1
|
Rodríguez-Cano AM, Piña-Ramírez O, Rodríguez-Hernández C, Mier-Cabrera J, Villalobos-Alcazar G, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Cardona-Pérez A, Coronado-Zarco A, Perichart-Perera O. Development and validation of anthropometric-based fat-mass prediction equations using air displacement plethysmography in Mexican infants. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:748-756. [PMID: 37055482 PMCID: PMC10335931 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Fat-mass (FM) assessment since birth using valid methodologies is crucial since excessive adiposity represents a risk factor for adverse metabolic outcomes. AIM To develop infant FM prediction equations using anthropometry and validate them against air-displacement plethysmography (ADP). SUBJECTS/METHODS Clinical, anthropometric (weight, length, body-mass index -BMI-, circumferences, and skinfolds), and FM (ADP) data were collected from healthy-term infants at 1 (n = 133), 3 (n = 105), and 6 (n = 101) months enrolled in the OBESO perinatal cohort (Mexico City). FM prediction models were developed in 3 steps: 1) Variable Selection (LASSO regression), 2) Model behavior evaluation (12-fold cross-validation, using Theil-Sen regressions), and 3) Final model evaluation (Bland-Altman plots, Deming regression). RESULTS Relevant variables in the FM prediction models included BMI, circumferences (waist, thigh, and calf), and skinfolds (waist, triceps, subscapular, thigh, and calf). The R2 of each model was 1 M: 0.54, 3 M: 0.69, 6 M: 0.63. Predicted FM showed high correlation values (r ≥ 0.73, p < 0.001) with FM measured with ADP. There were no significant differences between predicted vs measured FM (1 M: 0.62 vs 0.6; 3 M: 1.2 vs 1.35; 6 M: 1.65 vs 1.76 kg; p > 0.05). Bias were: 1 M -0.021 (95%CI: -0.050 to 0.008), 3 M: 0.014 (95%CI: 0.090-0.195), 6 M: 0.108 (95%CI: 0.046-0.169). CONCLUSION Anthropometry-based prediction equations are inexpensive and represent a more accessible method to estimate body composition. The proposed equations are useful for evaluating FM in Mexican infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameyalli M Rodríguez-Cano
- Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Omar Piña-Ramírez
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Analysis Department, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carolina Rodríguez-Hernández
- Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jennifer Mier-Cabrera
- Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gicela Villalobos-Alcazar
- Neonatal Ward, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez
- Research Division, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arturo Cardona-Pérez
- General Director, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alejandra Coronado-Zarco
- Neonatology Division, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Otilia Perichart-Perera
- Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Associations between KCNQ1 and ITIH4 gene polymorphisms and infant weight gain in early life. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1290-1295. [PMID: 34247200 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An earlier meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in Asian populations detected five novel body mass index-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 (KCNQ1) (rs2237892), ALDH2/MYL2 (rs671, rs12229654), ITIH4 (rs2535633), and NT5C2 (rs11191580). Whether these SNPs take effect in early life, for example, affect infant rapid weight gain (RWG), is unclear. METHODS We obtained genomic DNA from 460 term infants with normal birth weight. RWG was defined as the change of weight-for-age standardized Z-score, calculated according to the Children Growth Standard released by the World Health Organization, from birth to 3 months of age >0.67. Using genetic models, associations between the candidate SNPs and infant RWG were examined, along with the interaction between the SNPs and the potential risk factors. RESULTS RWG was presented in 225 of 460 infants. SNP rs2535633 and rs2237892 were associated with the risk of RWG. Both additive and multiplicative interaction effects were found between infant delivery mode and rs2237892. The negative association between the rs2237892 T allele and infant RWG was only observed in vaginally delivered infants. CONCLUSIONS Obesity-related loci rs2535633 and rs2237892 are associated with infant RWG in the first 3 months of infancy. The relationship between rs2237892 and infant RGW might be moderated by cesarean delivery. IMPACT Genetic predisposition is an essential aspect to understand infant weight gain. Obesity-related SNPs, rs2535633 and rs2237892, are associated with RWG in very early years of life. The negative association between rs2237892 T allele and RWG is only observed in infants delivered vaginally instead of cesarean section.
Collapse
|
3
|
Khan S, Whatmore A, Perchard R, Khan A, Vyas A, Dua J, Cruickshank JK, Clayton P. Maternal Factors in Pregnancy and Ethnicity Influence Childhood Adiposity, Cardiac Structure, and Function. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:900404. [PMID: 35928679 PMCID: PMC9343669 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The links between maternal and offspring adiposity and metabolic status are well established. There is much less evidence for the impact of these relationships combined with ethnic background on cardiac structure and function in childhood. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that ethnicity, maternal adiposity and glycemic status, and child adiposity affect cardiac structure and function. DESIGN A prospective cohort study. SETTING A single-center mother-child cohort study. The cohort is a subset of the international multi-center Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study. PARTICIPANTS This study included 101 healthy pre-pubertal British-born children [56 White Europeans (WEs) and 45 South Asians (SAs)] with a median age of 9.1 years, range 6.0-12.2 years, at the time of the investigation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Anthropometric and echocardiographic measurements were made on the cohort. Maternal pregnancy and birth data were available. Relationships between maternal parameters (BMI and glucose status), child adiposity, and echo measures were assessed. RESULTS Despite no ethnic difference in BMI SDS at a median age of 9.1 years, SA children exhibited higher levels of body fat than WE children (whole body, right arm, and truncal fat all p < 0.001). SA children also exhibited greater changes in weight and height SDS but not BMI SDS from birth than WE children. As expected, maternal BMI correlated with child BMI (r = 0.28; p = 0.006), and body fat measures (e.g., whole body fat r = 0.25; p = 0.03). Maternal fasting glucose levels were associated with child body fat measures (r = 0.22-0.28; p = 0.02-0.05). Left ventricular (LV) indices were not different between SA and WE children, but E/A and E'/A' (measures of diastolic function) were lower in SA when compared with WE children. LV indices correlated positively to BMI SDS and body fat markers only in SA children. Maternal fasting and 2-h glucose were negatively correlated with E'/A' in SA children (r = -0.53, p = 0.015, and r = -0.49, p = 0.023, respectively) but not in WE children. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE SA and WE children exhibit differences in adiposity and diastolic function at a median age of 9.1 years. Novel relationships between maternal glycemia, child adiposity, and cardiac structure and function, present only in SA children, were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Khan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Whatmore
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Reena Perchard
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aysha Khan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Avni Vyas
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jaspal Dua
- North West, North Wales and Isle of Man Adult Congenital Heart Disease Network, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J Kennedy Cruickshank
- School of Life-Course and Nutritional Sciences, King's College, St Thomas' and Guy's Hospitals, King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Clayton
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nuruddin R, Vadsaria K, Mohammed N, Sayani S. The Efficacy of a Personalized mHealth Coaching Program During Pregnancy on Maternal Diet, Supplement Use, and Physical Activity: Protocol for a Parallel-Group Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e31611. [PMID: 34783675 PMCID: PMC8663618 DOI: 10.2196/31611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate intake of macro- and micronutrients and adoption of an active lifestyle during pregnancy are essential for optimum maternal and fetal health and offspring development. Dietary counseling and advice regarding adequate physical activity are integral components of antenatal care. Personalized coaching through the use of mobile health (mHealth) that supports behavior modification is an innovative approach that needs exploration. Objective Our primary aim is to assess the efficacy of an mHealth program in improving diet, supplement use, and physical activity during pregnancy. Secondary objectives include evaluation of the program’s effect on maternal and offspring health outcomes and assessment of its compliance and usability. Methods A randomized controlled trial was initiated at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, in January 2020. We aim to recruit 300 pregnant women in their first trimester who have smartphones, do not have comorbidities, and are not taking medications. The intervention group will be trained to use an mHealth app called PurUmeed Aaghaz. Through this app, the subjects will report information about their diet, supplement use, and physical activity and will receive personalized advice and three push messages as weekly reminders. The research assistant will obtain similar information from the control group via a paperless questionnaire; this group will receive standard face-to-face counseling regarding diet, supplement use, and physical activity. Data will be collected at enrollment and during four follow-up sessions scheduled 6 weeks apart. Primary study outcomes include improvements in diet (ie, change in mean dietary risk score from baseline to each follow-up), supplement use (ie, changes in mean supplement use score and biochemical levels of folic acid, iron, calcium, and vitamin D on a study subset), and mean duration of reported physical activity (minutes). Secondary study outcomes relate to maternal health (ie, gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and gestational weight gain), newborn health (ie, birth weight and length and gestational age at delivery), and infant health (ie, BMI and blood pressure at 1 year of age). Compliance will be determined by the proportion of participants who complete the 6-month coaching program. Usability will be assessed based on features related to design, interface, content, coaching, perception, and personal benefit. Results The study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Aga Khan University in 2017. The recruitment of study participants was completed in September 2021. All follow-ups and outcome assessments are expected to be completed by March 2023 and analysis is expected to be completed by June 2023. We expect the results to be published by the end of 2023. Conclusions This study will be an important step toward evaluating the role of mHealth in improving behaviors related to a healthy diet, supplement use, and promotion of physical activity during pregnancy, as well as in influencing maternal and offspring outcomes. If proven effective, mHealth interventions can be scaled up and included in antenatal care packages at tertiary care hospitals of low- and middle-income countries. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04216446; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04216446 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/31611
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rozina Nuruddin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Medical College, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Vadsaria
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Medical College, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nuruddin Mohammed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical College, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saleem Sayani
- Digital Health Resource Center, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumordzie SM, Adu-Afarwuah S, Young RR, Oaks BM, Tamakloe SM, Ocansey ME, Okronipa H, Prado EL, Dewey KG. Maternal-Infant Supplementation with Small-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements Does Not Affect Child Blood Pressure at 4-6 Y in Ghana: Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:522-531. [PMID: 30753625 PMCID: PMC6398380 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)-DYAD-Ghana trial, prenatal small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNSs) had a positive effect on birth weight. Birth weight may be inversely related to blood pressure (BP) later in life. OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of the intervention on BP at 4-6 y of age, and maternal and child factors related to BP. METHODS The iLiNS-DYAD-Ghana study was a partially double-blind, randomized controlled trial which assigned women (n = 1320) ≤20 weeks of gestation to daily supplementation with: 1) iron and folic acid during pregnancy and 200 mg Ca for 6 mo postpartum , 2) multiple micronutrients during pregnancy and postpartum, or 3) LNSs during pregnancy and postpartum plus LNSs for infants from 6 to 18 mo of age. At 4-6 y of age (n = 858, 70% of live births), we compared BP, a secondary outcome, between non-LNS and LNS groups and examined whether BP was related to several factors including maternal BP, child weight-for-age z score (WAZ), and physical activity. RESULTS Non-LNS and LNS groups did not differ in systolic (99.2 ± 0.4 compared with 98.5 ± 0.6 mm Hg; P = 0.317) or diastolic (60.1 ± 0.3 compared with 60.0 ± 0.4 mm Hg; P = 0.805) BP, or prevalence of high BP (systolic or diastolic BP ≥90th percentile of the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute reference: 31% compared with 28%; P = 0.251). BP at 4-6 y of age was positively related to birth weight; this relation was largely mediated through concurrent WAZ in a path model. Concurrent WAZ and maternal BP were the factors most strongly related to child BP. CONCLUSIONS Despite greater birth weight in the LNS group, there was no intervention group difference in BP at 4-6 y. In this preschool population at high risk of adult hypertension based on BP at 4-6 y, high maternal BP and child WAZ were key factors related to BP. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00970866.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sika M Kumordzie
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA,Address correspondence to SMK (e-mail: )
| | - Seth Adu-Afarwuah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Rebecca R Young
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Brietta M Oaks
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Solace M Tamakloe
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Maku E Ocansey
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Harriet Okronipa
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Elizabeth L Prado
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) tracks from childhood to adulthood, and early BP trajectories predict cardiovascular disease risk later in life. Excess postnatal weight gain is associated with vascular changes early in life. However, to what extent it is associated with children's BP is largely unknown. In 853 healthy 5-year-old children of the Wheezing-Illnesses-Study-Leidsche-Rijn (WHISTLER) birth cohort, systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured, and z scores of individual weight gain rates adjusted for length gain rates were calculated using at least two weight and length measurements from birth until 3 months of age. Linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between weight gain rates adjusted for length gain rates and BP adjusted for sex and ethnicity. Each standard deviation increase in weight gain rates adjusted for length gain rates was associated with 0.9 mmHg (95% CI 0.3, 1.5) higher sitting SBP after adjustment for confounders. Particularly in children in the lowest birth size decile, high excess weight gain was associated with higher sitting SBP values compared to children with low weight gain rates adjusted for length gain rates. BMI and visceral adipose tissue partly explained the association between excess weight gain and sitting SBP (β 0.5 mmHg, 95% CI -0.3, 1.3). Weight gain rates adjusted for length gain rates were not associated with supine SBP or DBP. Children with excess weight gain, properly adjusted for length gain, in the first three months of life, particularly those with a small birth size, showed higher sitting systolic BP at the age of 5 years.
