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Zeng Z, Cheng S, Li X, Liu H, Lin J, Liang Z, Liu X, Cao C, Li S, He X, Kang L, Wu X, Zheng X. Glycolytic Activation of CD14+ Intestinal Macrophages Contributes to the Inflammatory Responses via Exosomal Membrane Tumor Necrosis Factor in Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:90-102. [PMID: 37406645 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage (Mφ) activation plays a critical role in the inflammatory response. Activated Mφ go through profound reprogramming of cellular metabolism. However, changes in their intracellular energy metabolism and its effect on inflammatory responses in Crohn's disease (CD) remain currently unclear. The aim of this study is to explore metabolic signatures of CD14+ Mφ and their potential role in CD pathogenesis as well as the underlying mechanisms. METHODS CD14+ Mφ were isolated from peripheral blood or intestinal tissues of CD patients and control subjects. Real-time flux measurements and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to determine the inflammatory states of Mφ and metabolic signatures. Multiple metabolic routes were suppressed to determine their relevance to cytokine production. RESULTS Intestinal CD14+ Mφ in CD patients exhibited activated glycolysis compared with those in control patients. Specifically, macrophagic glycolysis in CD largely induced inflammatory cytokine release. The intestinal inflammatory microenvironment in CD elicited abnormal glycolysis in Mφ. Mechanistically, CD14+ Mφ derived exosomes expressed membrane tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which engaged TNFR2 and triggered glycolytic activation via TNF/nuclear factor κB autocrine and paracrine signaling. Importantly, clinically applicable anti-TNF antibodies effectively prevented exosomal membrane TNF-induced glycolytic activation in CD14+ Mφ. CONCLUSIONS CD14+ Mφ take part in CD pathogenesis by inducing glycolytic activation via membrane TNF-mediated exosomal autocrine and paracrine signaling. These results provide novel insights into pathogenesis of CD and enhance understanding of the mechanisms of anti-TNF agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zeng
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sijing Cheng
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuanna Li
- Department of Residents Standarization Training, Perking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huashan Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxin Lin
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanhui Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Cao
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shujuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen He
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Kang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Wang X, Ding C, Li HB. The crosstalk between enteric nervous system and immune system in intestinal development, homeostasis and diseases. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:41-50. [PMID: 37672184 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut is the largest digestive and absorptive organ, which is essential for induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses, and maintenance of metabolic-immune homeostasis. The intestinal components contain the epithelium, stromal cells, immune cells, and enteric nervous system (ENS), as well as the outers, such as gut microbiota, metabolites, and nutrients. The dyshomeostasis of intestinal microenvironment induces abnormal intestinal development and functions, even colon diseases including dysplasia, inflammation and tumor. Several recent studies have identified that ENS plays a crucial role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of gastrointestinal (GI) microenvironment. The crosstalk between ENS and immune cells, mainly macrophages, T cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), has been found to exert important regulatory roles in intestinal tissue programming, homeostasis, function, and inflammation. In this review, we mainly summarize the critical roles of the interactions between ENS and immune cells in intestinal homeostasis during intestinal development and diseases progression, to provide theoretical bases and ideas for the exploration of immunotherapy for gastrointestinal diseases with the ENS as potential novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chenbo Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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3
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are currently recognized to involve chronic intestinal inflammation in genetically susceptible individuals. Patients with IBD mainly develop gastrointestinal inflammation, but it is sometimes accompanied by extraintestinal manifestations such as arthritis, erythema nodosum, episcleritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, uveitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. These clinical aspects imply the importance of interorgan networks in IBD. In the gastrointestinal tract, immune cells are influenced by multiple local environmental factors including microbiota, dietary environment, and intercellular networks, which further alter molecular networks in immune cells. Therefore, deciphering networks at interorgan, intercellular, and intracellular levels should help to obtain a comprehensive understanding of IBD. This review focuses on the intestinal immune system, which governs the physiological and pathological functions of the digestive system in harmony with the other organs.
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4
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Cheng T, Xu C, Wu D, Yan G, Wang C, Wang T, Shao J. Sodium houttuyfonate derived from Houttuynia cordata Thunb improves intestinal malfunction via maintaining gut microflora stability in Candida albicans overgrowth aggravated ulcerative colitis. Food Funct 2023; 14:1072-1086. [PMID: 36594429 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02369e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common opportunistic pathogen and normally resides in the human gut. Increasing number of reports link the overgrowth of C. albicans to the severity of ulcerative colitis (UC). Sodium houttuyfonate (SH), a derivative of the medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata Thunb, has been demonstrated to exhibit decent antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. We showed previously that SH could ameliorate colitis mice infected with C. albicans. However, it is unclear whether the therapeutic effect of SH is connected to its modulation of intestinal microflora in UC. In this study, the impact of SH on the gut microbiota was explored in both cohabitation and non-cohabitation patterns. The results showed that in UC mice inflicted by C. albicans, the administration of SH could greatly improve the pathological signs, weaken the oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and enhance the intestinal mucosal integrity. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we found that C. albicans interference caused intestinal microbiota dysbiosis accompanied by an increase of some harmful pathogens including Klebsiella and Bacteroides. In contrast, SH could modulate the abundance and diversity of microbiota with an increase of several beneficial bacteria comprising short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Intestinimonas) and probiotics (Lactobacillus and Alloprevotella). Furthermore, the cohabitation strategy could also prove the efficacy of SH, indicating a role of transmissible gut flora in the colitis model. These findings suggest that SH might be an effective compound for the treatment of UC complicated by C. albicans overgrowth through maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis, thereby improving intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Shining Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Chen Xu
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Shining Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Shining Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China. .,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Guiming Yan
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Shining Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Shining Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China. .,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Shining Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Shining Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China. .,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, P. R. China
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5
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Irie E, Ishihara R, Mizushima I, Hatai S, Hagihara Y, Takada Y, Tsunoda J, Iwata K, Matsubara Y, Yoshimatsu Y, Kiyohara H, Taniki N, Sujino T, Takabayashi K, Hosoe N, Ogata H, Teratani T, Nakamoto N, Mikami Y, Kanai T. Enrichment of type I interferon signaling in colonic group 2 innate lymphoid cells in experimental colitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982827. [PMID: 36268010 PMCID: PMC9578145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) serve as frontline defenses against parasites. However, excluding helminth infections, it is poorly understood how ILC2s function in intestinal inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we analyzed the global gene expression of ILC2s in healthy and colitic conditions and revealed that type I interferon (T1IFN)-stimulated genes were up-regulated in ILC2s in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. The enhancement of T1IFN signaling in ILC2s in DSS-induced colitis was correlated with the downregulation of cytokine production by ILC2s, such as interleukin-5. Blocking T1IFN signaling during colitis resulted in exaggeration of colitis in both wild-type and Rag2-deficient mice. The exacerbation of colitis induced by neutralization of T1IFN signaling was accompanied by reduction of amphiregulin (AREG) in ILC2s and was partially rescued by exogenous AREG treatment. Collectively, these findings show the potential roles of T1IFN in ILC2s that contribute to colitis manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Irie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rino Ishihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Mizushima
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya Hatai
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuya Hagihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Takada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Tsunoda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Iwata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsubara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshimatsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kiyohara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Taniki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sujino
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takabayashi
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoe
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ogata
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yohei Mikami, ; Takanori Kanai,
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yohei Mikami, ; Takanori Kanai,
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6
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Teratani T, Mikami Y, Kanai T. Neuroimmune crosstalk in the gut and liver. Int Immunol 2022; 34:475-484. [PMID: 35793533 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been assumed that the nervous system exerts distinct effects on immune functions, given the large number of immune disorders that are affected by mental stress. In fact, many different immune cells have been shown to possess a wide variety of neurotransmitter receptors and receive signals of various neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Compared with the findings on local neuroimmune interactions, limited experimental techniques have so far failed to capture a comprehensive overview of neuroimmune interactions between distant organs and the autonomic nervous system in vivo, and the molecular mechanisms underlying local immune regulation of the nervous system have long remained unclear. However, the recent rapid progress in genetic recombination, microscopy and single-cell analysis has deepened our understanding of the anatomical and physiological functions of peripheral nerves at each organ to which they belong. Furthermore, the development of optogenetic and chemogenetic methods has enabled the artificial modulation of specific neuronal activities, and there has been remarkable progress in elucidation of the interaction between nerves and immune cells in vivo, particularly in barrier organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and skin. This review focuses on the immunoregulatory mechanisms governed by the autonomic nervous system and outlines the latest findings in the regulation of enteric and hepatic immunity by the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Crosstalk between macrophages and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108937. [PMID: 35779490 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and macrophages are tissue-resident cells that play important roles in tissue-immune homeostasis and immune regulation. ILCs are mainly distributed on the barrier surfaces of mammals to ensure immunity or tissue homeostasis following host, microbial, or environmental stimulation. Their complex relationships with different organs enable them to respond quickly to disturbances in environmental conditions and organ homeostasis, such as during infections and tissue damage. Gradually emerging evidence suggests that ILCs also play complex and diverse roles in macrophage development, homeostasis, polarization, inflammation, and viral infection. In turn, macrophages also determine the fate of ILCs to some extent, which indicates that network crossover between these interactions is a key determinant of the immune response. More work is needed to better define the crosstalk of ILCs with macrophages in different tissues and demonstrate how it is affected during inflammation and other diseases. Here, we summarize current research on the functional interactions between ILCs and macrophages and consider the potential therapeutic utility of these interactions for the benefit of human health.
