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Rizzi JS, Seloto DG, Pereira LC. Mitochondrial injury induced by triclopyr in the rat liver. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38859707 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2362888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The herbicide triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) is already considered an environmental problem due to damage caused by incorrect disposal, leaching, and aerial dispersion, which may pose risks to the environment and human health. Studies have evaluated metabolism, absorption, excretion, and active transport but there is no clear information about its mode of action (MoA) and its cytotoxic action potential remains unknown. In this context, mitochondria have been used to assess the toxicity of xenobiotics, for this reason, to identify the toxic mechanism of triclopyr, hepatic mitochondria from Wistar rats were exposed in vitro to different concentrations of triclopyr (0.5-500 µM). There was neither formation/accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, nor lipid peroxidation or changes in the mitochondrial antioxidant system, in addition to proper functioning of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Changes were found in NAD(P)H oxidation, membrane potential dissipation and mitochondrial calcium gradient. These results demonstrate that mitochondria suffer damage related to their bioenergetics and redox status but not to their structure when exposed to concentrations of triclopyr considered higher than those described as found in the environment so far.HighlightsTriclopyr has a low mitochondrial uncoupling potential.The damage caused to the bioenergetics and redox state of the mitochondria is related to concentrations considered higher than those found in the environment.Even at high concentrations, triclopyr was not able to change the structure of the organelle after exposure.Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production were not impaired after exposure.NAD(P)H oxidation resulted in potential membrane dissipation and mitochondrial calcium gradient dissipation.Triclopyr does not have RONS-forming properties, as well as it does not peroxide membrane lipids, it preserves membrane sulfhydryl groups and maintains the normality of the GSH/GSSG ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rizzi
- Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - D G Seloto
- Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - L C Pereira
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, Brazil
- School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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Yin C, Qin R, Ma Z, Li F, Liu J, Liu H, Shu G, Xiong H, Jiang Q. Oxaloacetic acid induces muscle energy substrate depletion and fatigue by JNK-mediated mitochondrial uncoupling. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23373. [PMID: 38217376 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301796r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Fatigue is a common phenomenon closely related to physical discomfort and numerous diseases, which is severely threatening the life quality and health of people. However, the exact mechanisms underlying fatigue are not fully characterized. Herein, we demonstrate that oxaloacetic acid (OAA), a crucial tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate, modulates the muscle fatigue. The results showed that serum OAA level was positively correlated with fatigue state of mice. OAA-treated induced muscle fatigue impaired the exercise performance of mice. Mechanistically, OAA increased the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) levels in skeletal muscle, which led to decreased energy substrate and enhanced glycolysis. On the other hand, OAA boosted muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupled with energy production. In addition, either UCP2 knockout or JNK inhibition totally reversed the effects of OAA on skeletal muscle. Therein, JNK mediated UCP2 activation with OAA-treated. Our studies reveal a novel role of OAA in skeletal muscle metabolism, which would shed light on the mechanism of muscle fatigue and weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yin
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Qin
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zewei Ma
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hairong Xiong
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Leduc-Gaudet JP, Miguez K, Cefis M, Faitg J, Moamer A, Chaffer TJ, Reynaud O, Broering FE, Shams A, Mayaki D, Huck L, Sandri M, Gouspillou G, Hussain SN. Autophagy ablation in skeletal muscles worsens sepsis-induced muscle wasting, impairs whole-body metabolism, and decreases survival. iScience 2023; 26:107475. [PMID: 37588163 PMCID: PMC10425945 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic patients frequently develop skeletal muscle wasting and weakness, resulting in severe clinical consequences and adverse outcomes. Sepsis triggers sustained induction of autophagy, a key cellular degradative pathway, in skeletal muscles. However, the impact of enhanced autophagy on sepsis-induced muscle dysfunction remains unclear. Using an inducible and muscle-specific Atg7 knockout mouse model (Atg7iSkM-KO), we investigated the functional importance of skeletal muscle autophagy in sepsis using the cecal ligation and puncture model. Atg7iSkM-KO mice exhibited a more severe phenotype in response to sepsis, marked by severe muscle wasting, hypoglycemia, higher ketone levels, and a decreased in survival as compared to mice with intact Atg7. Sepsis and Atg7 deletion resulted in the accumulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, although sepsis did not further worsen mitochondrial dysfunction in Atg7iSkM-KO mice. Overall, our study demonstrates that autophagy inactivation in skeletal muscles triggers significant worsening of sepsis-induced muscle and metabolic dysfunctions and negatively impacts survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Leduc-Gaudet
- Research Group in Cellular Signaling, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec À Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Kayla Miguez
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marina Cefis
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Julie Faitg
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
- Amazentis SA, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alaa Moamer
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tomer Jordi Chaffer
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Olivier Reynaud
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Felipe E. Broering
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anwar Shams
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Taif University, P.O.BOX 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dominique Mayaki
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Laurent Huck
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marco Sandri
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM) and Department of Biomedical Science, Università di Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Sabah N.A. Hussain
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Henderson TD, Choi J, Leonard SW, Head B, Tanguay RL, Barton CL, Traber MG. Chronic Vitamin E Deficiency Dysregulates Purine, Phospholipid, and Amino Acid Metabolism in Aging Zebrafish Skeletal Muscle. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1160. [PMID: 37371890 PMCID: PMC10294951 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting occurs with aging and may be a result of oxidative stress damage and potentially inadequate protection by lipophilic antioxidants, such as vitamin E. Previous studies have shown muscular abnormalities and behavioral defects in vitamin E-deficient adult zebrafish. To test the hypothesis that there is an interaction between muscle degeneration caused by aging and oxidative damage caused by vitamin E deficiency, we evaluated long-term vitamin E deficiency in the skeletal muscle of aging zebrafish using metabolomics. Zebrafish (55 days old) were fed E+ and E- diets for 12 or 18 months. Then, skeletal muscle samples were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. Data were analyzed to highlight metabolite and pathway changes seen with either aging or vitamin E status or both. We found that aging altered purines, various amino acids, and DHA-containing phospholipids. Vitamin E deficiency at 18 months was associated with changes in amino acid metabolism, specifically tryptophan pathways, systemic changes in the regulation of purine metabolism, and DHA-containing phospholipids. In sum, while both aging and induced vitamin E deficiency did have some overlap in altered and potentially dysregulated metabolic pathways, each factor also presented unique alterations, which require further study with more confirmatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent D. Henderson
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.C.); (S.W.L.); (B.H.)
