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Chen WL, Dong YZ, Zhang L, Liu ZS, He CF, Liu WB, Li XF. Xylooligosaccharides alleviate the carbohydrate-enriched diet-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in carp Megalobrama amblycephala by promoting intestinal development, immunity and gut microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134346. [PMID: 39094883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
To date, although the high-carbohydrate (HC) feed has been extensively adopted in the aquaculture industry, its effects on the intestinal function and development of aquatic animals still remain unclear. In addition, the corresponding nutritional intervention is still barely reported. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on the intestinal health of Megalobrama amblycephala subjected to a HC feeding. Fish (average weight: 44.55 ± 0.15 g) were randomly offered 3 diets, including a control one (29 % carbohydrate), a HC one (41 % carbohydrate), and a XOS supplemented one (HC + 1.0 % XOS, HCX) respectively for 12 weeks. The HC feeding caused morphological abnormalities of intestine, an increased intestinal permeability, and the intestinal immunosuppression, all of which were markedly reversed by XOS administration. In addition, compared with the HC group, HCX feeding remarkably promoted the intestinal activities of digestive and brush border enzymes, and the expressions of cell proliferation-related proteins (Wnt10b and Cyclin D1). The 16s rDNA sequencing also revealed that XOS administration increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and decreased that of pathogenic ones. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of XOS improved the intestinal histomorphology, barrier function, cell proliferation and bacterial communities of carbohydrate-overloaded fish Megalobrama amblycephala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yan-Zou Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zi-Shang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chao-Fan He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Jahromi MK, Saber N, Norouzzadeh M, Daftari G, Pourhabibi-Zarandi F, Ahmadirad H, Farhadnejad H, Teymoori F, Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Mirmiran P. Carbohydrate quality index and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Iranian adults. BMC Endocr Disord 2024; 24:195. [PMID: 39300472 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-024-01609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM In the current study, we aimed to assess the association of carbohydrate quality index (CQI) with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Iranian adults. METHODS This case-control study was conducted on 225 newly diagnosed NAFLD patients and 450 controls, aged 20-60 years. A food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the CQI and its components, including fiber intake, glycemic index, whole grains: total grains ratio, and solid carbohydrates: total carbohydrates ratio. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of NAFLD across the tertile of CQI and its components. RESULTS The participant's mean ± SD of body mass index and age were 26.8 ± 4.3 kg/m2 and 38.1 ± 8.8 years, respectively. The median (interquartile) CQI score in participants of the case and control groups was 20 (15-25) and 23 (18-28), respectively. In the multivariable-adjusted model, the risk of NAFLD decreased significantly across the tertiles of the CQI [(OR: 0.20; %95CI: 0.11-0.39), Ptrend <0.001)]. Also, the odds of NAFLD decreased across tertiles of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates ratio [(OR: 0.39; 95%CI: 0.22-0.69), Ptrend <0.001)]. However, a high dietary glycemic index (GI) was associated with increased odds of NAFLD [(OR:7.47; 95%CI: 3.89-14.33, Ptrend<0.001)]. There was no significant relationship between other CQI components, including fiber intake and whole grain/total grains and the risk of NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that a diet with a high quality of carbohydrates, characterized by higher intakes of solid carbohydrates, whole grain, and low GI carbohydrates, can be related to a reduced risk of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Kazemi Jahromi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Niloufar Saber
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Norouzzadeh
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Daftari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourhabibi-Zarandi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadirad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farhadnejad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Teymoori
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ammar Salehi-Sahlabadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yasin A, Nguyen M, Sidhu A, Majety P, Spitz J, Asgharpour A, Siddiqui MS, Sperling LS, Quyyumi AA, Mehta A. Liver and cardiovascular disease outcomes in metabolic syndrome and diabetic populations: Bi-directional opportunities to multiply preventive strategies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 211:111650. [PMID: 38604447 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are rising globally. MetS and T2DM are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, which is partly related to liver and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance is central to MetS and T2DM pathophysiology, and drives ectopic fat deposition in the liver, also known as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). MetS and T2DM are not only risk factors for developing MASLD but are also independently associated with disease progression to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition to the risk of liver disease, MetS and T2DM are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF). Importantly, there is a bidirectional relationship between liver and CVD due to shared disease pathophysiology in patients with MetS and T2DM. In this review, we have described studies exploring the relationship of MetS and T2DM with MASLD and CVD, independently. Following this we discuss studies evaluating the interplay between liver and cardiovascular risk as well as pragmatic risk mitigation strategies in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angad Sidhu
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | | | - Jared Spitz
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, US
| | | | | | | | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anurag Mehta
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US.
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Harrison SP, Baumgarten SF, Chollet ME, Stavik B, Bhattacharya A, Almaas R, Sullivan GJ. Parenteral nutrition emulsion inhibits CYP3A4 in an iPSC derived liver organoids testing platform. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:1047-1058. [PMID: 38529852 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parenteral nutrition (PN) is used for patients of varying ages with intestinal failure to supplement calories. Premature newborns with low birth weight are at a high risk for developing PN associated liver disease (PNALD) including steatosis, cholestasis, and gallbladder sludge/stones. To optimize nutrition regimens, models are required to predict PNALD. METHODS We have exploited induced pluripotent stem cell derived liver organoids to provide a testing platform for PNALD. Liver organoids mimic the developing liver and contain the different hepatic cell types. The organoids have an early postnatal maturity making them a suitable model for premature newborns. To mimic PN treatment we used medium supplemented with either clinoleic (80% olive oil/20% soybean oil) or intralipid (100% soybean oil) for 7 days. RESULTS Homogenous HNF4a staining was found in all organoids and PN treatments caused accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes. Organoids exhibited a dose dependent decrease in CYP3A4 activity and expression of hepatocyte functional genes. The lipid emulsions did not affect overall organoid viability and glucose levels had no contributory effect to the observed results. CONCLUSIONS Liver organoids could be utilized as a potential screening platform for the development of new, less hepatotoxic PN solutions. Both lipid treatments caused hepatic lipid accumulation, a significant decrease in CYP3A4 activity and a decrease in the RNA levels of both CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 in a dose dependent manner. The presence of high glucose had no additive effect, while Clinoleic at high dose, caused significant upregulation of interleukin 6 and TLR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Harrison
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saphira F Baumgarten
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research, Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria E Chollet
- Research, Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte Stavik
- Research, Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anindita Bhattacharya
- Research, Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Runar Almaas
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth J Sullivan
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Liu Z, Huang H, Xie J, Hou L, Xu C. Different dietary carbohydrate component intakes and long-term outcomes in patients with NAFLD: results of longitudinal analysis from the UK Biobank. Nutr J 2023; 22:67. [PMID: 38062487 PMCID: PMC10704713 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the association between the intake of different dietary carbohydrate components and the long-term outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS We used prospective data from 26,729 NAFLD participants from the UK Biobank cohort study. Dietary information was recorded by online 24-hour questionnaires (Oxford WebQ). Consumption of different carbohydrate components was calculated by the UK Nutrient Databank Food Composition Table. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A substitution model was used to estimate the associations of hypothetical substitution for free sugars. RESULTS During a median of 10.5 (IQR: 10.2-11.2) years and a total of 280,135 person-years of follow-up, 310 incident end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and 1750 deaths were recorded. Compared with the lowest quartile, the multi-adjusted HRs (95% CI) of incident ESLD in the highest quartile were 1.65 (1.14-2.39) for free sugars, 0.51 (0.35-0.74) for non-free sugars, and 0.55 (0.36-0.83) for fiber. For overall mortality, the multi-adjusted HRs (95% CI) in the highest quartile were 1.21 (1.04-1.39) for free sugars, 0.79 (0.68-0.92) for non-free sugars, and 0.79 (0.67-0.94) for fiber. Substituting free sugars with equal amounts of non-free sugars, starch or fiber was associated with a lower risk of incident ESLD and overall mortality. CONCLUSIONS A lower intake of free sugars and a higher intake of fiber are associated with a lower incidence of ESLD and overall mortality in NAFLD patients. These findings support the important role of the quality of dietary carbohydrates in preventing ESLD and overall mortality in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhening Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hangkai Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Linxiao Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Dawson MA, Hennigar SR, Shankaran M, Kelley AM, Anderson BJ, Nyangau E, Field TJ, Evans WJ, Hellerstein MK, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM, Berryman CE. Replacement of dietary carbohydrate with protein increases fat mass and reduces hepatic triglyceride synthesis and content in female obese Zucker rats. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15885. [PMID: 38036455 PMCID: PMC10689297 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated both energy restriction (ER) and higher protein (HP), lower carbohydrate (LC) diets downregulate hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Little is known about the independent and combined impact of ER and HP/LC diets on tissue-specific lipid kinetics in leptin receptor-deficient, obese rodents. This study investigated the effects of ER and dietary macronutrient content on body composition; hepatic, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral AT (VAT) lipid metabolic flux (2 H2 O-labeling); and blood and liver measures of cardiometabolic health in six-week-old female obese Zucker rats (Leprfa+/fa+ ). Animals were randomized to a 10-week feeding intervention: ad libitum (AL)-HC/LP (76% carbohydrate/15% protein), AL-HP/LC (35% protein/56% carbohydrate), ER-HC/LP, or ER-HP/LC. ER groups consumed 60% of the feed consumed by AL. AL gained more fat mass than ER (P-energy = 0.012) and HP/LC gained more fat mass than HC/LP (P-diet = 0.025). Hepatic triglyceride (TG) concentrations (P-interaction = 0.0091) and absolute hepatic TG synthesis (P-interaction = 0.012) were lower in ER-HP/LC versus ER-HC/LP. ER had increased hepatic, SAT, and VAT de novo cholesterol fractional synthesis, absolute hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and serum cholesterol (P-energy≤0.0035). A HP/LC diet, independent of energy intake, led to greater gains in fat mass. A HP/LC diet, in the context of ER, led to reductions in absolute hepatic TG synthesis and TG content. However, ER worsened cholesterol metabolism. Increased adipose tissue TG retention with the HP/LC diet may reflect improved lipid storage capacity and be beneficial in this genetic model of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alan Dawson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stephen R. Hennigar
