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Kubota S, Taki T, Miyoshi T, Tane K, Samejima J, Aokage K, Wakabayashi M, Nomura K, Nagamine M, Kojima M, Sakashita S, Sakamoto N, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Prognostic value of the international association for the study of lung cancer grading system and its association with the tumor microenvironment in stage I EGFR-muted lung adenocarcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2024; 207:114184. [PMID: 38936102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) grading system predicts early lung adenocarcinoma outcomes. METHODS The purpose of this study is to examine prognostic value of the IASLC grading system and its association with the tumor microenvironment (TME) in Stage I EGFR-muted lung adenocarcinoma. Based on the IASLC grading system, we compared the clinicopathological characteristics of EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma (n = 296). In addition, we examined the expression level of E-cadherin in tumor cells and counted the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs; CD8, CD20, CD138, and Foxp3), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs; CD204), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs; podoplanin) using semi-automatic digital pathology image analysis. RESULTS Recurrence-free survival (RFS) curve showed that survival of grade 3 was significantly shorter than that of grade 1 (P < 0.01) and grade 2 (P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis of RFS revealed the invasive size, lymphatic permeation, and grade 3 (P < 0.01) as independent poor prognostic factors. The number of CD204 +TAMs and PDPN+CAFs was significantly higher in grade 3 than in grade 1 or 2 (all P < 0.01). Among the intermediate grade by the predominant subtype based classification, cases classified as grade 3 by the new classification had higher number of CD204 +TAMs (P < 0.01) and PDPN+CAFs (P = 0.02) than those classified as grade 2. CONCLUSION The IASLC grading system correlated with the outcomes of EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma. Grade 3 was found to have the TME that most contributes to tumor progression, which probably explained their poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kubota
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Course of Advanced Clinical Research of Cancer, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taki
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joji Samejima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Wakabayashi
- Biostatistics Division, Center for Research Administration and Support, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nomura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michiko Nagamine
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Course of Advanced Clinical Research of Cancer, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Innovative Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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Sanvicente A, Díaz-Tejeiro C, Nieto-Jiménez C, Paniagua-Herranz L, López Cade I, Balázs G, Moreno V, Pérez-Segura P, Calvo E, Ocaña A. In Silico Transcriptomic Expression of MSR1 in Solid Tumors Is Associated with Responses to Anti-PD1 and Anti-CTLA4 Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3987. [PMID: 38612803 PMCID: PMC11012116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncology has gained momentum with the approval of antibodies with clinical activities in different indications. Unfortunately, for anti-PD (L)1 agents in monotherapy, only half of the treated population achieves a clinical response. For other agents, such as anti-CTLA4 antibodies, no biomarkers exist, and tolerability can limit administration. In this study, using publicly available genomic datasets, we evaluated the expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor-A (SR-A) (MSR1) and its association with a response to check-point inhibitors (CPI). MSR1 was associated with the presence of macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils in most of the studied indications. The presence of MSR1 was associated with macrophages with a pro-tumoral phenotype and correlated with TIM3 expression. MSR1 predicted favorable overall survival in patients treated with anti-PD1 (HR: 0.56, FDR: 1%, p = 2.6 × 10-5), anti PD-L1 (HR: 0.66, FDR: 20%, p = 0.00098) and anti-CTLA4 (HR: 0.37, FDR: 1%, p = 4.8 × 10-5). When specifically studying skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), we observed similar effects for anti-PD1 (HR: 0.65, FDR: 50%, p = 0.0072) and anti-CTLA4 (HR: 0.35, FDR: 1%, p = 4.1 × 10-5). In a different dataset of SKCM patients, the expression of MSR1 predicted a clinical response to anti-CTLA4 (AUC: 0.61, p = 2.9 × 10-2). Here, we describe the expression of MSR1 in some solid tumors and its association with innate cells and M2 phenotype macrophages. Of note, the presence of MSR1 predicted a response to CPI and, particularly, anti-CTLA4 therapies in different cohorts of patients. Future studies should prospectively explore the association of MSR1 expression and the response to anti-CTLA4 strategies in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Sanvicente
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.); (L.P.-H.); (I.L.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Díaz-Tejeiro
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.); (L.P.-H.); (I.L.C.)
| | - Cristina Nieto-Jiménez
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.); (L.P.-H.); (I.L.C.)
| | - Lucia Paniagua-Herranz
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.); (L.P.-H.); (I.L.C.)
| | - Igor López Cade
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.); (L.P.-H.); (I.L.C.)
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Győrffy Balázs
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 7-9, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary;
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, Magyar Tudosok Korutja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Víctor Moreno
- START Madrid-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FJD) Early Phase Program, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Pedro Pérez-Segura
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Emiliano Calvo
- START Madrid-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FJD) Early Phase Program, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (E.C.)
- START Madrid-HM Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC), Early Phase Program, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.); (L.P.-H.); (I.L.C.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Kitagawa S, Zenke Y, Taki T, Aokage K, Sakai T, Shibata Y, Izumi H, Nosaki K, Umemura S, Matsumoto S, Yoh K, Sakamoto N, Sakashita S, Kojima M, Tsuboi M, Goto K, Ishii G. Prognostic value of predominant subtype in pathological stage II-III lung adenocarcinoma with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Lung Cancer 2024; 188:107453. [PMID: 38160515 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study extracted clinicopathological features associated with recurrence and evaluated the tumor microenvironment in consecutive cases with resected pathological stage II-III epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (EGFR-mt). METHODS Between January 2008 and November 2018, we retrospectively reviewed 387 consecutive patients with pathological stage II-III lung adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical resection. We examined the EGFR mutation status (wild-type or mutant) and the evaluated clinicopathological features of all patients. In addition, tumor-promoting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated M2 macrophages (TAMs), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor microenvironment of EGFR-mt cells were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS EGFR-mt (n = 124, 32 %) had more lymph node and pulmonary metastases than EGFR-wild-type lung adenocarcinoma (EGFR-wt) despite the smaller invasive component size. The disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with EGFR-mt tended to be shorter than that of patients with EGFR-wt. In the analysis according to the predominant subtype, EGFR-mt with papillary-predominant subtype had a significantly shorter 5-year DFS than that of EGFR-wt with papillary-predominant subtype (15.3 % vs. 44.1 %, p < 0.01). We observed no significant differences among the other subtypes. Multivariate analysis of DFS in patients with EGFR-mt revealed that male sex, pathological stage III, lymph node metastasis, pulmonary metastasis in the same lobe and non-acinar and non-lepidic predominant subtypes (papillary, solid, or micropapillary) were independent poor prognostic factors. Immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR-mt revealed that non-acinar- and non-lepidic-predominant subtypes were associated with a higher frequency of podoplanin-positive CAFs (36 % vs. 13 %, p = 0.01) and a higher median number of CD204-positive TAMs (61 vs. 49, p = 0.07) compared to the acinar- or lepidic-predominant subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Non-acinar and non-lepidic predominant subtypes were predictors of recurrence and had an aggressive tumor microenvironment in pathological stage II-III EGFR-mt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kitagawa
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan; Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Zenke
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taki
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakai
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yuji Shibata
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Izumi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kaname Nosaki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shigeki Umemura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Yoh
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koichi Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.
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Hiltbrunner S, Cords L, Kasser S, Freiberger SN, Kreutzer S, Toussaint NC, Grob L, Opitz I, Messerli M, Zoche M, Soltermann A, Rechsteiner M, van den Broek M, Bodenmiller B, Curioni-Fontecedro A. Acquired resistance to anti-PD1 therapy in patients with NSCLC associates with immunosuppressive T cell phenotype. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5154. [PMID: 37620318 PMCID: PMC10449840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment has the potential to prolong survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, some of the patients develop resistance following initial response. Here, we analyze the immune phenotype of matching tumor samples from a cohort of NSCLC patients showing good initial response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, followed by acquired resistance at later time points. By using imaging mass cytometry and whole exome and RNA sequencing, we detect two patterns of resistance¨: One group of patients is characterized by reduced numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and reduced expression of PD-L1 after development of resistance, whereas the other group shows high CD8+ T cell infiltration and high expression of PD-L1 in addition to markedly elevated expression of other immune-inhibitory molecules. In two cases, we detect downregulation of type I and II IFN pathways following progression to resistance, which could lead to an impaired anti-tumor immune response. This study thus captures the development of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance as it progresses and deepens our mechanistic understanding of immunotherapy response in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hiltbrunner
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Lena Cords
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8049, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Kasser
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra N Freiberger
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kreutzer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nora C Toussaint
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8952, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Linda Grob
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8952, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Opitz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Messerli
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zoche
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Pathologie Länggasse, Ittigen, 3063, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rechsteiner
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8049, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Curioni-Fontecedro
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland.
- Clinic of Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Fribourg, Fribourg, 1752, Switzerland.
