL-1RII, and IL-6Ralpha were also significantly impaired by EtOH. EtOH increased significantly the basal IL-10 activity at 3h, which continued to remain elevated even at 24h. The EtOH effect on IL-10 activity persisted even in LPS-challenged mice. EtOH and LPS augmented lung CS levels independently of each other. EtOH suppressed upregulation of TGF-beta1 mRNA expression by LPS and blocked completely LPS-induced TGF-beta1 secretion. In conclusion, the data suggest that the suppression of acute lung inflammation by EtOH intoxication is largely due to impairment by EtOH of proinflammatory cytokine signaling at the levels of cytokine expression and secretion as well as receptor expression and soluble receptor activity. The augmentation by EtOH of anti-inflammatory mediators' secretion most likely shifts the cytokine balance in the anti-inflammatory direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nympha B D'Souza El-Guindy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, A.B. Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Stefanovic L, Stefanovic B. Mechanism of direct hepatotoxic effect of KC chemokine: sequential activation of gene expression and progression from inflammation to necrosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:760-70. [PMID: 17032170 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to show that an important, yet unrecognized, role of KC chemokine in the liver is regulation of gene expression. KC expression in the liver stimulated three classes of genes in this temporal order: immediate-early genes, proinflammatory genes, and profibrotic genes. Transcription factors E2F5 and early growth response 1 (EGR1), Ca(2+) signaling molecules S100A8 and S100A9, and two oxidative stress-induced genes were identified as immediate-early genes of KC. Expression of these genes was stimulated at 3-5-fold increased KC concentrations. Expression of proinflammatory genes was activated 6 h after the immediateearly genes, and they included interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and IL-1beta. KC receptor gene CXCR2 was also upregulated, suggesting that KC may act through a positive feedback loop. Stimulation of expression of profibrotic genes, including type I collagen, was seen only after the proinflammatory genes were highly expressed for 12 h. KC is a potent regulator of gene expression that proceeds in a sequential manner. Immediate-early genes of KC stimulation were identified. The positive feedback regulation and an increased oxidative stress induced by KC may explain the poor prognosis in liver patients with elevated levels of CXC chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
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Crabbe JC, Phillips TJ, Harris RA, Arends MA, Koob GF. Alcohol-related genes: contributions from studies with genetically engineered mice. Addict Biol 2006; 11:195-269. [PMID: 16961758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since 1996, nearly 100 genes have been studied for their effects related to ethanol in mice using genetic modifications including gene deletion, gene overexpression, gene knock-in, and occasionally by studying existing mutants. Nearly all such studies have concentrated on genes expressed in brain, and the targeted genes range widely in their function, including most of the principal neurotransmitter systems, several neurohormones, and a number of signaling molecules. We review 141 published reports of effects (or lack thereof) of 93 genes on responses to ethanol. While most studies have focused on ethanol self-administration and reward, and/or sedative effects, other responses studied include locomotor stimulation, anxiolytic effects, and neuroadaptation (tolerance, sensitization, withdrawal). About 1/4 of the engineered mutations increase self-administration, 1/3 decrease it, and about 40% have no significant effect. In many cases, the effects on self-administration are rather modest and/or depend on the specific experimental procedures. In some cases, genes in the background strains on which the mutant is placed are important for results. Not surprisingly, review of the systems affected further supports roles for serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, opioids and dopamine, all of which have long been foci of alcohol research. Novel modulatory effects of protein kinase C and G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels are also suggested. Some newer research with cannabinoid systems is promising, and has led to ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
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Frost RA, Nystrom G, Burrows PV, Lang CH. Temporal differences in the ability of ethanol to modulate endotoxin-induced increases in inflammatory cytokines in muscle under in vivo conditions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 29:1247-56. [PMID: 16046881 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000171935.06914.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute alcohol (EtOH) intoxication may both antagonize and potentiate the ability of monocytes/macrophages to respond to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]). The suppressive effects of EtOH predominate when the duration between EtOH and LPS administration is relatively short, whereas sensitization is observed under conditions when there is a relatively longer delay between EtOH and LPS exposure. Striated muscle is now recognized to possess components of both the afferent and efferent limbs of the innate immune system. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the interval between EtOH and LPS administration differentially affects the mRNA content for selected elements of the innate immune response in skeletal and cardiac muscle and to compare such changes with those occurring in liver and spleen. METHODS The content of mRNA for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and high-mobility group box (HMGB)-1, as well as toll-like receptors (TLRs)-2 and -4, were measured in gastrocnemius, heart, liver and spleen from rats orally gavaged with EtOH and then injected with LPS either two or 24 hr thereafter. RESULTS EtOH intoxication two hr before LPS acutely suppressed the increased IL-6 mRNA in all tissues and antagonized the increase in plasma and tissue IL-6 protein concentration. Similarly, EtOH blunted the LPS-induced increase in tissue mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. In contrast, when LPS was given 24 hr after EtOH, the increased IL-6 in striated muscle, but not in liver or spleen, was selectively potentiated. An enhanced LPS responsiveness was also observed for the late-phase cytokine HMGB1 in all tissues; however, the increased tissue expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta induced by LPS was not augmented. TLR4 mRNA was decreased in both heart and spleen (but unaltered in skeletal muscle and liver) of rats injected with LPS, and this change was prevented by pretreatment with EtOH. In contrast, EtOH alone increased TLR-2 mRNA content of heart, liver, and spleen but not muscle. LPS also markedly increased TLR2 mRNA in the same three tissues under control conditions, but this increase was attenuated by EtOH administered either two or 24 hr before LPS. CONCLUSIONS Under in vivo conditions, the interval between EtOH exposure and LPS differentially affected the synthesis of various cytokines. In this regard, EtOH administered within two hr of LPS generally suppressed IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha mRNAs in muscle, heart, liver, and spleen. Delaying the exposure of animals to LPS for 24 hr after EtOH, however, accentuated the increase in IL-6 and HMGB1, and for IL-6, this increased sensitivity appeared localized to striated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Frost
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Blanco AM, Vallés SL, Pascual M, Guerri C. Involvement of TLR4/type I IL-1 receptor signaling in the induction of inflammatory mediators and cell death induced by ethanol in cultured astrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:6893-9. [PMID: 16272348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated astroglial cells are implicated in neuropathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory diseases of the brain. A number of inflammatory mediators and cytokines have been proposed to play a key role in glial cell-related brain damage. Cytokine production seems to be initiated by signaling through TLR4/type I IL-1R (IL-1RI) in response to their ligands, LPS and IL-1beta, playing vital roles in innate host defense against infections, inflammation, injury, and stress. We have shown that glial cells are stimulated by ethanol, up-regulating cytokines and inflammatory mediators associated with TLR4 and IL-1RI signaling pathways in brain, suggesting that ethanol may contribute to brain damage via inflammation. We explore the possibility that ethanol, in the absence of LPS or IL-1beta, triggers signaling pathways and inflammatory mediators through TLR4 and/or IL-1RI activation in astrocytes. We show in this study that ethanol, at physiologically relevant concentrations, is capable of inducing rapid phosphorylation within 10 min of IL-1R-associated kinase, ERK1/2, stress-activated protein kinase/JNK, and p38 MAPK in astrocytes. Then an activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 occurs after 30 min of ethanol treatment along with an up-regulation of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Finally, we note an increase in cell death after 3 h of treatment. Furthermore, by using either anti-TLR4- or anti-IL-1RI-neutralizing Abs, before and during ethanol treatment, we inhibit ethanol-induced signaling events, including NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation, inducible NO synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 up-regulation and astrocyte death. In summary, these findings indicate that both TLR4 and IL-1RI activation occur upon ethanol treatment, and suggest that signaling through these receptors mediates ethanol-induced inflammatory events in astrocytes and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Blanco
- Unidad de Patología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Hsiang CY, Wu SL, Cheng SE, Ho TY. Acetaldehyde-induced interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production is inhibited by berberine through nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:791-801. [PMID: 16132116 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-9003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the most common liver diseases in the world. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), have been correlated with the patients affected by ALD. However, the direct effect of alcohol in the induction of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha has not been clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that acetaldehyde, the metabolic product of ethanol, was able to induce IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production in HepG2 cells. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), the transcription factor involved in the regulation of cytokine production, was also activated by acetaldehyde through inhibitory kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) phosphorylation and degradation. However, the NF-kappaB inhibitors, such as aspirin, cyclosporin A and dexamethasone, inhibited both the acetaldehyde-induced NF-kappaB activity and the induced cytokine production. Therefore, these data suggested that acetaldehyde stimulated IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production via the regulation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway. By screening 297 controlled Chinese medicinal herbs supervised by Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy at Taiwan, we found that Coptis chinensis (Huang-Lien) and Phellodendron amurense (Huang-Po) were capable of inhibiting acetaldehyde-induced NF-kappaB activity. Berberine, the major ingredient of these herbs, abolished acetaldehyde-induced NF-kappaB activity and cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, its inhibitory ability was through the inhibition of induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and degradation. In conclusion, we first linked the acetaldehyde-induced NF-kappaB activity to the induced proinflammatory cytokine production in HepG2 cells. Our findings also suggested the potential role of berberine in the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Blednov YA, Bergeson SE, Walker D, Ferreira VM, Kuziel WA, Harris RA. Perturbation of chemokine networks by gene deletion alters the reinforcing actions of ethanol. Behav Brain Res 2005; 165:110-25. [PMID: 16105698 PMCID: PMC3040067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microarray analysis of human alcoholic brain and cultured cells exposed to ethanol showed significant changes in expression of genes related to immune or inflammatory responses, including chemokines and chemokine receptors. To test the hypothesis that chemokines exhibit previously undiscovered pleiotropic effects important for the behavioral actions of ethanol, we studied mutant mice with deletion of the Ccr2, Ccr5, Ccl2 or Ccl3 genes. Deletion of Ccr2, Ccl2 (females) or Ccl3 in mice resulted in lower preference for alcohol and consumption of lower amounts of alcohol in a two-bottle choice test as compared with wild-type mice. Ethanol treatment (2.5 g/kg, i.p.) induced stronger conditioned taste aversion in Ccr2, Ccl2 or Ccl3 null mutant mice than in controls. Ccr2 and Ccr5 null mutant mice did not differ from wild-type mice in ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR), but mice lacking Ccl2 or Ccl3 showed longer LORR than wild-type mice. There were no differences between mutant strains and wild-type mice in severity of ethanol-induced withdrawal. Genetic mapping of chromosome 11 for the Ccl2 and Ccl3 genes (46.5 and 47.6 cM, respectively) revealed that an alcohol-induced LORR QTL region was contained within the introgressed region derived from 129/SvJ, which may cause some behavioral phenotypes observed in the null mice. On the contrary, known QTLs on Chr 9 are outside of 129/SvJ region in Ccr2 and Ccr5 (71.9 and 72.0 cM, respectively) null mutant mice. These data show that disruption of the chemokine network interferes with motivational effects of alcohol.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Drinking/genetics
- Alcohol Drinking/immunology
- Alcoholism/genetics
- Alcoholism/immunology
- Animals
- Association Learning/physiology
- Chemokine CCL2/deficiency
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokines, CC/deficiency
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ethanol
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/deficiency
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, CCR5/deficiency
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Sex Factors
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/genetics
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/immunology
- Taste/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 512 232 2520/5761;, fax: +1 512 232 2525
| | - Susan E. Bergeson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
| | - Danielle Walker
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
| | - Vania M.M. Ferreira
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
| | - William A. Kuziel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A 5000, Austin, TX 78712-0162, USA
| | - R. Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
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Vallés SL, Blanco AM, Pascual M, Guerri C. Chronic ethanol treatment enhances inflammatory mediators and cell death in the brain and in astrocytes. Brain Pathol 2005; 14:365-71. [PMID: 15605983 PMCID: PMC8095743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and cytokine expression have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Chronic ethanol intake induces brain damage, although the mechanisms involved in this effect are not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that activation of glial cells by ethanol would induce stimulation of signaling pathways and inflammatory mediators in brain, and would cause neurotoxicity. We used cerebral cortex from control and chronic ethanol-fed rats, which received ethanol-liquid diet for 5 months and cultured of astrocytes exposed to 75 mM ethanol for 7 days. Our results demonstrate that chronic ethanol treatment up-regulates iNOS, COX-2 and IL-1beta in rat cerebral cortex and in cultured astrocytes. Under both experimental conditions, up-regulation of these inflammatory mediators and IL-1RI concomitantly occurs with the stimulation of IRAK and MAP kinases, including ERK1/2, p-38 and JNK, which trigger the downstream activation of oxidant-sensitive transcription factors NF-KB and AP-1. These effects were associated with an increased in both caspase-3 and apoptosis in ethanol-fed rats and in astrocytes exposed to ethanol. In conclusion, chronic ethanol treatment stimulates glial cells, up-regulating the production and the expression of inflammatory mediators in the brain, and activating signalling pathways and transcription factors involved in inflammatory damage and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya L. Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas (FVIB), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana M. Blanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas (FVIB), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pascual
- Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas (FVIB), Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas (FVIB), Valencia, Spain
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