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alyssa M. Kelley
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
| | - Bradley J. Anderson
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
| | - Edna Nyangau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tyler J. Field
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - James P. McClung
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Military Performance DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Claire E. Berryman
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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7
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Zakaria Z, Othman ZA, Nna VU, Mohamed M. The promising roles of medicinal plants and bioactive compounds on hepatic lipid metabolism in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in animal models: molecular targets. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:1262-1278. [PMID: 34153200 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1939387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in hepatic lipid metabolism can lead to an abnormal triglycerides deposition in the hepatocytes which can cause non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Four main mechanisms responsible for regulating hepatic lipid metabolism are fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Controlling the expression of transcription factors at molecular level plays a crucial role in NAFLD management. This paper reviews various medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds emphasising mechanisms involved in hepatic lipid metabolism, other important NAFLD pathological features, and their promising roles in managing NAFLD through regulating key transcription factors. Although there are many medicinal plants popularly investigated for NAFLD treatment, there is still little information and scientific evidence available and there has been no research on clinical trials scrutinised on this matter. This review also aims to provide molecular information of medicinal plants in NALFD treatment that might have potentials for future scientifically controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Zakaria
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zaidatul Akmal Othman
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Unit of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Victor Udo Nna
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Mahaneem Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Unit of Integrative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Gugliucci A. Sugar and Dyslipidemia: A Double-Hit, Perfect Storm. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5660. [PMID: 37685728 PMCID: PMC10488931 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of sugar has expanded over the past 50 years, due to improved industrial processes and corn subsidies, particularly in the form of sweetened beverages. This correlates with a surge in the prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, which has brought this issue back into the spotlight for public health. In this narrative review, we focus on the role of fructose in the genesis of cardiometabolic dyslipidemia (an increase in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL): VLDL, chylomicrons (CM), and their remnants) bringing together the most recent data on humans, which demonstrates the crucial interaction between glucose and fructose, increasing the synthesis while decreasing the catabolism of these particles in a synergistic downward spiral. After reviewing TRL metabolism, we discuss the fundamental principles governing the metabolism of fructose in the intestine and liver and the effects of dysregulated fructolysis, in conjunction with the activation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) by glucose and the resulting crosstalk. The first byproduct of fructose catabolism, fructose-1-P, is highlighted for its function as a signaling molecule that promotes fat synthesis. We emphasize the role of fructose/glucose interaction in the liver, which enhances de novo lipogenesis, triglyceride (TG) synthesis, and VLDL production. In addition, we draw attention to current research that demonstrates how fructose affects the activity of lipoprotein lipase by increasing the concentration of inhibitors such as apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), which reduce the catabolism of VLDL and chylomicrons and cause the building up of their atherogenic remnants. The end outcome is a dual, synergistic, and harmful action that encourages atherogenesis. Thus, considering the growing concerns regarding the connection between sugar consumption and cardiometabolic disease, current research strongly supports the actions of public health organizations aimed at reducing sugar intake, including dietary guidance addressing "safe" limits for sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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9
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Lee J, Kim H, Kang YW, Kim Y, Park MY, Song JH, Jo Y, Dao T, Ryu D, Lee J, Oh CM, Park S. LY6D is crucial for lipid accumulation and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-01033-w. [PMID: 37394588 PMCID: PMC10394021 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01033-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious metabolic disorder characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver. Over the past decade, NAFLD prevalence and incidence have risen globally. There are currently no effective licensed drugs for its treatment. Thus, further study is required to identify new targets for NAFLD prevention and treatment. In this study, we fed C57BL6/J mice one of three diets, a standard chow diet, high-sucrose diet, or high-fat diet, and then characterized them. The mice fed a high-sucrose diet had more severely compacted macrovesicular and microvesicular lipid droplets than those in the other groups. Mouse liver transcriptome analysis identified lymphocyte antigen 6 family member D (Ly6d) as a key regulator of hepatic steatosis and the inflammatory response. Data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project database showed that individuals with high liver Ly6d expression had more severe NAFLD histology than those with low liver Ly6d expression. In AML12 mouse hepatocytes, Ly6d overexpression increased lipid accumulation, while Ly6d knockdown decreased lipid accumulation. Inhibition of Ly6d ameliorated hepatic steatosis in a diet-induced NAFLD mouse model. Western blot analysis showed that Ly6d phosphorylated and activated ATP citrate lyase, which is a key enzyme in de novo lipogenesis. In addition, RNA- and ATAC-sequencing analyses revealed that Ly6d drives NAFLD progression by causing genetic and epigenetic changes. In conclusion, Ly6d is responsible for the regulation of lipid metabolism, and inhibiting Ly6d can prevent diet-induced steatosis in the liver. These findings highlight Ly6d as a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibeom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyeonhui Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Won Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Moon-Young Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Song
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yunju Jo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tam Dao
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Junguee Lee
- Department of Pathology, St Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Sangkyu Park
- Department of Precision Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Korea.
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10
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Grzych G, Bernard L, Lestrelin R, Tailleux A, Staels B. [State of the art on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2023; 81:183-201. [PMID: 36126753 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the complications of obesity and diabetes, the prevalence of which is increasing. The causes of the pathology and its development towards its severe form, NASH or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, are multiple and still poorly understood. Many different pharmacological classes are being tested in clinical trials to treat NASH, but no pharmaceutical treatment is currently on the market. Moreover, the diagnosis of certainty is only possible by liver biopsy and histological analysis, an invasive procedure with high risk for the patient. It is therefore necessary to better understand the natural history of the disease in order to identify therapeutic targets, but also to identify markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease using a blood sample, which will allow an improvement in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grzych
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France.
| | - L Bernard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - R Lestrelin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - A Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - B Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
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11
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Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Type 2 Diabetes, and Non-viral Hepatocarcinoma: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020468. [PMID: 36831004 PMCID: PMC9953066 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has increased dramatically, which is probably related to the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, together with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several epidemiological studies have established the association between T2DM and the incidence of HCC and have demonstrated the role of diabetes mellitus as an independent risk factor for the development of HCC. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis are various and involve pro-inflammatory agents, oxidative stress, apoptosis, adipokines, JNK-1 activation, increased IGF-1 activity, immunomodulation, and alteration of the gut microbiota. Moreover, these mechanisms are thought to play a significant role in the development of NAFLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Early diagnosis and the timely correction of risk factors are essential to prevent the onset of liver fibrosis and HCC. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence on the association among obesity, NASH/NAFLD, T2DM, and HCC, with an emphasis on clinical impact. In addition, we will examine the main mechanisms underlying this complex relationship, and the promising strategies that have recently emerged for these diseases' treatments.