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Khan SU, Khan MU, Azhar Ud Din M, Khan IM, Khan MI, Bungau S, Hassan SSU. Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages as a unique approach to target tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166487. [PMID: 37138860 PMCID: PMC10149956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last ten years, it has become increasingly clear that tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells drive not just carcinogenesis via cancer-related inflammatory processes, but also tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in particular are the most common kind of leucocyte in many malignancies and play a crucial role in establishing a favorable microenvironment for tumor cells. Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) is vital as the primary immune cell subset in the tumor microenvironment (TME).In order to proliferate and spread to new locations, tumors need to be able to hide from the immune system by creating an immune-suppressive environment. Because of the existence of pro-tumoral TAMs, conventional therapies like chemotherapy and radiotherapy often fail to restrain cancer growth. These cells are also to blame for the failure of innovative immunotherapies premised on immune-checkpoint suppression. Understanding the series of metabolic changes and functional plasticity experienced by TAMs in the complex TME will help to use TAMs as a target for tumor immunotherapy and develop more effective tumor treatment strategies. This review summarizes the latest research on the TAMs functional status, metabolic changes and focuses on the targeted therapy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Azhar Ud Din
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan KPK, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Matsubara E, Yano H, Pan C, Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Zhao S, Shinchi Y, Kurotaki D, Suzuki M. The Significance of SPP1 in Lung Cancers and Its Impact as a Marker for Protumor Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082250. [PMID: 37190178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a representative cell type in the tumor microenvironment. Macrophages that infiltrate the cancer microenvironment are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs exhibit protumor functions related to invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression, and an increased density of TAMs is associated with a poor clinical course in many cancers. Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), also known as osteopontin, is a multifunctional secreted phosphorylated glycoprotein. Although SPP1 is produced in a variety of organs, at the cellular level, it is expressed on only a few cell types, such as osteoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and mononuclear cells. SPP1 is also expressed by cancer cells, and previous studies have demonstrated correlations between levels of circulating SPP1 and/or increased SPP1 expression on tumor cells and poor prognosis in many types of cancer. We recently revealed that SPP1 expression on TAMs is correlated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance in lung adenocarcinoma. In this review, we summarize the significance of TAMs in lung cancers and discuss the importance of SPP1 as a new marker for the protumor subpopulation of monocyte-derived TAMs in lung adenocarcinoma. Several studies have shown that the SPP1/CD44 axis contribute to cancer chemoresistance in solid cancers, so the SPP1/CD44 axis may represent one of the most critical mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication between cancer cells and TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Matsubara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yano
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shukang Zhao
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shinchi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Organization in Immune Cell Development, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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7
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Sanchez-Moral L, Paul T, Martori C, Font-Díaz J, Sanjurjo L, Aran G, Téllez É, Blanco J, Carrillo J, Ito M, Tuttolomondo M, Ditzel HJ, Fumagalli C, Tapia G, Sidorova J, Masnou H, Fernández-Sanmartín MA, Lozano JJ, Vilaplana C, Rodriguez-Cortés A, Armengol C, Valledor AF, Kremer L, Sarrias MR. Macrophage CD5L is a target for cancer immunotherapy. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104555. [PMID: 37054630 PMCID: PMC10139961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reprogramming of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) presents an attractive therapeutic strategy in cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the role of macrophage CD5L protein in TAM activity and assess its potential as a therapeutic target. METHODS Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against recombinant CD5L were raised by subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from healthy donors and stimulated with IFN/LPS, IL4, IL10, and conditioned medium (CM) from different cancer cell lines in the presence of anti-CD5L mAb or controls. Subsequently, phenotypic markers, including CD5L, were quantified by flow cytometry, IF and RT-qPCR. Macrophage CD5L protein expression was studied in 55 human papillary lung adenocarcinoma (PAC) samples by IHC and IF. Anti-CD5L mAb and isotype control were administered intraperitoneally into a syngeneic Lewis Lung Carcinoma mouse model and tumor growth was measured. Tumor microenvironment (TME) changes were determined by flow cytometry, IHC, IF, Luminex, RNAseq and RT-qPCR. FINDINGS Cancer cell lines CM induced an immunosuppressive phenotype (increase in CD163, CD206, MERTK, VEGF and CD5L) in cultured macrophages. Accordingly, high TAM expression of CD5L in PAC was associated with poor patient outcome (Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test p = 0.02). We raised a new anti-CD5L mAb that blocked the immunosuppressive phenotype of macrophages in vitro. Its administration in vivo inhibited tumor progression of lung cancer by altering the intratumoral myeloid cell population profile and CD4+ T-cell exhaustion phenotype, thereby significantly modifying the TME and increasing the inflammatory milieu. INTERPRETATION CD5L protein plays a key function in modulating the activity of macrophages and their interactions within the TME, which supports its role as a therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy. FUNDING For a full list of funding bodies, please see the Acknowledgements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sanchez-Moral
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Tony Paul
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Clara Martori
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Font-Díaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Sanjurjo
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Gemma Aran
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Érica Téllez
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- Virology and Cellular Immunology (VIC), IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Virology and Cellular Immunology (VIC), IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Masaoki Ito
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 739-8527 Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Martina Tuttolomondo
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, 5220 Odense, Denmark
| | - Caterina Fumagalli
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Pathology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital (HUGTiP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Julia Sidorova
- Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Masnou
- Gastroenterology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital (HUGTiP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Alhelí Rodriguez-Cortés
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carolina Armengol
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Childhood Liver Oncology Group, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPCC), IGTP, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Protein Tools Unit and Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Prognostic significance of tumor-associated macrophages polarization markers in lung cancer: a pooled analysis of 5105 patients. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232437. [PMID: 36633963 PMCID: PMC9902841 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in patients with lung cancer (LCa) remains controversial. We therefore conducted the present study to systematically evaluate the role of different TAMs markers and histologic locations on the prognosis of LCa. METHODS Searches of Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE databases were performed up to 28 February 2022. The pooled analysis was conducted in random-effect or fixed-effects model with hazard risk (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for survival data including overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) from raw or adjusted measures, according to different TAMs markers and histologic locations. RESULTS Including a total of 5105 patients from 30 eligible studies, the results indicated that the total count of CD68+ TAMs was negatively associated with OS and DFS, which was also observed in the relationship of CD68+ or CD204+ TAMs in tumor stroma (TS) with OS and DFS (all P<0.05). Conversely, higher CD68+ TAMs density in tumor nest (TN) or TN/TS ratio of CD68+ TAMs predicted better OS (all P<0.05). Similarly, higher HLA-DR+ TAMs density was correlated with better OS in TN and TS (all P<0.05). Besides, neither nest CD163+ TAM density nor stromal CD163+ TAM density was a prognostic factor in LCa patients (all P>0.05). CONCLUSION Our study indicated that different TAMs markers and histologic locations could bring about different prognostic effects in LCa patients. Great understanding of the infiltration modes of TAMs may contribute to improve outcomes of LCa patients.
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9
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Ngai J, MacMillan P, Kingston BR, Lin ZP, Ouyang B, Chan WCW. Delineating the tumour microenvironment response to a lipid nanoparticle formulation. J Control Release 2023; 353:988-1001. [PMID: 36516899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles can reduce cytotoxicity, increase circulation time and increase accumulation in tumours compared to free drug. However, the value of using nanoparticles for carrying small molecules to treat tumours at the cellular level has been poorly established. Here we conducted a cytodistribution analysis on Doxorubicin-treated and Doxil-treated tumours to delineate the differences between the small molecule therapeutic Doxorubicin and its packaged liposomal formulation Doxil. We found that Doxil kills more cancer cells, macrophages and neutrophils in the 4T1 breast cancer tumour model, but there is delayed killing compared to its small molecule counterpart Doxorubicin. The cellular interaction with Doxil has slower uptake kinetics and the particles must be degraded to release the drug and kill the cells. We also found that macrophages and neutrophils in Doxil-treated tumours repopulated faster than cancer cells during the relapse phase. While researchers conventionally use tumour volume and animal survival to determine a therapeutic effect, our results show diverse cell killing and a greater amount of cell death in vivo after Doxil liposomes are administered. We conclude that the fate and behaviour of the nanocarrier influences its effectiveness as a cancer therapy. Further investigations on the interactions between different nanoparticle designs and the tumour microenvironment components will lead to more precise engineering of nanocarriers to selectively kill tumour cells and prolong the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ngai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Presley MacMillan
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Benjamin R Kingston
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 S. Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, United States
| | - Zachary P Lin
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Ben Ouyang
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; MD/PhD Program, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada.
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10
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Proposal of a revised International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer grading system in pulmonary non-mucinous adenocarcinoma: The importance of the lepidic proportion. Lung Cancer 2023; 175:1-8. [PMID: 36436241 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to measure the validity of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) grading system in Korean patients and propose a modification for an increase of its predictability, especially in grade 2 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2012 to 2017, histopathologic characteristics of 1358 patients with invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma (stage I-III) from two institutions were retrospectively reviewed and re-classified according to the IASLC grading system. Considering the amount of the lepidic proportion, the validity of the revised model (Lepidic-10), derived from the training cohort (hospital A), was measured using the validation cohort (hospital B). Its predictability was compared to that of the IASLC system. RESULTS Of the 1358 patients, 259 had a recurrence, and 189 died during follow-up. The Harrell's concordance index and area under the curve of the IASLC system were 0.685 and 0.699 for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and 0.669 and 0.679 for death, respectively. From the training cohort, the IASLC grade 2 patients were divided into grades 2a and 2b (Lepidic-10 model) with a 10 % lepidic pattern. This new model further distinguished patients in both institutions that had better performance than the IASLC grading (Hospital A, p < 0.001 for RFS and death; Hospital B, p = 0.0215 for RFS, p = 0.0429 for death). CONCLUSION The IASLC grading system was easily applicable; its clinical use in predicting the prognosis of Korean patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma was validated. Furthermore, the introduction of the lepidic proportion as an additional criterion to differentiate grade 2 patients improved its predictability.
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11
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Chen X, Yao J, Zhang MY, Li R, Liu X, Qu YQ. IDO1 Promotes the Progression of NSCLC by Regulating the Polarization of M2 Macrophages. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:1713-1733. [PMID: 37187591 PMCID: PMC10178912 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s398908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is currently a problem in the clinic and in society. Tumor-related macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a vital role in the development of NSCLC. Patients and Methods Bioinformatics was used to analyze the role of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in NSCLC and the correlation of its expression with CD163 expression. The expression of CD163 and IDO1 was measured by immunohistochemistry, and their colocalization was assessed by immunofluorescence. M2 macrophage polarization was induced, and a coculture model of NSCLC cells and macrophages was established. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that IDO1 promoted the metastasis and differentiation of NSCLC and inhibited DNA repair. Moreover, the expression of IDO1 was positively correlated with CD163 expression. We discovered that IDO1 expression was related to M2 macrophage differentiation. In vitro, we showed that increased IDO1 expression promoted the invasion, proliferation, and metastasis of NSCLC cells. Conclusion In conclusion, we determined that IDO1 can regulate the M2 polarization of TAMs and promote the progression of NSCLC, which provides partial theoretical evidence for the use of IDO1 inhibitors in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tai’an City Central Hospital, Tai’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Qing Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yi-Qing Qu, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 107#, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 531 8216 9335, Fax +86 531 8296 7544, Email
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12
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Wang HC, Haung LY, Wang CJ, Chao YJ, Hou YC, Yen CJ, Shan YS. Tumor-associated macrophages promote resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells against sorafenib by activating CXCR2 signaling. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:99. [PMID: 36411463 PMCID: PMC9677647 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorafenib (SOR) is the first line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but resistance develops frequently. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been reported to affect the progression of HCC. We therefore aimed to study the role of TAMs in promoting SOR resistance. METHODS Immunofluorescence staining for the M2 marker CD204 and the cancer stem cell (CSC) markers CD44 and CD133 was performed in paired HCC and adjacent noncancerous tissues and HCC tissues stratified by response of SOR treatment. HCC/U937 coculture system and cytokines were used to induce M2 polarization for studying the effects of M2 TAMs on CSC properties and apoptotic death of HCC cells after SOR treatment. RESULTS Higher expression of CD204, CD44, and CD133 was observed in patients with SOR nonresponse (SNR) than in those with SOR response (SR), suggesting that SNR is positively correlated to levels of CSCs and M2 TAMs. After coculture, M2 TAMs could increase the level of CSCs but decrease SOR-induced apoptosis. Incubation of HCC cells with coculture conditioned medium increased the formation of spheres that were resistant to SOR. Furthermore, CXCL1 and CXCL2 were found to be the potential paracrine factors released by M2 TAMs to upregulate SOR resistance in HCC cells. Treatment with CXCL1 and CXCL2 could increase HCC CSC activity but decrease SOR-induced apoptosis by affecting BCL-2 family gene expression. Using pharmacological inhibitors, CXCR2/ERK signaling was found to be critical to CXCL1- and CXCL2-mediated SOR resistance. CONCLUSION This study identified CXCL1, CXCL2, and their downstream CXCR2/ERK signaling as potential therapeutic targets to overcome SOR resistance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chen Wang