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8
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Sunaga S, Tsunoda J, Teratani T, Mikami Y, Kanai T. Heterogeneity of ILC2s in the Intestine; Homeostasis and Pathology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867351. [PMID: 35707544 PMCID: PMC9190760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were identified in 2010 as a novel lymphocyte subset lacking antigen receptors, such as T-cell or B-cell receptors. ILC2s induce local immune responses characterized by producing type 2 cytokines and play essential roles for maintaining tissue homeostasis. ILC2s are distributed across various organs, including the intestine where immune cells are continuously exposed to external antigens. Followed by luminal antigen stimulation, intestinal epithelial cells produce alarmins, such as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and activate ILC2s to expand and produce cytokines. In the context of parasite infection, the tuft cell lining in the epithelium has been revealed as a dominant source of intestinal IL-25 and possesses the capability to regulate ILC2 homeostasis. Neuronal systems also regulate ILC2s through neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, and interact with ILC2s bidirectionally, a process termed “neuro-immune crosstalk”. Activated ILC2s produce type 2 cytokines, which contribute to epithelial barrier function, clearance of luminal antigens and tissue repair, while ILC2s are also involved in chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis. Recent studies have shed light on the contribution of ILC2s to inflammatory bowel diseases, mainly comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, as defined by chronic immune activation and inflammation. Modern single-cell analysis techniques provide a tissue-specific picture of ILC2s and their roles in regulating homeostasis in each organ. Particularly, single-cell analysis helps our understanding of the uniqueness and commonness of ILC2s across tissues and opens the novel research area of ILC2 heterogeneity. ILC2s are classified into different phenotypes depending on tissue and phase of inflammation, mainly inflammatory and natural ILC2 cells. ILC2s can also switch phenotype to ILC1- or ILC3-like subsets. Hence, recent studies have revealed the heterogeneity and plasticity of ILC2, which indicate dynamicity of inflammation and the immune system. In this review, we describe the regulatory mechanisms, function, and pathological roles of ILC2s in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sunaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Tsunoda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yohei Mikami, ; Takanori Kanai,
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yohei Mikami, ; Takanori Kanai,
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9
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Nieves KM, Hirota SA, Flannigan KL. Xenobiotic receptors and the regulation of intestinal homeostasis: harnessing the chemical output of the intestinal microbiota. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G268-G281. [PMID: 34941453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00160.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The commensal bacteria that reside in the gastrointestinal tract exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host, driving the development of the immune system and maintaining metabolic and tissue homeostasis in the local environment. The intestinal microbiota has the capacity to generate a wide array of chemical metabolites to which the cells of the intestinal mucosa are exposed. Host cells express xenobiotic receptors, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), that can sense and respond to chemicals that are generated by nonhost pathways. In this review, we outline the physiological and immunological processes within the intestinal environment that are regulated by microbial metabolites through the activation of the AhR and the PXR, with a focus on ligands generated by the stepwise catabolism of tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoff M Nieves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kyle L Flannigan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Apostolou A, Panchakshari RA, Banerjee A, Manatakis DV, Paraskevopoulou MD, Luc R, Abu-Ali G, Dimitriou A, Lucchesi C, Kulkarni G, Maulana TI, Kasendra M, Kerns JS, Bleck B, Ewart L, Manolakos ES, Hamilton GA, Giallourakis C, Karalis K. A Novel Microphysiological Colon Platform to Decipher Mechanisms Driving Human Intestinal Permeability. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1719-1741. [PMID: 34284165 PMCID: PMC8551844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The limited availability of organoid systems that mimic the molecular signatures and architecture of human intestinal epithelium has been an impediment to allowing them to be harnessed for the development of therapeutics as well as physiological insights. We developed a microphysiological Organ-on-Chip (Emulate, Inc, Boston, MA) platform designed to mimic properties of human intestinal epithelium leading to insights into barrier integrity. METHODS We combined the human biopsy-derived leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive organoids and Organ-on-Chip technologies to establish a micro-engineered human Colon Intestine-Chip (Emulate, Inc, Boston, MA). We characterized the proximity of the model to human tissue and organoids maintained in suspension by RNA sequencing analysis, and their differentiation to intestinal epithelial cells on the Colon Intestine-Chip under variable conditions. Furthermore, organoids from different donors were evaluated to understand variability in the system. Our system was applied to understanding the epithelial barrier and characterizing mechanisms driving the cytokine-induced barrier disruption. RESULTS Our data highlight the importance of the endothelium and the in vivo tissue-relevant dynamic microenvironment in the Colon Intestine-Chip in the establishment of a tight monolayer of differentiated, polarized, organoid-derived intestinal epithelial cells. We confirmed the effect of interferon-γ on the colonic barrier and identified reorganization of apical junctional complexes, and induction of apoptosis in the intestinal epithelial cells as mediating mechanisms. We show that in the human Colon Intestine-Chip exposure to interleukin 22 induces disruption of the barrier, unlike its described protective role in experimental colitis in mice. CONCLUSIONS We developed a human Colon Intestine-Chip platform and showed its value in the characterization of the mechanism of action of interleukin 22 in the human epithelial barrier. This system can be used to elucidate, in a time- and challenge-dependent manner, the mechanism driving the development of leaky gut in human beings and to identify associated biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Apostolou
- Emulate, Inc, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Galeb Abu-Ali
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Tengku Ibrahim Maulana
- Emulate, Inc, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Energy, Process and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Bertram Bleck
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Elias S Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Kinouchi K, Mikami Y, Kanai T, Itoh H. Circadian rhythms in the tissue-specificity from metabolism to immunity; insights from omics studies. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 80:100984. [PMID: 34158177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Creatures on earth have the capacity to preserve homeostasis in response to changing environments. The circadian clock enables organisms to adapt to daily predictable rhythms in surrounding conditions. In mammals, circadian clocks constitute hierarchical network, where the central pacemaker in hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as a time-keeping machinery and governs peripheral clocks in every other organ through descending neural and humoral factors. The central clock in SCN is reset by light, whilst peripheral clocks are entrained by feeding-fasting rhythms, emphasizing the point that temporal patterns of nutrient availability specifies peripheral clock functions. Indeed, emerging evidence revealed various types of diets or timing of food intake reprogram circadian rhythms in a tissue specific manner. This advancement in understanding of mechanisms underlying tissue specific responsiveness of circadian oscillators to nutrients at the genomic and epigenomic levels is largely owing to employment of state-of-the-art technologies. Specifically, high-throughput transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome have provided insights into how genes, proteins, and metabolites behave over circadian cycles in a given tissue under a certain dietary condition in an unbiased fashion. Additionally, combinations with specialized types of sequencing such as nascent-seq and ribosomal profiling allow us to dissect how circadian rhythms are generated or obliterated at each step of gene regulation. Importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing methods provide chromatin landscape in terms of regulatory mechanisms of circadian gene expression. In this review, we outline recent discoveries on temporal genomic and epigenomic regulation of circadian rhythms, discussing entrainment of the circadian rhythms by feeding as a fundamental new comprehension of metabolism and immune response, and as a potential therapeutic strategy of metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Kinouchi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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12
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De Bruyn Carlier T, Badloe FMS, Ring J, Gutermuth J, Kortekaas Krohn I. Autoreactive T cells and their role in atopic dermatitis. J Autoimmun 2021; 120:102634. [PMID: 33892348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an itchy, non-contagious relapsing and chronic inflammatory skin disease that usually develops in early childhood. This pathology is associated with food allergy, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and anaphylaxis which may persist in adulthood. The underlying mechanisms of AD (endotypes) are just beginning to be discovered and show a complex interaction of various pathways including skin barrier function and immune deviation. Immune reactions to self-proteins (autoantigens) of the skin have been identified in patients with inflammatory skin diseases, such as chronic spontaneous urticaria, connective tissue disease, pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. IgE antibodies and T cells directed against epitopes of the skin were observed in adult patients with severe and chronic AD as well. This was associated with disease severity and suggests a progression from allergic inflammation to severe autoimmune processes against the skin. IgE-mediated autoimmunity and self-reactive T cells might accelerate the ongoing skin inflammation or might contribute to the relapsing course of the disease. However, to date, the exact mechanisms of IgE-mediated autoimmunity and self-reactive T cells in the pathophysiology of AD are still unclear. The aim of this review is to evaluate the development of (autoreactive) T cells and their response to (auto)antigens, as well as the role of the peripheral tolerance in autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of AD, including the unmet needs and gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina De Bruyn Carlier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Fariza Mishaal Saiema Badloe
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Johannes Ring
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Biederstein, Technical University Munich, München, Germany.