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12
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Xie Z, Zhang M, Song Q, Cheng L, Zhang X, Song G, Sun X, Gu M, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Zhu K, Yin J, Chen X, Li J, Nan F. Development of the novel ACLY inhibitor 326E as a promising treatment for hypercholesterolemia. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:739-753. [PMID: 36873173 PMCID: PMC9979192 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cholesterol accumulation is an important contributor to hypercholesterolemia, which results in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key lipogenic enzyme that converts cytosolic citrate derived from tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) to acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. Therefore, ACLY represents a link between mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic de novo lipogenesis. In this study, we developed the small molecule 326E with an enedioic acid structural moiety as a novel ACLY inhibitor, and its CoA-conjugated form 326E-CoA inhibited ACLY activity with an IC50 = 5.31 ± 1.2 μmol/L in vitro. 326E treatment reduced de novo lipogenesis, and increased cholesterol efflux in vitro and in vivo. 326E was rapidly absorbed after oral administration, exhibited a higher blood exposure than that of the approved ACLY inhibitor bempedoic acid (BA) used for hypercholesterolemia. Chronic 326E treatment in hamsters and rhesus monkeys resulted in remarkable improvement of hyperlipidemia. Once daily oral administration of 326E for 24 weeks prevented the occurrence of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice to a greater extent than that of BA treatment. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of ACLY by 326E represents a promising strategy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gaolei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chendong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yangming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Burgeon Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kexin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianpeng Yin
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fajun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
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13
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Viegas I, Di Nunzio G, Belew GD, Torres AN, Silva JG, Perpétuo L, Barosa C, Tavares LC, Jones JG. Integration of Liver Glycogen and Triglyceride NMR Isotopomer Analyses Provides a Comprehensive Coverage of Hepatic Glucose and Fructose Metabolism. Metabolites 2022; 12:1142. [PMID: 36422282 PMCID: PMC9698123 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary glucose and fructose are both efficiently assimilated by the liver but a comprehensive measurement of this process starting from their conversion to sugar phosphates, involvement of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and conversion to glycogen and lipid storage products, remains incomplete. Mice were fed a chow diet supplemented with 35 g/100 mL drinking water of a 55/45 fructose/glucose mixture for 18 weeks. On the final night, the sugar mixture was enriched with either [U-13C]glucose or [U-13C]fructose, and deuterated water (2H2O) was also administered. 13C-isotopomers representing newly synthesized hepatic glucose-6-phosphate (glucose-6-P), glycerol-3-phosphate, and lipogenic acetyl-CoA were quantified by 2H and 13C NMR analysis of post-mortem liver glycogen and triglyceride. These data were applied to a metabolic model covering glucose-6-P, PPP, triose-P, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) fluxes. The glucose supplement was converted to glucose-6-P via the direct pathway, while the fructose supplement was metabolized by the liver to gluconeogenic triose-P via fructokinase-aldolase-triokinase. Glucose-6-P from all carbohydrate sources accounted for 40-60% of lipogenic acetyl-CoA and 10-12% was oxidized by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The yield of NADPH from PPP flux accounted for a minority (~30%) of the total DNL requirement. In conclusion, this approach integrates measurements of glucose-6-P, PPP, and DNL fluxes to provide a holistic and informative assessment of hepatic glucose and fructose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Viegas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Giada Di Nunzio
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Getachew D. Belew
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Biotechnology Department, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alejandra N. Torres
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - João G. Silva
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Luis Perpétuo
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cristina Barosa
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ludgero C. Tavares
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama—EUVG, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - John G. Jones
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Nucleo 8, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
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14
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Approaches to Measuring the Activity of Major Lipolytic and Lipogenic Enzymes In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911093. [PMID: 36232405 PMCID: PMC9570359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1950s, one of the goals of adipose tissue research has been to determine lipolytic and lipogenic activity as the primary metabolic pathways affecting adipocyte health and size and thus representing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and associated diseases. Nowadays, there is a relatively large number of methods to measure the activity of these pathways and involved enzymes, but their applicability to different biological samples is variable. Here, we review the characteristics of mean lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes, their inhibitors, and available methodologies for assessing their activity, and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of these methodologies and their applicability in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro, i.e., in cells, organs and their respective extracts, with the emphasis on adipocytes and adipose tissue.
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15
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Liu Y, Liang S, Wang K, Zi X, Zhang R, Wang G, Kang J, Li Z, Dou T, Ge C. Physicochemical, Nutritional Properties and Metabolomics Analysis Fat Deposition Mechanism of Chahua Chicken No. 2 and Yao Chicken. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1358. [PMID: 36011269 PMCID: PMC9407069 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry is an important dietary source of animal protein, accounting for approximately 30% of global meat consumption. Because of its low price, low fat and cholesterol content, and no religious restrictions, chicken is considered a widely available healthy meat. Chahua chicken No. 2 is a synthetic breed of Chahua chicken derived from five generations of specialized strain breeding. In this study, Chahua chicken No. 2 (CH) and Yao chicken (Y) were used as the research objects to compare the differences in physicochemical and nutritional indicators of meat quality between the two chicken breeds, and metabolomics was used to analyze the differences in metabolites and lipid metabolism pathways and to explore the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis. The physical index and nutritional value of CH are better than that of Y, and the chemical index of Y is better than that of CH. However, the chemical index results of CH are also within the normal theoretical value range. Comprehensive comparison shows that the meat quality of CH is relatively good. Metabolomics analysis showed that CH and Y had 85 different metabolites, and the differential metabolites were mainly classified into eight categories. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed 13 different metabolic pathways. The screened PPARG, FABP3, ACSL5, FASN, UCP3 and SC5D were negatively correlated with muscle fat deposition, while PPARα, ACACA and ACOX1 were positively correlated with muscle fat deposition. The meat quality of CH was better than Y. The metabolites and metabolic pathways obtained by metabonomics analysis mainly involved the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids, which were consistent with the differences in meat quality between the two breeds and the contents of precursors affecting flavor. The screened genes were associated with fatty deposition in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.); (G.W.); (J.K.); (Z.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Shuangmin Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.); (G.W.); (J.K.); (Z.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Xiannian Zi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.); (G.W.); (J.K.); (Z.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Ru Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.); (G.W.); (J.K.); (Z.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Guangzheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.); (G.W.); (J.K.); (Z.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Jiajia Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.); (G.W.); (J.K.); (Z.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Zijian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.); (G.W.); (J.K.); (Z.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Tengfei Dou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.); (G.W.); (J.K.); (Z.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Changrong Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (K.W.); (X.Z.); (R.Z.); (G.W.); (J.K.); (Z.L.); (T.D.)
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16
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Santoso P, Maliza R, Octavian R, Rita RS. Dietary fiber of jicama ( Pachyrhizus erosus L) tuber exerts hepatoprotective effect against high-sugar drinks in mice. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2022.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus, family Fabaceae) is a potent medicinal plant. Although extensive studies report the health benefits of jicama extract, few studies have investigated the efficacy of its dietary fiber in preventing metabolic diseases, including liver disease. The present study aimed to elucidate whether dietary fiber obtained from the jicama tuber counteracts the development of liver disease induced by high-sugar drinks. Methods: Twenty-four adult male mice (DDY strain; 2 months old with bodyweight 22-25 g) were randomized into three groups: normal drink (ND), fed with tap water and standard chow; high-sucrose drink (HSD), fed with a high-sucrose drink and standard chow; and high-sucrose drink plus standard chow with 25% jicama fiber (HSD + JF 25%). After the mice were on their respective diets for ten weeks, the following parameters were measured: body weight, liver weight, malondialdehyde (MDA), histopathological alterations, blood glucose, and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT). Results: Mice in the HSD + JF 25% group had significantly lower body weight (P < 0.01), liver weight (P<0.05), MDA (P<0.01), blood glucose (P<0.01), and SGPT (P<0.01) compared to those in the HSD group. They also had fewer histopathological alterations in the liver, as demonstrated by a lower proportion of degenerated cells and an overall lower histopathological score than those in the HSD group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Adding jicama fiber (25% of standard chow) mitigates the increase in blood glucose and body weight and histopathological changes in the liver induced by high-sucrose drinks, showing liver protective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putra Santoso
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia
| | - Rita Maliza
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia
| | - Riski Octavian
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang West Sumatra 25163, Indonesia
| | - Rauza Sukma Rita
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang West Sumatra 25163 Indonesia
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17
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Xu R, Wang T, Ding FF, Zhou NN, Qiao F, Chen LQ, Du ZY, Zhang ML. Lactobacillus plantarum Ameliorates High-Carbohydrate Diet-Induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress by Upregulating Uridine Synthesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071238. [PMID: 35883730 PMCID: PMC9312134 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The overconsumption of carbohydrates induces oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in the liver, which can be alleviated by modulation of intestinal microbiota; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that a strain affiliated with Lactobacillus plantarum (designed as MR1) efficiently attenuated lipid deposition, oxidative stress, as well as inflammatory response, which are caused by high-carbohydrate diet (HC) in fish with poor utilization ability of carbohydrates. Serum untargeted metabolome analysis indicated that pyrimidine metabolism was the significantly changed pathway among the groups. In addition, the content of serum uridine was significantly decreased in the HC group compared with the control group, while it increased by supplementation with L. plantarum MR1. Further analysis showed that addition of L. plantarum MR1 reshaped the composition of gut microbiota and increased the content of intestinal acetate. In vitro experiment showed that sodium acetate could induce the synthesis of uridine in hepatocytes. Furthermore, we proved that uridine could directly ameliorate oxidative stress and decrease liver lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes. In conclusion, this study indicated that probiotic L. plantarum MR1 ameliorated high-carbohydrate diet-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress by increasing the circulating uridine, suggesting that intestinal microbiota can regulate the metabolism of nucleotides to maintain host physiological homeostasis.