Collapse
|
7
|
Battu HS, Bhopal R, Agyemang C. Heterogeneity in blood pressure in UK Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani, compared to White, populations: divergence of adults and children. J Hum Hypertens 2018; 32:725-744. [PMID: 30181657 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-018-0095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) and hypertension prevalence differences between UK South Asians (Bangladeshis, Indians and Pakistanis) and White Europeans exist in childhood and adulthood. This meta-analysis sought to quantify these differences. We searched MEDLINE (1946-2017), EMBASE (1974-2017) and GLOBAL HEALTH (1973-2017) for comparative studies and pooled the data with Revman (Cochrane Collaboration). Twenty-two studies were included-fourteen on adults and eight on children. South Asian adults had lower systolic and slightly lower diastolic BP. However, stark heterogeneity existed between South Asian subgroups: Bangladeshis had markedly lower systolic BP (mean difference: -11.7 mmHg in men and women), Indians slightly lower (-2.0 mmHg in men and -4.5 mmHg in women) and Pakistanis intermediately lower (-7.9 mmHg in men and -8.6 mmHg in women), compared to White Europeans. However, South Asian children did not have lower systolic or diastolic BP compared to White children, and their BP was often higher. This intergenerational change in BP difference mirrored the change in body mass index difference, particularly in Bangladeshis. We conclude that ethnicity-related BP differences are heterogeneous and dependent on age, sex and South Asian subgroup. South Asian children do not have lower BP than White Europeans in contrast to their adult counterparts. There is concern that this pattern may continue into adulthood, worsening the already high cardiovascular disease burden in South Asians in future years. Further research is needed to ascertain the causes of this evolving issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartesh S Battu
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Raj Bhopal
- Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Effect of early postnatal nutrition on chronic kidney disease and arterial hypertension in adulthood: a narrative review. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:598-614. [PMID: 30078383 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been identified as a risk factor for adult chronic kidney disease (CKD), including hypertension (HTN). Accelerated postnatal catch-up growth superimposed to IUGR has been shown to further increase the risk of CKD and HTN. Although the impact of excessive postnatal growth without previous IUGR is less clear, excessive postnatal overfeeding in experimental animals shows a strong impact on the risk of CKD and HTN in adulthood. On the other hand, food restriction in the postnatal period seems to have a protective effect on CKD programming. All these effects are mediated at least partially by the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, leptin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling and profibrotic pathways. Early nutrition, especially in the postnatal period has a significant impact on the risk of CKD and HTN at adulthood and should receive specific attention in the prevention of CKD and HTN.
Collapse
|
9
|
Karasz A, Bonuck K. Reducing pediatric caries and obesity risk in South Asian immigrants: randomized controlled trial of common health/risk factor approach. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:680. [PMID: 29855352 PMCID: PMC5984363 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This paper describes the design and methods of a multi-phase study to reduce early childhood caries and obesity in vulnerable South Asian (SA) immigrants in the United States. Early childhood caries and obesity are the most common diseases of early childhood. Risk factors for both diseases are rooted in early childhood feeding practices such as bottle feeding and intake of sweets and sweetened beverages. The Common Health/Risk Factor Approach to addressing oral health is widely promoted by the WHO and other policy makers. This approach recognizes links between oral health and other diseases of modernity. Our CHALO! (“Child Health Action to Lower Obesity and Oral health risk”--from a Hindi word meaning "Let's go!") study targets SA families at high risk for early childhood caries and obesity. CHALO! addresses common risk factors associated with these two common diseases of childhood. Methods This two part project includes a randomized controlled trial, and a Knowledge Translation campaign. A randomized controlled trial will enroll n = 360 families from pediatric practices serving South Asians in the New York metro area. The intervention group will receive home visits by SA community health workers at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 months of age. Controls will receive culturally tailored educational material. Primary outcomes-- cariogenic and obesogenic feeding practices at 6, 12, and 18 months-- will be assessed with the MySmileBuddy iPad based tool. Secondary outcomes include: oral hygiene practices, anthropometrics, and caries incidence at 18 months. A public education campaign will focus on both families and health care providers. Discussion There are few Common Health/Risk Factor Approach published studies on obesity and oral health risk in children, despite health morbidity and costs associated with both conditions. CHALO! comprises a multi-level interventions designed to promote culturally competent, sustainable change. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT03077425. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5317-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Karasz
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA.
| | - Karen Bonuck
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Farrar D, Simmonds M, Griffin S, Duarte A, Lawlor DA, Sculpher M, Fairley L, Golder S, Tuffnell D, Bland M, Dunne F, Whitelaw D, Wright J, Sheldon TA. The identification and treatment of women with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: an analysis of individual participant data, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and an economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2018; 20:1-348. [PMID: 27917777 DOI: 10.3310/hta20860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with a higher risk of important adverse outcomes. Practice varies and the best strategy for identifying and treating GDM is unclear. AIM To estimate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of strategies for identifying and treating women with GDM. METHODS We analysed individual participant data (IPD) from birth cohorts and conducted systematic reviews to estimate the association of maternal glucose levels with adverse perinatal outcomes; GDM prevalence; maternal characteristics/risk factors for GDM; and the effectiveness and costs of treatments. The cost-effectiveness of various strategies was estimated using a decision tree model, along with a value of information analysis to assess where future research might be worthwhile. Detailed systematic searches of MEDLINE® and MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations®, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Plus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Health Technology Assessment database, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Maternity and Infant Care database and the Cochrane Methodology Register were undertaken from inception up to October 2014. RESULTS We identified 58 studies examining maternal glucose levels and outcome associations. Analyses using IPD alone and the systematic review demonstrated continuous linear associations of fasting and post-load glucose levels with adverse perinatal outcomes, with no clear threshold below which there is no increased risk. Using IPD, we estimated glucose thresholds to identify infants at high risk of being born large for gestational age or with high adiposity; for South Asian (SA) women these thresholds were fasting and post-load glucose levels of 5.2 mmol/l and 7.2 mmol/l, respectively and for white British (WB) women they were 5.4 and 7.5 mmol/l, respectively. Prevalence using IPD and published data varied from 1.2% to 24.2% (depending on criteria and population) and was consistently two to three times higher in SA women than in WB women. Lowering thresholds to identify GDM, particularly in women of SA origin, identifies more women at risk, but increases costs. Maternal characteristics did not accurately identify women with GDM; there was limited evidence that in some populations risk factors may be useful for identifying low-risk women. Dietary modification additional to routine care reduced the risk of most adverse perinatal outcomes. Metformin (Glucophage,® Teva UK Ltd, Eastbourne, UK) and insulin were more effective than glibenclamide (Aurobindo Pharma - Milpharm Ltd, South Ruislip, Middlesex, UK). For all strategies to identify and treat GDM, the costs exceeded the health benefits. A policy of no screening/testing or treatment offered the maximum expected net monetary benefit (NMB) of £1184 at a cost-effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The NMB for the three best-performing strategies in each category (screen only, then treat; screen, test, then treat; and test all, then treat) ranged between -£1197 and -£1210. Further research to reduce uncertainty around potential longer-term benefits for the mothers and offspring, find ways of improving the accuracy of identifying women with GDM, and reduce costs of identification and treatment would be worthwhile. LIMITATIONS We did not have access to IPD from populations in the UK outside of England. Few observational studies reported longer-term associations, and treatment trials have generally reported only perinatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Using the national standard cost-effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per QALY it is not cost-effective to routinely identify pregnant women for treatment of hyperglycaemia. Further research to provide evidence on longer-term outcomes, and more cost-effective ways to detect and treat GDM, would be valuable. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013004608. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Farrar
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, Bradford, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Mark Simmonds
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Susan Griffin
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Ana Duarte
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mark Sculpher
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Lesley Fairley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, Bradford, UK
| | - Su Golder
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Derek Tuffnell
- Bradford Women's and Newborn Unit, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, Bradford, UK
| | - Martin Bland
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Fidelma Dunne
- Galway Diabetes Research Centre (GDRC) and School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Donald Whitelaw
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, Bradford, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, Bradford, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
West J, Santorelli G, Whincup PH, Smith L, Sattar NA, Cameron N, Farrar D, Collings P, Wright J, Lawlor DA. Association of maternal exposures with adiposity at age 4/5 years in white British and Pakistani children: findings from the Born in Bradford study. Diabetologia 2018; 61:242-252. [PMID: 29064033 PMCID: PMC6046463 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There is evidence that, from birth, South Asians are fatter, for a given body mass, than Europeans. The role of developmental overnutrition related to maternal adiposity and circulating glucose in these ethnic differences is unclear. Our aim was to compare associations of maternal gestational adiposity and glucose with adiposity at age 4/5 years in white British and Pakistani children. METHODS Born in Bradford is a prospective study of children born between 2007 and 2010 in Bradford, UK. Mothers completed an OGTT at 27-28 weeks of gestation. We examined associations between maternal gestational BMI, fasting glucose, post-load glucose and diabetes (GDM) and offspring height, weight, BMI and subscapular skinfold (SSF) and triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness at age 4/5 years, using data from 6060 mother-offspring pairs (2717 [44.8%] white British and 3343 [55.2%] Pakistani). RESULTS Pakistani mothers had lower BMI and higher fasting and post-load glucose and were twice as likely to have GDM (defined using modified WHO criteria) than white British women (15.8% vs 6.9%). Pakistani children were taller and had lower BMI than white British children; they had similar SSF and lower TSF. Maternal BMI was positively associated with the adiposity of offspring in both ethnic groups, with some evidence of stronger associations in Pakistani mother-offspring pairs. For example, the difference in adjusted mean BMI per 1 kg/m2 greater maternal BMI was 0.07 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.05, 0.08) and 0.10 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.09. 0.11) in white British and Pakistani children, respectively, with equivalent results for SSF being 0.07 mm (95% CI 0.05, 0.08) and 0.09 mm (95% CI 0.08. 0.11) (p for ethnic difference < 0.03 for both). There was no strong evidence of association of fasting and post-load glucose, or GDM, with outcomes in either group. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION At age 4/5 years, Pakistani children are taller and lighter than white British children. While maternal BMI is positively associated with offspring adiposity, gestational glycaemia is not clearly related to offspring adiposity in either ethnic group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Temple Bank House, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK.