| | - Jan Gutermuth
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Inge Kortekaas Krohn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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Kumar V. Innate Lymphoid Cells and Adaptive Immune Cells Cross-Talk: A Secret Talk Revealed in Immune Homeostasis and Different Inflammatory Conditions. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 40:217-251. [PMID: 33733998 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory immune response has evolved to protect the host from different pathogens, allergens, and endogenous death or damage-associated molecular patterns. Both innate and adaptive immune components are crucial in inducing an inflammatory immune response depending on the stimulus type and its duration of exposure or the activation of the primary innate immune response. As the source of inflammation is removed, the aggravated immune response comes to its homeostatic level. However, the failure of the inflammatory immune response to subside to its normal level generates chronic inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly discovered innate immune cells, which are present in abundance at mucosal surfaces, including lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. Also, they are present in peripheral blood circulation, skin, and lymph nodes. They play a crucial role in generating the pro-inflammatory immune response during diverse conditions. On the other hand, adaptive immune cells, including different types of T and B cells are major players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.) and cancers. Thus the article is designed to discuss the immunological role of different ILCs and their interaction with adaptive immune cells in maintaining the immune homeostasis, and during inflammatory autoimmune diseases along with other inflammatory conditions (excluding pathogen-induced inflammation), including cancer, graft-versus-host diseases, and human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Layunta E, Jäverfelt S, Dolan B, Arike L, Pelaseyed T. IL-22 promotes the formation of a MUC17 glycocalyx barrier in the postnatal small intestine during weaning. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108757. [PMID: 33596425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine is under constant exposure to chemicals, antigens, and microorganisms from the external environment. Apical aspects of transporting epithelial cells (enterocytes) form a brush-border membrane (BBM), shaped by packed microvilli coated with a dense glycocalyx. We present evidence showing that the glycocalyx forms an epithelial barrier that prevents exogenous molecules and live bacteria from gaining access to BBM. We use a multi-omics approach to investigate the function and regulation of membrane mucins exposed on the BBM during postnatal development of the mouse small intestine. Muc17 is identified as a major membrane mucin in the glycocalyx that is specifically upregulated by IL-22 as part of an epithelial defense repertoire during weaning. High levels of IL-22 at time of weaning reprogram neonatal postmitotic progenitor enterocytes to differentiate into Muc17-expressing enterocytes, as found in the adult intestine during homeostasis. Our findings propose a role for Muc17 in epithelial barrier function in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Layunta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Jäverfelt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brendan Dolan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liisa Arike
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thaher Pelaseyed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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15
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Caër C, Wick MJ. Human Intestinal Mononuclear Phagocytes in Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32256490 PMCID: PMC7093381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex immune-mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract that increases morbidity and negatively influences the quality of life. Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) have a crucial role in maintaining epithelial barrier integrity while controlling pathogen invasion by activating an appropriate immune response. However, in genetically predisposed individuals, uncontrolled immune activation to intestinal flora is thought to underlie the chronic mucosal inflammation that can ultimately result in IBD. Thus, MNPs are involved in fine-tuning mucosal immune system responsiveness and have a critical role in maintaining homeostasis or, potentially, the emergence of IBD. MNPs include monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, which are functionally diverse but highly complementary. Despite their crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, specific functions of human MNP subsets are poorly understood, especially during diseases such as IBD. Here we review the current understanding of MNP ontogeny, as well as the recently identified human intestinal MNP subsets, and discuss their role in health and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Caër
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary Jo Wick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Yu ZQ, Wang WF, Dai YC, Chen XC, Chen JY. Interleukin-22 receptor 1 is expressed in multinucleated giant cells: A study on intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2473-2488. [PMID: 31171891 PMCID: PMC6543246 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i20.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is challenging to distinguish intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease due to dynamic changes in epidemiology and similar clinical characteristics. Recent studies have shown that polymorphisms in genes involved in the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis may affect intestinal mucosal immunity by affecting the differentiation of Th17 cells. AIM To investigate the specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in the IL-23/IL-17 axis and possible pathways that affect susceptibility to intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease. METHODS We analysed 133 patients with intestinal tuberculosis, 128 with Crohn's disease, and 500 normal controls. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded specimens or whole blood. Four SNPs in the IL23/Th17 axis (IL22 rs2227473, IL1β rs1143627, TGFβ rs4803455, and IL17 rs8193036) were genotyped with TaqMan assays. The transcriptional activity levels of different genotypes of rs2227473 were detected by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. The expression of IL-22R1 in different intestinal diseases was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The A allele frequency of rs2227473 (P = 0.030, odds ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval: 0.37-0.95) showed an abnormal distribution between intestinal tuberculosis and healthy controls. The presence of the A allele was associated with a higher IL-22 transcriptional activity (P < 0.05). In addition, IL-22R1 was expressed in intestinal lymphoid tissues, especially under conditions of intestinal tuberculosis, and highly expressed in macrophage-derived Langhans giant cells. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of IL-22R1 in patients with Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis was significantly higher than that in patients with intestinal polyps and colon cancer (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION High IL-22 expression seems to be a protective factor for intestinal tuberculosis. IL-22R1 is expressed in Langhans giant cells, suggesting that the IL-22/IL-22R1 system links adaptive and innate immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Biopsy
- Case-Control Studies
- Crohn Disease/diagnosis
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Giant Cells, Langhans/immunology
- Giant Cells, Langhans/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/immunology
- Young Adult
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wen-Fei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - You-Chao Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin-Chun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Yong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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17
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Klepsch V, Moschen AR, Tilg H, Baier G, Hermann-Kleiter N. Nuclear Receptors Regulate Intestinal Inflammation in the Context of IBD. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1070. [PMID: 31139192 PMCID: PMC6527601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis is strongly dependent on nuclear receptor (NR) functions. They play a variety of roles ranging from nutrient uptake, sensing of microbial metabolites, regulation of epithelial intestinal cell integrity to shaping of the intestinal immune cell repertoire. Several NRs are associated with GI pathologies; therefore, systematic analysis of NR biology, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and regulation of target genes can be expected to help greatly in uncovering the course of GI diseases. Recently, an increasing number of NRs has been validated as potential drug targets for therapeutic intervention in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Besides the classical glucocorticoids, especially PPARγ, VDR, or PXR-selective ligands are currently being tested with promising results in clinical IBD trials. Also, several pre-clinical animal studies are being performed with NRs. This review focuses on the complex biology of NRs and their context-dependent anti- or pro-inflammatory activities in the regulation of gastrointestinal barrier with special attention to NRs already pharmacologically targeted in clinic and pre-clinical IBD treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Klepsch
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R. Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Coorens M, Rao A, Gräfe SK, Unelius D, Lindforss U, Agerberth B, Mjösberg J, Bergman P. Innate lymphoid cell type 3-derived interleukin-22 boosts lipocalin-2 production in intestinal epithelial cells via synergy between STAT3 and NF-κB. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6027-6041. [PMID: 30782844 PMCID: PMC6463718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are opportunistic pathogens that are commonly associated with infections at mucosal surfaces, such as the lung or the gut. The host response against these types of infections includes the release of epithelial-derived antimicrobial factors such as lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), a protein that specifically inhibits the iron acquisition of Enterobacteriaceae by binding and neutralizing the bacterial iron-scavenging molecule enterobactin. Regulation of epithelial antimicrobial responses, including the release of LCN-2, has previously been shown to depend on IL-22, a cytokine produced by innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3) during Enterobacteriaceae infections. However, much remains unknown about the extent to which antimicrobial responses are regulated by IL-22 and how IL-22 regulates the expression and production of LCN-2 in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Our study demonstrates how IL-22-induced activation of STAT3 synergizes with NF-κB-activating cytokines to enhance LCN-2 expression in human IECs and elucidates how ILC3 are involved in LCN-2-mediated host defense against Enterobacteriaceae. Together, these results provide new insight into the role of ILC3 in regulating LCN-2 expression in human IECs and could prove useful in future studies aimed at understanding the host response against Enterobacteriaceae as well as for the development of antimicrobial therapies against Enterobacteriaceae-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Coorens