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18
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Furse S, Koulman A, Ozanne SE, Poston L, White SL, Meek CL. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Obese Women With Gestational Diabetes and Associations With Offspring Adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2825-e2832. [PMID: 35359001 PMCID: PMC9757862 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gestational diabetes (GDM) affects 20 million women/year worldwide and is associated with childhood obesity. Infants of affected mothers have increased adiposity from birth, which leads to obesity in later life. However, it remains unknown whether the effect of GDM upon neonatal body composition is due to hyperglycemia alone or is mediated by other pathways. OBJECTIVE To investigate plasma lipid profiles in obese women according to GDM diagnosis, infant birthweight percentiles, and adiposity. DESIGN Prospective cohort from UPBEAT trial (ISRCTN 89971375). SETTING Hospital and community. PATIENTS 867 obese pregnant women recruited in early pregnancy, assessed at 28 weeks for GDM. Offspring anthropometry was assessed at birth. OUTCOME (PRESPECIFIED) Neonatal birth percentile and abdominal circumference. METHODS Lipidomic profiling in the fasting plasma oral glucose tolerance test sample using direct infusion mass spectrometry. Analysis included logistic/linear regression, unadjusted and adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, parity, ethnicity, UPBEAT trial arm, and fetal sex. The limit of significance was P = 0.05 for offspring anthropometry and P = 0.002 for lipidomic data. RESULTS GDM in obese women was associated with elevated plasma concentrations of specific diglycerides [DG(32:0)] and triglycerides [TG(48:0), (50:1), (50:2)] containing fatty acids (16:0), (16:1), (18:0), and (18:1), consistent with increased de novo lipogenesis. In the whole cohort, these species were associated with birthweight percentile and neonatal abdominal circumference. Effects upon infant abdominal circumference remained significant after adjustment for maternal glycemia. CONCLUSIONS Increased de novo lipogenesis-related species in pregnant women with obesity and GDM are associated with measures of offspring adiposity and may be a target for improving lifelong health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lucilla Poston
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Lifecourse and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sara L White
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Lifecourse and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Claire L Meek
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry/Wolfson Diabetes & Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQUK
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19
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Toor R, Chana I. Exploring diet associations with Covid-19 and other diseases: a Network Analysis-based approach. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:991-1013. [PMID: 35171411 PMCID: PMC8852958 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current global pandemic, Covid-19, is a severe threat to human health and existence especially when it is mutating very frequently. Being a novel disease, Covid-19 is impacting the patients with comorbidities and is predicted to have long-term consequences, even for those who have recovered from it. To clearly recognize its impact, it is important to comprehend the complex relationship between Covid-19 and other diseases. It is also being observed that people with good immune system are less susceptible to the disease. It is perceived that if a correlation between Covid-19, other diseases, and diet is realized, then caregivers would be able to enhance their further course of medical action and recommendations. Network Analysis is one such technique that can bring forth such complex interdependencies and associations. In this paper, a Network Analysis-based approach has been proposed for analyzing the interplay of diets/foods along with Covid-19 and other diseases. Relationships between Covid-19, diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and diets have been curated, visualized, and further analyzed in this study so as to predict unknown associations. Network algorithms including Louvain graph algorithm (LA), K nearest neighbors (KNN), and Page rank algorithms (PR) have been employed for predicting a total of 60 disease-diet associations, out of which 46 have been found to be either significant in disease risk prevention/mitigation or in its progression as validated using PubMed literature. A precision of 76.7% has been achieved which is significant considering the involvement of a novel disease like Covid-19. The generated interdependencies can be further explored by medical professionals and caregivers in order to plan healthy eating patterns for Covid-19 patients. The proposed approach can also be utilized for finding beneficial diets for different combinations of comorbidities with Covid-19 as per the underlying health conditions of a patient. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmeet Toor
- Cloud and IoT Research Lab, Computer Science and Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Inderveer Chana
- Cloud and IoT Research Lab, Computer Science and Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
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20
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Liao W, Liu S, Chen Y, Kong Y, Wang D, Wang Y, Ling T, Xie Z, Khalilova I, Huang J. Effects of Keemun and Dianhong Black Tea in Alleviating Excess Lipid Accumulation in the Liver of Obese Mice: A Comparative Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:849582. [PMID: 35369079 PMCID: PMC8967360 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.849582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractSchematic diagram of the effects of two black teas in alleviating excess hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Suyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yashuai Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tiejun Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Irada Khalilova
- Life Sciences Department, Center for Cell Pathology Research, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Jinbao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jinbao Huang
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21
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Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitor Platensimycin Intervenes the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Mouse Model. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010005. [PMID: 35052685 PMCID: PMC8773228 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease affecting about 25% of world population, while there are still no approved targeted therapies. Although platensimycin (PTM) was first discovered to be a broad-spectrum antibiotic, it was also effective against type II diabetes in animal models due to its ability to inhibit both bacterial and mammalian fatty acid synthases (FASN). Herein, we report the pharmacological effect and potential mode of action of PTM against NAFLD in a Western diet/CCI4-induced mouse model and a free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced HepG2 cell model. The proper dose of PTM and its liposome-based nano-formulations not only significantly attenuated the Western diet-induced weight gain and the levels of plasma total triglycerides and glucose, but reduced liver steatosis in mice according to histological analyses. Western blotting analysis showed a reduced protein level of FASN in the mouse liver, suggesting that PTM intervened in the development of NAFLD through FASN inhibition. PTM reduced both the protein and mRNA levels of FASN in FFAs-induced HepG2 cells, as well as the expression of several key proteins in lipogenesis, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. The expression of lipid oxidation-related genes, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α and acyl-CoA oxidase 1, was significantly elevated. In conclusion, our study supports the reposition of PTM to intervene in NAFLD progression, since it could effectively inhibit de novo lipogenesis.
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22
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Hurtado-Carneiro V, Dongil P, Pérez-García A, Álvarez E, Sanz C. Preventing Oxidative Stress in the Liver: An Opportunity for GLP-1 and/or PASK. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10122028. [PMID: 34943132 PMCID: PMC8698360 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver’s high metabolic activity and detoxification functions generate reactive oxygen species, mainly through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of hepatocytes. In contrast, it also has a potent antioxidant mechanism for counterbalancing the oxidant’s effect and relieving oxidative stress. PAS kinase (PASK) is a serine/threonine kinase containing an N-terminal Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain, able to detect redox state. During fasting/feeding changes, PASK regulates the expression and activation of critical liver proteins involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, the functional inactivation of PASK prevents the development of a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and diabetes. In addition, PASK deficiency alters the activity of other nutrient sensors, such as the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In addition to the expression and subcellular localization of nicotinamide-dependent histone deacetylases (SIRTs). This review focuses on the relationship between oxidative stress, PASK, and other nutrient sensors, updating the limited knowledge on the role of PASK in the antioxidant response. We also comment on glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and its collaboration with PASK in preventing the damage associated with hepatic oxidative stress. The current knowledge would suggest that PASK inhibition and/or exendin-4 treatment, especially under fasting conditions, could ameliorate disorders associated with excess oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Hurtado-Carneiro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research at the San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research at the San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.D.); (A.P.-G.); (E.Á.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pilar Dongil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research at the San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.D.); (A.P.-G.); (E.Á.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research at the San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Pérez-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research at the San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.D.); (A.P.-G.); (E.Á.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research at the San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elvira Álvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research at the San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.D.); (A.P.-G.); (E.Á.)
| | - Carmen Sanz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Research at the San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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23
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Cohen CC, Li KW, Alazraki AL, Beysen C, Carrier CA, Cleeton RL, Dandan M, Figueroa J, Knight-Scott J, Knott CJ, Newton KP, Nyangau EM, Sirlin CB, Ugalde-Nicalo PA, Welsh JA, Hellerstein MK, Schwimmer JB, Vos MB. Dietary sugar restriction reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis in adolescent boys with fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150996. [PMID: 34907907 PMCID: PMC8670836 DOI: 10.1172/jci150996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDHepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is elevated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Improvements in hepatic fat by dietary sugar reduction may be mediated by reduced DNL, but data are limited, especially in children. We examined the effects of 8 weeks of dietary sugar restriction on hepatic DNL in adolescents with NAFLD and correlations between DNL and other metabolic outcomes.METHODSAdolescent boys with NAFLD (n = 29) participated in an 8-week, randomized controlled trial comparing a diet low in free sugars versus their usual diet. Hepatic DNL was measured as percentage contribution to plasma triglyceride palmitate using a 7-day metabolic labeling protocol with heavy water. Hepatic fat was measured by magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction.RESULTSHepatic DNL was significantly decreased in the treatment group (from 34.6% to 24.1%) versus the control group (33.9% to 34.6%) (adjusted week 8 mean difference: -10.6% [95% CI: -19.1%, -2.0%]), which was paralleled by greater decreases in hepatic fat (25.5% to 17.9% vs. 19.5% to 18.8%) and fasting insulin (44.3 to 34.7 vs. 35.5 to 37.0 μIU/mL). Percentage change in DNL during the intervention correlated significantly with changes in free-sugar intake (r = 0.48, P = 0.011), insulin (r = 0.40, P = 0.047), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r = 0.39, P = 0.049), but not hepatic fat (r = 0.13, P = 0.532).CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that dietary sugar restriction reduces hepatic DNL and fasting insulin, in addition to reductions in hepatic fat and ALT, among adolescents with NAFLD. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hepatic DNL is a critical metabolic abnormality linking dietary sugar and NAFLD.TRIAL REGISTRYClinicalTrials.gov NCT02513121.FUNDINGThe Nutrition Science Initiative (made possible by gifts from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, Ambrose Monell Foundation, and individual donors), the UCSD Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, the NIH, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University's Children's Clinical and Translational Discovery Core, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Pediatric Biostatistical Core, the Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance, and the NIH National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelvin W. Li