- MRC Integrated Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Rm OS11, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Gillian Santorelli
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Temple Bank House, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lesley Smith
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Naveed A Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Noel Cameron
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Diane Farrar
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Temple Bank House, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Paul Collings
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Temple Bank House, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Temple Bank House, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrated Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Rm OS11, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garcia R, Ali N, Guppy A, Griffiths M, Randhawa G. Differences in the pregnancy gestation period and mean birth weights in infants born to Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and white British mothers in Luton, UK: a retrospective analysis of routinely collected data. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017139. [PMID: 28801435 PMCID: PMC5724131 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare mean birth weights and gestational age at delivery of infants born to Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and white British mothers in Luton, UK. DESIGN Retrospective analysis using routinely recorded secondary data in Ciconia Maternity information System, between 2008 and 2013. SETTING Luton, UK. PARTICIPANTS Mothers whose ethnicity was recorded as white British, Bangladeshi, Pakistani or Indian and living in Luton, aged over 16, who had a live singleton birth over 24 weeks of gestation were included in the analysis (n=14 871). OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measures were mean birth weight and gestational age at delivery. RESULTS After controlling for maternal age, smoking, diabetes, gestation age, parity and maternal height and body mass index at booking, a significant difference in infants' mean birth weight was found between white British and Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi infants, F(3, 12 287)=300.32, p<0.0001. The partial Eta-squared for maternal ethnicity was η2=0.067. The adjusted mean birth weight for white British infants was found to be 3377.89 g (95% CI 3365.34 to 3390.44); Indian infants, 3033.09 g (95% CI 3038.63 to 3103.55); Pakistani infants, 3129.49 g (95% CI 3114.5 to 3144.48); and Bangladeshi infants, 3064.21 g (95% CI 3041.36 to 3087.06). There was a significant association in preterm delivery found in primipara Indian mothers, compared with Indian mothers (Wald=8.192, df 1, p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS Results show important differences in adjusted mean birth weight between Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and white British women. Moreover, an association was found between primipara Indian mothers and preterm delivery, when compared with Pakistani, Bangladeshi and white British women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garcia
- The Institute For Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Nasreen Ali
- The Institute For Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Andy Guppy
- The Institute for Applied Social Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Malcolm Griffiths
- Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, UK
| | - Gurch Randhawa
- The Institute For Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a significant impact on global morbidity and mortality. The Low Birth Weight and Nephron Number Working Group has prepared a consensus document aimed to address the relatively neglected issue for the developmental programming of hypertension and CKD. It emerged from a workshop held on April 2, 2016, including eminent internationally recognized experts in the field of obstetrics, neonatology, and nephrology. Through multidisciplinary engagement, the goal of the workshop was to highlight the association between fetal and childhood development and an increased risk of adult diseases, focusing on hypertension and CKD, and to suggest possible practical solutions for the future. The recommendations for action of the consensus workshop are the results of combined clinical experience, shared research expertise, and a review of the literature. They highlight the need to act early to prevent CKD and other related noncommunicable diseases later in life by reducing low birth weight, small for gestational age, prematurity, and low nephron numbers at birth through coordinated interventions. Meeting the current unmet needs would help to define the most cost-effective strategies and to optimize interventions to limit or interrupt the developmental programming cycle of CKD later in life, especially in the poorest part of the world.
Collapse
|
14
|
Muhardi L, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, Acton D, van der Beek EM. Differences in the anthropometry of Asian children and its role in metabolic health in later life: A narrative review. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016; 10 Suppl 1:S3-S16. [PMID: 27389317 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of childhood obesity in Asia could be a reflection of early life programming in which environmental/nutritional challenges during pregnancy and first two years of life (the so-called first 1000 days) influence later health. OBJECTIVE OF NARRATIVE REVIEW To assess differences/similarities of anthropometric measures in early life and their influences on metabolic health risk in later life among children in Asia. METHODS Literature search for publication in English using selected key words from Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar published from 1994 to October 2014. Some comparisons with Caucasian setting were made when relevant. RESULTS From 152 publications selected for this narrative review, differences in foetal growth and birth weight were deducted between Asian and Caucasian children. Infants in India and Hong Kong had increased fat mass at birth and early infancy as compared to those from other parts of the world. Pre- and during pregnancy conditions influenced birth weight; feeding practices and gender influenced post-natal growth and body composition development. High and low birth weights followed by rapid postnatal growth were linked to increased risks of obesity, insulin resistance and high blood pressure in later life. CONCLUSION Foetal and postnatal growth trajectories are different between countries within and outside Asia. Extremes in birth weight followed by rapid postnatal growth were linked to increased risks of metabolic health of children in this region. As there is limited evidence in Asia, it is important to conduct thorough investigations by using longitudinal studies on early life programming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leilani Muhardi
- Nutricia Research - Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Matrix Building #05-01b, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138667, Singapore.