- From the Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- the Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Katharina Gräfe
- From the Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Unelius
- From the Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Lindforss
- the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- From the Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- the Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- From the Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Zeng B, Shi S, Ashworth G, Dong C, Liu J, Xing F. ILC3 function as a double-edged sword in inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:315. [PMID: 30962426 PMCID: PMC6453898 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), composed mainly of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are strongly implicated in the development of intestinal inflammation lesions. Its exact etiology and pathogenesis are still undetermined. Recently accumulating evidence supports that group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) are responsible for gastrointestinal mucosal homeostasis through moderate generation of IL-22, IL-17, and GM-CSF in the physiological state. ILC3 contribute to the progression and aggravation of IBD while both IL-22 and IL-17, along with IFN-γ, are overexpressed by the dysregulation of NCR- ILC3 or NCR+ ILC3 function and the bias of NCR+ ILC3 towards ILC1 as well as regulatory ILC dysfunction in the pathological state. Herein, we feature the group 3 innate lymphoid cells' development, biological function, maintenance of gut homeostasis, mediation of IBD occurrence, and potential application to IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Zeng
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Shi
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Jing Liu
- BioMedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UK.
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Li J, Glover SC. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:415-421. [PMID: 30155762 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex chronic inflammatory condition of the human gut of unknown causes. Traditionally, dysregulated adaptive immune responses are thought to play a major role; however, accumulating evidence suggests that innate immunity also contributes to this process. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are recently identified important components of innate immunity. They have critical roles in immunity, tissue development and remodeling. Numerous researchers have linked ILCs to the pathogenesis of IBD. In this review, we describe recent progress in our understanding about the phenotype and function alterations of ILCs as well as its interactions with other key mucosal cells in the gut of IBD patients. A better delineation of the ILCs' behavior in the human intestine will contribute to our understanding of ILCs biology and provide valuable insights for potential therapeutic target selection for IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, PO Box 100214, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sarah C Glover
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, PO Box 100214, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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21
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Wu J, Gu J, Zhou S, Lu H, Lu Y, Lu L, Wang X. Anti-IL-22 Antibody Attenuates Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease via Increasing Foxp3 + T Cell through Modulation of CD11b + Cell Function. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1605341. [PMID: 30159338 PMCID: PMC6109487 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1605341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer of splenocytes isolated from B6 mice into normal B6D2F1 mice induces acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), resulting in the expansion of donor cytotoxic T lymphocytes that eliminate recipient B cells. The cytokine IL-22, secreted by Th1 cells, Th17 cells, and innate immune cells, is structurally related to IL-10. To investigate the association between IL-22 and aGVHD, an anti-mouse IL-22 antibody (IL-22Ab) was used to ablate IL-22 activity in a mouse aGVHD model. Administration of IL-22Ab significantly reduced the progression of aGVHD in B6D2F1 recipients of B6 grafts. IL-22Ab treatment also decreased the percentage of interferon-γ+ and tumor necrosis factor-α+ T cells but increased the number of forkhead box p3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In the presence of Tregs and donor CD11b+ cells, IL-22Ab protected against aGVHD. In vitro Treg induction was more efficient when CD4+CD25- T cells differentiated in the presence of CD11b+ cells obtained from IL-22Ab-treated GVHD mice, compared with cocultured untreated control cells. Finally, IL-22Ab modulated the expression of cytokines and costimulatory molecules in CD11b+ cells in aGVHD mice. We therefore conclude that IL-22Ab administration represents a viable approach for treating aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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22
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Cortés A, Toledo R, Cantacessi C. Classic Models for New Perspectives: Delving into Helminth–Microbiota–Immune System Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:640-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Mikami Y, Takada Y, Hagihara Y, Kanai T. Innate lymphoid cells in organ fibrosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 42:27-36. [PMID: 30104153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently identified family of lymphoid effector cells. ILCs are mainly clustered into 3 groups based on their unique cytokine profiles and transcription factors typically attributed to the subsets of T helper cells. ILCs have a critical role in the mucosal immune response through promptly responding to pathogens and producing large amount of effector cytokines of type 1, 2, or 3 responses. In addition to the role of early immune responses against infections, ILCs, particularly group 2 ILCs (ILC2), have recently gained attention for modulating remodeling and fibrosis especially in the mucosal tissues. Herein, we overview the current knowledge in this area, highlighting roles of ILCs on fibrosis in the mucosal tissues, especially focusing on the gut and lung. We also discuss some new directions for future research by extrapolating from knowledge derived from studies on Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Takada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Hagihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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24
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Zwarycz B, Gracz AD, Rivera KR, Williamson IA, Samsa LA, Starmer J, Daniele MA, Salter-Cid L, Zhao Q, Magness ST. IL22 Inhibits Epithelial Stem Cell Expansion in an Ileal Organoid Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:1-17. [PMID: 30364840 PMCID: PMC6199238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the ileum and is associated with increased cytokines. Although interleukin (IL)6, IL17, IL21, and IL22 are increased in Crohn's disease and are associated with disrupted epithelial regeneration, little is known about their effects on the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that mediate tissue repair. We hypothesized that ILs may target ISCs and reduce ISC-driven epithelial renewal. Methods A screen of IL6, IL17, IL21, or IL22 was performed on ileal mouse organoids. Computational modeling was used to predict microenvironment cytokine concentrations. Organoid size, survival, proliferation, and differentiation were characterized by morphometrics, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunostaining on whole organoids or isolated ISCs. ISC function was assayed using serial passaging to single cells followed by organoid quantification. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to assess Il22ra1 expression patterns in ISCs and transit-amplifying (TA) progenitors. An IL22-transgenic mouse was used to confirm the impact of increased IL22 on proliferative cells in vivo. Results High IL22 levels caused decreased ileal organoid survival, however, resistant organoids grew larger and showed increased proliferation over controls. Il22ra1 was expressed on only a subset of ISCs and TA progenitors. IL22-treated ISCs did not show appreciable differentiation defects, but ISC biomarker expression and self-renewal-associated pathway activity was reduced and accompanied by an inhibition of ISC expansion. In vivo, chronically increased IL22 levels, similar to predicted microenvironment levels, showed increases in proliferative cells in the TA zone with no increase in ISCs. Conclusions Increased IL22 limits ISC expansion in favor of increased TA progenitor cell expansion.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IL22RA1, IL22 receptor A1
- IL22TG, IL22 transgenic
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- ILC3, IL22-secreting lymphocyte
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Interleukin-22
- Intestinal Stem Cells
- OFE, organoid forming efficiency
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TA, transit-amplifying
- TBS, Tris-buffered saline
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Zwarycz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam D Gracz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian A Williamson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leigh A Samsa
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Josh Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Scott T Magness
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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25