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 35, Xiaodong Road, Tainan, 704017 Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ya Haung
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 35, Xiaodong Road, Tainan, 704017 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Wang
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704302 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Chao
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704302 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Hou
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704302 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704302 Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 35, Xiaodong Road, Tainan, 704017 Taiwan ,grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704302 Taiwan
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13
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Shinchi Y, Ishizuka S, Komohara Y, Matsubara E, Mito R, Pan C, Yoshii D, Yonemitsu K, Fujiwara Y, Ikeda K, Tamada K, Sakagami T, Suzuki M. The expression of PD-1 ligand 1 on macrophages and its clinical impacts and mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2645-2661. [PMID: 35352168 PMCID: PMC8963674 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) are target molecules for immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. PD-L1 is expressed not only in cancer cells, but also on macrophages, and has been suggested to contribute to macrophage-mediated immune suppression. We examined the clinical significance of PD-L1 expression on macrophages in human lung adenocarcinoma. The mechanism of PD-L1 overexpression on macrophages was investigated by means of cell culture studies and animal studies. The results showed that high PD-L1 expression on macrophages was correlated with the presence of EGFR mutation, a lower cancer grade, and a shorter cancer-specific overall survival. In an in vitro study using lung cancer cell lines and human monocyte-derived macrophages, the conditioned medium from cancer cells was found to up-regulate PD-L1 expression on macrophages via STAT3 activation, and a cytokine array revealed that granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was a candidate factor that induced PD-L1 expression. Culture studies using recombinant GM-CSF, neutralizing antibody, and inhibitors indicated that PD-L1 overexpression was induced via STAT3 activation by GM-CSF derived from cancer cells. In a murine Lewis lung carcinoma model, anti-GM-CSF therapy inhibited cancer development via the suppression of macrophage infiltration and the promotion of lymphocyte infiltration into cancer tissue; however, the PD-L1 expression on macrophages remained unchanged. PD-L1 overexpression on macrophages via the GM-CSF/STAT3 pathway was suggested to promote cancer progression in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer cell-derived GM-CSF might be a promising target for anti-lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shinchi
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuouku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shiho Ishizuka
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuouku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuouku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Department of Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Eri Matsubara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuouku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Remi Mito
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuouku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuouku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daiki Yoshii
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuouku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Yonemitsu
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuouku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuouku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Koei Ikeda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Tamada
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuro Sakagami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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14
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Gudgeon J, Marín-Rubio JL, Trost M. The role of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in inflammatory disorders and cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012002. [PMID: 36325338 PMCID: PMC9618966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1), also named CD204, holds key inflammatory roles in multiple pathophysiologic processes. Present primarily on the surface of various types of macrophage, this receptor variably affects processes such as atherosclerosis, innate and adaptive immunity, lung and liver disease, and more recently, cancer. As highlighted throughout this review, the role of MSR1 is often dichotomous, being either host protective or detrimental to the pathogenesis of disease. We will discuss the role of MSR1 in health and disease with a focus on the molecular mechanisms influencing MSR1 expression, how altered expression affects disease process and macrophage function, the limited cell signalling pathways discovered thus far, the emerging role of MSR1 in tumour associated macrophages as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting MSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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15
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Borchmann S, Selenz C, Lohmann M, Ludwig H, Gassa A, Brägelmann J, Lohneis P, Meder L, Mattlener J, Breid S, Nill M, Fassunke J, Wisdom AJ, Compes A, Gathof B, Alakus H, Kirsch D, Hekmat K, Büttner R, Reinhardt HC, Hallek M, Ullrich RT. Tripartite antigen-agnostic combination immunotherapy cures established poorly immunogenic tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004781. [PMID: 36223955 PMCID: PMC9562723 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-agent immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in selected cancer entities and individual patients. However, most patients fail to respond. This is likely due to diverse immunosuppressive mechanisms acting in a concerted way to suppress the host anti-tumor immune response. Combination immunotherapy approaches that are effective in such poorly immunogenic tumors mostly rely on precise knowledge of antigenic determinants on tumor cells. Creating an antigen-agnostic combination immunotherapy that is effective in poorly immunogenic tumors for which an antigenic determinant is not known is a major challenge. METHODS We use multiple cell line and poorly immunogenic syngeneic, autochthonous, and autologous mouse models to evaluate the efficacy of a novel combination immunotherapy named tripartite immunotherapy (TRI-IT). To elucidate TRI-ITs mechanism of action we use immune cell depletions and comprehensive tumor and immune infiltrate characterization by flow cytometry, RNA sequencing and diverse functional assays. RESULTS We show that combined adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytokine-induced killer cells, Vγ9Vδ2-T-cells (γδ-T-cells) and T-cells enriched for tumor recognition (CTLs) display synergistic antitumor effects, which are further enhanced by cotreatment with anti-PD1 antibodies. Most strikingly, the full TRI-IT protocol, a combination of this ACT with anti-PD1 antibodies, local immunotherapy of agonists against toll-like receptor 3, 7 and 9 and pre-ACT lymphodepletion, eradicates and induces durable anti-tumor immunity in a variety of poorly immunogenic syngeneic, autochthonous, as well as autologous humanized patient-derived models. Mechanistically, we show that TRI-IT coactivates adaptive cellular and humoral, as well as innate antitumor immune responses to mediate its antitumor effect without inducing off-target toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, TRI-IT is a novel, highly effective, antigen-agnostic, non-toxic combination immunotherapy. In this study, comprehensive insights into its preclinical efficacy, even in poorly immunogenic tumors, and mode of action are given, so that translation into clinical trials is the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Borchmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Selenz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mia Lohmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Ludwig
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Asmae Gassa
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Brägelmann
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohneis
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lydia Meder
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Mattlener
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Breid
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marieke Nill
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jana Fassunke
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amy J Wisdom
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anik Compes
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Gathof
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hakan Alakus
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Khosro Hekmat
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen,University Duisburg-Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK partner site Essen), Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland T Ullrich
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Expression Analysis of Ligand-Receptor Pairs Identifies Cell-to-Cell Crosstalk between Macrophages and Tumor Cells in Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9589895. [PMID: 36249427 PMCID: PMC9553453 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9589895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide. Macrophage plays crucial roles in the tumor microenvironment, but its autocrine network and communications with tumor cell are still unclear. Methods We acquired single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) (n = 30) and bulk RNA sequencing (n = 1480) samples of lung adenocarcinoma patients from previous literatures and publicly available databases. Various cell subtypes were identified, including macrophages. Differentially expressed ligand-receptor gene pairs were obtained to explore cell-to-cell communications between macrophages and tumor cells. Furthermore, a machine-learning predictive model based on ligand-receptor interactions was built and validated. Results A total of 159,219 single cells (18,248 tumor cells and 29,520 macrophages) were selected in this study. We identified significantly correlated autocrine ligand-receptor gene pairs in tumor cells and macrophages, respectively. Furthermore, we explored the cell-to-cell communications between macrophages and tumor cells and detected significantly correlated ligand-receptor signaling pairs. We determined that some of the hub gene pairs were associated with patient prognosis and constructed a machine-learning model based on the intercellular interaction network. Conclusion We revealed significant cell-to-cell communications (both autocrine and paracrine network) within macrophages and tumor cells in lung adenocarcinoma. Hub genes with prognostic significance in the network were also identified.
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17
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Chen X, Jiang J, Liu H, Li A, Wang W, Ni Z, Lin M. MSR1 characterized by chromatin accessibility mediates M2 macrophage polarization to promote gastric cancer progression. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109217. [PMID: 36095948 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND M2 macrophages play an important role in gastric cancer progression and metastasis, but the underlying tumor-promoting mechanisms are largely unknown. METHODS The TCIA database was used to identify the infiltration profile of macrophages. Integrated ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from GC samples were used for the analysis. Using ATAC-seq profiles and RNA-seq datasets, combined with cox univariate survival analysis, we identified prognosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with chromatin accessibility, which were identified as hub genes. The CIBERSORTx algorithm was utilized to estimate the relative infiltration level of M2 macrophages, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between hub genes and M2 macrophages. Multidimensional database validations were carried out to avoid biases. The expression level and function of hub genes in the clusters of macrophages were evaluated by using scRNA-seq data. The role of hub genes in the alternative activation of macrophages and gastric cancer malignant behaviors, as well as their potential regulatory mechanism in gastric cancer progression, were further explored. RESULTS 17,334 genes were acquired with chromatin accessibility in promoter regions by ATAC-seq. 2,714 genes were identified with both chromatin accessibility and differential expression based on the gene expression profiles (RNA-seq). By performing Cox univariate survival analysis, 171 survival-related DEGs with chromatin accessibility were identified as hub genes. Through the CIBERSORTx algorithm and Pearson correlation analysis, the gene MSR1 most associated with M2 macrophages was screened out. According to the scRNA-seq analysis, MSR1 was highly expressed in the clusters of macrophages and may be involved in regulating M2 macrophage polarization. In vitro experiments confirmed that M2 macrophage polarization and its induced malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells were inhibited by knockdown of MSR1. Furthermore, MSR1 mediated M2 macrophage polarization by regulating arginine and proline metabolism, thereby activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway to promote gastric cancer progression. CONCLUSION We identified a gene-MSR1-characterized by chromatin accessibility, associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. This gene dictates the progression of gastric cancer by facilitating M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China; Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China; Institute of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Translational Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jiebang Jiang
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China; Institute of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Translational Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ajian Li
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Zhizhan Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Moubin Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China; Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China; Institute of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Translational Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China.
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18
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Transcription Factor MAFB as a Prognostic Biomarker for the Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179945. [PMID: 36077342 PMCID: PMC9456510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MAFB is a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor specifically expressed in macrophages. We have previously identified MAFB as a candidate marker for tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in human and mouse models. Here, we analyzed single-cell sequencing data of patients with lung adenocarcinoma obtained from the GEO database (GSE131907). Analyzed data showed that general macrophage marker CD68 and macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (CD204) were expressed in TAM and lung tissue macrophage clusters, while transcription factor MAFB was expressed specifically in TAM clusters. Clinical records of 120 patients with lung adenocarcinoma stage I (n = 57), II (n = 21), and III (n = 42) were retrieved from Tsukuba Human Tissue Biobank Center (THB) in the University of Tsukuba Hospital, Japan. Tumor tissues from these patients were extracted and stained with anti-human MAFB antibody, and then MAFB-positive cells relative to the tissue area (MAFB+ cells/tissue area) were morphometrically quantified. Our results indicated that higher numbers of MAFB+ cells significantly correlated to increased local lymph node metastasis (nodal involvement), high recurrence rate, poor pathological stage, increased lymphatic permeation, higher vascular invasion, and pleural infiltration. Moreover, increased amounts of MAFB+ cells were related to poor overall survival and disease-free survival, especially in smokers. These data indicate that MAFB may be a suitable prognostic biomarker for smoker lung cancer patients.