| | - Scott W. Leonard
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.C.); (S.W.L.); (B.H.)
| | - Brian Head
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.C.); (S.W.L.); (B.H.)
| | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.L.T.)
| | - Carrie L. Barton
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.L.T.)
| | - Maret G. Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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Melis MJ, Miller M, Peters VBM, Singer M. The role of hormones in sepsis: an integrated overview with a focus on mitochondrial and immune cell dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:707-725. [PMID: 37144447 PMCID: PMC10167421 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a dysregulated host response to infection that results in life-threatening organ dysfunction. Virtually every body system can be affected by this syndrome to greater or lesser extents. Gene transcription and downstream pathways are either up- or downregulated, albeit with considerable fluctuation over the course of the patient's illness. This multi-system complexity contributes to a pathophysiology that remains to be fully elucidated. Consequentially, little progress has been made to date in developing new outcome-improving therapeutics. Endocrine alterations are well characterised in sepsis with variations in circulating blood levels and/or receptor resistance. However, little attention has been paid to an integrated view of how these hormonal changes impact upon the development of organ dysfunction and recovery. Here, we present a narrative review describing the impact of the altered endocrine system on mitochondrial dysfunction and immune suppression, two interlinked and key aspects of sepsis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Melis
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Muska Miller
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vera B M Peters
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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6
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Kim M, Nikouee A, Zou R, Ren D, He Z, Li J, Wang L, Djukovic D, Raftery D, Purcell H, Promislow D, Sun Y, Goodarzi M, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Zang QS. Age-Independent Cardiac Protection by Pharmacological Activation of Beclin-1 During Endotoxemia and Its Association With Energy Metabolic Reprograming in Myocardium-A Targeted Metabolomics Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025310. [PMID: 35861821 PMCID: PMC9707816 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.025310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We showed that Beclin-1-dependent autophagy protects the heart in young and adult mice that underwent endotoxemia. Herein, we compared the potential therapeutic effects of Beclin-1 activating peptide, TB-peptide, on endotoxemia-induced cardiac outcomes in young adult and aged mice. We further evaluated lipopolysaccharide (lipopolysaccharide)-induced and TB-peptide treatment-mediated alterations in myocardial metabolism. Methods and Results C57BL/6J mice that were 10 weeks and 24 months old were challenged by lipopolysaccharide using doses at which cardiac dysfunction occurred. Following the treatment of TB-peptide or control vehicle, heart contractility, circulating cytokines, and myocardial autophagy were evaluated. We detected that TB-peptide boosted autophagy, attenuated cytokines, and improved cardiac performance in both young and aged mice during endotoxemia. A targeted metabolomics assay was designed to detect a pool of 361 known metabolites, of which 156 were detected in at least 1 of the heart tissue samples. Lipopolysaccharide-induced impairments were found in glucose and amino acid metabolisms in mice of all ages, and TB-peptide ameliorated these alterations. However, lipid metabolites were upregulated in the young group but moderately downregulated in the aged by lipopolysaccharide, suggesting an age-dependent response. TB-peptide mitigated lipopolysaccharide-mediated trend of lipids in the young mice but had little effect on the aged. (Study registration: Project DOI: https://doi.org/10.21228/M8K11W). Conclusions Pharmacological activation of Beclin-1 by TB-peptide is cardiac protective in both young and aged population during endotoxemia, suggest a therapeutic potential for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Metabolomics analysis suggests that an age-independent protection by TB-peptide is associated with reprograming of energy production via glucose and amino acid metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kim
- Department of Surgery, Burn & Shock Trauma Research InstituteLoyola University Chicago Stritch School of MedicineMaywoodIL
| | - Azadeh Nikouee
- Department of Surgery, Burn & Shock Trauma Research InstituteLoyola University Chicago Stritch School of MedicineMaywoodIL
| | - Raymond Zou
- Department of Biological SciencesRice UniversityHoustonTX
| | - Di Ren
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL
| | - Zhibin He
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL
| | - Ji Li
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Northwest Metabolomics Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Northwest Metabolomics Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - Hayley Purcell
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Northwest Metabolomics Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - Daniel Promislow
- Department of Lab Medicine & PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWA
| | - Yuxiao Sun
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Qing‐Jun Zhang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Zhi‐Ping Liu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Qun Sophia Zang
- Department of Surgery, Burn & Shock Trauma Research InstituteLoyola University Chicago Stritch School of MedicineMaywoodIL
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Role of succinic acid in the regulation of sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109065. [PMID: 35853278 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening disease characterized by a defensive response to damage. The immune response in patients with sepsis is overenhanced in the early stages and suppressed in the later stages, leading to poor prognosis. Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic changes play a role in sepsis. Metabolic intermediates such as elevated succinic acid levels are significantly altered in patients with sepsis. Succinic acid, a metabolic intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, participates in energy supply and plays a role in metabolic reprogramming. Simultaneously, as an epigenetic regulator, it participates in gene transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications. It also participates in the inflammatory response, hypoxia, and the production of reactive oxygen species via endocrine and paracrine pathways. In this review, we have discussed the effects of succinic acid on sepsis and its therapeutic potential.
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Protective Effect of Amber Extract on Human Dopaminergic Cells against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061817. [PMID: 35335178 PMCID: PMC8956085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer’s disease. In our previous study, we found that amber—a fossilized plant resin—can protect cells from apoptosis by decreasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we focused on the effect of amber on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell apoptosis in the human neuroblastoma cell line SHSY5Y (one model for PD). Initially, we determined the protective effect of amber on the PD model. We found that amber extract has a protective effect against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell apoptosis. The decrease in ROS, cleaved caspase-3, pERK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) protein levels confirmed that amber extract decreases apoptosis via the ROS-mediated ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we determined the effects of amber extract on autophagy. The results showed that amber extract increased the levels of LC3II and Beclin-1, suggesting that amber extract can protect neuronal cells against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell apoptosis by promoting autophagy.