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Liu YH, Ding Y, Gao CC, Li LS, Wang YX, Xu JD. Functional macrophages and gastrointestinal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1181-1195. [PMID: 29568199 PMCID: PMC5859221 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i11.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) differentiate from blood monocytes and participate in innate and adaptive immunity. Because of their abilities to recognize pathogens and activate bactericidal activities, MΦ are always discovered at the site of immune defense. MΦ in the intestine are unique, such that in the healthy intestine, they possess complex mechanisms to protect the gut from inflammation. In these complex mechanisms, they produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β, and inhibit the inflammatory pathways mediated by Toll-like receptors. It has been demonstrated that resident MΦ play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and they can be recognized by their unique markers. Nonetheless, in the inflamed intestine, the function of MΦ will change because of environmental variation, which may be one of the mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We provide further explanation about these mechanisms in our review. In addition, we review recent discoveries that MΦ may be involved in the development of gastrointestinal tumors. We will highlight the possible therapeutic targets for the management of IBD and gastrointestinal tumors, and we also discuss why more details are needed to fully understand all other effects of intestinal MΦ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue Ding
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen-Chen Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- Function Platform Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue-Xiu Wang
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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26
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Badr AMM, Farag Y, Abdelshafy M, Riad NM. Urinary interleukin 22 binding protein as a marker of lupus nephritis in Egyptian children with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:451-458. [PMID: 28887660 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) is a multi-system autoimmune inflammatory disease. Generally, 60% of patients will develop lupus nephritis (LN); thus, early recognition and treatment is associated with better outcome. Interleukin 22 (IL-22) is involved in tissue inflammation and is regulated by interleukin 22 binding protein (IL-22BP). This study aimed to use IL-22BP as a non-invasive marker for disease activity in JSLE and LN. This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 82 subjects: 51 JSLE patients and 31 healthy controls of matched age and gender. Urinary IL-22BP was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and its level was correlated with different clinical and laboratory data in JSLE as well as Systemic Lupus Erythematous Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2k), renal SLEDAI-2k, and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) renal activity score which were used to assess overall disease and renal activity. Our results showed that urinary IL-22BP level was significantly higher in JSLE patients with mean level of 4.13 ± 1.10, as compared to controls 1.63 ± 0.61 (P value < 0.001); also, patients with active LN had urinary levels of IL-22BP (5.47 ± 1.03) higher than patients with active JSLE without LN (4.23 ± 0.72) and patients with non-active JSLE/LN (3.5 ± 0.65) with a highly significant P value < 0.001. There was a positive correlation with SLEDAI-2k, renal SLEDAI, and renal activity scores (P < 0.001). Urinary IL-22BP may be used as a non-invasive marker for assessment of disease activity in children with JSLE and LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohamed Mahmoud Badr
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St. postal code, Cairo, 1157, Egypt
| | - Yomna Farag
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St. postal code, Cairo, 1157, Egypt
| | - Maie Abdelshafy
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St. postal code, Cairo, 1157, Egypt
| | - Nermine Magdi Riad
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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27
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Li S, Bostick JW, Zhou L. Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cells by Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1909. [PMID: 29354125 PMCID: PMC5760495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With striking similarity to their adaptive T helper cell counterparts, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) represent an emerging family of cell types that express signature transcription factors, including T-bet+ Eomes+ natural killer cells, T-bet+ Eomes- group 1 ILCs, GATA3+ group 2 ILCs, RORγt+ group 3 ILCs, and newly identified Id3+ regulatory ILC. ILCs are abundantly present in barrier tissues of the host (e.g., the lung, gut, and skin) at the interface of host-environment interactions. Active research has been conducted to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the development and function of ILCs. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor, best known to mediate the effects of xenobiotic environmental toxins and endogenous microbial and dietary metabolites. Here, we review recent progresses regarding Ahr function in ILCs. We focus on the Ahr-mediated cross talk between ILCs and other immune/non-immune cells in host tissues especially in the gut. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of the action of Ahr expression and activity in regulation of ILCs in immunity and inflammation, and the interaction between Ahr and other pathways/transcription factors in ILC development and function with their implication in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John W. Bostick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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28
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Lee SH, Kwon JE, Cho ML. Immunological pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2018; 16:26-42. [PMID: 29422795 PMCID: PMC5797268 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory state of the gastrointestinal tract and can be classified into 2 main clinical phenomena: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The pathogenesis of IBD, including CD and UC, involves the presence of pathogenic factors such as abnormal gut microbiota, immune response dysregulation, environmental changes, and gene variants. Although many investigations have tried to identify novel pathogenic factors associated with IBD that are related to environmental, genetic, microbial, and immune response factors, a full understanding of IBD pathogenesis is unclear. Thus, IBD treatment is far from optimal, and patient outcomes can be unsatisfactory. As result of massive studying on IBD, T helper 17 (Th17) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are investigated on their effects on IBD. A recent study of the plasticity of Th17 cells focused primarily on colitis. ILCs also emerging as novel cell family, which play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. IBD immunopathogenesis is key to understanding the causes of IBD and can lead to the development of IBD therapies. The aim of this review is to explain the pathogenesis of IBD, with a focus on immunological factors and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong eun Kwon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Mowat AM, Scott CL, Bain CC. Barrier-tissue macrophages: functional adaptation to environmental challenges. Nat Med 2017; 23:1258-1270. [PMID: 29117177 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are found throughout the body, where they have crucial roles in tissue development, homeostasis and remodeling, as well as being sentinels of the innate immune system that can contribute to protective immunity and inflammation. Barrier tissues, such as the intestine, lung, skin and liver, are exposed constantly to the outside world, which places special demands on resident cell populations such as macrophages. Here we review the mounting evidence that although macrophages in different barrier tissues may be derived from distinct progenitors, their highly specific properties are shaped by the local environment, which allows them to adapt precisely to the needs of their anatomical niche. We discuss the properties of macrophages in steady-state barrier tissues, outline the factors that shape their differentiation and behavior and describe how macrophages change during protective immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan McI Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charlotte L Scott
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Calum C Bain
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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30
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Wang Y, Mumm JB, Herbst R, Kolbeck R, Wang Y. IL-22 Increases Permeability of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junctions by Enhancing Claudin-2 Expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:3316-3325. [PMID: 28939759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the epithelial barrier is a hallmark of inflammatory intestinal diseases. The intestinal epithelial barrier is maintained by expression of tight junctions that connect adjacent epithelial cells and seal the paracellular space. IL-22 is critical for the maintenance of intestinal barrier function through promoting antipathogen responses and regeneration of epithelial tissues in the gut. However, little is known about the effects of IL-22 on the regulation of tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium. In this study we report that IL-22 signals exclusively through the basolateral side of polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers. IL-22 treatment does not affect the flux of uncharged macromolecules across cell monolayers but significantly reduces transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), indicating an increase of paracellular permeability for ions. IL-22 treatment on Caco-2 monolayers and on primary human intestinal epithelium markedly induces the expression of Claudin-2, a cation-channel-forming tight junction protein. Furthermore, treatment of IL-22 in mice upregulates Claudin-2 protein in colonic epithelial cells. Knocking down Claudin-2 expression with small interfering RNA reverses the reduction of TEER in IL-22-treated cells. Moreover, IL-22-mediated upregulation of Claudin-2 and loss of TEER can be suppressed with the treatment of JAK inhibitors. In summary, our results reveal that IL-22 increases intestinal epithelial permeability by upregulating Claudin-2 expression through the JAK/STAT pathway. These results provide novel mechanistic insights into the role of IL-22 in the regulation and maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Wang
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - John Brian Mumm
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
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31
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Powell N, MacDonald TT. Recent advances in gut immunology. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28370104 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the mucosal immune system. In addition to unravelling some of the complexities of this system, including the discovery of completely new cells types, further insights into the three-way interactions between mucosal immune cells, the intestinal epithelium and the microbial communities colonizing the GI tract promise to redefine our understanding of how intestinal homeostasis is maintained, but also how dysregulation of these highly integrated interactions conspires to cause disease. In this review, we will discuss major recent advances in the role of key immune players in the gut, including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), including how these cells interact with the intestinal epithelial and their crosstalk with components of the intestinal microbiota, and how these interactions shape host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Powell