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19
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Xu C, Song L, Yang Y, Liu Y, Pei D, Liu J, Guo J, Liu N, Li X, Liu Y, Li X, Yao L, Kang Z. Clinical M2 Macrophage-Related Genes Can Serve as a Reliable Predictor of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:919899. [PMID: 35936688 PMCID: PMC9352953 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.919899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundNumerous studies have found that infiltrating M2 macrophages play an important role in the tumor progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the roles of M2 macrophage infiltration and M2 macrophage-related genes in immunotherapy and clinical outcomes remain obscure.MethodsSample information was extracted from TCGA and GEO databases. The TIME landscape was revealed using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to find M2 macrophage-related gene modules. Through univariate Cox regression, lasso regression analysis, and multivariate Cox regression, the genes strongly associated with the prognosis of LUAD were screened out. Risk score (RS) was calculated, and all samples were divided into high-risk group (HRG) and low-risk group (LRG) according to the median RS. External validation of RS was performed using GSE68571 data information. Prognostic nomogram based on risk signatures and other clinical information were constructed and validated with calibration curves. Potential associations of tumor mutational burden (TMB) and risk signatures were analyzed. Finally, the potential association of risk signatures with chemotherapy efficacy was investigated using the pRRophetic algorithm.ResultsBased on 504 samples extracted from TCGA database, 183 core genes were identified using WGCNA. Through a series of screening, two M2 macrophage-related genes (GRIA1 and CLEC3B) strongly correlated with LUAD prognosis were finally selected. RS was calculated, and prognostic risk nomogram including gender, age, T, N, M stage, clinical stage, and RS were constructed. The calibration curve shows that our constructed model has good performance. HRG patients were suitable for new ICI immunotherapy, while LRG was more suitable for CTLA4-immunosuppressive therapy alone. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the four chemotherapeutic drugs (metformin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine) showed significant differences in HRG/LRG.ConclusionsIn conclusion, a comprehensive analysis of the role of M2 macrophages in tumor progression will help predict prognosis and facilitate the advancement of therapeutic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Xu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lishan Song
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yubin Yang
- Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongchen Pei
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiabang Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengjun Kang,
- Lin Yao,
- Xuesong Li,
- Yuchen Liu,
- Xiaoyong Li,
| | - Xuesong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shantou University School of Medicine, Shantou, China
| | - Lin Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Shantou University School of Medicine, Shantou, China
| | - Zhengjun Kang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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20
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Noritake O, Aokage K, Suzuki A, Tane K, Miyoshi T, Samejima J, Yoshikawa T, Murata SC, Nakai T, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Prognostic impact of the number of peri-tumoral alveolar macrophages in patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:3437-3447. [PMID: 35779107 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intratumoral macrophages are reportedly involved in tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer; however, little is known about the prognostic impact and function of alveolar macrophages (AMs). This study aims to investigate the prognostic impact of the number of peri-tumoral AMs in patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS We investigated 514 patients with pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma who underwent complete resection with lobectomy or pneumonectomy. The numbers of peri-tumoral AMs were counted, and patients were classified into two groups based on the number of peri-tumoral AMs. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database of stage I lung adenocarcinoma, we compared gene expression profiles of high and low peri-tumoral AM contents. RESULTS The median number of peri-tumoral AMs per alveolar space was 15.5. Patients with a high peri-tumoral AM content had significantly shorter disease-free survival and overall survival than patients with a low peri-tumoral AM content (both p < 0.01). In the multivariate analyses, a higher number of peri-tumoral AMs were an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.02). The analysis of TCGA database revealed that patients with a high peri-tumoral AM content had shorter disease-free survival than those with a low peri-tumoral AM content (p = 0.04). Gene expression analysis of TCGA stage I lung adenocarcinoma revealed enrichment of biological processes, such as chemotaxis and epithelial proliferation, in patients with a high peri-tumoral AM content. CONCLUSION The number of peri-tumoral AMs had a strong impact on disease-free survival in patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Noritake
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joji Samejima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toyohumi Yoshikawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Nagoya Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shawhay Charles Murata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nakai
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan. .,Division of Innovative Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Exploratory Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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21
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Xie Y, Jia Y, Li Z, Hu F. Scavenger receptor A in immunity and autoimmune diseases: Compelling evidence for targeted therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:461-477. [PMID: 35510370 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2072729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scavenger receptor A (SR-A) is reported to be involved in innate and adaptive immunity and in recent years, the soluble form of SR-A has also been identified. Intriguingly, SR-A displays double-edged sword features in different diseases. Moreover, targeted therapy on SR-A, including genetic modulation, small molecule inhibitor, inhibitory peptides, fucoidan, and blocking antibodies, provides potential strategies for treatment. Currently, therapeutics targeting SR-A are in preclinical studies and clinical trials, revealing great perspectives in future immunotherapy. AREAS COVERED Through searching PubMed (January 1979-March 2022) and clinicaltrials.gov, we review most of the research and clinical trials involving SR-A. This review briefly summarizes recent study advances on SR-A, with particular concern on its role in immunity and autoimmune diseases. EXPERT OPINION Given the emerging evidence of SR-A in immunity, its targeted therapy has been studied in various diseases, especially autoimmune diseases. However, many challenges still remain to be overcome, such as the double-sworded effects and the specific isoform targeting. For further clinical success of SR-A targeted therapy, the crystal structure illustration and the dual function discrimination of SR-A should be further investigated. Nevertheless, although challenging, targeting SR-A would be a potential effective strategy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and other immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Yuan Jia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, Peking, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, Peking, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Fanlei Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, Peking, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, Peking, China.,Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, Peking, China
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22
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Parsons TM, Buelow KL, Hanna A, Brake MA, Poma C, Hosch SE, Westrick RJ, Villa-Diaz LG, Wilson GD, Madlambayan GJ. Intratumoural haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell differentiation into M2 macrophages facilitates the regrowth of solid tumours after radiation therapy. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:927-936. [PMID: 34931040 PMCID: PMC8927108 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone-marrow-derived haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are a prominent part of the highly complex tumour microenvironment (TME) where they localise within tumours and maintain haematopoietic potency. Understanding the role HSPCs play in tumour growth and response to radiation therapy (RT) may lead to improved patient treatments and outcomes. METHODS We used a mouse model of non-small cell lung carcinoma where tumours were exposed to RT regimens alone or in combination with GW2580, a pharmacological inhibitor of colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 receptor. RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to quantify expression levels of factors that affect HSPC differentiation. DsRed+ HSPC intratumoural activity was tracked using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrated that CSF-1 is enhanced in the TME following exposure to RT. CSF-1 signaling induced intratumoural HSPC differentiation into M2 polarised tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), aiding in post-RT tumour survival and regrowth. In contrast, hyperfractionated/pulsed radiation therapy (PRT) and GW2580 ablated this process resulting in improved tumour killing and mouse survival. CONCLUSIONS Tumours coopt intratumoural HSPC fate determination via CSF-1 signaling to overcome the effects of RT. Thus, limiting intratumoural HSPC activity represents an attractive strategy for improving the clinical treatment of solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Parsons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Katie L Buelow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Alaa Hanna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Marisa A Brake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Crystal Poma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Sarah E Hosch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Randal J Westrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
- Oakland University Center for Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Luis G Villa-Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - George D Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Gerard J Madlambayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
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23
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Nomura K, Nakai T, Nishina Y, Sakamoto N, Miyoshi T, Tane K, Samejima J, Aokage K, Kojima M, Sakashita S, Taki T, Miyazaki S, Watanabe R, Suzuki K, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. FDG uptake in PET is associated with the tumor microenvironment in metastatic lymph nodes and prognosis in N2 lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1488-1496. [PMID: 35023268 PMCID: PMC8990723 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography is a useful technique for diagnosing lymph node (LN) metastasis. This study aimed to elucidate the association between fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation and the microenvironment in metastatic LNs in lung adenocarcinoma. We retrospectively analyzed 62 patients with surgically resected pathological N2 lung adenocarcinoma who underwent preoperative PET. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in the metastatic LNs was measured. Lymph node specimens were immunohistochemically analyzed for CD8+, FoxP3+, and CD79a+ lymphocytes, CD204+ tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs), and alpha‐smooth muscle actin‐positive cancer‐associated fibroblasts (αSMA+ CAFs). We compared the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics between two groups with high and low LN SUVmax. Using novel 3D hybrid spheroid models, we investigated the change in invasiveness of cancer cells in the presence of CAFs. In the multivariate analyses, LN SUVmax was an independent prognostic factor. The overall survival in the LN SUVmax high group was significantly worse than in the low group (P = .034). In the LN SUVmax high group, metastatic cancer cell invasion of extranodal tissue was more frequent (P = .005) and the number of CD204+ TAMs and αSMA+ CAFs in metastatic LNs was significantly higher than in the low group (P < .001 and P = .002, respectively). Hybrid spheroid models revealed that cancer cells coexisting with CAFs were more invasive than those without CAFs. Our results indicated a strong association between LN SUVmax and poor prognosis in patients with N2 lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, LN SUVmax was suggested to be associated with the presence of tumor‐promoting stromal cells in metastatic LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Nomura
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Departments of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nakai
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukino Nishina
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joji Samejima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taki
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Saori Miyazaki
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Reiko Watanabe
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Departments of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Integrated Biosciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Innovative Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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24
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Kou Y, Li Z, Sun Q, Yang S, Wang Y, Hu C, Gu H, Wang H, Xu H, Li Y, Kou Y, Han B. Prognostic value and predictive biomarkers of phenotypes of tumor-associated macrophages in colorectal cancer. Scand J Immunol 2021; 95:e13137. [PMID: 34964155 PMCID: PMC9286461 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles of different subtypes of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in predicting the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain controversial. In this study, different subtypes of TAMs were investigated as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for CRC. METHODS Expressions of CD68, CD86 and CD163 were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF), and the correlation between the expression of CD86 and CD163 was calculated in colorectal cancer tissues from 64 CRC patients. RESULTS The results showed that high expressions of CD86+ and CD68+ CD86+ TAMs as well as low expression of CD163+ and CD68+ CD163+ TAMs were significantly associated with favorable overall survival (OS). The level of CD86 protein expression showed a negative correlation with CD163 protein expression. In addition, CD86 protein expression remarkably negative correlated with tumor differentiation and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, while CD163 protein expression significantly positive correlated with tumor differentiation and tumor size. As an independent risk factor, high expression of CD86 TAMs had prominently favorable prognostic efficacy while high expression of CD68+ CD163+ TAMs had significantly poor prognostic efficacy. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CD86+ and CD68+ CD163+ TAMs as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuoqun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qidi Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengnan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunshuai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated of Zhengzhou University, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijie Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huangjian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated of Zhengzhou University, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Hairong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baowei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated of Zhengzhou University, 471000, Henan, China
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25
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Beyond immune checkpoint blockade: emerging immunological strategies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:899-919. [PMID: 33686237 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of checkpoint inhibitors has accelerated the clinical implementation of a vast mosaic of single agents and combination immunotherapies. However, the lack of clinical translation for a number of immunotherapies as monotherapies or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors has clarified that new strategies must be employed to advance the field. The next chapter of immunotherapy should examine the immuno-oncology therapeutic failures, and consider the complexity of immune cell-cancer cell interactions to better design more effective anticancer drugs. Herein, we briefly review the history of immunotherapy and checkpoint blockade, highlighting important clinical failures. We discuss the critical aspects - beyond T cell co-receptors - of immune processes within the tumour microenvironment (TME) that may serve as avenues along which new therapeutic strategies in immuno-oncology can be forged. Emerging insights into tumour biology suggest that successful future therapeutics will focus on two key factors: rescuing T cell homing and dysfunction in the TME, and reappropriating mononuclear phagocyte function for TME inflammatory remodelling. New drugs will need to consider the complex cell networks that exist within tumours and among cancer types.