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Adina L. Alazraki
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Carissa A. Carrier
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Cleeton
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohamad Dandan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Janet Figueroa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jack Knight-Scott
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia J. Knott
- Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kimberly P. Newton
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Edna M. Nyangau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Claude B. Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Patricia A. Ugalde-Nicalo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jean A. Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Schwimmer
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Miriam B. Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Lu L, Chen C, Li Y, Guo W, Zhang S, Brockman J, Shikany JM, Kahe K. Magnesium intake is inversely associated with risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among American adults. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1245-1254. [PMID: 34741649 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human data are limited linking magnesium (Mg) intake to the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to examine the association between Mg intake and the risk of NAFLD among young adults in the US with a 25-year follow-up. METHODS This study included 2685 participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adult (CARDIA) study. Diet and dietary supplements were assessed at baseline (1985-1986) and exam years 7 and 20 using an interview-based dietary history. NAFLD, defined as liver attenuation ≤ 51 Hounsfield Units excluding secondary causes of liver fat accumulation, was identified by non-contrast-computed tomography scanning at exam year 25. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression model was used to examine the associations between cumulative average total intake of Mg (dietary plus supplemental) and NAFLD odds. RESULTS A total of 629 NAFLD cases were documented. After adjustment for potential confounders, an inverse association between total Mg intake and NAFLD odds was observed. Compared to participants in the lowest quintile of total Mg intake, the odds of NAFLD was 55% lower among individuals in the highest quintile [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.23, 0.85), p for trend = 0.03]. Consistently, whole-grain consumption, a major dietary source of Mg, was inversely associated with NAFLD odds (p for trend = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that higher cumulative intake of Mg throughout adulthood is associated with lower odds of NAFLD in midlife. Future studies are needed to establish a possible causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuexia Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - John Brockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ka Kahe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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Pang S, Song P, Sun X, Qi W, Yang C, Song G, Wang Y, Zhang J. Dietary fructose and risk of metabolic syndrome in Chinese residents aged 45 and above: results from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey. Nutr J 2021; 20:83. [PMID: 34602079 PMCID: PMC8489071 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of researches supported that dietary fructose was associated with most of the key features of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, there was no related epidemiological studies among Chinese population, despite the sharp increase in MetS cases. This study explores the relationship between dietary fructose and MetS among Chinese residents aged 45 and above. METHODS A total of 25,528 participants (11,574 males and 13,954 females) were included in this nationwide representative cross-sectional study of China National Nutrition and Health Survey. Dietary fructose intake was assessed by 3-day 24-h dietary records. MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation and Chinese Diabetes Society criteria. RESULTS The consumption of dietary fructose was 11.6 g/day for urban residents and 7.6 g/day for rural residents. Fruits and vegetables as well as their products were the main sources of fructose intake. There was no association between dietary fructose intake and the odds of having MetS in both urban (P = 0.315) and rural residents (P = 0.230) after adjustment for confounding factors. Moreover, for urban residents participating physical activities, the odds of having MetS in the fourth quartiles (OR: 0.67; 95%CI: 0.52-0.87) was lower than that in the first quartile. In the sensitivity analysis, a significant reduction in the odds of having MetS was also found in the fourth quartiles (OR, 95%CI: 0.68, 0.51-0.90; 0.67, 0.49-0.91; 0.74, 0.56-0.99) compared with the first quartile when excluding smokers, alcohol users, and underweight/obesity, respectively. And there was no association between dietary fructose intake and the odds of having MetS after multivariate adjustment stratified by gender, smoking and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Under the current dietary fructose intake status, there was no association between dietary fructose intake and the odds of having MetS among Chinese residents aged 45 and above. Physical activity and relatively low fructose intake may have a beneficial synergistic effect on MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Pang
- Institute of Grain Quality and Nutrition Research, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengkun Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Sun
- Research and Development center of Shandong Xiwang Sugar Co. Ltd, National Corn Deep Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Binzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Qi
- Institute of Grain Quality and Nutrition Research, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Song
- Institute of Grain Quality and Nutrition Research, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Grain Quality and Nutrition Research, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Huang J, Li W, Liao W, Hao Q, Tang D, Wang D, Wang Y, Ge G. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and ameliorates intestinal immunity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2021; 11:9924-9935. [PMID: 33095225 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02152k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) may help prevent metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanisms of its protective effects are complicated and remain unclear. With the gut-liver axis theory as a foundation, the present study investigated the effects of EGCG on intestinal mucosal immunity in male C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat Western diet or the diet supplemented with 0.4% dietary EGCG (w/w) for 14 weeks. Dietary EGCG supplementation effectively prevented changes-including excessive accumulation of visceral and hepatic fat, abnormal liver function, and elevated concentrations of serum and liver inflammatory cytokines-known to be caused by high-fat diets. In addition, serum lipopolysaccharide concentrations decreased by 94.3%. RNA sequencing data of differentially expressed genes in ileal samples among three groups indicated that most of the pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes in the first 20 enrichment levels were related to immunity and inflammatory reactions. Real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine alterations in expression levels of key genes related to intestinal immune function and inflammatory responses from ileal and colonic samples. Changes in secretory immunoglobulin A in the small intestine, serum, and feces further demonstrated improved intestinal mucosal immunity in the EGCG-treated mice. In conclusion, dietary EGCG effectively prevented the development of NAFLD and significantly improved intestinal mucosal immunity in mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet. However, whether improved intestinal immune function is the key mechanism underlying the health benefits of dietary EGCG warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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27
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Lim S, Kim JW, Targher G. Links between metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:500-514. [PMID: 33975804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic condition characterized by hepatic fat accumulation combined with underlying metabolic dysregulation. Having evolved from the previous term of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the term MAFLD more closely implicates the presence of overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes, or metabolic dysregulation as essential pathogenic factors, leading to better identification of individuals with this metabolic liver disease. Low-grade inflammation, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and intestinal dysbiosis are also involved in its pathogenesis. MAFLD is not only associated with liver-related complications, but also with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. Further studies are needed to assess whether the newly proposed definition of MAFLD is more accurate than the NAFLD in predicting the adverse liver-related and extrahepatic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jin-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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28
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Gonzalez-Soto M, Mutch DM. Diet Regulation of Long-Chain PUFA Synthesis: Role of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Polyphenols on Δ-5/Δ-6 Desaturases and Elongases 2/5. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:980-994. [PMID: 33186986 PMCID: PMC8166571 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in the n-3 (ω-3) long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs) EPA and DHA are associated with increased risk for the development of numerous diseases. Although n-3 LC-PUFAs can be obtained by consuming marine products, they are also synthesized endogenously through a biochemical pathway regulated by the Δ-5/Δ-6 desaturase and elongase 2/5 enzymes. This narrative review collates evidence from the past 40 y demonstrating that mRNA expression and activity of desaturase and elongase enzymes are influenced by numerous dietary components, including macronutrients, micronutrients, and polyphenols. Specifically, we highlight that both the quantity and the composition of dietary fats, carbohydrates, and proteins can differentially regulate desaturase pathway activity. Furthermore, desaturase and elongase mRNA levels and enzyme activities are also influenced by micronutrients (folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin A), trace minerals (iron, zinc), and polyphenols (resveratrol, isoflavones). Understanding how these various dietary components influence LC-PUFA synthesis will help further advance our understanding of how dietary patterns, ranging from caloric excesses to micronutrient deficiencies, influence disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gonzalez-Soto
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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29
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Kim H, Lee DS, An TH, Park HJ, Kim WK, Bae KH, Oh KJ. Metabolic Spectrum of Liver Failure in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: From NAFLD to NASH to HCC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094495. [PMID: 33925827 PMCID: PMC8123490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is the spectrum of liver damage ranging from simple steatosis called as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinically, NAFLD and type 2 diabetes coexist. Type 2 diabetes contributes to biological processes driving the severity of NAFLD, the primary cause for development of chronic liver diseases. In the last 20 years, the rate of non-viral NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC has been increasing rapidly. As there are currently no suitable drugs for treatment of NAFLD and NASH, a class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is sometimes used to improve liver failure despite the risk of side effects. Therefore, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH are important issues. In this review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC and the current promising pharmacological therapies of NAFLD/NASH. Further, we will provide insights into "adipose-derived adipokines" and "liver-derived hepatokines" as diagnostic and therapeutic targets from NAFLD to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmi Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Da Som Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Tae Hyeon An
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.B.); (K.-J.O.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4268 (K.-H.B.); +82-42-879-8265 (K.-J.O.)
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.K.); (D.S.L.); (T.H.A.); (H.-J.P.); (W.K.K.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.B.); (K.-J.O.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4268 (K.-H.B.); +82-42-879-8265 (K.-J.O.)