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Department of Experimental Immunobiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - T T MacDonald
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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32
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Li J, Doty AL, Tang Y, Berrie D, Iqbal A, Tan SA, Clare‐Salzler MJ, Wallet SM, Glover SC. Enrichment of IL-17A + IFN-γ + and IL-22 + IFN-γ + T cell subsets is associated with reduction of NKp44 + ILC3s in the terminal ileum of Crohn's disease patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:143-153. [PMID: 28586085 PMCID: PMC5588779 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the human gastrointestinal tract whose aetiology remains largely unknown. Dysregulated adaptive immune responses and defective innate immunity both contribute to this process. In this study, we demonstrated that the interleukin (IL)-17A+ interferon (IFN)-γ+ and IL-22+ IFN-γ+ T cell subsets accumulated specifically in the inflamed terminal ileum of CD patients. These cells had higher expression of Ki-67 and were active cytokine producers. In addition, their proportions within both the IL-17A-producer and IL-22-producer populations were increased significantly. These data suggest that IL-17A+ IFN-γ+ and IL-22+ IFN-γ+ T cell subsets might represent the pathogenic T helper type 17 (Th17) population in the context of intestinal inflammation for CD patients. In the innate immunity compartment we detected a dramatic alteration of both phenotype and function of the intestinal innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), that play an important role in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. In the inflamed gut the frequency of the NKp44- CD117- ILC1s subset was increased significantly, while the frequency of NKp44+ ILC3s was reduced. Furthermore, the frequency of human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR)-expressing-NKp44+ ILC3s was also reduced significantly. Interestingly, the decrease in the NKp44+ ILC3s population was associated with an increase of pathogenic IL-17A+ IFN-γ+ and IL-22+ IFN-γ+ T cell subsets in the adaptive compartment. This might suggest a potential link between NKp44+ ILC3s and the IL-17A+ IFN-γ+ and IL-22+ IFN-γ+ T cell subsets in the terminal ileum of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - A. L. Doty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Y. Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - D. Berrie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - A. Iqbal
- Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - S. A. Tan
- Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - M. J. Clare‐Salzler
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Florida Health Science CenterGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - S. M. Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of DentistryUniversity of Florida Health Science CenterGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - S. C. Glover
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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33
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Morita H, Moro K, Koyasu S. Innate lymphoid cells in allergic and nonallergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 138:1253-1264. [PMID: 27817797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the full picture of the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) has been gradually revealed. ILCs are classified into 3 groups based on their transcription factors and cytokine production patterns, which mirror helper T-cell subsets. Unlike T cells and B cells, ILCs do not have antigen receptors. They promptly respond to multiple tissue-derived factors, such as cytokines and alarmins, and produce multiple proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. It has been reported that ILC-derived cytokines are important for the induction and regulation of inflammation. Accumulating evidence suggests that ILCs play substantial roles in protection against infection and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as allergic diseases and autoimmune diseases. Different ILC subsets localize in distinct tissue/organ niches and receive tissue-derived signals on different types of inflammation, which allows them to acquire diverse phenotypes with specialized effector capacities. In this review we highlight the roles of ILCs in a variety of organs, such as the airway, skin, and gastrointestinal tract, in the context of allergic and nonallergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Morita
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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34
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Diversity and functions of intestinal mononuclear phagocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:845-864. [PMID: 28378807 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal lamina propria (LP) contains a diverse array of mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) subsets, including conventional dendritic cells (cDC), monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages (mφ) that collectively play an essential role in mucosal homeostasis, infection and inflammation. In the current review we discuss the function of intestinal cDC and monocyte-derived MNP, highlighting how these subsets play several non-redundant roles in the regulation of intestinal immune responses. While much remains to be learnt, recent findings also underline how the various populations of MNP adapt to deal with the challenges specific to their environment. Understanding these processes should help target individual subsets for 'fine tuning' immunological responses within the intestine, a process that may be of relevance both for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and for optimized vaccine design.
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35
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Kmieć Z, Cyman M, Ślebioda TJ. Cells of the innate and adaptive immunity and their interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:1-16. [PMID: 28126697 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that includes two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that are characterized by different clinical features and different course of the immune response. The exact aetiology of IBD still remains unknown, although it is thought that the diseases result from an excessive immune response directed against microbial or environmentally derived antigens which can be triggered by the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. In this review we present immune mechanisms and interactions between cells of the immune system and tissue environment that contribute to the development and progression of IBD in humans. Since dysregulation of the intestinal immune response is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory conditions, we characterize cells of the innate and adaptive immunity involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and their cross-talks. We describe various subclasses of recently discovered innate lymphoid cells, as well as dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells, including Th17, Th22 and T regulatory cells, present in the intestinal lamina propria and cytokine-mediated regulation of the immune response in IBD, highlighting the role of IL-22 and IL-17A/IL-23 axis. Insights into novel therapeutic modalities targeting certain elements of the immune pathways important for the pathogenesis of IBD have been also shortly presented.
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Abraham C, Dulai PS, Vermeire S, Sandborn WJ. Lessons Learned From Trials Targeting Cytokine Pathways in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:374-388.e4. [PMID: 27780712 PMCID: PMC5287922 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have provided important information for the development of therapeutics. Levels of interleukin 23 (IL23) and T-helper (Th) 17 cell pathway molecules are increased in inflamed intestinal tissues of patients with IBD. Loss-of-function variants of the IL23-receptor gene (IL23R) protect against IBD, and, in animals, blocking IL23 reduces the severity of colitis. These findings indicated that the IL23 and Th17 cell pathways might be promising targets for the treatment of IBD. Clinical trials have investigated the effects of agents designed to target distinct levels of the IL23 and Th17 cell pathways, and the results are providing insights into IBD pathogenesis and additional strategies for modulating these pathways. Strategies to reduce levels of proinflammatory cytokines more broadly and increase anti-inflammatory mechanisms also are emerging for the treatment of IBD. The results from trials targeting these immune system pathways have provided important lessons for future trials. Findings indicate the importance of improving approaches to integrate patient features and biomarkers of response with selection of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Abraham
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Parambir S. Dulai
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium
| | - William J. Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA
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The Innate Immune Response in Myocardial Infarction, Repair, and Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1003:251-272. [PMID: 28667562 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction (MI), resident innate immune cells such as macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, and mast cells rapidly coordinate their function to contain inflammation by removing dying cells and promoting cardiomyocyte replenishment. To sustain local tissue repair functions, hematopoietic progenitors are mobilized from the bone marrow to the spleen to generate subsequent myeloid cells such as monocytes and neutrophils, which are rapidly recruited at the site of MI. A finely tuned balance between local adaptation and recruitment controls the overall outcome of the cardiac tissue regeneration versus repair and scar formation.In this chapter, the (potential) roles of the innate immune system residing in the heart are discussed in the context of recent findings about macrophage ontogeny and their homeostasis with circulating monocytes during cardiac tissue growth and after myocardial infarction. Their interactions with other members of the innate immune system are also discussed with a particular emphasis on the potential involvement of mast cells and innate lymphoid cells during MI, largely underestimated until recently. Understanding the development and the functions of the different protagonists responding to MI as well as their potential cross talk could help design new strategies for regenerative medicine intervention.