| | | | - Dennis Acton
- Nutricia Research - Danone Early Life Nutrition, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eline M van der Beek
- Nutricia Research - Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Matrix Building #05-01b, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138667, Singapore; Nutricia Research - Danone Early Life Nutrition, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cezard G, Bansal N, Bhopal R, Pallan M, Gill P, Barrett T, Adab P. Adiposity and response to an obesity prevention intervention in Pakistani and Bangladeshi primary school boys and girls: a secondary analysis using the BEACHeS feasibility study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e007907. [PMID: 26861933 PMCID: PMC4762091 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As a secondary analysis of the BEACHeS study, we hypothesised there would be sex differences in Pakistani and Bangladeshi school children when examining adiposity and their response to an obesity intervention. DESIGN The Birmingham healthy Eating and Active lifestyle for CHildren Study (BEACHeS) was designed as a Phase II feasibility study of a complex intervention. SETTING 8 primary schools with predominantly South Asian children in Birmingham, UK PARTICIPANTS: 1090 pupils (aged 5-7 years old) from school year 1 and 2 were allocated at school level to receive an intervention. A total of 574 were enrolled in the study with consent. We focused on the 466 children of Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin (50.6% boys). INTERVENTION Delivered between 2007 and 2009, the 1-year obesity prevention intervention targeted school and family-based dietary and physical activities. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES AND ANALYSIS Adiposity measures including skinfold thickness were compared by sex at baseline and follow-up. Gains in adiposity measures were compared between control and intervention arms in boys and in girls. Measures were compared using two-sample t tests and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum tests according to normality distribution. RESULTS At baseline, girls had larger skinfold measures at all sites compared to boys although body mass index (BMI) was similar (eg, median subscapular skinfold 6.6 mm vs 5.7 mm; p<0.001). At follow-up, girls in the intervention group gained less weight and adiposity compared to respective controls (p<0.05 for weight, BMI, waist circumference, central and thigh skinfold) with a median total skinfold gain of 7.0 mm in the control group compared to 0.3 mm in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Our secondary analysis suggests differences in adiposity in Pakistani and Bangladeshi girls and boys and in the effect of the intervention reducing adiposity in girls. These preliminary findings indicate that including sex differences should be examined in future trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN51016370; Post-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Cezard
- Edinburgh Migration, Ethnicity and Health Research Group (EMEHRG), Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Narinder Bansal
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raj Bhopal
- Edinburgh Migration, Ethnicity and Health Research Group (EMEHRG), Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miranda Pallan
- Unit of Public Health, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paramjit Gill
- Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy Barrett
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peymane Adab
- Unit of Public Health, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
West J, Santorelli G, Lennon L, O'Connell K, Corkett J, Wright J, Brierley S, Whincup P, Cameron N, Lawlor DA. Beyond height and weight: a programme of school nurse assessed skinfold measurements from white British and South Asian origin children aged 4-5 years within the Born in Bradford cohort study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008630. [PMID: 26610758 PMCID: PMC4663422 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the feasibility, reliability and additional information gained from collecting additional body fatness measures (beyond height and weight) from UK reception year children. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Bradford, UK. PARTICIPANTS 2458 reception year children participating in the Born in Bradford (BiB) cohort study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The feasibility and reliability of subscapular and triceps skinfold measurements and differences in adiposity between ethnic groups. RESULTS Of those children who were matched to their school, 91% had a subscapular skinfold measurement and 92% had a triceps skinfold measurement recorded. Reliability was generally over 90% for all measurers and both measurements. Pakistani children were slightly taller but weighed less and had lower triceps skinfold thickness (mean difference -1.8 mm, 95% CI -2.1 to -1.4 mm) but higher subscapular (mean difference 0.1 mm, 95% CI -0.1 to 0.4 mm) than white British children. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that it is feasible for school nurses to collect skinfold measurements in a similar way to the height and weight measurements collected from reception year children for the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP), and that these measurements are reliable. It is important for healthcare practice to acknowledge ethnic-specific risk and these additional measurements can provide important information to examine population-level risk in populations with large proportions of South Asian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gillian Santorelli
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Laura Lennon
- Department of Public Health, Bradford District Metropolitan Council, Bradford, UK
| | - Kathy O'Connell
- Department of Public Health, Bradford District Metropolitan Council, Bradford, UK
| | - John Corkett
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Shirley Brierley
- Department of Public Health, Bradford District Metropolitan Council, Bradford, UK
| | - Peter Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Noel Cameron
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schembari A, de Hoogh K, Pedersen M, Dadvand P, Martinez D, Hoek G, Petherick ES, Wright J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Ambient Air Pollution and Newborn Size and Adiposity at Birth: Differences by Maternal Ethnicity (the Born in Bradford Study Cohort). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1208-15. [PMID: 25978617 PMCID: PMC4629735 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with reduced size of newborns; however, the modifying effect of maternal ethnicity remains little explored among South Asians. OBJECTIVES We investigated ethnic differences in the association between ambient air pollution and newborn's size. METHOD Pregnant women were recruited between 2007 and 2010 for the Born in Bradford cohort study, in England. Exposures to particulate matter (≤ 10 μm, PM10; ≤ 2.5 μm, PM2.5), PM2.5 absorbance, and nitrogen oxides (NOx, NO2) were estimated using land-use regressions models. Using multivariate linear regression models, we evaluated effect modification by maternal ethnicity ("white British" or "Pakistani origin," self-reported) on the associations of air pollution and birth weight, head circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness. RESULTS A 5-μg/m3 increase in mean third trimester PM2.5 was associated with significantly lower birth weight and smaller head circumference in children of white British mothers (-43 g; 95% CI: -76, -10 and -0.28 cm; 95% CI: -0.39, -0.17, respectively), but not in children of Pakistani origin (9 g; 95% CI: -17, 35 and -0.08 cm; 95% CI: -0.17, 0.01, respectively) (p(int) = 0.03 and < 0.001). In contrast, PM2.5 was associated with significantly larger triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses in children of Pakistani origin (0.17 mm; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.25 and 0.21 mm; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.29, respectively), but not in white British children (-0.02 mm; 95% CI: -0.14, 0.01 and 0.06 mm; 95% CI: -0.06, 0.18, respectively) (p(int) = 0.06 and 0.11). Patterns of associations for PM10 and PM2.5 absorbance according to ethnicity were similar to those for PM2.5, but associations of the outcomes with NO2 and NOx were mostly nonsignificant in both ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that associations of ambient PM exposures with newborn size and adiposity differ between white British and Pakistani origin infants. CITATION Schembari A, de Hoogh K, Pedersen M, Dadvand P, Martinez D, Hoek G, Petherick ES, Wright J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. 2015. Ambient air pollution and newborn size and adiposity at birth: differences by maternal ethnicity (the Born in Bradford study cohort). Environ Health Perspect 123:1208-1215; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408675.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schembari
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Farrar D, Fairley L, Santorelli G, Tuffnell D, Sheldon TA, Wright J, van Overveld L, Lawlor DA. Association between hyperglycaemia and adverse perinatal outcomes in south Asian and white British women: analysis of data from the Born in Bradford cohort. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:795-804. [PMID: 26355010 PMCID: PMC4673084 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of gestational diabetes predicts risk of infants who are large for gestational age (LGA) and with high adiposity, which in turn aims to predict a future risk of obesity in the offspring. South Asian women have higher risk of gestational diabetes, lower risk of LGA, and on average give birth to infants with greater adiposity than do white European women. Whether the same diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes should apply to both groups of women is unclear. We aimed to assess the association between maternal glucose and adverse perinatal outcomes to ascertain whether thresholds used to diagnose gestational diabetes should differ between south Asian and white British women. We also aimed to assess whether ethnic origin affected prevalence of gestational diabetes irrespective of criteria used. METHODS We used data (including results of a 26-28 week gestation oral glucose tolerance test) of women from the Born in Bradford study, a prospective study that recruited women attending the antenatal clinic at the Bradford Royal Infirmary, UK, between 2007 and 2011 and who intended to give birth to their infant in that hospital. We studied the association between fasting and 2 h post-load glucose and three primary outcomes (LGA [defined as birthweight >90th percentile for gestational age], high infant adiposity [sum of skinfolds >90th percentile for gestational age], and caesarean section). We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for a 1 SD increase in fasting and post-load glucose. We established fasting and post-load glucose thresholds that equated to an OR of 1·75 for LGA and high infant adiposity in each group of women to identify ethnic-specific criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes. FINDINGS Of 13,773 pregnancies, 3420 were excluded from analyses. Of 10,353 eligible pregnancies, 4088 women were white British, 5408 were south Asian, and 857 were of other ethnic origin. The adjusted ORs of LGA per 1 SD fasting glucose were 1·22 (95% CI 1·08-1·38) in white British women and 1·43 (1·23-1·67) in south Asian women (pinteraction with ethnicity = 0·39). Results for high infant adiposity were 1·35 (1·23-1·49) and 1·35 (1·18-1·54; pinteraction with ethnicity=0·98), and for caesarean section they were 1·06 (0·97-1·16) and 1·11 (1·02-1·20; pinteraction with ethnicity=0·47). Associations between post-load glucose and the three primary outcomes were weaker than for fasting glucose. A fasting glucose concentration of 5·4 mmol/L or a 2 h post-load level of 7·5 mmol/L identified white British women with 75% or higher relative risk of LGA or high infant adiposity; in south Asian women, the cutoffs were 5·2 mmol/L or 7·2 mml/L; in the whole cohort, the cutoffs were 5·3 mmol/L or 7·5 mml/L. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in our cohort ranged from 1·2% to 8·7% in white British women and 4% to 24% in south Asian women using six different criteria. Compared with the application of our whole-cohort criteria, use of our ethnic-specific criteria increased the prevalence of gestational diabetes in south Asian women from 17·4% (95% CI 16·4-18·4) to 24·2% (23·1-25·3). INTERPRETATION Our data support the use of lower fasting and post-load glucose thresholds to diagnose gestational diabetes in south Asian than white British women. They also suggest that diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes recommended by UK NICE might underestimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes compared with our criteria or those recommended by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups and WHO, especially in south Asian women. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Farrar
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, Bradford, UK; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Lesley Fairley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Derek Tuffnell
- Bradford Women's and Newborn Unit, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, Bradford, UK
| | | | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cantinotti M, Giordano R, Scalese M, Molinaro S, Murzi B, Assanta N, Crocetti M, Marotta M, Ghione S, Iervasi G. Strengths and limitations of current pediatric blood pressure nomograms: a global overview with a special emphasis on regional differences in neonates and infants. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:577-87. [PMID: 25876830 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The availability of robust nomograms is essential for the correct evaluation of blood pressure (BP) values in children. A literature search was conducted by accessing the National Library of Medicine by using the keywords BP, pediatric and reference values/nomograms. A total of 43 studies that evaluated pediatric BP nomograms were included in this review. Despite the accuracy of the latest studies, many numerical and methodological limitations still remain. The numerical limitations include the paucity of data for neonates/infants and for some geographic areas (Africa/South America/East Europe/Asia) and ethnicities. Furthermore, the data on ambulatory BP and response to exercise are extremely limited, and the criteria for stress-test interruption are lacking. There was heterogeneity in the methodologies employed to perform the measurements, in the inclusion/exclusion criteria (often not reported), in the data normalization and the data expression (Z-scores/percentiles/mean values). Although most studies adjusted the measurements for age and/or height, the classification by specific age/height subgroups varied. Gender differences were generally considered, whereas other confounders (that is, ethnicity/geographic area/environment) were seldom evaluated. As a result, nomograms were heterogeneous, and when comparable, at times showed widely different confidence intervals. These differences are most likely because of both methodological limitations and differences among the populations studied. Some robust nomograms exist (particularly those from the USA); however, it has been demonstrated that if adopted in other countries/continents, they may generate an unpredictable bias in the evaluation of BP values in children. Actual pediatric BP nomograms present consistent limitations that affect the evaluation of BP in children. Comprehensive nomograms, which are based on a large population of healthy children (including neonates/infants) and use standardized methodology, are warranted for every country/region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cantinotti
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardic Surgery, Tuscany Foundation G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Giordano
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardic Surgery, Tuscany Foundation G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy
| | - Marco Scalese
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Molinaro
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bruno Murzi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardic Surgery, Tuscany Foundation G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy
| | - Nadia Assanta
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardic Surgery, Tuscany Foundation G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy
| | - Maura Crocetti
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardic Surgery, Tuscany Foundation G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy
| | - Marco Marotta
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardic Surgery, Tuscany Foundation G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy
| | - Sergio Ghione
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardic Surgery, Tuscany Foundation G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Iervasi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardic Surgery, Tuscany Foundation G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rerkasem K, Rattanatanyong P, Rerkasem A, Wongthanee A, Rungruengthanakit K, Mangklabruks A, Mutirangura A. Higher Alu methylation levels in catch-up growth in twenty-year-old offsprings. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120032. [PMID: 25807557 PMCID: PMC4373937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alu elements and long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) are two major human intersperse repetitive sequences. Lower Alu methylation, but not LINE-1, has been observed in blood cells of people in old age, and in menopausal women having lower bone mass and osteoporosis. Nevertheless, Alu methylation levels also vary among young individuals. Here, we explored phenotypes at birth that are associated with Alu methylation levels in young people. In 2010, 249 twenty-years-old volunteers whose mothers had participated in a study association between birth weight (BW) and nutrition during pregnancy in 1990, were invited to take part in our present study. In this study, the LINE-1 and Alu methylation levels and patterns were measured in peripheral mononuclear cells and correlated with various nutritional parameters during intrauterine and postnatal period of offspring. This included the amount of maternal intake during pregnancy, the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy, birth weight, birth length, and the rate of weight gain in the first year of life. Catch-up growth (CUG) was defined when weight during the first year was >0.67 of the standard score, according to WHO data. No association with LINE-1 methylation was identified. The mean level of Alu methylation in the CUG group was significantly higher than those non-CUG (39.61% and 33.66 % respectively, P < 0.0001). The positive correlation between the history of CUG in the first year and higher Alu methylation indicates the role of Alu methylation, not only in aging cells, but also in the human growth process. Moreover, here is the first study that demonstrated the association between a phenotype during the newborn period and intersperse repetitive sequences methylation during young adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kittipan Rerkasem
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; The Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Prakasit Rattanatanyong
- Center of Excellence of Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amaraporn Rerkasem
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Antika Wongthanee
- The Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- The Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Mutirangura
- Center of Excellence of Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
West J, Wright J, Fairley L, Sattar N, Whincup P, Lawlor DA. Do ethnic differences in cord blood leptin levels differ by birthweight category? Findings from the Born in Bradford cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 43:249-54. [PMID: 24291804 PMCID: PMC3937974 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that South Asian individuals have higher fat mass for a given weight than Europeans. One study reported that the greater fatness for a given birthweight may increase with increasing birth weight, suggesting that any attempt to increase mean birth weight in South Asians would markedly increase their fatness. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine whether differences in cord leptin values between White British and Pakistani infants vary by birth weight category. METHOD We examined the difference in cord leptin levels between 659 White British and 823 Pakistani infants recruited to the Born in Bradford cohort study, by clinical categories and thirds of the birth weight distribution. RESULTS Pakistani infants had a lower mean birthweight but higher cord leptin levels than White British infants [ratio of geometric mean(RGM) of cord leptin adjusted for birth weight = 1.36 (95% CI 1.26,1.46)]. Birthweight was positively associated with cord leptin levels in both groups, with no evidence that the regression lines in the two groups diverged from each other with increasing birthweight.The relative ethnic difference in cord leptin was similar in low (<2500 g), normal and high (≥4000 g) birthweight infants(P-value for interaction = 0.91). It was also similar across thirds of the birthweight distribution [RGM (95% CI) in lowest, mid and highest thirds were 1.37 (1.20, 1.57), 1.36 (1.20, 1.54) and 1.31 (1.16, 1.52), respectively, P-interaction = 0.51]. CONCLUSIONS We found marked differences in cord leptin levels between Pakistani and White British infants but no evidence that this difference increases with increasing birthweight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, University of London, London, UK and MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Corresponding author. Bradford Institute for Health Research, Temple Bank House, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Duckworth Lane, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK. E-mail:
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, University of London, London, UK and MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lesley Fairley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, University of London, London, UK and MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, University of London, London, UK and MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Whincup
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, University of London, London, UK and MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, University of London, London, UK and MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Patel L, Whatmore A, Davies J, Bansal N, Vyas A, Gemmell I, Oldroyd J, Cruickshank JK, Clayton P. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 levels, independent of insulin-like growth factor 1, associate with truncal fat and systolic blood pressure in South Asian and white European preschool children. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 81:109-17. [PMID: 24281388 DOI: 10.1159/000355824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study the effect of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system on growth, adiposity and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in early life in British-born South Asian (SA) and White European (WE) children. METHODS The effect of IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) over the first 4 years in 204 healthy SA and WE children was investigated by mixed linear regression modelling. This enabled inclusion of all follow-up observations and adjustment for repeated measures. RESULTS At birth, SA babies were shorter and lighter than WE babies. Over 4 years, SA ethnicity was associated with lower height, weight and body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS), higher subscapular/triceps skinfold thickness (Ss/Tr SFT) and lower SBP (all p < 0.01). IGF-1 was associated with greater height (p = 0.03), weight (p < 0.001) and BMI SDS (p < 0.001), and IGFBP-3 with greater weight SDS (p < 0.001), BMI SDS (p = 0.001), Ss/Tr SFT (p = 0.003) and SBP (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Over this first 4-year period of life, SA ethnicity was associated with being shorter, lighter, having more superficial truncal adiposity and lower SBP. IGFBP-3 (and not IGF-1) was independently associated with both superficial truncal adiposity and SBP, suggesting that IGFBP-3 is a potential metabolic and cardiovascular marker in healthy children in the early years of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Patel
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thin-fat insulin-resistant phenotype also present in South Asian neonates born in the Netherlands. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 6:47-52. [PMID: 25354582 DOI: 10.1017/s204017441400052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that South Asian neonates have a characteristic thin-fat insulin-resistant phenotype. The aim of our study was to determine whether this phenotype is also present in South Asians who have migrated to a Western country (the Netherlands). South Asian and white Dutch pregnant women were included in our study. After delivery, cord blood was collected and neonatal anthropometry was measured within 72 h. Compared with white Dutch mothers, South Asian mothers were younger (28.5 v. 32.2 years, P<0.001) and had a higher prepregnancy body mass index (25.1 v. 23.0, P=0.001). Gestational age at delivery was on average 4 days shorter in South Asians (274.9 v. 278.8, P=0.001). To compare the two groups of neonates, we calculated sex- and gestation-specific s.d. scores using the values for mean and s.d. obtained from the white Dutch subjects as a reference. All measurements were smaller in South Asian neonates, except for those of the skinfolds. The largest difference was found in abdominal circumference (s.d. score 1.39, 95% CI -1.76 to -1.01). Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were similar in both groups (triceps s.d. score -0.34, 95% CI -0.88 to +0.20 and subscapular s.d. score -0.03, 95% CI -0.31 to +0.25). South Asian neonates had higher cord plasma levels of triglycerides (0.40 v. 0.36, P=0.614), glucose (5.4 v. 4.8, P=0.079) and insulin (6.3 v. 4.0, P=0.051). However, these differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for birth weight, the difference in insulin became statistically significant (P=0.001). We therefore conclude that the thin-fat insulin-resistant phenotype is also present in South Asian neonates in the Netherlands.
Collapse
|
24
|
Childhood environment influences adrenarcheal timing among first-generation Bangladeshi migrant girls to the UK. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109200. [PMID: 25309977 PMCID: PMC4195659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenarche is a key early life event that marks middle childhood at approximately 7 years of age. Earlier work with British-Bangladeshi migrant women suggested that environmental conditions experienced before adrenarche influence adult reproductive function. We therefore investigated whether Bangladeshi children who migrate to the United Kingdom (UK) reach adrenarche earlier than non-migrants in Bangladesh or the United Kingdom. Methods and Findings Healthy girls, aged 5–16 years, were recruited from schools in Sylhet, Bangladesh and London, England comprising four groups: Sylhetis (n = 165), first-generation migrants to the United Kingdom (n = 42), second-generation girls (n = 162), and British girls of European origin (n = 50). Anthropometric measurements were collected together with questionnaire data for migration and socioeconomic characteristics. Saliva samples were assayed for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Multiple linear regressions tested for group differences in anthropometric and socioeconomic variables and DHEAS levels. Median ages at adrenarche (DHEAS>400 pg/ml) were estimated using Weibull regression models for parametric survival analysis. Hazard ratios for reaching adrenarche earlier and 95% confidence intervals (CI), both unadjusted and adjusted for anthropometric variables, were estimated from the survival analyses. First-generation migrants had a median age at adrenarche (5.3 years) that was significantly earlier than Sylheti (7.2), second-generation (7.4), and European (7.1) girls. In univariate analyses, first-generation girls reached adrenarche significantly earlier than Sylhetis [HR (CI): 2.8 (1.4–5.5]. In multivariate models, first generation girls still reached adrenarche earlier than Sylhetis after adjusting for height [HR(CI): 1.9 (0.9–4.1)] and weight [HR(CI):1.7 (0.8–3.8)], but these results were attenuated. Conclusions We suggest that rapid catch-up growth experienced by first generation girls during early childhood may explain their advanced adrenarche. The environmental conditions leading to an earlier adrenarche, as well as the health implications of this early transition, merit further exploration.