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Tomé-Carneiro J, Crespo MC, López de Las Hazas MC, Visioli F, Dávalos A. Olive oil consumption and its repercussions on lipid metabolism. Nutr Rev 2021; 78:952-968. [PMID: 32299100 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of highly processed foods, such as those high in trans fats and free sugars, coupled with sedentarism and chronic stress increases the risk of obesity and cardiometabolic disorders, while adherence to a Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with the prevalence of such diseases. Olive oil is the main source of fat in the Mediterranean diet. Data accumulated thus far show consumption of extra virgin, (poly)phenol-rich olive oil to be associated with specific health benefits. Of note, recommendations for consumption based on health claims refer to the phenolic content of extra virgin olive oil as beneficial. However, even though foods rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil, are healthier than foods rich in saturated and trans fats, their inordinate use can lead to adverse effects on health. The aim of this review was to summarize the data on olive oil consumption worldwide and to critically examine the literature on the potential adverse effects of olive oil and its main components, particularly any effects on lipid metabolism. As demonstrated by substantial evidence, extra virgin olive oil is healthful and should be preferentially used within the context of a balanced diet, but excessive consumption may lead to adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Tomé-Carneiro
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, Campus of International Excellence UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carmen Crespo
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, Campus of International Excellence UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carmen López de Las Hazas
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, Campus of International Excellence UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, Campus of International Excellence UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, Campus of International Excellence UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Taherkhani S, Suzuki K, Ruhee RT. A Brief Overview of Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue with a Therapeutic Approach to Taking Antioxidant Supplements. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:594. [PMID: 33924341 PMCID: PMC8069597 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the leading causes of obesity associated with oxidative stress (OS) is excessive consumption of nutrients, especially fast-foods, and a sedentary lifestyle, characterized by the ample accumulation of lipid in adipose tissue (AT). When the body needs energy, the lipid is broken down into glycerol (G) and free fatty acids (FFA) during the lipolysis process and transferred to various tissues in the body. Materials secreted from AT, especially adipocytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are impressive in causing inflammation and OS of AT. There are several ways to improve obesity, but researchers have highly regarded the use of antioxidant supplements due to their neutralizing properties in removing ROS. In this review, we have examined the AT response to OS to antioxidant supplements focusing on animal studies. The results are inconsistent due to differences in the study duration and diversity in animals (strain, age, and sex). Therefore, there is a need for different studies, especially in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Taherkhani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 4199843653, Iran
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Ruheea Taskin Ruhee
- Gradute School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
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Wiȩckowska-Gacek A, Mietelska-Porowska A, Chutorański D, Wydrych M, Długosz J, Wojda U. Western Diet Induces Impairment of Liver-Brain Axis Accelerating Neuroinflammation and Amyloid Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:654509. [PMID: 33867971 PMCID: PMC8046915 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.654509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-dependent, irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. The prevailing AD hypothesis points to the central role of altered cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and formation of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits in the brain. The lack of efficient AD treatments stems from incomplete knowledge on AD causes and environmental risk factors. The role of lifestyle factors, including diet, in neurological diseases is now beginning to attract considerable attention. One of them is western diet (WD), which can lead to many serious diseases that develop with age. The aim of the study was to investigate whether WD-derived systemic disturbances may accelerate the brain neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis at the early stages of AD development. To verify this hypothesis, transgenic mice expressing human APP with AD-causing mutations (APPswe) were fed with WD from the 3rd month of age. These mice were compared to APPswe mice, in which short-term high-grade inflammation was induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to untreated APPswe mice. All experimental subgroups of animals were subsequently analyzed at 4-, 8-, and 12-months of age. APPswe mice at 4- and 8-months-old represent earlier pre-plaque stages of AD, while 12-month-old animals represent later stages of AD, with visible amyloid pathology. Already short time of WD feeding induced in 4-month-old animals such brain neuroinflammation events as enhanced astrogliosis, to a level comparable to that induced by the administration of pro-inflammatory LPS, and microglia activation in 8-month-old mice. Also, WD feeding accelerated increased Aβ production, observed already in 8-month-old animals. These brain changes corresponded to diet-induced metabolic disorders, including increased cholesterol level in 4-months of age, and advanced hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver disease in 8-month-old mice. These results indicate that the westernized pattern of nourishment is an important modifiable risk factor of AD development, and that a healthy, balanced, diet may be one of the most efficient AD prevention methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Effects of Edible Insect Tenebrio molitor Larva Fermentation Extract as a Substitute Protein on Hepatosteatogenesis and Proteomic Changes in Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073615. [PMID: 33807173 PMCID: PMC8037111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larva) are an edible insect and a protein-rich food; however, research on mealworms as a substitute protein is insufficient. In this study, mealworm fermentation extract (TMP) was assessed as a replacement for soy protein (SP) in a control diet (CON) or a high-fat diet (HFD) of mice for 12 weeks. TMP substitution reduced body weight, body weight gain, body fat mass (perirenal and mesenteric), fat size, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance compared to the HFD-SP group. TMP alleviated hepatic steatosis (lipid contents and lipid droplets) in high-fat-fed mice and down-regulated the PPARγ, CD36, and DGAT2 gene levels. Proteomic analysis showed that a HFD for 12 weeks up-regulated 20 proteins and down-regulated 17 proteins in mice fed SP. On the other hand, TMP reversed the protein profiles. TMP significantly down-regulated KHK, GLO1, ATP5H, SOD, and DDAH1 and up-regulated DLD, Mup1, CPS1, Ces3b, PDI, and HYOU1 compared to the HFD-SP group. These proteins are involved in the glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, as well as in oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Thus, substituting SP for TMP helped improve HFD-induced obesity, steatosis, and insulin resistance in mice. These results suggest that TMP is a potential substitute for commonly used protein sources.
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Alberti G, Gana JC, Santos JL. Fructose, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin E: Involvement in Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113531. [PMID: 33212947 PMCID: PMC7698421 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common form of liver disease in both adults and children, becoming the leading cause for liver transplant in many countries. Its prevalence has increased considerably in recent years, mainly due to the explosive increase in pediatric obesity rates. NAFLD is strongly associated with central obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and it has been considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Its complex pathophysiology involves a series of metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress processes, among others. Given the sharp increase in the prevalence of NAFLD and the lack of an appropriate pharmacological approach, it is crucial to consider the prevention/management of the disease based on lifestyle modifications such as the adoption of a healthy nutrition pattern. Herein, we review the literature and discuss the role of three key nutrients involved in pediatric NAFLD: fructose and its participation in metabolism, Omega-3 fatty acids and its anti-inflammatory effects and vitamin E and its action on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigliola Alberti
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 3580000, Chile; (G.A.); (J.C.G.)
| | - Juan Cristóbal Gana
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 3580000, Chile; (G.A.); (J.C.G.)
| | - José L. Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 3580000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-2354-3868
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Inada AC, Silva GT, da Silva LPR, Alves FM, Filiú WFDO, Asato MA, Junior WHK, Corsino J, Figueiredo PDO, Garcez FR, Garcez WS, da Silva RDNO, dos Santos-Eichler RA, Guimarães RDCA, Freitas KDC, Hiane PA. Therapeutic Effects of Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Noni) Aqueous Fruit Extract on the Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat/High-Fructose-Fed Swiss Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113439. [PMID: 33182564 PMCID: PMC7696076 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of two different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of Morinda citrifolia fruit aqueous extract (AE) in high-fat/high-fructose-fed Swiss mice. The food intake, body weight, serum biochemical, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as histological analyses of the liver, pancreatic, and epididymal adipose tissue, were used to determine the biochemical and histological parameters. The chemical profile of the extract was determined by ultra-fast liquid chromatography–diode array detector–tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC–DAD–MS), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the gene expressions involved in the lipid and glucose metabolism, such as peroxisome proliferative-activated receptors-γ (PPAR-γ), -α (PPAR-α), fatty acid synthase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P), sterol regulatory binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP), and fetuin-A. Seventeen compounds were tentatively identified, including iridoids, noniosides, and the flavonoid rutin. The higher dose of AE (AE 500 mg/kg) was demonstrated to improve the glucose tolerance; however, both doses did not have effects on the other metabolic and histological parameters. AE at 500 mg/kg downregulated the PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c, and fetuin-A mRNA in the liver and upregulated the PPAR-α mRNA in white adipose tissue, suggesting that the hypoglycemic effects could be associated with the expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Carla Inada
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (G.T.S.); (L.P.R.d.S.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (K.d.C.F.); (P.A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(67)-3345-7410
| | - Gabriela Torres Silva
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (G.T.S.); (L.P.R.d.S.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (K.d.C.F.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Laleska Pâmela Rodrigues da Silva
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (G.T.S.); (L.P.R.d.S.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (K.d.C.F.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Flávio Macedo Alves
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiú
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Arakaki Asato
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Wilson Hino Kato Junior
- Laboratory PRONABio (Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products)—Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (W.H.K.J.); (J.C.); (P.d.O.F.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Joaquim Corsino
- Laboratory PRONABio (Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products)—Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (W.H.K.J.); (J.C.); (P.d.O.F.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Patrícia de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Laboratory PRONABio (Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products)—Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (W.H.K.J.); (J.C.); (P.d.O.F.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues Garcez
- Laboratory PRONABio (Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products)—Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (W.H.K.J.); (J.C.); (P.d.O.F.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Walmir Silva Garcez
- Laboratory PRONABio (Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products)—Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (W.H.K.J.); (J.C.); (P.d.O.F.); (F.R.G.); (W.S.G.)
| | - Renée de Nazaré Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil; (R.d.N.O.d.S.); (R.A.d.S.-E.)
| | | | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (G.T.S.); (L.P.R.d.S.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (K.d.C.F.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Karine de Cássia Freitas
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (G.T.S.); (L.P.R.d.S.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (K.d.C.F.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Priscila Aiko Hiane
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; (G.T.S.); (L.P.R.d.S.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (K.d.C.F.); (P.A.H.)
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Post-weaning exposure to high-sucrose diet induces early non-alcoholic fatty liver disease onset and progression in male mice: role of dysfunctional white adipose tissue. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:509-520. [PMID: 32594969 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) particularly among chronic consumers of added sugar-rich diets. However, the impact of early consumption of such diets on NAFLD onset and progression is unclear. Thus, this study sought to characterise metabolic factors involved in NAFLD progression in young mice fed with a high-sucrose diet (HSD). Male Swiss mice were fed HSD or regular chow (CTR) from weaning for up to 60 or 90 days. Obesity development, glucose homeostasis and serum biochemical parameters were determined at each time-point. At day 90, mice were euthanised and white adipose tissue (WAT) collected for lipolytic function assessment and liver for histology, gene expression and cytokines quantification. At day 60, HSD mice presented increased body mass, hypertriglyceridemia, peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and simple steatosis. Upon 90 days on diet, WAT from HSD mice displayed impaired insulin sensitivity, which coincided with increased fasting levels of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA), as well as NAFLD progression to NASH. Transcriptional levels of lipogenic genes, particularly stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, were consistently increased, leading to hepatic leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines spillover. Therefore, our dataset supports IR triggering in the WAT as a major factor for dysfunctional release of FFA towards portal circulation and consequent upregulation of lipogenic genes and hepatic inflammatory onset, which decisively concurred for NAFLD-to-NASH progression in young HSD-fed mice. Notwithstanding, this study forewarns against the early introduction of dietary sugars in infant diet, particularly following breastfeeding cessation.
