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Kuo YR, Lin CH, Lin WS, Pan MH. L-Glutamine Substantially Improves 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Maintaining the Integrity of the Gut Barrier in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300704. [PMID: 38656560 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE This study investigates the potential of glutamine to mitigate intestinal mucositis and dysbiosis caused by the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). METHODS AND RESULTS Over twelve days, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice are given low (0.5 mg kg-1) or high (2 mg kg-1) doses of L-Glutamine daily, with 5-FU (50 mg kg-1) administered between days six and nine. Mice receiving only 5-FU exhibited weight loss, diarrhea, abnormal cell growth, and colonic inflammation, correlated with decreased mucin proteins, increased endotoxins, reduced fecal short-chain fatty acids, and altered gut microbiota. Glutamine supplementation counteracted these effects by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway, modulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) oxidative stress proteins, and increasing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) levels, thereby enhancing microbial diversity and protecting intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore glutamine's potential in preventing 5-FU-induced mucositis by modulating gut microbiota and inflammation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Kuo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Quemoy County, 89250, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City, 41354, Taiwan
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2
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Chakraborty D, Coslo DM, Murray IA, Vijay A, Patterson AD, Perdew GH. Immune cell-intrinsic Ah receptor facilitates the expression of antimicrobial REG3G in the small intestine. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23471. [PMID: 38358358 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302319r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial layer is susceptible to damage by chemical, physiological and mechanical stress. While it is essential to maintain the integrity of epithelium, the biochemical pathways that contribute to the barrier function have not been completely investigated. Here we demonstrate an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent mechanism facilitating the production of the antimicrobial peptide AMP regenerating islet-derived protein 3 gamma (REG3G), which is essential for intestinal homeostasis. Genetic ablation of AHR in mice impairs pSTAT3-mediated REG3G expression and increases bacterial numbers of Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) and Akkermansia muciniphila in the small intestine. Studies with tissue-specific conditional knockout mice revealed that the presence of AHR in the epithelial cells of the small intestine is not required for the production of REG3G through the phosphorylated STAT3-mediated pathway. However, immune-cell-specific AHR activity is necessary for normal expression of REG3G in all regions of the small intestine. A diet rich in broccoli, capable of inducing AHR activity, increases REG3G production when compared to a semi-purified diet that is devoid of ligands that can potentially activate the AHR, thus highlighting the importance of AHR in antimicrobial function. Overall, these data suggest that homeostatic antimicrobial REG3G production is increased by an AHR pathway intrinsic to the immune cells in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopriya Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Denise M Coslo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iain A Murray
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anitha Vijay
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary H Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Chen J, Yao J. Th22 cells and the intestinal mucosal barrier. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221068. [PMID: 37646028 PMCID: PMC10461049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T-helper 22 (Th22) cells represent a novel subset of CD4+ T cells that exhibit distinctive characteristics, namely the secretion of IL-22 while abstaining from secreting IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). These cells serve as the primary source of IL-22, and both Th22 cells and IL-22 are believed to play a role in maintaining intestinal mucosal homeostasis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the precise functions of Th22 cells and IL-22 in this context remain a subject of debate. In this work, we aimed to elucidate their impact on the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier by presenting an overview of the molecular structure characteristics and functional effects of Th22 cells and IL-22. Furthermore, we would explore targeted treatment approaches and potential therapeutic strategies focusing on the Th22 and IL-22 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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4