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Effect of Senna plant on the mitochondrial activity of Hymenolepis diminuta. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:139-151. [PMID: 35299916 PMCID: PMC8901855 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The peculiarity of energy metabolism in helminths is the ability to undergo transition from aerobic to anaerobic under low oxygen tension. during its adult stage. Fumarate reductase and succinate dehydrogenase of mitochondria are the two enzymes responsible during this transition and adaptation to this hypoxic environment. Earlier we had reported that three species of Senna plant, S. alata, S. alexandrina and S. occidentalis altered the morphology, ionic concentration and neurotransmission of the cestode parasite Hymenolepis diminuta. The present study aimed at exploring the mechanism of leaf extracts of the three plant species of Senna on the mitochondrial activity of the parasite that chiefly involve the NADH-fumarate reductase system which is the terminal step in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase succinate pathway. The structure of mitochondria was observed through electron microsopy and its density was detected through confocal microscopy, spectroflourimetry and spectrophotometry, while enzyme activities were assayed through native gel and spectrophotometric assays. Praziquantel was tested on the parasites as a reference drug to compare its effects with that of the plant extracts. The mitochondria architecture was altered, and enzymes activity decraeased by 60% in all three plant species of Senna treated parasites which suggested that these three Senna species posses potent chemotherapeutic properties. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12639-021-01415-9.
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van Rensburg D, Lindeque Z, Harvey BH, Steyn SF. Reviewing the mitochondrial dysfunction paradigm in rodent models as platforms for neuropsychiatric disease research. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:82-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Fernández-Veledo S, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Vendrell J. Rethinking succinate: an unexpected hormone-like metabolite in energy homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:680-692. [PMID: 34301438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of interest in the signaling capacity of energy metabolites. A prime example is the Krebs cycle substrate succinate, an archetypal respiratory substrate with functions beyond energy production as an intracellular and extracellular signaling molecule. Long associated with inflammation, emerging evidence supports a key role for succinate in metabolic processes relating to energy management. As the natural ligand for SUCNR1, a G protein-coupled receptor, succinate is akin to hormones and likely functions as a reporter of metabolism and stress. In this review, we reconcile new and old observations to outline a regulatory role for succinate in metabolic homeostasis. We highlight the importance of the succinate-SUCNR1 axis in metabolic diseases as an integrator of macrophage immune response, and we discuss new metabolic functions recently ascribed to succinate in specific tissues. Because circulating succinate has emerged as a promising biomarker in chronic metabolic diseases, a better understanding of the physiopathological role of the succinate-SUCNR1 axis in metabolism might open new avenues for clinical use in patients with obesity or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition and Research Unit, University Hospital of Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition and Research Unit, University Hospital of Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition and Research Unit, University Hospital of Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Parkin Overexpression Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Muscle Wasting. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061454. [PMID: 32545383 PMCID: PMC7349807 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis elicits skeletal muscle weakness and fiber atrophy. The accumulation of injured mitochondria and depressed mitochondrial functions are considered as important triggers of sepsis-induced muscle atrophy. It is unclear whether mitochondrial dysfunctions in septic muscles are due to the inadequate activation of quality control processes. We hypothesized that overexpressing Parkin, a protein responsible for the recycling of dysfunctional mitochondria by the autophagy pathway (mitophagy), would confer protection against sepsis-induced muscle atrophy by improving mitochondrial quality and content. Parkin was overexpressed for four weeks in the limb muscles of four-week old mice using intramuscular injections of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). The cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) procedure was used to induce sepsis. Sham operated animals were used as controls. All animals were studied for 48 h post CLP. Sepsis resulted in major body weight loss and myofiber atrophy. Parkin overexpression prevented myofiber atrophy in CLP mice. Quantitative two-dimensional transmission electron microscopy revealed that sepsis is associated with the accumulation of enlarged and complex mitochondria, an effect which was attenuated by Parkin overexpression. Parkin overexpression also prevented a sepsis-induced decrease in the content of mitochondrial subunits of NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase. We conclude that Parkin overexpression prevents sepsis-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, likely by improving mitochondrial quality and contents.
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13
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Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I dysfunction induced by N-methyl carbamate ex vivo can be alleviated with a cell-permeable succinate prodrug. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104794. [PMID: 32057835 PMCID: PMC7152559 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to carbamates and organophosphates poses a serious threat to society and current pharmacological treatment is solely targeting the compounds' inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase. This toxicological pathway, responsible for acute symptom presentation, can be counteracted with currently available therapies such as atropine and oximes. However, there is still significant long-term morbidity and mortality. We propose mitochondrial dysfunction as an additional cellular mechanism of carbamate toxicity and suggest pharmacological targeting of mitochondria to overcome acute metabolic decompensation. Here, we investigated the effects on mitochondrial respiratory function of N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate (NSNM), a surrogate for carbamate insecticides, ex vivo in human platelets. Characterization of the mitochondrial toxicity of NSNM in platelets revealed a dose-dependent decrease in mitochondral oxygen consumption linked to respiratory chain complex I while the pathway through complex II was unaffected. In intact platelets, an increase in lactate production was seen, due to a compensatory shift towards anaerobic metabolism. Treatment with a cell-permeable succinate prodrug restored the NSNM-induced (100 μM) decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and normalized lactate production to the level of control. We have demonstrated that carbamate-induced mitochondrial complex I dysfunction can be alleviated with a mitochondrial targeted countermeasure: a cell-permeable prodrug of the mitochondrial complex II substrate succinate.