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Benlebna M, Balas L, Bonafos B, Pessemesse L, Vigor C, Grober J, Bernex F, Fouret G, Paluchova V, Gaillet S, Landrier JF, Kuda O, Durand T, Coudray C, Casas F, Feillet-Coudray C. Long-term high intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA increases basal metabolism and insulin sensitivity but disrupts liver homeostasis in healthy mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 79:108361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang J, He W, Tsai PJ, Chen PH, Ye M, Guo J, Su Z. Mutual interaction between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:72. [PMID: 32284046 PMCID: PMC7155254 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common metabolic syndrome. Imbalances between liver lipid output and input are the direct causes of NAFLD, and hepatic steatosis is the pathological premise and basis for NAFLD progression. Mutual interaction between endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and oxidative stress play important roles in NAFLD pathogenesis. Notably, mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) act as a structural bridges for functional clustering of molecules, particularly for Ca2+, lipids, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) exchange. Previous studies have examined the crucial roles of ERS and ROS in NAFLD and have shown that MAM structural and functional integrity determines normal ER- mitochondria communication. Upon disruption of MAM integrity, miscommunication directly or indirectly causes imbalances in Ca2+ homeostasis and increases ERS and oxidative stress. Here, we emphasize the involvement of MAMs in glucose and lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in NAFLD and summarize MAM-targeting drugs and compounds, most of which achieve their therapeutic or ameliorative effects on NAFLD by improving MAM integrity. Therefore, targeting MAMs may be a viable strategy for NAFLD treatment. This review provides new ideas and key points for basic NAFLD research and drug development centred on mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM, Level 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism SATCM, Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wanping He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM, Level 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism SATCM, Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ping-Ju Tsai
- King-Prebiotics Biotechnology (TW) Co., LTD, 2F.-1, No. 250, Zhongshan Rd., Linkou Dist, New Taipei City, 24446, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- King-Prebiotics Biotechnology (TW) Co., LTD, 2F.-1, No. 250, Zhongshan Rd., Linkou Dist, New Taipei City, 24446, Taiwan
| | - Manxiang Ye
- New Francisco (Yunfu City) Biotechnology Co, Ltd Swan-kan-chiau Ind. Dist., Kaofong Village, Yunfu City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM, Level 3 Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism SATCM, Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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39
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Berná G, Romero-Gomez M. The role of nutrition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology and management. Liver Int 2020; 40 Suppl 1:102-108. [PMID: 32077594 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
A healthy diet together with physical activity could induce weight loss and control the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the composition of diet has not been clearly established. Macronutrients such as saturated fatty acids (SFA), trans-fats, simple sugars and animal proteins have a harmful effect on the liver. On the other hand, monounsaturated fats (MUFAs), polyunsaturated (PUFAs) omega-3-fats, plant-based proteins and dietary fibres are considered to be beneficial to the liver. The impact of specific micronutrients is less well-known. Nutrients are part of the food we eat. Food makes up our meals, which compose our dietary patterns. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients usually follow Western diets which are rich in soda, frozen junk food, juice, red meat, lard, processed meats, whole fat dairy foods, fatty snack foods, take-away foods, cakes and biscuits and poor in cereals, whole grains, fruit, vegetables, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and fish. On the other hand, the Mediterranean diet (MD) is beneficial for NAFLD even when it is iso-caloric or there are no changes in body weight. A new approach, called 'nutritional geometry' considers the importance of integrating nutrition, animals and the environment. The goal of this approach is to combine nutrients and foods in a model to understand how food components interact to regulate the properties of diets affecting health and disease. The use of algorithms developed by artificial intelligence (AI) to create a personalized diet for patients can provide customized nutritional counselling to prevent and treat NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveva Berná
- CABIMER, University Pablo Olavide and CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- UCM Digestive Diseases and CIBERehd, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), SeLiver Group, Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/US, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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40
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Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Too Much Sugar-The Not-So-Sweet Reality of Its Impact on Our Health. Hepatology 2020; 71:377-379. [PMID: 31446629 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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41
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Although adipose tissue allows storage of excess calories in periods of overnutrition, in obesity, adipose tissue metabolism becomes dysregulated and can promote metabolic diseases. This review discusses recent advances in understandings how adipocyte metabolism impacts metabolic homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS The ability of adipocytes to synthesize lipids from glucose is a marker of metabolic fitness, e.g., low de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in adipocytes correlates with insulin resistance in obesity. Adipocyte DNL may promote synthesis of special "insulin sensitizing" signaling lipids that act hormonally. However, each metabolic intermediate in the DNL pathway (i.e., citrate, acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and palmitate) also has second messenger functions. Mounting evidence suggests these signaling functions may also be important for maintaining healthy adipocytes. While adipocyte DNL contributes to lipid storage, lipid precursors may have additional second messenger functions critical for maintaining adipocyte health, and thus systemic metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Hsiao
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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42
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Hou R, Panda C, Voruganti VS. Heterogeneity in Metabolic Responses to Dietary Fructose. Front Genet 2019; 10:945. [PMID: 31737029 PMCID: PMC6834945 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fructose has dramatically increased in past few decades in children and adults. Increasing evidence indicates that added sugars (particularly fructose) have adverse effects on metabolism and lead to numerous cardiometabolic diseases. Although both fructose and glucose are components of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup, the sugars have different metabolic fates in the human body and the effects of fructose on health are thought to be more adverse than glucose. Studies have also shown that the metabolic effects of fructose differ between individuals based on their genetic background, as individuals with specific SNPs and risk alleles seem to be more susceptible to the adverse metabolic effects of fructose. The current review discusses the metabolic effects of fructose on key complex diseases and discusses the heterogeneity in metabolic responses to dietary fructose in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Hou
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Chinmayee Panda
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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43
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Taskinen MR, Packard CJ, Borén J. Dietary Fructose and the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091987. [PMID: 31443567 PMCID: PMC6770027 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has increased dramatically in the last 40 years and is today commonly used commercially in soft drinks, juice, and baked goods. These products comprise a large proportion of the modern diet, in particular in children, adolescents, and young adults. A large body of evidence associate consumption of fructose and other sugar-sweetened beverages with insulin resistance, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and hypertriglyceridemia. In the long term, these risk factors may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Fructose is absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized in the liver where it stimulates fructolysis, glycolysis, lipogenesis, and glucose production. This may result in hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying intestinal and hepatic fructose metabolism is important. Here we review recent evidence linking excessive fructose consumption to health risk markers and development of components of the Metabolic Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Medicine Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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44
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Kroemer G, López-Otín C, Madeo F, de Cabo R. Carbotoxicity-Noxious Effects of Carbohydrates. Cell 2019; 175:605-614. [PMID: 30340032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern nutrition is often characterized by the excessive intake of different types of carbohydrates ranging from digestible polysaccharides to refined sugars that collectively mediate noxious effects on human health, a phenomenon that we refer to as "carbotoxicity." Epidemiological and experimental evidence combined with clinical intervention trials underscore the negative impact of excessive carbohydrate uptake, as well as the beneficial effects of reducing carbs in the diet. We discuss the molecular, cellular, and neuroendocrine mechanisms that link exaggerated carbohydrate intake to disease and accelerated aging as we outline dietary and pharmacologic strategies to combat carbotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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45
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Chelliah R, Chandrashekar S, Saravanakumar K, Ramakrishnan SR, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Barathikannan K, Tyagi A, Kwame Ofosu F, Chen X, Kim SH, Elahi F, NaKyeong H, Wang MH, Raman V, Antony U, Oh DH. Effect of Rice Processing towards Lower Rapidly Available Glucose (RAG) Favors Idli, a South Indian Fermented Food Suitable for Diabetic Patients. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1497. [PMID: 31262013 PMCID: PMC6683079 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian food pattern primarily embraces rice and rice-based products, which mainly comprise 90% starch. Among these various food products, Idli is mostly prepared through fermentation. It has high palatability, and the rapid and highly digestible nature of the food product results in a higher post-glucose level in diabetic patients. A heat-treated Idli rice sample was prepared by roasting parboiled rice at the temperature range of 155 to 165 °C for 65 to 75 s. Idli/rice-based Dokala made from heat-treated rice is better when compared to untreated rice in terms of its microbiological profile and physiochemical properties. The proximate composition of heat-treated parboiled rice Idli/Rice Dokala showed slightly higher values than the untreated parboiled rice Idli/Rice Dokala, which reveals that it has marginally higher nutritive value. Determination of the Rapidly Available Glucose (RAG) and Slowly Available Glucose (SAG) values, SEM analysis, resistant starch analysis, microbial assay, and in vivo studies were performed to determine the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load in normal and diabetic persons. Sensory analysis also proved that heat-treated Idli/Rice Dokala is superior to untreated based on the color, flavor, appearance, taste, and texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sangeeta Chandrashekar
- Department of Physiology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600 073, India
| | - Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | | | - Momna Rubab
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Kaliyan Barathikannan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Akanksha Tyagi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Fred Kwame Ofosu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Se-Hun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Han NaKyeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Myeong-Hyeon Wang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Vijaykumar Raman
- Department of Physiology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600 073, India.
| | - Usha Antony
- Department of Biotechnology and food technology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India.