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Zhang B, Li J, Fu J, Shao L, Yang L, Shi J. Interaction between mucus layer and gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Soil and seeds. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:1390-1400. [PMID: 37200041 PMCID: PMC10278733 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The intestinal mucus layer is a barrier that separates intestinal contents and epithelial cells, as well as acts as the "mucus layer-soil" for intestinal flora adhesion and colonization. Its structural and functional integrity is crucial to human health. Intestinal mucus is regulated by factors such as diet, living habits, hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and intestinal flora. The mucus layer's thickness, viscosity, porosity, growth rate, and glycosylation status affect the structure of the gut flora colonized on it. The interaction between "mucus layer-soil" and "gut bacteria-seed" is an important factor leading to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and wash microbial transplantation are efficient methods for managing NAFLD, but their long-term efficacy is poor. FMT is focused on achieving the goal of treating diseases by enhancing the "gut bacteria-seed". However, a lack of effective repair and management of the "mucus layer-soil" may be a reason why "seeds" cannot be well colonized and grow in the host gut, as the thinning and destruction of the "mucus layer-soil" is an early symptom of NAFLD. This review summarizes the existing correlation between intestinal mucus and gut microbiota, as well as the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and proposes a new perspective that "mucus layer-soil" restoration combined with "gut bacteria-seed" FMT may be one of the most effective future strategies for enhancing the long-term efficacy of NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine Platform, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
- Department of School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Jinlong Fu
- Department of School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Translational Medicine Platform, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
- Department of School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Luping Yang
- Department of Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Translational Medicine Platform, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
- Department of Infectious & Hepatology Diseases, Metabolic Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
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5
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Meng Q, Zhang Y, Li J, Shi B, Ma Q, Shan A. Lycopene Affects Intestinal Barrier Function and the Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets via Antioxidant Signaling Regulation. J Nutr 2022; 152:2396-2408. [PMID: 36774106 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pig production, early and abrupt weaning frequently causes weaning stress, which manifests as oxidative damage, barrier disruption, and digestion and absorption capacity declines. Lycopene exhibits beneficial antioxidant capacity in both humans and other animal models. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the effects of lycopene supplementation on early weaning stress in piglets and the underlying mechanisms by examining the oxidative stress state, gut intestinal barrier function, and the gut microbiota. METHODS Twenty-four 21-day-old weaned piglets [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire); castrated males; 5.48 ± 0.10 kg initial body weight] were randomly assigned to 2 treatments. The piglets were fed a basal diet (control treatment) or a basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg lycopene (lycopene treatment) for 28 days. The serum lipid levels, serum and jejunum enzyme activities, jejunum morphology, mRNA and protein expression, and gut microbiota were determined. RESULTS Compared with the control treatment, lycopene supplementation increased the serum catalase activity (P = 0.042; 62.0%); serum total cholesterol concentration (P = 0.020; 14.1%); and jejunum superoxide dismutase activity (P = 0.032; 21.4%), whereas it decreased serum (P = 0.039, 23.0%) and jejunum (P = 0.047; 20.9%) hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Additionally, lycopene increased the mRNA and protein expression of NFE2-like bZIP transcription factor 2 (214.0% and 102.4%, respectively) and CD36 (100.8% and 145.2%, respectively) in the jejunum, whereas it decreased the mRNA and protein expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (55.6% and 39.8%, respectively ). Lycopene also improved jejunal morphology, increasing the villus height (P = 0.018; 27.5%) and villus:crypt ratio (P < 0.001; 57.9%). Furthermore, it increased the abundances of potentially beneficial bacterial groups, including Phascolarctobacterium and Parasutterella, and decreased those of potentially pathogenic bacterial groups, including Treponema_2 and Prevotellaceae_unclassified. CONCLUSIONS Lycopene supplementation strengthens the intestinal barrier function and improves the gut microbiota in weaned piglets by regulating intestinal antioxidant signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Meng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jibo Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingquan Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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6
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Wells JM, Gao Y, de Groot N, Vonk MM, Ulfman L, van Neerven RJJ. Babies, Bugs, and Barriers: Dietary Modulation of Intestinal Barrier Function in Early Life. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:165-200. [PMID: 35697048 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-122221-103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is essential in early life to prevent infection, inflammation, and food allergies. It consists of microbiota, a mucus layer, an epithelial layer, and the immune system. Microbial metabolites, the mucus, antimicrobial peptides, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) protect the intestinal mucosa against infection. The complex interplay between these functionalities of the intestinal barrier is crucial in early life by supporting homeostasis, development of the intestinal immune system, and long-term gut health. Exclusive breastfeeding is highly recommended during the first 6 months. When breastfeeding is not possible, milk-based infant formulas are the only safe alternative. Breast milk contains many bioactive components that help to establish the intestinal microbiota and influence the development of the intestinal epithelium and the immune system. Importantly, breastfeeding lowers the risk for intestinal and respiratory tract infections. Here we review all aspects of intestinal barrier function and the nutritional components that impact its functionality in early life, such as micronutrients, bioactive milk proteins, milk lipids, and human milk oligosaccharides. These components are present in breast milk and can be added to milk-based infant formulas to support gut health and immunity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yifan Gao