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26
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Zhang H, Wang SQ, Hang L, Zhang CF, Wang L, Duan CJ, Cheng YD, Wu DK, Chen R. GRP78 facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and tumour progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7709-7732. [PMID: 34713304 PMCID: PMC11072571 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the regulation of GRP78 in tumour-associated macrophage polarization in lung cancer. First, our results showed that GRP78 was upregulated in macrophages during M2 polarization and in a conditioned medium derived from lung cancer cells. Next, we found that knocking down GRP78 in macrophages promoted M1 differentiation and suppressed M2 polarization via the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signalling. Moreover, conditioned medium from GRP78- or insulin-like growth factor 1-knockdown macrophages attenuated the survival, proliferation, and migration of lung cancer cells, while conditioned medium from GRP78-overexpressing macrophages had the opposite effects. Additionally, GRP78 knockdown reduced both the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 and the phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. Interestingly, insulin-like growth factor 1 neutralization downregulated GRP78 and suppressed GRP78 overexpression-induced M2 polarization. Mechanistically, insulin-like growth factor 1 treatment induced the translocation of GRP78 to the plasma membrane and promoted its association with the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. Finally, IGF-1 blockade and knockdown as well as GRP78 knockdown in macrophages inhibited M2 macrophage-induced survival, proliferation, and migration of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Pulmonary Nodules Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shao-Qiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Hang
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chun-Fang Zhang
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Pulmonary Nodules Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chao-Jun Duan
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Pulmonary Nodules Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Da Cheng
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Pulmonary Nodules Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dong-Kai Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ri Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
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27
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Hoppstädter J, Dembek A, Höring M, Schymik HS, Dahlem C, Sultan A, Wirth N, Al-Fityan S, Diesel B, Gasparoni G, Walter J, Helms V, Huwer H, Simon M, Liebisch G, Schulz MH, Kiemer AK. Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in human lung cancer tissue and tumour-associated macrophages. EBioMedicine 2021; 72:103578. [PMID: 34571364 PMCID: PMC8479395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on reports on elevated cholesterol levels in cancer cells, strategies to lower cholesterol synthesis have been suggested as an antitumour strategy. However, cholesterol depletion has also been shown to induce tumour-promoting actions in tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). Methods We performed lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses of human lung cancer material. To assess whether the TAM phenotype is shaped by secreted factors produced by tumour cells, primary human monocyte-derived macrophages were polarized towards a TAM-like phenotype using tumour cell-conditioned medium. Findings Lipidomic analysis of lung adenocarcinoma (n=29) and adjacent non-tumour tissues (n=22) revealed a significant accumulation of free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters within the tumour tissue. In contrast, cholesterol levels were reduced in TAMs isolated from lung adenocarcinoma tissues when compared with alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained from adjacent non-tumour tissues. Bulk-RNA-Seq revealed that genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism were downregulated in TAMs, while cholesterol efflux transporters were upregulated. In vitro polarized TAM-like macrophages showed an attenuated lipogenic gene expression signature and exhibited lower cholesterol levels compared with non-polarized macrophages. A genome-wide comparison by bulk RNA-Seq confirmed a high similarity of ex vivo TAMs and in vitro TAM-like macrophages. Modulation of intracellular cholesterol levels by either starving, cholesterol depletion, or efflux transporter inhibition indicated that cholesterol distinctly shapes macrophage gene expression. Interpretation Our data show an opposite dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in tumour tissue vs. TAMs. Polarization of in vitro differentiated macrophages by tumour cell-conditioned medium recapitulates key features of ex vivo TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoppstädter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anna Dembek
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Höring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hanna S Schymik
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Charlotte Dahlem
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Afnan Sultan
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Natalie Wirth
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Salma Al-Fityan
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Britta Diesel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Völklingen Heart Center, Völklingen, Germany
| | - Martin Simon
- Molecular Cell Biology and Microbiology, University of Wuppertal, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcel H Schulz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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28
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Kurdi M, Alghamdi B, Butt NS, Baeesa S. The relationship between CD204 M2-polarized tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and microglial activation in glioblastoma microenvironment: a novel immune checkpoint receptor target. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:28. [PMID: 35201470 PMCID: PMC8777532 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered dominant cells in glioblastoma microenvironment. AIM The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of CD204+ M2-polarized TAMs in glioblastomas and their relationship with CD4+TILs, Iba+microglia, and IDH1 mutation. We also exploreed the prognostic value of these markers on the recurrence-free interval (RFI). METHODS The expressions of CD204+TAMs, CD4+TILs, and Iba1+microglia were quantitively assessed in 45 glioblastomas using immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox hazards were used to examine the relationship between these factors. RESULTS CD204+TAMs were highly expressed in 32 tumours (71%) and the remaining 13 tumours (29%) had reduced expression. CD4+TILs were highly expressed in 10 cases (22%) and 35 cases (77.8%) had low expression. There was an inverse correlation between CD204+TAMs and CD4+TILs, in which 85% of tumours had a high expression of CD204+TAMs and a low expression of CD4+TILs. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in IDH1 mutation status between the two groups (p = 0.779). There was a significant difference in Iba1+microglial activation between IDH1mutant and IDH1wildtype groups (p = 0.031). For cases with a high expression of CD204+TAMs and a low expression of CD4+TILs, there was a significant difference in RFI after treatment with chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy (p = 0.030). CONCLUSION Glioblastoma with a dense CD204+TAMs and few CD4+TILs is associated with IDH1wildtype. These findings suggest that TAMs masks tumour cell and suppress T-cell tumoricidal functions via immunomodulatory mechanisms. Blockade of the CD204-TAM receptor may prevent this mechanism and allow the evolution of TILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Kurdi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Neuromuscular Unit, Centre of Excellence of Genomic Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badrah Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Shafique Butt
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Sadasivan SM, Chen Y, Gupta NS, Han X, Bobbitt KR, Chitale DA, Williamson SR, Rundle AG, Tang D, Rybicki BA. The interplay of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) expression and M2 macrophages during prostate carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1074-1082. [PMID: 32614434 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
M2 (tumor-supportive) macrophages may upregulate growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which is highly expressed in prostate tumors, but the combined utility of these markers as prognostic biomarkers are unclear. We retrospectively studied 90 prostate cancer cases that underwent radical prostatectomy as their primary treatment and were followed for biochemical recurrence (BCR). These cases also had a benign prostate biopsy at least 1 year or more before their prostate cancer surgery. Using computer algorithms to analyze digitalized immunohistochemically stained slides, GDF15 expression and the presence of M2 macrophages based on the relative density of CD204- and CD68-positive macrophages were measured in prostate: (i) benign biopsy, (ii) cancer and (iii) tumor-adjacent benign (TAB) tissue. Both M2 macrophages (P = 0.0004) and GDF15 (P < 0.0001) showed significant inter-region expression differences. Based on a Cox proportional hazards model, GDF15 expression was not associated with BCR but, in men where GDF15 expression differences between cancer and TAB were highest, the risk of BCR was significantly reduced (hazard ratio = 0.26; 95% confidence interval = 0.09-0.94). In addition, cases with high levels of M2 macrophages in prostate cancer had almost a 5-fold increased risk of BCR (P = 0.01). Expression of GDF15 in prostate TAB was associated with M2 macrophage levels in both prostate cancer and TAB and appeared to moderate M2-macrophage-associated BCR risk. In summary, the relationship of GDF15 expression and CD204-positive M2 macrophage levels is different in a prostate tumor environment compared with an earlier benign biopsy and, collectively, these markers may predict aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yalei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxia Han
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew G Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deliang Tang
- Environmental Heath Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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30
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Parisi F, Tesi M, Millanta F, Gnocchi M, Poli A. M1 and M2 tumour-associated macrophages subsets in canine malignant mammary tumours: An immunohistochemical study. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:32-38. [PMID: 33582312 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the innate and adaptative immune cells recruited to the tumour site, tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) are particularly abundant and by simplified classification can be classified into (M1) and (M2) TAMs. In the present study, we quantified by immunohistochemistry ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive total and CD204-positive M2-polarized TAMs in 60 canine malignant mammary tumours (CMMTs) to analyze the relationship between M1 or M2 response and the histopathologic features of examined CMMTs, the dogs' body condition score (BCS) and the progression of the neoplastic disease. The mean number of total and CD204+ TAMS were significantly higher in solid and in grade III than in grades I and II carcinomas. Moreover, the mean number of CD204-positive TAMs was significantly higher in CMMTs with lymphatic invasion and necrosis rather than CMMTs without. The presence of higher number of CD204-positive M2-polarized TAMs was associated with a worst outcome of the neoplastic disease: bitches bearing CMMTs with a prevalent M2-polarized TAM response had a median cancer-specific survival time of 449 days, while in animals with a M1-polarized TAM response the median cancer-specific survival time was 1209 days. The results of our study confirm that in CMMTs the presence of a M2-polarized TAMs response might affect the tumour development and behaviour. Finally, it strongly suggests the potential of CD204 expression as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Matteo Tesi
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Marzia Gnocchi
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy.