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
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46
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Song J, Yang X, Yan LJ. Role of pseudohypoxia in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. HYPOXIA 2019; 7:33-40. [PMID: 31240235 PMCID: PMC6560198 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s202775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is caused by persistent high blood glucose, which is known as diabetic hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemic situation, when not controlled, can overproduce NADH and lower nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), thereby creating NADH/NAD redox imbalance and leading to cellular pseudohypoxia. In this review, we discussed two major enzymatic systems that are activated by diabetic hyperglycemia and are involved in creation of this pseudohypoxic condition. One system is aldose reductase in the polyol pathway, and the other is poly (ADP ribose) polymerase. While aldose reductase drives overproduction of NADH, PARP could in contrast deplete NAD. Therefore, activation of the two pathways underlies the major mechanisms of NADH/NAD redox imbalance and diabetic pseudohypoxia. Consequently, reductive stress occurs, followed by oxidative stress and eventual cell death and tissue dysfunction. Additionally, fructose formed in the polyol pathway can also cause metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Moreover, pseudohypoxia can also lower sirtuin protein contents and induce protein acetylation which can impair protein function. Finally, we discussed the possibility of using nicotinamide riboside, an NAD precursor, as a promising therapeutic agent for restoring NADH/NAD redox balance and for preventing the occurrence of diabetic pseudohypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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47
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe current findings on sugar intake in children worldwide, including sugar sources and their impact on child health focusing on cardiometabolic alterations usually associated to obesity. RECENT FINDINGS In children less than 4 years, intakes of added sugars across countries ranged from 9.8 to 11.2% of total energy; in children 4-10 years, it ranged from less than 3-18%; and in adolescents, it ranged from 13.6 to 16.6%. For most countries, intakes of added sugars were greater than the recommended upper limit of 10% of total energy for children and adolescents and less or around 10% in infants. In most studies, soft drinks and fruit-based drinks accounted for the greatest proportion of the added sugars intake, followed by milk products and sweet bakery products. High added sugar intake has been associated with increased obesity risk and fat deposition in the liver, contributing to dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and cardio-metabolic risk. SUMMARY As a high added sugar intake is associated with cardio-metabolic conditions in children and adolescents, the current scenario supports the need for stronger targeted long-term policies that prevent the excessive sugar intake in young populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Iris Rupérez
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Food and Agriculture Institute of Aragón (IA2), Health Research Institute of Aragón (ISS Aragón), Zaragoza
| | - María Isabel Mesana
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Food and Agriculture Institute of Aragón (IA2), Health Research Institute of Aragón (ISS Aragón), Zaragoza
| | - Luis Alberto Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Food and Agriculture Institute of Aragón (IA2), Health Research Institute of Aragón (ISS Aragón), Zaragoza
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition Physiopathology (CIBEROBN). Madrid, Spain
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48
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Lim S, Taskinen MR, Borén J. Crosstalk between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiometabolic syndrome. Obes Rev 2019; 20:599-611. [PMID: 30589487 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic condition characterized by fat accumulation combined with low-grade inflammation in the liver. A large body of clinical and experimental data shows that increased flux of free fatty acids from increased visceral adipose tissue and de novo lipogenesis can lead to NAFLD and insulin resistance. Thus, individuals with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia are at the greatest risk of developing NAFLD. Conversely, NAFLD is a phenotype of cardiometabolic syndrome. Notably, researchers have discovered a close association between NAFLD and impaired glucose metabolism and focused on the role of NAFLD in the development of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, recent studies provide substantial evidence for an association between NAFLD and atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic disorders. Even if NAFLD can progress into severe liver disorders including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, the majority of subjects with NAFLD die from cardiovascular disease eventually. In this review, we propose a potential pathological link between NAFLD/NASH and cardiometabolic syndrome. The potential factors that can play a pivotal role in this link, such as inflammation, insulin resistance, alteration in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, genetic predisposition, and gut microbiota are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes & Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Lab, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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49
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Lin WT, Lee CY, Tsai S, Huang HL, Wu PW, Chin YT, Seal DW, Chen T, Chao YY, Lee CH. Clustering of Metabolic Risk Components and Associated Lifestyle Factors: A Nationwide Adolescent Study in Taiwan. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030584. [PMID: 30857325 PMCID: PMC6471895 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustering of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk components in childhood has been linked to a higher risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. By using data from the 2010⁻2011 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, this study investigated epidemic patterns and correlates for the clustering of MetS risk components. A total of 1920 adolescents aged 12⁻18 years were included in this study. The MetS diagnostic criteria defined by the Taiwan Pediatric Association (TPA) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) for adolescents and the criteria defined by the Joint Interim Statement for adults (JIS-Adult) were used to evaluate MetS and its abnormal components. The prevalence of TPA-, IDF-, and JIS-Adult-defined MetS was 4.1%, 3.0%, and 4.0%, with 22.1%, 19.3%, and 17.7%⁻18.1% of adolescents having high fasting glucose, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and central obesity, respectively. A 0.4-to-0.5-fold decreased risk of having ≥2 MetS abnormal components was detected among adolescents who consumed ≥1 serving/week of dairy products and fresh fruits. Boys who consumed ≥7 drinks/week of soda and girls who consumed ≥7 drinks/week of tea had a 4.6- and 5.2-fold risk of MetS, respectively. In conclusion, our findings revealed significant dimensions of adolescent MetS, including detecting population-specific prevalent patterns for MetS risk components and their clustering, and emphasized on health promotion activities that reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Lin
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Chun-Ying Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Sharon Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Ling Huang
- Department of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Wen Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ting Chin
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - David W Seal
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Ted Chen
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Yu-Ying Chao
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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50
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Schwimmer JB, Ugalde-Nicalo P, Welsh JA, Angeles JE, Cordero M, Harlow KE, Alazraki A, Durelle J, Knight-Scott J, Newton KP, Cleeton R, Knott C, Konomi J, Middleton MS, Travers C, Sirlin CB, Hernandez A, Sekkarie A, McCracken C, Vos MB. Effect of a Low Free Sugar Diet vs Usual Diet on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adolescent Boys: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:256-265. [PMID: 30667502 PMCID: PMC6440226 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.20579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pediatric guidelines for the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) recommend a healthy diet as treatment. Reduction of sugary foods and beverages is a plausible but unproven treatment. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of a diet low in free sugars (those sugars added to foods and beverages and occurring naturally in fruit juices) in adolescent boys with NAFLD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An open-label, 8-week randomized clinical trial of adolescent boys aged 11 to 16 years with histologically diagnosed NAFLD and evidence of active disease (hepatic steatosis >10% and alanine aminotransferase level ≥45 U/L) randomized 1:1 to an intervention diet group or usual diet group at 2 US academic clinical research centers from August 2015 to July 2017; final date of follow-up was September 2017. INTERVENTIONS The intervention diet consisted of individualized menu planning and provision of study meals for the entire household to restrict free sugar intake to less than 3% of daily calories for 8 weeks. Twice-weekly telephone calls assessed diet adherence. Usual diet participants consumed their regular diet. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was change in hepatic steatosis estimated by magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction measurement between baseline and 8 weeks. The minimal clinically important difference was assumed to be 4%. There were 12 secondary outcomes, including change in alanine aminotransferase level and diet adherence. RESULTS Forty adolescent boys were randomly assigned to either the intervention diet group or the usual diet group (20 per group; mean [SD] age, 13.0 [1.9] years; most were Hispanic [95%]) and all completed the trial. The mean decrease in hepatic steatosis from baseline to week 8 was significantly greater for the intervention diet group (25% to 17%) vs the usual diet group (21% to 20%) and the adjusted week 8 mean difference was -6.23% (95% CI, -9.45% to -3.02%; P < .001). Of the 12 prespecified secondary outcomes, 7 were null and 5 were statistically significant including alanine aminotransferase level and diet adherence. The geometric mean decrease in alanine aminotransferase level from baseline to 8 weeks was significantly greater for the intervention diet group (103 U/L to 61 U/L) vs the usual diet group (82 U/L to 75 U/L) and the adjusted ratio of the geometric means at week 8 was 0.65 U/L (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81 U/L; P < .001). Adherence to the diet was high in the intervention diet group (18 of 20 reported intake of <3% of calories from free sugar during the intervention). There were no adverse events related to participation in the study. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study of adolescent boys with NAFLD, 8 weeks of provision of a diet low in free sugar content compared with usual diet resulted in significant improvement in hepatic steatosis. However, these findings should be considered preliminary and further research is required to assess long-term and clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02513121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Schwimmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Patricia Ugalde-Nicalo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jean A. Welsh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jorge E. Angeles
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Maria Cordero
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathryn E. Harlow
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Adina Alazraki
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Janis Durelle
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jack Knight-Scott
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kimberly P. Newton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Rebecca Cleeton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia Knott
- Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Juna Konomi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael S. Middleton
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Curtis Travers
- Pediatric Biostatistics Core, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Claude B. Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Albert Hernandez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ahlia Sekkarie
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Courtney McCracken
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
- Pediatric Biostatistics Core, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Miriam B. Vos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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