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14
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Non-invasive versus ex vivo measurement of mitochondrial function in an endotoxemia model in rat: Toward monitoring of mitochondrial therapy. Mitochondrion 2020; 50:149-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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15
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Wang T, Xu Y, Yuan Y, Xu P, Zhang C, Li F, Wang L, Yin C, Zhang L, Cai X, Zhu C, Xu J, Liang B, Schaul S, Xie P, Yue D, Liao Z, Yu L, Luo L, Zhou G, Yang J, He Z, Du M, Zhou Y, Deng B, Wang S, Gao P, Zhu X, Xi Q, Zhang Y, Shu G, Jiang Q. Succinate induces skeletal muscle fiber remodeling via SUNCR1 signaling. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47892. [PMID: 31318145 PMCID: PMC6727026 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of skeletal muscle fiber from fast twitch to slow-twitch is important for sustained and tonic contractile events, maintenance of energy homeostasis, and the alleviation of fatigue. Skeletal muscle remodeling is effectively induced by endurance or aerobic exercise, which also generates several tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, including succinate. However, whether succinate regulates muscle fiber-type transitions remains unclear. Here, we found that dietary succinate supplementation increased endurance exercise ability, myosin heavy chain I expression, aerobic enzyme activity, oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse skeletal muscle. By contrast, succinate decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity, lactate production, and myosin heavy chain IIb expression. Further, by using pharmacological or genetic loss-of-function models generated by phospholipase Cβ antagonists, SUNCR1 global knockout, or SUNCR1 gastrocnemius-specific knockdown, we found that the effects of succinate on skeletal muscle fiber-type remodeling are mediated by SUNCR1 and its downstream calcium/NFAT signaling pathway. In summary, our results demonstrate succinate induces transition of skeletal muscle fiber via SUNCR1 signaling pathway. These findings suggest the potential beneficial use of succinate-based compounds in both athletic and sedentary populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ya‐Qiong Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ye‐Xian Yuan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ping‐Wen Xu
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineThe University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Cha Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Fan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Li‐Na Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Cong Yin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xing‐Cai Cai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Can‐Jun Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jing‐Ren Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Bing‐Qing Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Sarah Schaul
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineThe University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Pei‐Pei Xie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Dong Yue
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zheng‐Rui Liao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lu‐Lu Yu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lv Luo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Gan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jin‐Ping Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhi‐Hui He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Man Du
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yu‐Ping Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Bai‐Chuan Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Song‐Bo Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiao‐Tong Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Qian‐Yun Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yong‐Liang Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine IndustryCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Qing‐Yan Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional RegulationCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine IndustryCollege of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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16
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Abstract
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is one of the most common syndromes of critical illness and the leading cause of mortality among critically ill patients. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is the clinical consequence of a dysregulated inflammatory response, triggered by clinically diverse factors with the main pillar of management being invasive organ support. During the last years, the advances in the clarification of the molecular pathways that trigger, mitigate, and determine the outcome of MODS have led to the increasing recognition of MODS as a distinct disease entity with distinct etiology, pathophysiology, and potential future therapeutic interventions. Given the lack of effective treatment for MODS, its early recognition, the early intensive care unit admission, and the initiation of invasive organ support remain the most effective strategies of preventing its progression and improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Gourd
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Derriford Hospital, 6634University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 6634University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Nikitas Nikitas
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Derriford Hospital, 6634University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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17
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Mitochondria-Derived Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Sepsis: From Bench to Bedside. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6914849. [PMID: 31205588 PMCID: PMC6530230 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6914849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the most serious health hazards. Current research suggests that the pathogenesis of sepsis is mediated by both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mitochondria are among the most important organelles in cells and determine their life and death. A variety of mitochondria-derived DAMPs (mtDAMPs) are similar to bacteria because mitochondria are derived from bacteria according to the mitochondrial endosymbiotic theory. Their activated signaling pathways extensively affect organ functions, the immune system, and metabolic functions in sepsis. In this review, we describe the essential roles of mtDAMPs in sepsis and discuss their research prospects and clinical importance.
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18
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Wu Y, Yao YM, Lu ZQ. Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets in sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:451-462. [PMID: 30788535 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a dysregulated response to severe infection characterized by life-threatening organ failure and is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Multiple organ failure is the central characteristic of sepsis and is associated with poor outcome of septic patients. Ultrastructural damage to the mitochondria and mitochondrial dysfunction are reported in sepsis. Mitochondrial dysfunction with subsequent ATP deficiency, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, and cytochrome c release are all considered to contribute to organ failure. Consistent mitochondrial dysfunction leads to reduced mitochondrial quality control capacity, which eliminates dysfunctional and superfluous mitochondria to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. Mitochondrial quality is controlled through a series of processes including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and transport processes. Several studies have indicated that multiple organ failure is ameliorated by restoring mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and is further amplified by defective quality control mechanisms. This review will focus on advances concerning potential mechanisms in regulating mitochondrial quality control and impacts of mitochondrial quality control on the progression of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Qiu Lu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China. .,College of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Parenteral Succinate Reduces Systemic ROS Production in Septic Rats, but It Does Not Reduce Creatinine Levels. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1928945. [PMID: 30524651 PMCID: PMC6247384 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1928945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In sepsis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is increased. This process takes place mainly within the electron transport chain. ROS production is part of the pathophysiology of multiple organ failure in sepsis. Succinate yields Dihydroflavine-Adenine Dinucleotide (FADH2), which enters the chain through complex II, avoiding complex I, through which electrons are lost. The aim of this work is to determine if parenteral succinate reduces systemic ROS production and improves kidney function. Rats with cecal ligation and puncture were used as model of sepsis, and 4 groups were made: Control group; Succinate group, which only received parenteral succinate; Sepsis group; and Sepsis which received parenteral succinate. Systemic ROS are measured 24 hours after the procedure. Rats subjected to cecal puncture treated with succinate had less systemic ROS than Septic untreated rats (p = 0.007), while there were no differences in creatinine levels (p = 0.07). There was no correlation between creatinine and systemic ROS levels (p = 0.3). We concluded that parenteral succinate reduces ROS levels, but it does not reduce creatinine levels. Since there is no correlation between both levels, the processes would not be related.