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31
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Im NR, Yang TD, Park K, Lee JH, Lee J, Hyuck Kim Y, Lee JS, Kim B, Jung KY, Choi Y, Baek SK. Application of M1 macrophage as a live vector in delivering nanoparticles for in vivo photothermal treatment. J Adv Res 2021; 31:155-163. [PMID: 34194839 PMCID: PMC8240114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To enhance photothermal treatment (PTT) efficiency, a delivery method that uses cell vector for nanoparticles (NPs) delivery has drawn attention and studied widely in recent years. Objectives In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of M1 activated macrophage as a live vector for delivering NPs and investigated the effect of NPs loaded M1 stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide on PTT efficiency in vivo. Methods M1 was used as a live vector for delivering NPs and further to investigate the effect of NPs loaded M1 on PTT efficiency. Non-activated macrophage (MФ) was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into M1 and assessed for tumor cell phagocytic capacity towards NPs Results We found M1 exhibited a 20-fold higher uptake capacity of NPs per cell volume and 2.9-fold more active infiltration into the tumor site, compared with non-activated macrophage MФ. We injected M1 cells peritumorally and observed that these cells penetrated into the tumor mass within 12 h. Then, we conducted PTT using irradiation of a near-infrared laser for 1 min at 1 W/cm2. As a result, we confirmed that using M1 as an active live vector led to a more rapid reduction in tumor size within 1 day indicating that the efficacy of PTT with NPs-loaded M1 is higher than that with NPs-loaded MФ. Conclusion Our study demonstrated the potential role of M1 as a live vector for enhancing the feasibility of PTT in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu-Ri Im
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Taeseok Daniel Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Kwanjun Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jonghwan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yoon Hyuck Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Byoungjae Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.,Department of Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Yoon Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Youngwoon Choi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.,Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Seung-Kuk Baek
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
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32
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Fujikawa M, Koma YI, Hosono M, Urakawa N, Tanigawa K, Shimizu M, Kodama T, Sakamoto H, Nishio M, Shigeoka M, Kakeji Y, Yokozaki H. Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 1 Derived from Tumor-Associated Macrophages Contributes to Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression via CCR8-Mediated Akt/Proline-Rich Akt Substrate of 40 kDa/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:686-703. [PMID: 33460563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor progression. The number of infiltrating TAMs is associated with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients; however, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unclear. cDNA microarray analysis indicates that the expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1) is up-regulated in peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated using conditioned media from ESCC cells (TAM-like macrophages). Here, we evaluated the role of CCL1 in ESCC progression. CCL1 was overexpressed in TAM-like macrophages, and CCR8, a CCL1 receptor, was expressed on ESCC cell surface. TAM-like macrophages significantly enhanced the motility of ESCC cells, and neutralizing antibodies against CCL1 or CCR8 suppressed this increased motility. Recombinant human CCL1 promoted ESCC cell motility via the Akt/proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or Akt inhibitors, CCR8 silencing, and neutralizing antibody against CCR8 could significantly suppress these effects. The overexpression of CCL1 in stromal cells or CCR8 in ESCC cells was significantly associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.002 or P = 0.009, respectively) and disease-free survival (P = 0.009 or P = 0.047, respectively) in patients with ESCC. These results indicate that the interaction between stromal CCL1 and CCR8 on cancer cells promotes ESCC progression via the Akt/proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, thereby providing novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Fujikawa
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Koma
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Hosono
- Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Urakawa
- Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kohei Tanigawa
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimizu
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kodama
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakamoto
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Nishio
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Manabu Shigeoka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Xu L, Xie X, Luo Y. The role of macrophage in regulating tumour microenvironment and the strategies for reprogramming tumour-associated macrophages in antitumour therapy. Eur J Cell Biol 2021; 100:151153. [PMID: 33476912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2021.151153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) that present abundantly in the tumour microenvironment (TME) exhibit a protumour property, such as promoting genetic instability, tumour metastasis and immunosuppression. Macrophage-targeted therapeutic approaches hence have been applied and shown their significances in the process of tumour immune treatment, including blocking TAM recruitment, depleting or transforming TAMs that already exist in the tumour site. Here, we summarized the functional regulation of TAMs in the respects of hypoxia environment, metabolism in the tumour microenvironment and the transcription factors involved. We reviewed the strategies for transforming TAMs, including immune stimuli targeting TAMs, inhibitors against TAMs, pathogen or irradiation stimulation on TAMs, and the application of natural compounds in TAMs. Furthermore, we also discussed the macrophage-targeted therapies in the clinical studies. Taken together, this review tries to shed light on the TAM regulation and the main strategies of TAM reprogramming for an enhanced immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Ying Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory & Drug Development on Common Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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Amemiya R, Miyoshi T, Aokage K, Suzuki J, Hoshino H, Udagawa H, Tane K, Sugano M, Kojima M, Fujii S, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Goto K, Ikeda N, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Prognostic impact of the tumor immune microenvironment in pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2021; 153:56-65. [PMID: 33454518 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PC) is a rare non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and is characterized by sarcomatoid and NSCLC components. This study aimed to characterize the association between immune microenvironmental factors and clinicopathological characteristics of PC. METHODS Eighty consecutive PC patients who had undergone complete surgical resection were enrolled. We calculated the immunohistochemical staining scores for E-cadherin, vimentin, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and carbonic anhydrase IX in cancer cells and counted the numbers of CD204-positive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and Foxp3-, CD8-, and CD20-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We also examined the association between these scores and the prognostic outcomes. RESULTS The staining score for PD-L1 in cancer cells and the number of CD204-positive TAMs in the sarcomatoid component were significantly higher than those in the NSCLC component; E-cadherin score in the sarcomatoid component was significantly lower. Patients with high PD-L1 expression in the NSCLC component had significantly longer overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) than those with low PD-L1 expression in the NSCLC component (OS: p = 0.001, RFS: p = 0.038). Multivariate analysis revealed that high PD-L1 expression in the NSCLC component was an independent favorable prognostic factor for OS (p = 0.018), whereas high PD-L1 expression in the sarcomatoid component was not. The number of CD8-positive TILs was significantly higher in the high PD-L1 expression group than in the low expression group (NSCLC components: p < 0.001). CONCLUSION High PD-L1 expression in the NSCLC component may be associated with a favorable prognostic value in pulmonary PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Amemiya
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan; Departments of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hoshino
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hibiki Udagawa
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Ikeda
- Departments of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.
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Suzuki J, Aokage K, Neri S, Sakai T, Hashimoto H, Su Y, Yamazaki S, Nakamura H, Tane K, Miyoshi T, Sugano M, Kojima M, Fujii S, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Relationship between podoplanin-expressing cancer-associated fibroblasts and the immune microenvironment of early lung squamous cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2020; 153:1-10. [PMID: 33429158 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) expressing podoplanin (PDPN) harbor a fibrous tumor microenvironment that promotes cancer progression in lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, we investigated whether tumor-promoting PDPN+ CAFs contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment in lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). M&M: The gene expression profiles of immunosuppressive cytokines were compared using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) microarray lung SqCC data (n = 484) between a PDPN-high group and a PDPN-low group. Further, using patient-derived CAFs from surgically resected lung SqCC, the PDPN+ fraction was sorted and gene and protein expressions were analyzed. Finally, immunohistochemical staining was conducted on 131 surgically resected lung SqCC; CD8+ and FOXP3+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and CD204+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were evaluated in cases with PDPN+ and PDPN- CAFs. RESULTS Analysis of TCGA database revealed that the PDPN-high group exhibited significantly higher expression of interleukin (IL)-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), galectin 1 (LGALS1), platelet derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA), PDGFB, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1) than those in the PDPN-low group. Among them, it was found that TGFB1 expression was higher in patient-derived PDPN+ CAFs. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that more CD204+ TAMs infiltrated the tumor tissues in cases with PDPN+ CAFs than in cases with PDPN- CAFs (P < 0.03), while CD8+ and FOXP3+ TILs did not. Furthermore, in the same tumor, CD204+ TAMs infiltrated more in PDPN+ CAF-rich areas (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION PDPN+ CAFs showed higher expression of TGFB1 and were associated with CD204+ TAM infiltration in stage-I lung SqCC, suggesting that PDPN+ CAFs were associated with the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Neri
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hashimoto
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yinghan Su
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shota Yamazaki
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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Mesaros O, Jimbu L, Neaga A, Popescu C, Berceanu I, Tomuleasa C, Fetica B, Zdrenghea M. Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Nurse-Like Cells Are the Caretakers of Leukemic Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E516. [PMID: 33228048 PMCID: PMC7699370 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are terminally differentiated innate immune cells. Through their activation, they can be polarized towards the pro-inflammatory M1 type or the wound healing-associated, anti-inflammatory M2 type macrophages. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), M2 is the dominant phenotype and these cells are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs secrete cytokines and chemokines, exerting an antiapoptotic, proliferative and pro-metastatic effect on the tumor cells. TAMs can be found in many cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), where they are called nurse-like cells (NLCs). Despite the generally indolent behavior of CLL, the proportion of treatment-refractory patients is significant. As with the majority of cancers, despite significant recent progress, CLL pathogenesis is poorly understood. The emerging role of the TME in nurturing the neoplastic process warrants the investigation of macrophages as a significant pathogenetic element of tumors. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the role of stromal macrophages in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Mesaros
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.J.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Laura Jimbu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.J.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Alexandra Neaga
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.J.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
| | - Cristian Popescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.J.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, County Emergency Hospital Alba Iulia, 20 Decebal str., 510093 Alba-Iulia, Romania
| | - Iulia Berceanu
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.J.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Bogdan Fetica
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Babes str., 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.J.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (C.T.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.F.)
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Ge Z, Ding S. The Crosstalk Between Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) and Tumor Cells and the Corresponding Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:590941. [PMID: 33224886 PMCID: PMC7670061 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.590941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of tumor cells and surrounding non-tumor stromal cells, mainly including tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), endothelial cells, and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The TAMs are the major components of non-tumor stromal cells, and play an important role in promoting the occurrence and development of tumors. Macrophages originate from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and embryonic yolk sacs. There is close crosstalk between TAMs and tumor cells. With the occurrence of tumors, tumor cells secrete various chemokines to recruit monocytes to infiltrate tumor tissues and further promote their M2-type polarization. Importantly, M2-like TAMs can in turn accelerate tumor growth, promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and inhibit immune killing to promote tumor progression. Therefore, targeting TAMs in tumor tissues has become one of the principal strategies in current tumor immunotherapy. Current treatment strategies focus on reducing macrophage infiltration in tumor tissues and reprogramming TAMs to M1-like to kill tumors. Although these treatments have had some success, their effects are still limited. This paper mainly summarized the recruitment and polarization of macrophages by tumors, the support of TAMs for the growth of tumors, and the research progress of TAMs targeting tumors, to provide new treatment strategies for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ge