Collapse
|
25
|
Brands B, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. How growth due to infant nutrition influences obesity and later disease risk. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:578-85. [PMID: 24521522 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infant nutrition has a major impact on immediate outcomes and long-term health and later disease risks, such as obesity and related disorders, a phenomenon referred to as 'metabolic programming'. This review discusses the currently postulated hypotheses and mechanisms investigated by the EarlyNutrition project. CONCLUSION Rapid weight gain in the first 2 years of life, most notably mediated by diary protein, affects the insulin-like growth factor metabolic pathways. Epigenetic processes seem to play a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Brands
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; University of Munich Medical Centre; Munich Germany
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; University of Munich Medical Centre; Munich Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; University of Munich Medical Centre; Munich Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Phuphaibul R, Kongsaktrakul C, Phusamon S, Peasue N, Mosuwan L, Choprapawon C. Socioeconomic determinants of infant growth: The Perspective Cohort Study of Thai Children. Jpn J Nurs Sci 2014; 11:16-22. [PMID: 24460598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2012.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study is based on the Prospective Cohort Study of Thai Children (PCTC), and focuses on socioeconomic factors including maternal age, maternal education, living with parents, family size, family income, locality, and sex that affect the growth outcomes of infants at 1 year of age. METHODS Data was collected among 3679 pairs of mothers and infants in the PCTC cohort in rural and urban locations during 2001-2002. Data collection was performed by interviewing mothers in their 7th to 8th month of pregnancy using family profile questionnaires. The anthropometric measures including weight, length, and head circumference of the infants were later collected at 1 year of age at home. RESULTS The results show the effects of family socioeconomic status maternal education, living with parents, family size, family income, locality, and sex on their weight (R(2) = 14.2%, P < 0.001) and length (R(2) = 8.7%, P < 0.001) at 1 year of age. The findings suggest that maternal age, maternal education, living with parents, family size, family income, locality, and sex predict infant head circumference (R(2) = 16.8%, P < 0.001) at 1 year of age. CONCLUSION Infants' growth, including weight, height, and head circumference, are affected by family socioeconomic status factors. It is recommended that the effect of maternal age on growth and development of children among those in the PCTC cohort is examined in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutja Phuphaibul
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand Faculty of Medicine, Prince Songkhla University, Thailand Thailand Research Association for Child and Family Development, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Groof F, Huang L, van Vliet I, Voortman GJ, Schierbeek H, Roksnoer LCW, Vermes A, Chen C, Huang Y, van Goudoever JB. Branched-chain amino acid requirements for enterally fed term neonates in the first month of life. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:62-70. [PMID: 24284437 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of essential amino acid requirements in infants is important because excessive intake of protein can lead to increased long-term morbidity such as obesity. A deficient intake may lead to suboptimal growth and impaired neurodevelopment. The current recommended branched-chain amino acid requirements in infants aged 0-1 mo are based on the amino acid content of human milk. OBJECTIVE We quantified the requirements for isoleucine, leucine, and valine for term neonates by using the indicator amino acid oxidation method with [1-(13)C]phenylalanine as the indicator. DESIGN Fully enterally fed term infants received randomly graded amounts of isoleucine (5-216 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)), leucine (5-370 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)), or valine (5-236 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)) as part of an elemental formula. Data are expressed as means ± SDs. RESULTS Eighty-three Asian, term neonates (mean ± SD birth weight: 3.3 ± 0.4 kg; gestational age: 39.4 ± 1.3 wk) were studied at a postnatal age of 13 ± 5 d. Mean requirements for isoleucine, leucine, and valine (measured in boys only) were 105 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) (r(2) = 0.61, P < 0.001), 140 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) (r(2) = 0.26, P < 0.01), and 110 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) (r(2) = 0.35, P = 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Current human milk-based recommendations for isoleucine and valine in term infants aged 0-1 mo are correct. However, the current recommendation for leucine (166 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)) is higher than the mean requirement of 140 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) that we determined in this study. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR1610.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Femke de Groof
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma's Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (FdG, JBvG, and HS); the Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (JBvG, LH, and IvV); the Division of Neonatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands (GJV and LCWR); the Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (AV); and the Division of Neonatology (CC) and the Department of Gastro-Enterology (YH), Fudan Children's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ayoola OO, Omotade OO, Gemmell I, Clayton PE, Cruickshank JK. The impact of malaria in pregnancy on changes in blood pressure in children during their first year of life. Hypertension 2013; 63:167-72. [PMID: 24126169 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We established a maternal birth cohort in Ibadan, Nigeria, where malaria is hyperendemic, to assess how intrauterine exposure to malaria affected infant blood pressure (BP) development. In a local maternity hospital, healthy pregnant women had regular blood films for malaria parasites from booking to delivery. Growth and BP were measured on 318 babies, all followed from birth to 3 and 12 months. Main outcomes were standardized measures of anthropometry and change in BP to 1 year. Babies exposed to maternal malaria were globally smaller at birth, and boys remained smaller at 3 months and 1 year. Change in systolic BP (SBP) during the year was greater in boys than in girls (20.9 versus 15.7 mm Hg; P=0.002) but greater in girls exposed to maternal malaria (18.7 versus 12.7 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 1-11 mm Hg; P=0.02). Eleven percent of boys (greater than twice than expected) had a SBP ≥95th percentile (hypertensive, US criteria), of whom 68% had maternal malaria exposure. On regression analysis (β coefficients, mm Hg), sex (boys>girls; β=4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-7.7; P=0.01), maternal malaria exposure (3.64; 0.3-6.9; P=0.03), and weight change (2.4; 0.98-3.8/1 standard deviation score; P=0.001) all independently increased SBP change to 1 year, whereas increase in length decreased SBP (-1.98; -3.6 to -0.40). In conclusion, malaria-exposed boys had excess hypertension, whereas malaria-exposed girls a greater increase in SBP. Intrauterine exposure to malaria had sex-dependent effects on BP, independent of infant growth. Because infant-child-adult BP tracking is powerful, a malarial effect may contribute to the African burden of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omolola O Ayoola
- Cardiovascular Medicine Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutrition, 4th floor, Franklin-Wilkins Bldg, 150 Stamford St, King's College & King's Health Partners, London SE1 9RN, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Luyckx VA, Bertram JF, Brenner BM, Fall C, Hoy WE, Ozanne SE, Vikse BE. Effect of fetal and child health on kidney development and long-term risk of hypertension and kidney disease. Lancet 2013; 382:273-83. [PMID: 23727166 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Developmental programming of non-communicable diseases is now an established paradigm. With respect to hypertension and chronic kidney disease, adverse events experienced in utero can affect development of the fetal kidney and reduce final nephron number. Low birthweight and prematurity are the most consistent clinical surrogates for a low nephron number and are associated with increased risk of hypertension, proteinuria, and kidney disease in later life. Rapid weight gain in childhood or adolescence further compounds these risks. Low birthweight, prematurity, and rapid childhood weight gain should alert clinicians to an individual's lifelong risk of hypertension and kidney disease, prompting education to minimise additional risk factors and ensuring follow-up. Birthweight and prematurity are affected substantially by maternal nutrition and health during pregnancy. Optimisation of maternal health and early childhood nutrition could, therefore, attenuate this programming cycle and reduce the global burden of hypertension and kidney disease in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Luyckx
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
West J, Lawlor DA, Fairley L, Bhopal R, Cameron N, McKinney PA, Sattar N, Wright J. UK-born Pakistani-origin infants are relatively more adipose than white British infants: findings from 8704 mother-offspring pairs in the Born-in-Bradford prospective birth cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67:544-51. [PMID: 23592862 PMCID: PMC3859677 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2012-201891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown markedly lower birth weight among infants of South Asian origin compared with those of White European origin. Whether such differences mask greater adiposity in South Asian infants and whether they persist across generations in contemporary UK populations is unclear. Our aim was to compare birth weight, skinfold thickness and cord leptin between Pakistani and White British infants and to investigate the explanatory factors, including parental and grandparental birthplace. Methods We examined the differences in birth weight and skinfold thickness between 4649 Pakistani and 4055 White British infants born at term in the same UK maternity unit and compared cord leptin in a subgroup of 775 Pakistani and 612 White British infants. Results Pakistani infants were lighter (adjusted mean difference −234 g 95% CI −258 to −210) and were smaller in both subscapular and triceps skinfold measurements. The differences for subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness (mean z-score difference −0.27 95% CI −0.34 to −0.20 and −0.23 95% CI −0.30 to −0.16, respectively) were smaller than the difference in birth weight (mean z-score difference −0.52 95% CI −0.58 to −0.47) and attenuated to the null with adjustment for birth weight (0.03 95% CI −0.03 to 0.09 and −0.01 95% CI −0.08 to 0.05, respectively). Cord leptin concentration (indicator of fat mass) was similar in Pakistani and White British infants without adjustment for birth weight, but with adjustment became 30% higher (95% CI 17% to 44%) among Pakistani infants compared with White British infants. The magnitudes of difference did not differ by generation. Conclusions Despite being markedly lighter, Pakistani infants had similar skinfold thicknesses and greater total fat mass, as indicated by cord leptin, for a given birth weight than White British infants. Any efforts to reduce ethnic inequalities in birth weight need to consider differences in adiposity and the possibility that increasing birth weight in South Asian infants might inadvertently worsen health by increasing relative adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fairley L, Petherick ES, Howe LD, Tilling K, Cameron N, Lawlor DA, West J, Wright J. Describing differences in weight and length growth trajectories between white and Pakistani infants in the UK: analysis of the Born in Bradford birth cohort study using multilevel linear spline models. Arch Dis Child 2013; 98:274-9. [PMID: 23418036 PMCID: PMC3858016 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-302778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the growth pattern from birth to 2 years of UK-born white British and Pakistani infants. DESIGN Birth cohort. SETTING Bradford, UK. PARTICIPANTS 314 white British boys, 383 Pakistani boys, 328 white British girls and 409 Pakistani girls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Weight and length trajectories based on repeat measurements from birth to 2 years. RESULTS Linear spline multilevel models for weight and length with knot points at 4 and 9 months fitted the data well. At birth Pakistani boys were 210 g lighter (95% CI -290 to -120) and 0.5 cm shorter (-1.04 to 0.02) and Pakistani girls were 180 g lighter (-260 to -100) and 0.5 cm shorter (-0.91 to -0.03) than white British boys and girls, respectively. Pakistani infants gained length faster than white British infants between 0 and 4 months (+0.3 cm/month (0.1 to 0.5) for boys and +0.4 cm/month (0.2 to 0.6) for girls) and gained more weight per month between 9 and 24 months (+10 g/month (0 to 30) for boys and +30 g/month (20 to 40) for girls). Adjustment for maternal height attenuated ethnic differences in weight and length at birth, but not in postnatal growth. Adjustment for other confounders did not explain differences in any outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Pakistani infants were lighter and had shorter predicted mean length at birth than white British infants, but gained weight and length quicker in infancy. By age 2 years both ethnic groups had similar weight, but Pakistani infants were on average taller than white British infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Fairley
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wahi G, Anand SS. Race/Ethnicity, Obesity, and Related Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors: A Life-Course Perspective. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2013; 7:326-335. [PMID: 24672590 PMCID: PMC3962848 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-013-0329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of health behaviors characterized by minimal energy expenditure and overconsumption of energy has led to cardiometabolic risk factors in pregnancy, childhood, and youth, all of which increase the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. The propensity to develop abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors appears to disproportionally affect non-white ethnic groups. While the majority of observational research has been conducted in populations of European origin, studies in non-white ethnic groups across the life-course are underway and there is evidence that unique ethnic-specific differences exist. This review will focus on the life-course determinants of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic risk factors among diverse ethnic groups including people of Afro-Caribbean origin, South Asian, East Asian, and indigenous ancestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gita Wahi