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20
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Protti A. Succinate and the shortcut to the cure of metformin-induced lactic acidosis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2018; 6:35. [PMID: 30251134 PMCID: PMC6153199 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the respiratory chain complex I plays a key role in the pathogenesis of metformin-induced lactic acidosis. In a work recently published in this journal, a novel cell-permeable succinate prodrug (NV118) increased in vitro mitochondrial oxygen consumption coupled with energy production and decreased lactate production in intact human platelets intoxicated with metformin. This result was interpreted in light of a "bypass" strategy. NV118 entered platelets and released succinate in their cytoplasm; succinate in turn donated electrons to complex II and thus reactivated the flow of electrons to the distal part of the respiratory chain independent of complex I. Herein, I will (1) comment on these findings; (2) highlight the potential therapeutic application of succinate in other critical conditions accompanied by complex I inhibition, including sepsis, traumatic brain injury, and inherited neurological disorders; and (3) examine the most important issues that remain to be solved to transfer these observations to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Protti
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Van Wyngene L, Vandewalle J, Libert C. Reprogramming of basic metabolic pathways in microbial sepsis: therapeutic targets at last? EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8712. [PMID: 29976786 PMCID: PMC6079534 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a highly lethal and urgent unmet medical need. It is the result of a complex interplay of several pathways, including inflammation, immune activation, hypoxia, and metabolic reprogramming. Specifically, the regulation and the impact of the latter have become better understood in which the highly catabolic status during sepsis and its similarity with starvation responses appear to be essential in the poor prognosis in sepsis. It seems logical that new interventions based on the recognition of new therapeutic targets in the key metabolic pathways should be developed and may have a good chance to penetrate to the bedside. In this review, we concentrate on the pathological changes in metabolism, observed during sepsis, and the presumed underlying mechanisms, with a focus on the level of the organism and the interplay between different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Van Wyngene
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Piel S, Ehinger JK, Chamkha I, Frostner EÅ, Sjövall F, Elmér E, Hansson MJ. Bioenergetic bypass using cell-permeable succinate, but not methylene blue, attenuates metformin-induced lactate production. Intensive Care Med Exp 2018; 6:22. [PMID: 30069806 PMCID: PMC6070446 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is the most common pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes. It is considered safe but has been associated with the development of lactic acidosis under circumstances where plasma concentrations exceed therapeutic levels. Metformin-induced lactic acidosis has been linked to the drug's toxic effect on mitochondrial function. Current treatment strategies aim to remove the drug and correct for the acidosis. With a mortality of 20%, complementary treatment strategies are needed. In this study, it was investigated whether targeting mitochondria with pharmacological agents that bypass metformin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction can counteract the energetic deficit linked to toxic doses of metformin. METHODS The redox agent methylene blue and the cell-permeable succinate prodrug NV118 were evaluated by measuring mitochondrial respiration and lactate production of human platelets exposed to metformin and co-treated with either of the two pharmacological bypass agents. RESULTS The cell-permeable succinate prodrug NV118 increased mitochondrial respiration which was linked to phosphorylation by the ATP-synthase and alleviated the increase in lactate production induced by toxic doses of metformin. The redox agent methylene blue, in contrast, failed to mitigate the metformin-induced changes in mitochondrial respiration and lactate generation. CONCLUSIONS The cell-permeable succinate prodrug NV118 bypassed the mitochondrial dysfunction and counteracted the energy deficit associated with toxic doses of metformin. If similar effects of NV118 prove translatable to an in vivo effect, this pharmacological strategy presents as a promising complementary treatment for patients with metformin-induced lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Piel
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johannes K. Ehinger
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Imen Chamkha
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eleonor Åsander Frostner
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Sjövall
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus J. Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
- NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB, Medicon Village, 22381 Lund, Sweden
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23
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Jeger V, Hauffe T, Nicholls-Vuille F, Bettex D, Rudiger A. Analgesia in clinically relevant rodent models of sepsis. Lab Anim 2018; 50:418-426. [PMID: 27909191 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216675009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative analgesia in rodent sepsis models has been considerably neglected in the past. However, intentions to model clinical practice, increasing awareness of animal ethics, efforts to apply the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement), and stricter legislation argue for a change in this respect. In this review, we describe different concepts of analgesia in rodent models of sepsis focusing on opioid agonists as well as non-opioid analgesics. Advantages and pitfalls in study design and side-effects are discussed. Score sheets should be used to adapt analgesia or to terminate experiments using humane endpoints. Further research is needed to differentiate behavioral changes caused by sepsis and pain or as a consequence of analgesia. Information on the efficacy of analgesia in sepsis models is scarce. Hence, studies are needed to identify the best ways to reduce suffering of research animals and thereby optimize the clinically relevant rodent models of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Jeger
- Institute for Anesthesiology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Till Hauffe
- Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flora Nicholls-Vuille
- Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Bettex
- Institute for Anesthesiology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Rudiger
- Institute for Anesthesiology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Maestraggi Q, Lebas B, Clere-Jehl R, Ludes PO, Chamaraux-Tran TN, Schneider F, Diemunsch P, Geny B, Pottecher J. Skeletal Muscle and Lymphocyte Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Septic Shock Trigger ICU-Acquired Weakness and Sepsis-Induced Immunoparalysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7897325. [PMID: 28589148 PMCID: PMC5447268 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7897325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental events driving the pathological processes of septic shock-induced multiorgan failure (MOF) at the cellular and subcellular levels remain debated. Emerging data implicate mitochondrial dysfunction as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated MOF. If macrocirculatory and microcirculatory dysfunctions undoubtedly participate in organ dysfunction at the early stage of septic shock, an intrinsic bioenergetic failure, sometimes called "cytopathic hypoxia," perpetuates cellular dysfunction. Short-term failure of vital organs immediately threatens patient survival but long-term recovery is also severely hindered by persistent dysfunction of organs traditionally described as nonvital, such as skeletal muscle and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In this review, we will stress how and why a persistent mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscles and PBMC could impair survival in patients who overcome the first acute phase of their septic episode. First, muscle wasting protracts weaning from mechanical ventilation, increases the risk of mechanical ventilator-associated pneumonia, and creates a state of ICU-acquired muscle weakness, compelling the patient to bed. Second, failure of the immune system ("immunoparalysis") translates into its inability to clear infectious foci and predisposes the patient to recurrent nosocomial infections. We will finally emphasize how mitochondrial-targeted therapies could represent a realistic strategy to promote long-term recovery after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Maestraggi
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service de Réanimation Médicale, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Equipe d'Accueil 3072 “Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire”, 11 rue Human, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Lebas
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Equipe d'Accueil 3072 “Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire”, 11 rue Human, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Raphaël Clere-Jehl
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service de Réanimation Médicale, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Equipe d'Accueil 3072 “Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire”, 11 rue Human, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Ludes
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Equipe d'Accueil 3072 “Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire”, 11 rue Human, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Thiên-Nga Chamaraux-Tran