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Larionova I, Tuguzbaeva G, Ponomaryova A, Stakheyeva M, Cherdyntseva N, Pavlov V, Choinzonov E, Kzhyshkowska J. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Human Breast, Colorectal, Lung, Ovarian and Prostate Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:566511. [PMID: 33194645 PMCID: PMC7642726 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.566511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major innate immune cells that constitute up to 50% of the cell mass of human tumors. TAMs are highly heterogeneous cells that originate from resident tissue-specific macrophages and from newly recruited monocytes. TAMs' variability strongly depends on cancer type, stage, and intratumor heterogeneity. Majority of TAMs are programmed by tumor microenvironment to support primary tumor growth and metastatic spread. However, TAMs can also restrict tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we summarized the knowledge about the role of TAMs in tumor growth, metastasis and in the response to cancer therapy in patients with five aggressive types of cancer: breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers that are frequently metastasize into distant organs resulting in high mortality of the patients. Two major TAM parameters are applied for the evaluation of TAM correlation with the cancer progression: total amount of TAMs and specific phenotype of TAMs identified by functional biomarkers. We summarized the data generated in the wide range of international patient cohorts on the correlation of TAMs with clinical and pathological parameters of tumor progression including lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis, recurrence, survival, therapy efficiency. We described currently available biomarkers for TAMs that can be measured in patients' samples (tumor tissue and blood). CD68 is the major biomarker for the quantification of total TAM amounts, while transmembrane receptors (stabilin-1, CD163, CD206, CD204, MARCO) and secreted chitinase-like proteins (YKL-39, YKL-40) are used as biomarkers for the functional TAM polarization. We also considered that specific role of TAMs in tumor progression can depend on the localization in the intratumoral compartments. We have made the conclusion for the role of TAMs in primary tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy sensitivity for breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers. In contrast to other cancer types, majority of clinical studies indicate that TAMs in colorectal cancer have protective role for the patient and interfere with primary tumor growth and metastasis. The accumulated data are essential for using TAMs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets to develop cancer-specific immunotherapy and to design efficient combinations of traditional therapy and new immunomodulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Gulnara Tuguzbaeva
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Anastasia Ponomaryova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Stakheyeva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Pavlov
- Department of Urology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Choinzonov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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Seif F, Sharifi L, Khoshmirsafa M, Mojibi Y, Mohsenzadegan M. A Review of Preclinical Experiments Toward Targeting M2 Macrophages in Prostate Cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:789-798. [PMID: 30674255 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190123141553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is malignant cancer leading to high mortality in the male population. The existence of suppressive cells referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) is a major obstacle in prostate cancer immunotherapy. TAMs contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment that promotes tumor growth and metastasis. In fact, they are main regulators of the complicated interactions between tumor and surrounding microenvironment. M2 macrophages, as a type of TAMs, are involved in the growth and progression of prostate cancer. Recently, they have gained remarkable importance as therapeutic candidates for solid tumors. In this review, we will discuss the roles of M2 macrophages and worth of their potential targeting in prostate cancer treatment. In the following, we will introduce important factors resulting in M2 macrophage promotion and also experimental therapeutic agents that may cause the inhibition of prostate cancer tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Seif
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laleh Sharifi
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Mojibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Li Y, Wu H, Ji B, Qian W, Xia S, Wang L, Xu Y, Chen J, Yang L, Mao H. Targeted Imaging of CD206 Expressing Tumor-Associated M2-like Macrophages Using Mannose-Conjugated Antibiofouling Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4335-4347. [PMID: 34841220 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been shown to promote cancer progression, their roles in tumor development and resistance to therapy remain to be fully understood, mainly because of the lack of a good approach to evaluate the dynamic changes of heterogeneous macrophages in their residing microenvironment. Here, we report an approach of using antibiofouling PEG-b-AGE polymer-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) for targeted imaging of mannose receptor (CD206)-expressing M2-like TAMs. Antibiofouling polymer coatings block non-specific phagocytosis of IONPs by different cells but enable ligand-mediated CD206+ M2-like macrophage targeting after surface functionalizing with mannose (Man-IONP). Costaining tissue sections of the 4T1 mouse mammary tumors using an anti-CD206 antibody and fluorescent dye (TRITC)-labeled Man-IONP showed 94.7 ± 4.5% colocalization of TRITC-Man-IONPs with the anti-CD206 antibody. At 48 h after intravenous (i.v.) injection of Man-IONPs, magnetic resonance imaging of mice bearing orthotopic 4T1 mammary tumors showed a significantly larger IONP-induced decrease of the transverse relaxation time (T 2) in tumors with 29.4 ± 1.5 ms compared to 12.3 ± 3.6 ms in tumors that received non-targeted IONP probes (P < 0.001). Immunofluorescence-stained tumor tissue sections collected at 6, 18, and 24 h after i.v. administration of the nanoprobes revealed that Man-IONPs specifically targeted CD206+ M2-like macrophages in various tumor areas at all time points, while nonconjugated IONPs were absent in the tumor after 18 h. Thus, antibiofouling Man-IONPs demonstrated the capability of explicitly imaging CD206+ M2-like macrophages in vivo and potentials for investigating the dynamics of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and delivering therapeutics targeting M2-like TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancheng Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Bing Ji
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Weiping Qian
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Siyuan Xia
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States; Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, China
| | - Yaolin Xu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
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Geraghty T, Rajagopalan A, Aslam R, Pohlman A, Venkatesh I, Zloza A, Cimbaluk D, DeNardo DG, Gupta V. Positive Allosteric Modulation of CD11b as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:748. [PMID: 32528880 PMCID: PMC7253726 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the United States. A major hurdle for improved therapies is immune suppression mediated by the tumor and its microenvironment. The lung tumor microenvironment (TME) contains large numbers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which suppress the adaptive immune response, increase neo-vascularization of the tumor, and provide pro-tumor factors to promote tumor growth. CD11b is highly expressed on myeloid cells, including TAMs, where it forms a heterodimeric integrin receptor with CD18 (known as CD11b/CD18, Mac-1, CR3, and αMβ2), and plays an important role in recruitment and biological functions of these cells, and is a validated therapeutic target. Here, we describe our pre-clinical studies targeting CD11b in the context of lung cancer, using pharmacologic and genetic approaches that work via positive allosteric modulation of CD11b function. GB1275 is a novel small molecule modulator of CD11b that is currently in Phase 1/2 clinical development. We assess GB1275 treatment effects on tumor growth and immune infiltrates in the murine Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) syngeneic tumor model. Additionally, as an orthogonal approach to determine mechanisms of action, we utilize our recently developed novel CD11b knock-in (KI) mouse that constitutively expresses CD11b containing an activating isoleucine to glycine substitution at residue 332 in the ligand binding CD11b A-domain (I332G) that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of CD11b activity. We report that pharmacologic modulation of CD11b with GB1275 significantly reduces LLC tumor growth. CD11b KI mice similarly show significant reduction in both the size and rate of LLC tumor growth, as compared to WT mice, mimicking our observed treatment effects with GB1275. Tumor profiling revealed a significant reduction in TAM infiltration in GB1275-treated and in CD11b KI mice, increase in the ratio of M1/M2-like TAMs, and concomitant increase in cytotoxic T cells. The profiling also showed a significant decrease in CCL2 levels and a concomitant reduction in Ly6Chi monocytes in circulation in both groups. These findings suggest that positive allosteric modulation of CD11b reduces TAM density and reprograms them to enhance the adaptive immune response and is a novel therapeutic strategy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese Geraghty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anugraha Rajagopalan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rabail Aslam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alexander Pohlman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ishwarya Venkatesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Cimbaluk
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David G. DeNardo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drug Discovery Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Oki T, Aokage K, Ueda T, Sugano M, Tane K, Miyoshi T, Kojima M, Fujii S, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Funai K, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Proportion of goblet cell is associated with malignant potential in invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung. Pathol Int 2020; 69:526-535. [PMID: 31559671 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) is a newly classified variant of lung adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between the proportion of goblet cells and the clinicopathological characteristics of IMA. Ninety-nine patients with stage I IMA were included in this study. We estimated prognostic impact of goblet cell proportion. We classified them into two groups: the cases with a high goblet cell proportion (HGP, goblet cell proportion ≥80%) and the cases with a low goblet cell proportion (LGP, goblet cell proportion ≤30%), and compared the expression levels of five cancer progression markers and the number of tumor-promoting stromal cells between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the goblet cell proportion was a prognostic factor for recurrence free survival (P < 0.01) and overall survival (P = 0.01). The expression levels of the cancer stem cell-related marker, ALDH-1, and proliferation-related marker, geminin were significantly higher in the LGP group than in the HGP group. CD204+ tumor-associated macrophages were significantly more in the LGP stroma than the HGP stroma. Our current study indicated that the proportion of goblet cells was correlated with the malignant potential in surgically resected IMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Oki
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,First Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takuya Ueda
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Funai
- First Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
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Frafjord A, Skarshaug R, Hammarström C, Stankovic B, Dorg LT, Aamodt H, Woldbaek PR, Helland Å, Brustugun OT, Øynebråten I, Corthay A. Antibody combinations for optimized staining of macrophages in human lung tumours. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12889. [PMID: 32299134 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) has a high potential to predict cancer recurrence and response to immunotherapy. However, the heterogeneity of TAMs poses a challenge for quantitative and qualitative measurements. Here, we critically evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry two commonly used pan-macrophage markers (CD14 and CD68) as well as some suggested markers for tumour-promoting M2 macrophages (CD163, CD204, CD206 and CD209) in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tumour, non-cancerous lung tissue and blood were investigated. For immunohistochemistry, CD68 was confirmed to be a useful pan-macrophage marker although careful selection of antibody was found to be critical. The widely used anti-CD68 antibody clone KP-1 stains both macrophages and neutrophils, which is problematic for TAM quantification because lung tumours contain many neutrophils. For TAM counting in tumour sections, we recommend combined labelling of CD68 with a cell membrane marker such as CD14, CD163 or CD206. In flow cytometry, the commonly used combination of CD14 and HLA-DR was found to not be optimal because some TAMs do not express CD14. Instead, combined staining of CD68 and HLA-DR is preferable to gate all TAMs. Concerning macrophage phenotypic markers, the scavenger receptor CD163 was found to be expressed by a substantial fraction (50%-86%) of TAMs with a large patient-to-patient variation. Approximately 50% of TAMs were positive for CD206. Surprisingly, there was no clear overlap between CD163 and CD206 positivity, and three distinct TAM sub-populations were identified in NSCLC tumours: CD163+ CD206+ , CD163+ CD206- and CD163- CD206- . This work should help develop macrophage-based prognostic tools for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri Frafjord
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Renate Skarshaug
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara Hammarström
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Branislava Stankovic
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda T Dorg
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Aamodt
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Reidar Woldbaek
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Odd Terje Brustugun
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Oncology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Health Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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44
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Sato J, Kitano S, Motoi N, Ino Y, Yamamoto N, Watanabe S, Ohe Y, Hiraoka N. CD20 + tumor-infiltrating immune cells and CD204 + M2 macrophages are associated with prognosis in thymic carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1921-1932. [PMID: 32277550 PMCID: PMC7293080 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic carcinoma is a rare malignant disease with no standard systemic chemotherapy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate tumor‐infiltrating immune cells (TIIC) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), focusing on the impact of TIIC and program death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression on clinical outcomes in thymic cancer. Patients with thymic carcinoma resected between 1973 and 2017 were investigated. The tissue specimens were analyzed through immunohistochemical staining to elucidate the prognostic effects of TIIC, their ratios and PD‐L1 in a preliminary cohort (n = 10). The density of TIIC as well as PD‐L1 expression was evaluated in intraepithelial and tumor‐stromal areas on the representative whole section of tumors. The immune factors showing significant association with disease‐free survival (DFS) were evaluated in the total cohort (n = 42). TIIC in the preliminary population showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, CD8, CD20, CD204, FOXP3 and CD20/CD204 ratio demonstrated a tendency to act as predictive markers for recurrence. In the total cohort, significant differences were observed for CD8+, CD20+ and CD204+ cells in tumor islets, and for CD8+, CD20+ and FOXP3+ cells as well as the CD8/CD204 and CD20/CD204 ratios in the stroma, indicating their prognostic effect. The prognostic effect of the PD‐L1 expression in tumor cells could not be established, possibly because of intratumoral heterogeneity. CD8, CD20 and CD204 positive TIIC in stroma were identified as possible better prognostic biomarkers, considering the heterogeneity of other biomarkers. The present study paves the way for exploring strategies of combination immunotherapy targeting B cell immunity in thymic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sato