- />Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- />Population Genomics Program, Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Sonia S. Anand
- />Departments of Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 3204, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1 Canada
- />Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON Canada
- />Population Genomics Program, Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Catch-up growth in the first few months of life is seen almost ubiquitously in infants born small for their gestational age and conventionally considered highly desirable as it erases the growth deficit. However, recently such growth has been linked to an increased risk of later adiposity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in both low income and high-income countries. In India, a third of all babies are born with a low birth weight, but the optimal growth pattern for such infants is uncertain. As a response to the high rates of infectious morbidities, undernutrition and stunting in children, the current policy is to promote rapid growth in infancy. However, with socio-economic transition and urbanization making the Indian environment more obesogenic, and the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, affecting progressively younger population, the long term adverse programming effect of fast/excessive weight gain in infancy on later body composition and metabolism may outweigh short-term benefits. This review discusses the above issues focusing on the need to strike a healthy balance between the risks and benefits of catch-up growth in Indian infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Jain
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mihrshahi S, Battistutta D, Magarey A, Daniels LA. Determinants of rapid weight gain during infancy: baseline results from the NOURISH randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:99. [PMID: 22054415 PMCID: PMC3226648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid weight gain in infancy is an important predictor of obesity in later childhood. Our aim was to determine which modifiable variables are associated with rapid weight gain in early life. Methods Subjects were healthy infants enrolled in NOURISH, a randomised, controlled trial evaluating an intervention to promote positive early feeding practices. This analysis used the birth and baseline data for NOURISH. Birthweight was collected from hospital records and infants were also weighed at baseline assessment when they were aged 4-7 months and before randomisation. Infant feeding practices and demographic variables were collected from the mother using a self administered questionnaire. Rapid weight gain was defined as an increase in weight-for-age Z-score (using WHO standards) above 0.67 SD from birth to baseline assessment, which is interpreted clinically as crossing centile lines on a growth chart. Variables associated with rapid weight gain were evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results Complete data were available for 612 infants (88% of the total sample recruited) with a mean (SD) age of 4.3 (1.0) months at baseline assessment. After adjusting for mother's age, smoking in pregnancy, BMI, and education and infant birthweight, age, gender and introduction of solid foods, the only two modifiable factors associated with rapid weight gain to attain statistical significance were formula feeding [OR = 1.72 (95%CI 1.01-2.94), P = 0.047] and feeding on schedule [OR = 2.29 (95%CI 1.14-4.61), P = 0.020]. Male gender and lower birthweight were non-modifiable factors associated with rapid weight gain. Conclusions This analysis supports the contention that there is an association between formula feeding, feeding to schedule and weight gain in the first months of life. Mechanisms may include the actual content of formula milk (e.g. higher protein intake) or differences in feeding styles, such as feeding to schedule, which increase the risk of overfeeding. Trial Registration Australian Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12608000056392
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mihrshahi
- School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ayoola OO, Gemmell I, Omotade OO, Adeyanju OA, Cruickshank JK, Clayton PE. Maternal malaria, birth size and blood pressure in Nigerian newborns: insights into the developmental origins of hypertension from the Ibadan growth cohort. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24548. [PMID: 21931749 PMCID: PMC3172227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is an increasing health issue in sub-Saharan Africa where malaria remains common in pregnancy. We established a birth cohort in Nigeria to evaluate the early impact of maternal malaria on newborn blood pressure (BP). Methods Anthropometric measurements, BP, blood films for malaria parasites and haematocrit were obtained in 436 mother-baby pairs. Women were grouped to distinguish between the timing of malaria parasitaemia as ‘No Malaria’, ‘Malaria during pregnancy only’ or ‘Malaria at delivery’, and parasite density as low (<1000 parasites/µl of blood) and high (≥1000/µl). Results Prevalence of maternal malaria parasitaemia was 48%, associated with younger maternal age (p<0.001), being primigravid (p = 0.022), lower haematocrit (p = 0.028). High parasite density through pregnancy had the largest effect on mean birth indices so that weight, length, head and mid-upper arm circumferences were smaller by 300 g, 1.1 cm, 0.7 cm and 0.4 cm respectively compared with ‘No malaria’ (all p≤0.005). In babies of mothers who had ‘malaria at delivery’, their SBPs adjusted for other confounders were lower respectively by 4.3 and 5.7 mmHg/kg compared with ‘malaria during pregnancy only’ or ‘none’. In contrast the mean newborn systolic (SBP) and diastolic BPs (DBP) adjusted for birth weight were higher by 1.7 and 1.4 mmHg/kg respectively in babies whose mothers had high compared with low parasitaemia. Conclusions As expected, prenatal malarial exposure had a significant impact on fetal growth rates. Malaria at delivery was associated with the lowest newborn BPs while malaria through pregnancy, which may attenuate growth of the vascular network, generated higher newborn BPs adjusted for size. These neonatal findings have potential implications for cardiovascular health in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omolola O Ayoola
- Endocrine and Cardiovascular Sciences Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Adiposity and blood pressure in South Asian children and adolescents in Karachi. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:876-80. [PMID: 21509050 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of adiposity during childhood with future risk of elevated blood pressure (BP) in South Asian children is not known. We aimed to investigate the relationship between waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) with BP over a 2-year period, independent of the baseline BP. METHODS We analyzed data on children aged 5-14 years who participated in the Control of Blood Pressure and Risk Attenuation (COBRA) trial in Karachi, Pakistan. Separate multivariable models were built for WC and BMI using generalized estimation equations to determine the association between the baseline and changes in adiposity with the primary outcome of increase in systolic BP (SBP) over 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS We assessed 1,675 children: 51% were boys. At 2 years, 1,278 (76.5%) were available for follow-up. On multivariate analysis, WC at baseline (β (95% confidence interval (CI))) = (0.20 (0.13, 0.29), for each 1 cm increase) and change in WC from baseline to follow-up (0.24 (0.16, 0.34), for each 1 cm increase) were associated with increase in SBP. Similarly BMI at baseline (0.54 (0.33, 0.75) and change in BMI 1.32 (1.06, 1.59), for each 1 kg/m(2) increase) were associated with change in SBP. Categorical expression of adiposity yielded consistent results. CONCLUSIONS Baseline adiposity and increase in adiposity, both, are associated with increase in BP, independent of the baseline level of BP in South Asian children. Both WC and BMI can be used to identify children at high risk of increase in BP.
Collapse
|
37
|
Low and high birth weight as risk factors for obesity among 4 to 5-year-old Australian children: does gender matter? Eur J Pediatr 2011; 170:899-906. [PMID: 21174121 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-010-1375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies testing whether birth weight and childhood obesity differ by gender are lacking. We aimed to describe the relationship between birth weight and childhood overweight/obesity and investigate the influence that gender has on this relationship among 4 to 5-year-old children. We performed a secondary analysis of an Australian nationally representative cross-sectional study in 4 to 5-year-old children. The main outcome measure was child overweight and obesity. We found that low birth weight (LBW) was associated with lower risk of overweight/obesity among girls at 4-5 years before (OR 0.50, 95%CI 0.32, 0.77) and after adjusting for socio-demographic factors (OR 0.51 95% CI 0.33, 0.80) and ethnicity (OR 0.52, 95%CI 0.33, 0.81) but was not associated with child overweight/obesity among boys before or after adjustment. High birth weight (HBW) was associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity among both girls (adjusted OR: 1.76, 95% CI 1.12, 2.78) and boys (adjusted OR: 2.42 95% CI 2.06, 2.86). CONCLUSION There are gender differences in the association of birth weight with child overweight/obesity. HBW was associated with a higher risk of child overweight/obesity in boys and girls before and after adjustment for socio-demographic factors. However, LBW was associated with a lower risk of child overweight/obesity in girls but not in boys. These gender differences need to be considered when planning interventions to reduce child overweight/obesity.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lurbe E, Cifkova R, Cruickshank J, Dillon M, Ferreira I, Invitti C, Kuznetsova T, Laurent S, Mancia G, Morales-Olivas F, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Stergiou G, Wühl E, Zanchetti A. Manejo de la hipertensión arterial en niños y adolescentes: recomendaciones de la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión. An Pediatr (Barc) 2010; 73:51.e1-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
39
|
Whincup PH, Nightingale CM, Owen CG, Rudnicka AR, Gibb I, McKay CM, Donin AS, Sattar N, Alberti KGMM, Cook DG. Early emergence of ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes precursors in the UK: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE Study). PLoS Med 2010; 7:e1000263. [PMID: 20421924 PMCID: PMC2857652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults of South Asian origin living in the United Kingdom have high risks of type 2 diabetes and central obesity; raised circulating insulin, triglyceride, and C-reactive protein concentrations; and low HDL-cholesterol when compared with white Europeans. Adults of African-Caribbean origin living in the UK have smaller increases in type 2 diabetes risk, raised circulating insulin and HDL-cholesterol, and low triglyceride and C-reactive protein concentrations. We examined whether corresponding ethnic differences were apparent in childhood. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a cross-sectional survey of 4,796 children aged 9-10 y in three UK cities who had anthropometric measurements (68% response) and provided blood samples (58% response); ethnicity was based on parental definition. In age-adjusted comparisons with white Europeans (n = 1,153), South Asian children (n = 1,306) had higher glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (% difference: 2.1, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.7), fasting insulin (% difference 30.0, 95% CI 23.4 to 36.9), triglyceride (% difference 12.9, 95% CI 9.4 to 16.5), and C-reactive protein (% difference 43.3, 95% CI 28.6 to 59.7), and lower HDL-cholesterol (% difference -2.9, 95% CI -4.5 to -1.3). Higher adiposity levels among South Asians (based on skinfolds and bioimpedance) did not account for these patterns. Black African-Caribbean children (n = 1,215) had higher levels of HbA1c, insulin, and C-reactive protein than white Europeans, though the ethnic differences were not as marked as in South Asians. Black African-Caribbean children had higher HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels than white Europeans; adiposity markers were not increased. CONCLUSIONS Ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes precursors, mostly following adult patterns, are apparent in UK children in the first decade. Some key determinants operate before adult life and may provide scope for early prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Whincup
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Maternal early pregnancy vitamin D status in relation to fetal and neonatal growth: results of the multi-ethnic Amsterdam Born Children and their Development cohort. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:108-17. [PMID: 20193097 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451000022x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Low vitamin D levels during pregnancy may account for reduced fetal growth and for altered neonatal development. The present study explored the association between maternal vitamin D status measured early in pregnancy and birth weight, prevalence of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants and postnatal growth (weight and length), as well as the potential role of vitamin D status in explaining ethnic disparities in these outcomes. Data were derived from a large multi-ethnic cohort in The Netherlands (Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) cohort), and included 3730 women with live-born singleton term deliveries. Maternal serum vitamin D was measured during early pregnancy (median 13 weeks, interquartile range: 12-14), and was labelled 'deficient' ( <or= 29.9 nmol/l), 'insufficient' (30-49.9 nmol/l) or 'adequate' ( >or= 50 nmol/l). Six ethnic groups were distinguished: Dutch, Surinamese, Turkish, Moroccan, other non-Western and other Western. Associations with neonatal outcomes were analysed using multivariate regression analyses. Results showed that compared with women with adequate vitamin D levels, women with deficient vitamin D levels had infants with lower birth weights ( - 114.4 g, 95 % CI - 151.2, - 77.6) and a higher risk of SGA (OR 2.4, 95 % CI 1.9, 3.2). Neonates born to mothers with a deficient vitamin D status showed accelerated growth in weight and length during the first year of life. Although a deficient vitamin D status influenced birth weight, SGA risk and neonatal growth, it played a limited role in explaining ethnic differences. Although vitamin D supplementation might be beneficial to those at risk of a deficient vitamin D status, more research is needed before a nationwide policy on the subject can be justified.