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Lo BC, Gold MJ, Hughes MR, Antignano F, Valdez Y, Zaph C, Harder KW, McNagny KM. The orphan nuclear receptor ROR alpha and group 3 innate lymphoid cells drive fibrosis in a mouse model of Crohn's disease. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:eaaf8864. [PMID: 28670633 PMCID: PMC5489332 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf8864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the result of dysregulated tissue regeneration and is characterized by excessive accumulation of matrix proteins that become detrimental to tissue function. In Crohn's disease, this manifests itself as recurrent gastrointestinal strictures for which there is no effective therapy beyond surgical intervention. Using a model of infection-induced chronic gut inflammation, we show that Rora-deficient mice are protected from fibrosis; infected intestinal tissues display diminished pathology, attenuated collagen deposition and reduced fibroblast accumulation. Although Rora is best known for its role in ILC2 development, we find that Salmonella-induced fibrosis is independent of eosinophils, STAT6 signaling and Th2 cytokine production arguing that this process is largely ILC2-independent. Instead, we observe reduced levels of ILC3- and T cell-derived IL-17A and IL-22 in infected gut tissues. Furthermore, using Rorasg/sg /Rag1-/- bone marrow chimeric mice, we show that restoring ILC function is sufficient to re-establish IL-17A and IL-22 production and a profibrotic phenotype. Our results show that RORα-dependent ILC3 functions are pivotal in mediating gut fibrosis and they offer an avenue for therapeutic intervention in Crohn's-like diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C. Lo
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Matthew J. Gold
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Yanet Valdez
- STEMCELL Technologies Incorporated, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6A 1B6
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kenneth W. Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
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Sugimoto S, Naganuma M, Kanai T. Indole compounds may be promising medicines for ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:853-61. [PMID: 27160749 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indole compounds are extracted from indigo plants and have been used as blue or purple dyes for hundreds of years. In traditional Chinese medicine, herbal agents in combination with Qing-Dai (also known as indigo naturalis) have been used to treat patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and to remedy inflammatory conditions. Recent studies have noted that indole compounds can be biosynthesized from tryptophan metabolites produced by various enzymes derived from intestinal microbiota. In addition to their action on indole compounds, the intestinal microbiota produce various tryptophan metabolites that mediate critical functions through distinct pathways and enzymes. Furthermore, some indole compounds, such as indigo and indirubin, act as ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This signaling pathway stimulates mucosal type 3 innate lymphoid cells to produce interleukin-22, which induces antimicrobial peptide and tight junction molecule production, suggesting a role for indole compounds during the mucosal healing process. Thus, indole compounds may represent a novel treatment strategy for UC patients. In this review, we describe the origin and function of this indole compound-containing Chinese herb, as well as the drug development of indole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Naganuma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Li J, Doty A, Glover SC. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling involves in the human intestinal ILC3/ILC1 conversion in the inflamed terminal ileum of Crohn's disease patients. INFLAMMATION AND CELL SIGNALING 2016; 3. [PMID: 28286805 PMCID: PMC5341615 DOI: 10.14800/ics.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are emerging as important components of our immune system that have critical effector and regulatory functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses. They are enriched at mucosal surfaces, such as lung and intestine. Our previous work has shown that Lineage−CRTH2−CD45+NKp44−CD117−CD127+ILC1s accumulated in the inflamed terminal ileum of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) at the expense of NKp44+ILC3s. This phenotype conversion impairs the intestinal barrier integrity and contributes to the dysregulated immune responses of CD patients. Our next step was to search for pathways to modulate this phenotype switch. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Initial studies of AHR concentrated on its role in the detoxification of xenobiotics. However, recent research has focused on the immune system. Especially, AHR pathway is proven to be essential for the maintenance of intestinal ILC3s in mouse models. We examined whether AHR pathway participated in the human intestinal ILC phenotype change in the inflamed terminal ileum of CD patients. As anticipated, NKp44+ILC3s, NKp44−ILC3s and ILC1s had differential AHR expression. This AHR signaling mediated CD117 expression on the surface of ILC3s. The conversion from ILC3 to ILC1 was accompanied by the downregulation of AHR expression. We further observed that there was a disparity between AHR protein expression and mRNA expression in the inflamed terminal ileum tissues of CD patients compared to unaffected areas. These findings suggest that AHR pathway is also important for human intestinal ILC phenotype regulation and impaired AHR signaling in the inflamed gut of CD patients possibly contributes to the ILC3/ILC1 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida P.O. Box 100214, Gainesville, FL, 32610 USA
| | - Andria Doty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida P.O. Box 100214, Gainesville, FL, 32610 USA
| | - Sarah C Glover
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida P.O. Box 100214, Gainesville, FL, 32610 USA
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Wu LY, Weng ZJ, Wu HG, Lu Y, Ji G. Differential expression of Th17 cytokines in the colon of rats in different inflammatory periods of Crohn's disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2161-2169. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i14.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the intestinal inflammatory status and the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, IL-21, and retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) secreted by Th17 cells in colon tissues of rats with trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced Crohn's disease.
METHODS: Thirty male rats were randomly divided into a normal control group and 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-wk model groups. Morphological observation and HE staining were used to assess the degree of damage to the colonic mucosa. Fluorescence quantitative PCR, immunohistochemical method and other techniques were used to observe the expression of RORγt and IL-17A in rat colonic mucosa, and ELISA method was used to detect the contents of IL-6 and IL-21 in serum.
RESULTS: The level of IL-17A mRNA in rat colon decreased at the first induction with TNBS, but the levels of IL-17A mRNA and protein obviously increased (P < 0.05) at 3 wk and reached the highest after the fourth induction. The expression of RORγt protein gradually increased after induction (P < 0.05), and reached the highest at the fourth induction (P < 0.05). The contents of IL-6 and IL-21 in serum obviously increased from the first week (P < 0.01), reaching the highest at the fourth week. The colon general morphological score and tissue damage score of model rats obviously increased (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: During the process of Crohn's disease induced with TNBS, the contents of IL-6, IL-17A, IL-21, and RORγt secreted by Th17 cells gradually increased and the degree of colonic inflammation gradually exacerbated.