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Motoi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ino
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichi Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ohe
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Novoselova MV, Loh HM, Trushina DB, Ketkar A, Abakumova TO, Zatsepin TS, Kakran M, Brzozowska AM, Lau HH, Gorin DA, Antipina MN, Brichkina AI. Biodegradable Polymeric Multilayer Capsules for Therapy of Lung Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5610-5623. [PMID: 31942802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Formulated forms of cancer therapeutics enhance the efficacy of treatment by more precise targeting, increased bioavailability of drugs, and an aptitude of some delivery systems to overcome multiple drug resistance of tumors. Drug carriers acquire importance for anti-cancer interventions via targeting tumor-associated macrophages with active molecules capable to either eliminate them or change their polarity. Although several packaged drug forms have reached the market, there is still a high demand for novel carrier systems to hurdle limitations of existing drugs on active molecules, toxicity, bioeffect, and stability. Here, we report a facile assembly and delivery methodology for biodegradable polymeric multilayer capsules (PMC) with the purpose of further use in injectable drug formulations for lung cancer therapy via direct erosion of tumors and suppression of the tumor-promoting function of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. We demonstrate delivery of low-molecular-weight drug molecules to lung cancer cells and macrophages and provide details on in vivo distribution, cellular uptake, and disintegration of the developed PMC. Poly-l-arginine and dextran sulfate alternately adsorb on a ∼500 nm CaCO3 sacrificial template followed by removal of the inorganic core to obtain hollow capsules for consequent loading with drug molecules, gemcitabine or clodronate. The capsules further compacted upon loading down to ∼250 nm in diameter via heat treatment. A comparative study of the capsule internalization rate in vitro and in vivo reveals the benefits of a diminished carrier size. We show that macrophages and epithelial cells of the lungs and liver internalize capsules with efficacy higher than 75%. Using an in vivo mouse model of lung cancer, we also confirm that tumor lungs better retain smaller capsules than the healthy lung tissue. The pronounced cytotoxic effect of the encapsulated gemcitabine on lung cancer cells and the ability of the encapsulated clodronate to block the tumor-promoting function of macrophages prove the efficacy of the developed capsule loading method in vitro. Our study taken as a whole demonstrates the great potential of the developed PMC for in vivo treatment of cancer via transporting active molecules, including those that are water-soluble with low molecular weight, to both cancer cells and macrophages through the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Novoselova
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR , 2 Fusionopolis Way , Innovis, #08-03, Singapore , 138634 , Singapore
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | - Hui Mun Loh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR , 61 Biopolis Drive , Proteos, Singapore 138673 , Singapore
| | - Daria B Trushina
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR , 2 Fusionopolis Way , Innovis, #08-03, Singapore , 138634 , Singapore
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya Ulitsa 19c1 Moscow 119146 , Russia
- A.V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninskiy Prospekt, 59 , Moscow 119333 , Russia
| | - Avanee Ketkar
- Institute of Molecular Oncology , Philipps University of Marburg , member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3 35043 Marburg , Germany
| | - Tatiana O Abakumova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | - Timofei S Zatsepin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | - Mitali Kakran
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR , 2 Fusionopolis Way , Innovis, #08-03, Singapore , 138634 , Singapore
| | - Agata Maria Brzozowska
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR , 2 Fusionopolis Way , Innovis, #08-03, Singapore , 138634 , Singapore
| | - Hooi Hong Lau
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR , 2 Fusionopolis Way , Innovis, #08-03, Singapore , 138634 , Singapore
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1 , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | - Maria N Antipina
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR , 2 Fusionopolis Way , Innovis, #08-03, Singapore , 138634 , Singapore
| | - Anna I Brichkina
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR , 61 Biopolis Drive , Proteos, Singapore 138673 , Singapore
- Institute of Molecular Oncology , Philipps University of Marburg , member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3 35043 Marburg , Germany
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46
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CD206 + tumor-associated macrophages promote proliferation and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma via EGF production. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14611. [PMID: 31601953 PMCID: PMC6787225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor progression and inhibit anti-tumor immune response by producing various mediators and preferentially express CD163, CD204, and CD206. However, the role of these TAM subsets in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. Here we investigated the expression and function of TAM subsets in OSCC, especially in cancer cell proliferation. Biopsy sample from 44 patients with OSCC were examined for the expression of TAM markers and EGF by immunohistochemistry. EGF production of TAM subsets isolated from OSCC patients was assessed by flow cytometry. We also examined the effect of conditioned medium from TAM subsets on the proliferation of OSCC cells. CD163+ cells were detected diffusely all over the tumor and connective tissue area, while CD204+ and CD206+ cells were mainly detected in/around the tumors. Flow cytometric analysis found that CD206+ TAMs strongly produced EGF compared with CD163+ and CD204+ TAMs. Cell proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells cultured with conditioned medium of CD206+ TAMs were strongly enhanced and inhibited by anti-EGFR. The number of CD206+ TAMs positively correlated with worse clinical prognosis. Our results revealed differences in localization and EGF production among these TAM subsets. CD206+ TAMs might play a critical role in the proliferation of OSCC via EGF production.
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Wu H, Han Y, Rodriguez Sillke Y, Deng H, Siddiqui S, Treese C, Schmidt F, Friedrich M, Keye J, Wan J, Qin Y, Kühl AA, Qin Z, Siegmund B, Glauben R. Lipid droplet-dependent fatty acid metabolism controls the immune suppressive phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10698. [PMID: 31602788 PMCID: PMC6835560 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor growth and metastasis by suppressing tumor immune surveillance. Herein, we provide evidence that the immunosuppressive phenotype of TAMs is controlled by long‐chain fatty acid metabolism, specifically unsaturated fatty acids, here exemplified by oleate. Consequently, en‐route enriched lipid droplets were identified as essential organelles, which represent effective targets for chemical inhibitors to block in vitro polarization of TAMs and tumor growth in vivo. In line, analysis of human tumors revealed that myeloid cells infiltrating colon cancer but not gastric cancer tissue indeed accumulate lipid droplets. Mechanistically, our data indicate that oleate‐induced polarization of myeloid cells depends on the mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway. Thus, our findings reveal an alternative therapeutic strategy by targeting the pro‐tumoral myeloid cells on a metabolic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yijie Han
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yasmina Rodriguez Sillke
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hongzhang Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems, Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sophiya Siddiqui
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Treese
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Friedrich
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Keye
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiajia Wan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Qin
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,iPATH.Berlin - Core Unit of the Charité, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhihai Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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48
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Kawajiri A, Kitano S, Maeshima AM, Inamoto Y, Tajima K, Takemura T, Tanaka T, Ito A, Okinaka K, Kurosawa S, Kim SW, Taniguchi H, Ogawa C, Izutsu K, Yamamoto N, Fukuda T. Association of CD204 + macrophages with poor outcomes of malignant lymphomas not in remission treated by allogeneic HCT. Eur J Haematol 2019; 103:578-587. [PMID: 31487403 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD204+ tumor-associated macrophages are associated with adverse outcomes of various malignancies. We performed a study to elucidate the role of CD204+ macrophages in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allogeneic HCT). METHODS In a total of 81 patients who received allogeneic HCT for non-remission malignant lymphoma, immunohistochemical staining of CD204 using specimens preserved before allogeneic HCT was performed. According to the average number of CD204+ macrophages in a high-power field, patients were categorized into three groups: low (<25th percentile), intermediate (≥25th percentile and <50th percentile), and high (≥50th percentile). RESULTS The B-cell lymphoma proportion was higher in the low group, while T-cell lymphoma and adult T-cell leukemia proportions were higher in the high group. The 3-year overall survival (OS) was poorest in the high group; low vs intermediate vs high = 83.3% vs 43.7% vs 20.2% (P < .01). The 3-year cumulative incidences of relapse were significantly higher in the high group than the intermediate and low groups: 67.0% vs 38.1% vs 18.2% (P < .01). In multivariate analyses, the numbers of CD204+ macrophages were independent risk factors of poorer OS and cumulative incidences of relapse. CONCLUSIONS CD204+ macrophages might be associated with poorer prognosis in allogeneic HCT for malignant lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Kawajiri
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyagi Maeshima
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inamoto
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuko Tajima
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonari Takemura
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumu Ito
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Okinaka
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saiko Kurosawa
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sung-Won Kim
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chitose Ogawa
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Izutsu
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Sumitomo R, Hirai T, Fujita M, Murakami H, Otake Y, Huang CL. M2 tumor-associated macrophages promote tumor progression in non-small-cell lung cancer. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:4490-4498. [PMID: 31777551 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment that can be polarized into different phenotypes, including tumor-inhibiting M1 macrophages and tumor-promoting M2 macrophages. To elucidate the biological and clinical significance of M2 TAMs in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a comprehensive clinical assessment of the tissue distribution of M2 TAMs was performed. The tissue distribution of M2 TAMs was retrospectively analyzed using CD163 immunohistochemistry in 160 consecutive patients who underwent NSCLC resection. Tumor proliferation was evaluated via the Ki-67 proliferation index. The results revealed that the stromal density of M2 TAMs was significantly associated with the C-reactive protein (CRP) level (P=0.0250), the Ki-67 proliferation index (P=0.0090) and invasive size (P=0.0285). Furthermore, the stromal M2 TAM density was significantly associated with tumor differentiation (P=0.0018), lymph node metastasis (P=0.0347) and pathological stage (P=0.0412). The alveolar M2 TAM density was also significantly associated with the CRP level (P=0.0309), invasive size (P<0.0001), tumor differentiation (P=0.0192), tumor status (P=0.0108) and pathological stage (P=0.0110). By contrast, no association was observed between islet M2 TAM density and the aforementioned biological and clinical factors. In regards to prognosis, disease-free survival rate was significantly lower in patients with stromal M2 TAM-high tumors (P=0.0270) and in those with alveolar M2 TAM-high tumors (P=0.0283). Furthermore, the overall survival rate was also significantly lower in patients with stromal M2 TAM-high tumors (P=0.0162) and in those with alveolar M2 TAM-high tumors (P=0.0225). Therefore, during NSCLC progression, M2 TAMs may induce tumor cell aggressiveness and proliferation and increase metastatic potential, resulting in a poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sumitomo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hirai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fujita
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Murakami
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Yosuke Otake
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Cheng-Long Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
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50
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Astragalus polysaccharides (PG2) Enhances the M1 Polarization of Macrophages, Functional Maturation of Dendritic Cells, and T Cell-Mediated Anticancer Immune Responses in Patients with Lung Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102264. [PMID: 31547048 PMCID: PMC6836209 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, we demonstrated that Astragalus polysaccharide (PG2), the active ingredient in dried roots of astragalus membranaceus, ameliorates cancer symptom clusters and improves quality of life (QoL) in patients with metastatic disease by modulating inflammatory cascade against the background roles of inflammatory cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in tumor initiation, metastasis, and progression. Nevertheless, the role of PG2 in the modulation of anticancer immunogenicity and therapeutic response remains relatively underexplored and unclear. Purpose: The present study investigates how and to what extent PG2 modulates cellular and biochemical components of the inflammatory cascade and enhances anticancer immunity, as well as the therapeutic implication of these bio-events in patients with lung cancer. Methods and Results: Herein, we demonstrated that PG2 significantly increased the M1/M2 macrophage polarization ratio in non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) H441 and H1299 cells. This PG2-induced preferential pharmacologic up-regulation of tumoral M1 population in vitro positively correlated with the downregulation of tumor-promoting IL-6 and IL-10 expression in NSCLC cell-conditioned medium, with concomitant marked inhibition of cell proliferation, clonogenicity, and tumorsphere formation. Our ex vivo results, using clinical sample from our NSCLC cohort, demonstrated that PG2 also promoted the functional maturation of DCs with consequent enhancement of T cell-mediated anticancer immune responses. Consistent with the in vitro and ex vivo results, our in vivo studies showed that treatment with PG2 elicited significant time-dependent depletion of the tumor-associated M2 population, synergistically enhanced the anti-M2-based anticancer effect of cisplatin, and inhibited xenograft tumor growth in the NSCLC mice models. Moreover, in the presence of PG2, cisplatin-associated dyscrasia and weight-loss was markedly suppressed. Conclusion: These results do indicate a therapeutically-relevant role for PG2 in modulating the M1/M2 macrophage pool, facilitating DC maturation and synergistically enhancing the anticancer effect of conventional chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, thus laying the foundation for further exploration of the curative relevance of PG2 as surrogate immunotherapy and/or clinical feasibility of its use for maintenance therapy in patients with lung cancer.
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