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Equipe d'Accueil 3072 “Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire”, 11 rue Human, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Francis Schneider
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service de Réanimation Médicale, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Equipe d'Accueil 3072 “Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire”, 11 rue Human, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Diemunsch
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Equipe d'Accueil 3072 “Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire”, 11 rue Human, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Equipe d'Accueil 3072 “Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire”, 11 rue Human, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Service de Physiologie et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Julien Pottecher
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Physiologie, Equipe d'Accueil 3072 “Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire”, 11 rue Human, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Karlsson M, Ehinger JK, Piel S, Sjövall F, Henriksnäs J, Höglund U, Hansson MJ, Elmér E. Changes in energy metabolism due to acute rotenone-induced mitochondrial complex I dysfunction – An in vivo large animal model. Mitochondrion 2016; 31:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Protti A, Properzi P, Magnoni S, Santini A, Langer T, Guenzani S, Ferrero S, Bassani G, Stocchetti N, Gattinoni L. Skeletal muscle lactate overproduction during metformin intoxication: An animal study with reverse microdialysis. Toxicol Lett 2016; 255:43-6. [PMID: 27178268 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acidosis during metformin intoxication is classically mainly attributed to diminished lactate clearance through liver gluconeogenesis. Here we studied 6 healthy, sedated and mechanically ventilated pigs to clarify whether high dose of metformin also increases skeletal muscle lactate production. Each animal had two microdialysis catheters inserted in gluteus muscles, one per side. One catheter was infused with saline (control) while the other one was infused with metformin diluted in saline (1M), both at a rate of 0.3μl/min. Dialysate lactate concentration and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, a marker of the balance between anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic (mitochondrial) metabolism, were measured every 3h, for 12h. Continuous infusion of metformin caused a progressive rise in dialysate lactate level (p=0.007) and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (p<0.001) compared to that of saline, as for mitochondrial "poisoning". These findings suggest that skeletal muscle lactate overproduction contributes to the development of metformin-induced lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Protti
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Properzi
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Magnoni
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Santini
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Langer
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Guenzani
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrero
- U.O.C. Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Bassani
- Centro di Ricerche Chirurgiche Precliniche, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Gattinoni
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy
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Gonzalez AS, Elguero ME, Finocchietto P, Holod S, Romorini L, Miriuka SG, Peralta JG, Poderoso JJ, Carreras MC. Abnormal mitochondrial fusion–fission balance contributes to the progression of experimental sepsis. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:769-83. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.906592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Navarrete ML, Cerdeño MC, Serra MC, Conejero R. [Mitochondrial and microcirculatory distress syndrome in the critical patient. Therapeutic implications]. Med Intensiva 2013; 37:476-84. [PMID: 24018281 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial and microcirculatory distress syndrome (MMDS) can occur during systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and is characterized by cytopathic tissue hypoxia uncorrected by oxygen transport optimization, and associated with an acquired defect in the use of oxygen and energy production in mitochondria, leading to multiple organ dysfunction (MOD). We examine the pathogenesis of MMDS, new diagnostic methods, and recent therapeutic approaches adapted to each of the three phases in the evolution of the syndrome. In the initial phase, the aim is prevention and early reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction. Once the latter is established, the aim is to restore flow of the electron chain, mitochondrial respiration, and to avoid cellular energy collapse. Finally, in the third (resolution) stage, treatment should focus on stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis and the repair or replacement of damaged mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Navarrete
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario San Juan, San Juan, Alicante, España
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Jeger V, Djafarzadeh S, Jakob SM, Takala J. Mitochondrial function in sepsis. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:532-42. [PMID: 23496374 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relevance of mitochondrial dysfunction as to pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction and failure in sepsis is controversial. This focused review evaluates the evidence for impaired mitochondrial function in sepsis. DESIGN Review of original studies in experimental sepsis animal models and clinical studies on mitochondrial function in sepsis. In vitro studies solely on cells and tissues were excluded. PubMed was searched for articles published between 1964 and July 2012. RESULTS Data from animal experiments (rodents and pigs) and from clinical studies of septic critically ill patients and human volunteers were included. A clear pattern of sepsis-related changes in mitochondrial function is missing in all species. The wide range of sepsis models, length of experiments, presence or absence of fluid resuscitation and methods to measure mitochondrial function may contribute to the contradictory findings. A consistent finding was the high variability of mitochondrial function also in control conditions and between organs. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial function in sepsis is highly variable, organ specific and changes over the course of sepsis. Patients who will die from sepsis may be more affected than survivors. Nevertheless, the current data from mostly young and otherwise healthy animals does not support the view that mitochondrial dysfunction is the general denominator for multiple organ failure in severe sepsis and septic shock. Whether this is true if underlying comorbidities are present, especially in older patients, should be addressed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Jeger
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Does metformin-associated lactic acidosis really exist? Despite an old controversy, there is no doubt about it. But do we understand what is going on? Laboratory findings raised several hypotheses explaining the pathophysiology of this disease. The main cause could be an inhibition of either gluconeogenesis or mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. From bench to bedside, one hypothesis is now confirmed in humans. Metformin poisoning involves, at least partially, a mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Orban
- Service de Réanimation Médico-chirurgicale, Hôpital Saint-Roch, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 5 rue Pierre Dévoluy, 06006 Nice, France
- IRCAN, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice, Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Eric Fontaine
- INSERM, U1055, 2280 rue de la piscine, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Ichai
- Service de Réanimation Médico-chirurgicale, Hôpital Saint-Roch, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 5 rue Pierre Dévoluy, 06006 Nice, France
- IRCAN, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice, Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
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Protti A, Lecchi A, Fortunato F, Artoni A, Greppi N, Vecchio S, Fagiolari G, Moggio M, Comi GP, Mistraletti G, Lanticina B, Faraldi L, Gattinoni L. Metformin overdose causes platelet mitochondrial dysfunction in humans. Crit Care 2012; 16:R180. [PMID: 23034133 PMCID: PMC3682281 DOI: 10.1186/cc11663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have recently demonstrated that metformin intoxication causes mitochondrial dysfunction in several porcine tissues, including platelets. The aim of the present work was to clarify whether it also causes mitochondrial dysfunction (and secondary lactate overproduction) in human platelets, in vitro and ex vivo. METHODS Human platelets were incubated for 72 hours with saline or increasing doses of metformin (in vitro experiments). Lactate production, respiratory chain complex activities (spectrophotometry), mitochondrial membrane potential (flow-cytometry after staining with JC-1) and oxygen consumption (Clark-type electrode) were then measured. Platelets were also obtained from ten patients with lactic acidosis (arterial pH 6.97 ± 0.18 and lactate 16 ± 7 mmol/L) due to accidental metformin intoxication (serum drug level 32 ± 14 mg/L) and ten healthy volunteers of similar sex and age. Respiratory chain complex activities were measured as above (ex vivo experiments). RESULTS In vitro, metformin dose-dependently increased lactate production (P < 0.001), decreased respiratory chain complex I activity (P = 0.009), mitochondrial membrane potential (P = 0.003) and oxygen consumption (P < 0.001) of human platelets. Ex vivo, platelets taken from intoxicated patients had significantly lower complex I (P = 0.045) and complex IV (P < 0.001) activity compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Depending on dose, metformin can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and lactate overproduction in human platelets in vitro and, possibly, in vivo. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT 00942123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Protti