Collapse
|
41
|
Manejo de la hipertensión arterial en niños y adolescentes: recomendaciones de la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
42
|
Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2009; 27:1719-42. [PMID: 19625970 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832f4f6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
43
|
Cournil A, Coly AN, Diallo A, Simondon KB. Enhanced post-natal growth is associated with elevated blood pressure in young Senegalese adults. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:1401-10. [PMID: 19661279 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that intrauterine growth restriction followed by rapid post-natal growth is associated with high blood pressure. We assessed the effect of early size and post-natal growth on blood pressure in a population from West Africa, where fetal growth retardation and childhood malnutrition are common. METHODS A total of 1288 Senegalese subjects were followed from infancy to young adulthood (mean age 17.9 years). Adult systolic blood pressure (SBP) was regressed on infant and adult anthropometric characteristics. RESULTS In unadjusted analyses, infant size was positively associated with adult SBP (1.1 +/- 0.3; P = 0.001 for weight; 0.7 +/- 0.3; P = 0.04 for length). With adjustment for current size, the regression coefficients for infant size were reversed (-0.2 +/- 0.3; P = 0.51 for weight; -0.3 +/- 0.3; P = 0.35 for length). SBP increased by 4.1 and 2.9 mmHg for 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in current weight or height, respectively. No interaction between infant size and current size was found in the overall models (P = 0.11 for weight, P = 0.95 for height), but this term interacted with sex for weight effect. A negative interaction was found in males (-0.9 +/- 0.4; P = 0.02) but not in females (0.3 +/- 0.4; P = 0.46). The association of current weight with SBP was stronger in lighter weight male infants. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that subjects who were small in early life and experienced enhanced post-natal growth have higher levels of SBP, even in low-income settings.
Collapse
|
44
|
Koletzko B, von Kries R, Closa R, Monasterolo RC, Escribano J, Subías JE, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, Beyer J, Demmelmair H, Anton B, Gruszfeld D, Dobrzanska A, Sengier A, Langhendries JP, Rolland Cachera MF, Grote V. Can infant feeding choices modulate later obesity risk? Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1502S-1508S. [PMID: 19321574 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the concept of lasting programming effects on disease risk in human adults by the action of hormones, metabolites, and neurotransmitters during sensitive periods of early development was proposed >3 decades ago, ample supporting evidence has evolved from epidemiologic and experimental studies and clinical trials. For example, numerous studies have reported programming effects of infant feeding choices on later obesity. Three meta-analyses of observational studies found that obesity risk at school age was reduced by 15-25% with early breastfeeding compared with formula feeding. We proposed that breastfeeding protects against later obesity by reducing the occurrence of high weight gain in infancy and that one causative factor is the lower protein content of human milk compared with most infant formula (the early protein hypothesis). We are testing this hypothesis in the European Childhood Obesity Project, a double-blind, randomized clinical trial that includes >1000 infants in 5 countries (Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain). We randomly assigned healthy infants who were born at term to receive for the first year infant formula and follow-on formula with higher or lower protein contents, respectively. The follow-up data obtained at age 2 y indicate that feeding formula with reduced protein content normalizes early growth relative to a breastfed reference group and the new World Health Organization growth standard, which may furnish a significant long-term protection against later obesity. We conclude that infant feeding practice has a high potential for long-term health effects, and the results obtained should stimulate the review of recommendations and policies for infant formula composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Oldroyd JC, Heald A, Bansal N, Vyas A, Siddals K, Gibson M, Clayton P, Cruickshank JK. Inflammatory markers and growth in South Asian and European origin infants in Britain: the Manchester Children's Growth and Vascular Health Study. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:227-31. [PMID: 19439300 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the high risk of cardiovascular disease in South Asians and the importance of inflammation in coronary heart disease we tested the hypothesis that circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) would be higher in healthy British born infants of South Asian origin than in infants of European origin in the first 2 years of life. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Infants of South Asian (n=74) and European (n=129) origin were followed prospectively from birth. Anthropometry and fasting CRP and IL-6 concentrations were measured at one or more of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of age. RESULTS South Asian infants had a significantly lower circulating CRP compared with European infants (beta=0.63, 95% CI 0.41-0.98 mg/l, P=0.040). There was no significant change in CRP from birth to 2 years in either ethnic group so that neither infant weight nor weight gain were associated with CRP during follow-up. IL-6 concentrations were low or undetectable during follow-up in all participants. CONCLUSION In our cohort, South Asian origin infants had significantly lower markers of inflammation compared with European infants. Infant growth to age 2 years was not associated with CRP or IL-6. Inflammatory markers are not useful indices of CVD risk at this age, with such markers not being elevated as expected in South Asian infants. The timing of the rise of such markers to the levels found in adult South Asian populations needs longer prospective study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Oldroyd
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Clinical & Laboratory Sciences, Core Technology Facility, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Historical cohort studies and the early origins of disease hypothesis: making sense of the evidence. Proc Nutr Soc 2009; 68:179-88. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665109001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that early-life growth patterns contribute to non-communicable diseases initially emerged from historical cohort studies, consistently associating low birth weight and infant weight gain with later disease risk. Cohort studies offer crucial life-course data on disease aetiology, but also suffer from important limitations, including the difficulty of adjusting for confounding factors and the challenge of interpreting data on early growth. Prospective randomised trials of infant diet appear to provide evidence in direct contradiction to cohort studies, associating faster early growth with disease risk. The present article attempts to resolve this contradiction on two grounds. First, insufficient attention has been directed to inconsistency of outcomes between cohort studies and prospective trials. Cohort studies can assess actual mortality, whereas prospective trials investigate proxies for disease risk. These proxies are often aspects of phenotype that reflect the ‘normalisation’ of metabolism in response to growth, and not all those displaying normalisation in adolescence and early adulthood may go on to develop disease. Second, a distinction is made between ‘metabolic capacity’, defined as organ development that occurs in early life, and ‘metabolic load’, which is imposed by subsequent growth. Disease risk is predicted to be greatest when there is extreme disparity between metabolic capacity and metabolic load. Whereas cohort studies link disease risk with poor metabolic capacity, prospective trials link it with increased metabolic load. Infancy is a developmental period in which nutrition can affect both metabolic capacity and metabolic load; this factor accounts for reported associations of both slow and fast infant growth with greater disease risk.
Collapse
|
47
|
Koletzko B, von Kries R, Monasterolo RC, Subías JE, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, Beyer J, Demmelmair H, Anton B, Gruszfeld D, Dobrzanska A, Sengier A, Langhendries JP, Cachera MFR, Grote V. Infant feeding and later obesity risk. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 646:15-29. [PMID: 19536659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9173-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Some 30 years ago, Günter Dörner proposed that exposure to hormones, metabolites and neurotransmitters during limited, sensitive periods of early development exert programming effects on disease risk in human adults. Early programming of long term health has since received broad scientific support and attention. For example, evidence increases for programming effects of infant feeding choices on later obesity risk. Meta-analyses of observational studies indicate that breast feeding reduces the odds ratio for obesity at school age by about 20%, relative to formula feeding, even after adjustment for biological and sociodemographic confounding variables. We hypothesized that breast feeding protects against later obesity by reducing the likelihood of high weight gain in infancy, and that this protection is caused at least partly by the lower protein supply with breast milk relative to standard infant formulae (the "Early Protein Hypothesis"). These hypotheses are tested in the European Childhood Obesity Project, a randomized double blind intervention trial in more than 1,000 infants in five European countries (Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain). Formula fed infants were randomized to receive during the first year of life infant formulae and follow-on-formulae with higher or lower protein contents. Follow-up at 2 years of age shows that lower protein supply with formula normalizes early growth relative to a breast fed reference group and to the WHO growth reference. These results demonstrate that modification of infant feeding practice has an important potential for long-term health promotion and should prompt a review of the recommendations and policies for infant formula composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
The Manchester children's growth and vascular health study. J Hypertens 2008; 26:2249. [PMID: 18854769 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32830004e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
49
|
Kelly Y, Panico L, Bartley M, Marmot M, Nazroo J, Sacker A. Why does birthweight vary among ethnic groups in the UK? Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2008; 31:131-7. [PMID: 18647751 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdn057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birthweight varies according to ethnic group, but it is not clear why such differences exist. We examine the contribution of socioeconomic, maternal and behavioural factors to differences in mean birthweight and the prevalence of low birthweight across ethnic groups. METHODS Data from the nationally representative UK Millennium Cohort Study (n = 16,157) on White, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black Caribbean and Black African infants were analysed. Cohort members were born in 2000-02, and data on birthweight, maternal, infant, behavioural and socioeconomic factors were collected by home interviews. RESULTS Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi infants were 280-350 g lighter, and 2.5 times more likely to be low birthweight compared with White infants. Black Caribbean infants were 150 g and Black African infants 70 g lighter compared with White infants, and Black Caribbean and Black African infants were 60% more likely to be low birthweight compared with White infants. For Black Caribbean, Black African, Bangladeshi and Pakistani infants, socioeconomic factors were important in explaining birthweight differences and, for Indian and Bangladeshi infants, maternal and infant factors were important in explaining birthweight differences. CONCLUSION Future policies aimed at reducing inequalities in birthweight must pay attention to the different socioeconomic and culturally-related profiles of ethnic minority groups in the UK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|