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Li J, Doty AL, Iqbal A, Glover SC. The differential frequency of Lineage(-)CRTH2(-)CD45(+)NKp44(-)CD117(-)CD127(+)ILC subset in the inflamed terminal ileum of patients with Crohn's disease. Cell Immunol 2016; 304-305:63-8. [PMID: 27215784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of various components of the immune system has been reported in the inflamed gut of Crohn's disease (CD) patients. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are novel innate effector lymphocytes which can rapidly respond to danger signals, from invading pathogens or tissue damage, to maintain homeostasis, especially along the mucosal surfaces. The purpose of this study is to compare composition of the intestinal ILCs subsets of CD patients with differential inflammatory conditions of the terminal ileum, which are marked by distinct histological appearances and mucosal profiles of cytokines. We observed alterations in the frequency of Lineage(-)CRTH2(-)CD45(+)NKp44(-)CD117(-)CD127(+)ILC subset in the inflamed terminal ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100214, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Andria L Doty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100214, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Atif Iqbal
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100286, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sarah C Glover
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100214, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Perusina Lanfranca M, Lin Y, Fang J, Zou W, Frankel T. Biological and pathological activities of interleukin-22. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:523-34. [PMID: 26923718 PMCID: PMC4860114 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22, a member of the IL-10 family, is a cytokine secreted by several types of immune cells including IL-22(+)CD4(+) T cells (Th22) and IL-22 expressing innate leukocytes (ILC22). Recent studies have demonstrated that IL-22 is a key component in mucosal barrier defense, tissue repair, epithelial cell survival, and proliferation. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has defined both protective and pathogenic properties of IL-22 in a number of conditions including autoimmune disease, infection, and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the expression and signaling pathway and functional characteristics of the IL-22 and IL-22 receptor axis in physiological and pathological scenarios and discuss the potential to target IL-22 signaling to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Perusina Lanfranca
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yanwei Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumor Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Timothy Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Abstract
IBD is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract encompassing two main clinical entities: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Although Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis have historically been studied together because they share common features (such as symptoms, structural damage and therapy), it is now clear that they represent two distinct pathophysiological entities. Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are associated with multiple pathogenic factors including environmental changes, an array of susceptibility gene variants, a qualitatively and quantitatively abnormal gut microbiota and a broadly dysregulated immune response. In spite of this realization and the identification of seemingly pertinent environmental, genetic, microbial and immune factors, a full understanding of IBD pathogenesis is still out of reach and, consequently, treatment is far from optimal. An important reason for this unsatisfactory situation is the currently limited comprehension of what are the truly relevant components of IBD immunopathogenesis. This article will comprehensively review current knowledge of the classic immune components and will expand the concept of IBD immunopathogenesis to include various cells, mediators and pathways that have not been traditionally associated with disease mechanisms, but that profoundly affect the overall intestinal inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor S P de Souza
- Department of Gastroenterology &Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Leijten EFA, van Kempen TS, Boes M, Michels-van Amelsfort JMR, Hijnen D, Hartgring SAY, van Roon JAG, Wenink MH, Radstake TRDJ. Brief Report: Enrichment of Activated Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Psoriatic Arthritis Synovial Fluid. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:2673-8. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marianne Boes
- University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Dirkjan Hijnen
- University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mark H. Wenink
- University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Kanai T, Mikami Y, Hayashi A. A breakthrough in probiotics: Clostridium butyricum regulates gut homeostasis and anti-inflammatory response in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:928-39. [PMID: 25940150 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal immune homeostasis is regulated by gut microbiota, including beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalance in gut bacterial constituents provokes host proinflammatory responses causing diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The development of next-generation sequencing technology allows the identification of microbiota alterations in IBD. Several studies have shown reduced diversity in the gut microbiota of patients with IBD. Advances in gnotobiotic technology have made possible analysis of the role of specific bacterial strains in immune cells in the intestine. Using these techniques, we have shown that Clostridium butyricum as a probiotic induces interleukin-10-producing macrophages in inflamed mucosa via the Toll-like receptor 2/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 pathway to prevent acute experimental colitis. In this review, we focus on the new approaches for the role of specific bacterial strains in immunological responses, as well as the potential of bacterial therapy for IBD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan,
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47
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Seo SU, Kuffa P, Kitamoto S, Nagao-Kitamoto H, Rousseau J, Kim YG, Núñez G, Kamada N. Intestinal macrophages arising from CCR2(+) monocytes control pathogen infection by activating innate lymphoid cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8010. [PMID: 26269452 PMCID: PMC4536571 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes play a crucial role in antimicrobial host defence, but the mechanisms by which they protect the host during intestinal infection remains poorly understood. Here we show that depletion of CCR2+ monocytes results in impaired clearance of the intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. After infection, the de novo recruited CCR2+ monocytes give rise to CD11c+CD11b+F4/80+CD103− intestinal macrophages (MPs) within the lamina propria. Unlike resident intestinal MPs, de novo differentiated MPs are phenotypically pro-inflammatory and produce robust amounts of IL-1β (interleukin-1β) through the non-canonical caspase-11 inflammasome. Intestinal MPs from infected mice elicit the activation of RORγt+ group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) in an IL-1β-dependent manner. Deletion of IL-1β in blood monocytes blunts the production of IL-22 by ILC3 and increases the susceptibility to infection. Collectively, these studies highlight a critical role of de novo differentiated monocyte-derived intestinal MPs in ILC3-mediated host defence against intestinal infection. Monocytes are important for antimicrobial host defence in the intestine but the mechanism behind their protective function is not fully understood. Seo et al. show that intestinal macrophages derived from CCR2+ monocytes support clearance of pathogenic Citrobacter rodentium through activation of group 3 innate lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter Kuffa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sho Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Hiroko Nagao-Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jenna Rousseau
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yun-Gi Kim
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Nikoopour E, Bellemore SM, Singh B. IL-22, cell regeneration and autoimmunity. Cytokine 2015; 74:35-42. [PMID: 25467639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-22 as a cytokine is described with opposing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Cell regeneration, tissue remodelling and balance between commensal bacteria in the gut and host immune system are considered as anti-inflammatory features of IL-22, whereas production of IL-22 from Th17 cells links this cytokine to pro-inflammatory pathways. Th17 cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) are two major producers of IL-22 and both cell types express ROR-γt and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factors. Typically, the immune system cells are the main producers of IL-22. However, targets of this cytokine are mostly non-hematopoietic cells such as hepatocytes, keratinocytes, and epithelial cells of lung and intestine. Association of IL-22 with other cytokines or transcription factors in different cell types might explain its contrasting role in health and disease. In this review we discuss the regulation of IL-22 production by AhR- and IL-23-driven pathways. A clear understanding of the biology of IL-22 will provide new opportunities for its application to improve human health involving many debilitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayat Nikoopour
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey M Bellemore
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhagirath Singh
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of immune cells that selectively accumulate in mucosal tissues serving as sentinels at the vanguard of host protective immunity. However, they are also implicated as cellular mediators of immune-mediated diseases, most notably IBD. ILCs are subdivided into distinct lineages based on the expression of effector cytokines and master transcription factors that programme their differentiation and inflammatory behaviour. Strikingly, these subsets closely resemble CD4(+) T-cell lineages, including T helper (TH)1, TH2 and TH17 cells that are similarly implicated in immune-mediated diseases. However, ILCs that promote the maintenance of intestinal epithelial cells, mostly through production of IL-22, also exist. ILCs rapidly respond to environmental cues, including cytokines, metabolic signals and luminal bacteria. They are potent and immediate producers of key cytokines linked to IBD pathogenesis, including TNF, IL-17, IL-22 and IFN-γ. Some subsets are implicated as mediators of chronic intestinal inflammation, whereas others might provide protective functions. They are present in the gut of patients with IBD and, intriguingly, closer scrutiny of IBD susceptibility loci shows that many of these genes are either expressed by, or are intimately linked to, ILC function. Looking forward, targeting ILCs could represent a new IBD treatment paradigm.
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50
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Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a recently described IL-10 family cytokine that is produced by T helper (Th) 17 cells, γδ T cells, NKT cells, and newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Knowledge of IL-22 biology has evolved rapidly since its discovery in 2000, and a role for IL-22 has been identified in numerous tissues, including the intestines, lung, liver, kidney, thymus, pancreas, and skin. IL-22 primarily targets nonhematopoietic epithelial and stromal cells, where it can promote proliferation and play a role in tissue regeneration. In addition, IL-22 regulates host defense at barrier surfaces. However, IL-22 has also been linked to several conditions involving inflammatory tissue pathology. In this review, we assess the current understanding of this cytokine, including its physiologic and pathologic effects on epithelial cell function.
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