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione (Intensiva e Sub-Intensiva) e Terapia del Dolore, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Lecchi
- Centro Emofilia e Trombosi Angelo Bianchi Bonomi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- Centro Dino Ferrari - Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Artoni
- Centro Emofilia e Trombosi Angelo Bianchi Bonomi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Greppi
- Centro Trasfusionale e di Immunoematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Rigenerativa, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Vecchio
- Centro Nazionale di Informazione Tossicologica - Centro Antiveleni, Fondazione IRCCS Salvatore Maugeri, via S. Maugeri 10/10A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gigliola Fagiolari
- Centro Dino Ferrari - Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Centro Dino Ferrari - Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Centro Dino Ferrari - Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mistraletti
- U.O. Anestesia e Rianimazione, A.O. San Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, via A. Di Rudiní 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Lanticina
- U.O. Rianimazione, A.O. San Carlo Borromeo, via Pio II 3, 20147 Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Faraldi
- Servizio Anestesia e Rianimazione 1°, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Gattinoni
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione (Intensiva e Sub-Intensiva) e Terapia del Dolore, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Jeremias IC, Scaini G, Constantino L, Vuolo F, Ferreira AK, Scherer EBS, Kolling J, da Silva Dornelles A, de Souza Wyse AT, Bogo MR, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL. The Decrease on Na+, K+-ATPase Activity in the Cortex, but not in Hippocampus, is Reverted by Antioxidants in an Animal Model of Sepsis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:467-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Andersson A, Rundgren M, Kalman S, Rooyackers O, Brattstrom O, Oldner A, Eriksson S, Frithiof R. Gut microcirculatory and mitochondrial effects of hyperdynamic endotoxaemic shock and norepinephrine treatment. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108:254-61. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Andrades MÉ, Morina A, Spasić S, Spasojević I. Bench-to-bedside review: sepsis - from the redox point of view. Crit Care 2011; 15:230. [PMID: 21996422 PMCID: PMC3334726 DOI: 10.1186/cc10334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of sepsis and its progression to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and septic shock have been the subject of investigations for nearly half a century. Controversies still exist with regard to understanding the molecular pathophysiology of sepsis in relation to the complex roles played by reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, complements and cytokines. In the present review we categorise the key turning points in sepsis development and outline the most probable sequence of events leading to cellular dysfunction and organ failure under septic conditions. We have applied an integrative approach in order to fuse current state-of-the-art knowledge about redox processes involving hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, superoxide, peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical, which lead to mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction. Finally, from this point of view, the potential of redox therapy targeting sepsis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Éverton Andrades
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Research Centre, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arian Morina
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Spasić
- IChTM, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, PO Box 473, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Spasojević
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
Patients with critical illness are heterogeneous, with differing physiologic requirements over time. Goal-directed therapy in the emergency room demonstrates that protocolized care could result in improved outcomes. Subsequent studies have confirmed benefit with such a "bundle-based approach" in the emergency room and in preoperative and postoperative scenarios. However, this cannot be necessarily extrapolated to the medium-term and long-term care pathway of the critically ill patient. It is likely that the development of mitochondrial dysfunction could result in goal-directed types of approaches being detrimental. Equally, arterial pressure aims are likely to be considerably different as the patient's physiology moves toward "hibernation." The agents we utilize as sedative and pressor agents have considerable effects on immune function and the inflammatory profile, and should be considered as part of the total clinical picture. The role of gut failure in driving inflammation is considerable, and the drive to feed enterally, regardless of aspirate volume, may be detrimental in those with degrees of ileus, which is often a difficult diagnosis in the critically ill. The pathogenesis of liver dysfunction may be, at least in part, related to venous engorgement that will contribute toward portal hypertension and gut edema. This, in association with loss of the hepatosplanchnic buffer response, it is likely to contribute to venous pooling in the abdominal cavity, impaired venous return, and decreased central blood volumes. Therapies such as those used in "small-for-size syndrome" may have a role in the chronic stages of septic vascular failure.
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Dare AJ, Phillips ARJ, Hickey AJR, Mittal A, Loveday B, Thompson N, Windsor JA. A systematic review of experimental treatments for mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1517-25. [PMID: 19715753 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit. Recently mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as a key early cellular event in critical illness. A growing body of experimental evidence suggests that mitochondrial therapies are effective in sepsis and MODS. The aim of this article is to undertake a systematic review of the current experimental evidence for the use of therapies for mitochondrial dysfunction during sepsis and MODS and to classify these mitochondrial therapies. A search of the MEDLINE and PubMed databases (1950 to July 2009) and a manual review of reference lists were conducted to find experimental studies containing data on the efficacy of mitochondrial therapies in sepsis and sepsis-related MODS. Fifty-one studies were included in this review. Five categories of mitochondrial therapies were defined-substrate provision, cofactor provision, mitochondrial antioxidants, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species scavengers, and membrane stabilizers. Administration of mitochondrial therapies during sepsis was associated with improvements in mitochondrial electron transport system function, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production and a reduction in cellular markers of oxidative stress. Amelioration of proinflammatory cytokines, caspase activation, and prevention of the membrane permeability transition were reported. Restoration of mitochondrial bioenergetics was associated with improvements in hemodynamic parameters, organ function, and overall survival. A substantial body of evidence from experimental studies at both the cellular and the organ level suggests a beneficial role for the administration of mitochondrial therapies in sepsis and MODS. We expect that mitochondrial therapies will have an increasingly important role in the management of sepsis and MODS. Clinical trials are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Dare
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Septic shock is the consequence of a conflict between a pathogenic agent and the immune system of the host. This conflict induces an immune-mediated cytokine storm, with a whole-body inflammatory response often leading to multiple organ failure. Although extensively studied, the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated multiorgan failure remains unknown. One postulated mechanism is changes in mitochondrial function with an inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain and a decrease of oxygen utilization. RECENT FINDINGS Mitochondrion is a key organelle in supplying energy to the cell according to its metabolic need. Hypoxia and a number of the mediators implicated in sepsis and in the associated systemic inflammatory response have been demonstrated to directly impair mitochondrial function. A large body of evidence supports a key role of the peroxynitrite, which can react with most of the components of the electron transport chain, in the mitochondrial dysfunction. SUMMARY A pivotal role is suggested for mitochondrial dysfunction during the occurrence of multiorgan failure. Understanding the precise effect of sepsis on the mitochondrial function and the involvement of mitochondria in the development of multiple organ failure is fundamental. More human studies are thus necessary to clarify the mitochondrial dysfunction in the various phases of sepsis (early and late phase) before testing therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria.
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Abstract
Cellular dysfunction is a commonplace sequelum of sepsis and other systemic inflammatory conditions. Impaired energy production (related to mitochondrial inhibition, damage, and reduced protein turnover) appears to be a core mechanism underlying the development of organ dysfunction. The reduction in energy availability appears to trigger a metabolic shutdown that impairs normal functioning of the cell. This may well represent an adaptive mechanism analogous to hibernation that prevents a massive degree of cell death and thus enables eventual recovery in survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Singer
- University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Atrophic gastritis: deficient complex I of the respiratory chain in the mitochondria of corpus mucosal cells. J Gastroenterol 2009; 43:780-8. [PMID: 18958547 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most characteristic properties of the cancer cell. However, it is not known whether oxidative energy metabolism has already become altered in conditions of atrophic gastritis, a precancerous state of gastric disease. The purpose of our study was to comparatively characterize oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the atrophic and nonatrophic gastric corpus mucosa. METHODS Mucosal biopsies were taken from 12 patients with corpus dominant atrophic gastritis and from 12 patients with nonatrophic mucosa (controls). One part of the tissue samples was permeabilized with saponin for analysis of the function of the respiratory chain using high-resolution respirometry, and another part was used for histopathological examination. The serum level of pepsinogen I (S-PGI) was determined with a specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS Compared to the control group, the maximal capacity of OXPHOS in the atrophy group was almost twofold lower, the respiratory chain complex I-dependent respiration, normalized to complex II-dependent respiration, was reduced, and respiratory control by ADP in the presence of succinate was increased in the atrophic corpus mucosa. In the whole cohort of the patients studied, serum S-PGI level correlated positively with complex I-dependent respiration or complex I-dependent to complex II-dependent respiration ratio. CONCLUSIONS Corpus dominant atrophic gastritis is characterized by decreased respiratory capacity and relative deficiency of the respiratory complex I of mitochondria in the mucosa, the latter defect probably limiting mitochondrial ATP production and energetic support of the secretory function of the zymogenic mucosal cells.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21:811-3. [DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e32831ced3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Garedew A, Moncada S. Mitochondrial dysfunction and HIF1alpha stabilization in inflammation. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3468-75. [PMID: 18827009 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.034660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of murine-derived J774.A1 macrophages with interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide leads to a progressive mitochondrial defect characterized by inhibition of oxygen consumption and a decrease in the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. These changes are dependent on the generation of nitric oxide (NO) by an inducible NO synthase that becomes a significant consumer of oxygen. Furthermore, in these activated cells there is a biphasic stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1alpha, the second phase of which is also dependent on the presence of NO. The mitochondrial defect and stabilization of HIF1alpha synergize to activate glycolysis, which, at its maximum, generates quantities of ATP greater than those produced by non-activated cells. Nevertheless, the amount of ATP generated is not sufficient to fulfil the energy requirements of the activated cells, probably leading to a progressive energy deficit with the consequent inhibition of cell proliferation and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assegid Garedew
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Comim CM, Rezin GT, Scaini G, Di-Pietro PB, Cardoso MR, Petronilho FC, Ritter C, Streck EL, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Mitochondrial respiratory chain and creatine kinase activities in rat brain after sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation. Mitochondrion 2008; 8:313-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fedotcheva NI, Kazakov RE, Kondrashova MN, Beloborodova NV. Toxic effects of microbial phenolic acids on the functions of mitochondria. Toxicol Lett 2008; 180:182-8. [PMID: 18634861 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight phenolic acids (PhAs) phenylacetate, phenyllactate, phenylpropionate, p-hydroxyphenyllactate, and p-hydroxyphenylacetate are essentially the products of the degradation of aromatic amino acids and polyphenols by the intestinal microflora. In sepsis, the concentrations of some of these acids in the blood increase tens of times. Assuming that these compounds can cause the mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis, we examined their effects on respiration, the induction of pore opening, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria. It was found that phenylpropionate and phenylacetate produce a more toxic effect on mitochondria than the other phenolic acids. At concentrations 0.01-0.1 mM they decreased the rate of oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates and activated the Ca2+- and menadione-induced opening of the cyclosporin A-sensitive pore and the production of ROS. The disturbances caused by these PhAs are similar to those observed in mitochondria in sepsis, and hence the rise in their level may be one of the causes of mitochondrial dysfunctions. Phenyllactate, p-hydroxyphenyllactate, and p-hydroxyphenylacetate inhibited the production of ROS and pore opening, acting as antioxidants. Thus, the ability of PhAs to affect the mitochondrial functions, as well as an increase in their concentrations in sepsis (the total concentration of these PhAs in the blood is close to 0.1 mM), suggests that PhAs can be directly involved in the development of mitochondrial failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Fedotcheva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290 Russia.
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Carré JE, Singer M. Cellular energetic metabolism in sepsis: the need for a systems approach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:763-71. [PMID: 18482575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex pathophysiological disorder arising from a systemic inflammatory response to infection. Patients are clinically classified according to the presence of signs of inflammation alone, multiple organ failure (MOF), or organ failure plus hypotension (septic shock). The organ damage that occurs in MOF is not a direct effect of the pathogen itself, but rather of the dysregulated inflammatory response of the patient. Although mechanisms underlying MOF are not completely understood, a disruption in cellular energetic metabolism is increasingly implicated. In this review, we describe how various factors affecting cellular ATP supply and demand appear to be altered in sepsis, and how these vary through the timecourse. We will emphasise the need for an integrated systems approach to determine the relative importance of these factors in both the failure and recovery of different organs. A modular framework is proposed that can be used to assess the control hierarchy of cellular energetics in this complex pathophysiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Carré
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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