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - R J Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands;
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7
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Zindl CL, Witte SJ, Laufer VA, Gao M, Yue Z, Janowski KM, Cai B, Frey BF, Silberger DJ, Harbour SN, Singer JR, Turner H, Lund FE, Vallance BA, Rosenberg AF, Schoeb TR, Chen JY, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. A nonredundant role for T cell-derived interleukin 22 in antibacterial defense of colonic crypts. Immunity 2022; 55:494-511.e11. [PMID: 35263568 PMCID: PMC9126440 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is central to immune defense at barrier sites. We examined the contributions of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and T cell-derived IL-22 during Citrobacter rodentium (C.r) infection using mice that both report Il22 expression and allow lineage-specific deletion. ILC-derived IL-22 activated STAT3 in C.r-colonized surface intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) but only temporally restrained bacterial growth. T cell-derived IL-22 induced a more robust and extensive activation of STAT3 in IECs, including IECs lining colonic crypts, and T cell-specific deficiency of IL-22 led to pathogen invasion of the crypts and increased mortality. This reflected a requirement for T cell-derived IL-22 for the expression of a host-protective transcriptomic program that included AMPs, neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, and mucin-related molecules, and it restricted IFNγ-induced proinflammatory genes. Our findings demonstrate spatiotemporal differences in the production and action of IL-22 by ILCs and T cells during infection and reveal an indispensable role for IL-22-producing T cells in the protection of the intestinal crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Steven J Witte
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vincent A Laufer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zongliang Yue
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Karen M Janowski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Baiyi Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Blake F Frey
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Singer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Henrietta Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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8
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Ogita T, Namai F, Mikami A, Ishiguro T, Umezawa K, Uyeno Y, Shimosato T. A Soybean Resistant Protein-Containing Diet Increased the Production of Reg3γ Through the Regulation of the Gut Microbiota and Enhanced the Intestinal Barrier Function in Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:701466. [PMID: 34490323 PMCID: PMC8416681 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.701466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of intestinal homeostasis is necessary for a good quality of life, and strengthening of the intestinal barrier function is thus an important issue. Therefore, we focused on soybean resistant protein (SRP) derived from kori-tofu (freeze-dried tofu), which is a traditional Japanese food, as a functional food component. In this study, to investigate the effect of SRP on the intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota, we conducted an SRP free intake experiment in mice. Results showed that ingestion of SRP decreased the serum level of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and induced the expression of Reg3γ, thereby improving the intestinal barrier function. In addition, SRP intake induced changes in the cecal microbiota, as observed by changes in β-diversity. In particular, in the microbiota, the up-regulation of functional gene pathways related to the bacterial invasion of epithelial cells (ko05100) was observed, suggesting that Reg3γ expression was induced by the direct stimulation of epithelial cells. The results of this study suggest that SRP is a functional food component that may contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Ogita
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Fu Namai
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ayane Mikami
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Koji Umezawa
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yutaka Uyeno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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Montoya CA, Henare SJ, O'Donoghue EM, Rosendale D, Edwards P, Moughan PJ. Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), compared with cellulose and psyllium, influences the histology and mucus layer of the gastrointestinal tract in the growing pig. Food Funct 2021; 12:8007-8016. [PMID: 34269359 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02920c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kiwifruit (KF) fiber, a mixture of soluble and insoluble fibers, elicits mucosal changes in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This study aimed to define the nature of these changes in mucosal features throughout the GIT of the growing pig in response to semi-synthetic iso-fiber diets containing cellulose (CEL, low GIT luminal functionality) as the sole fiber source (4.5%), or diets where half of the CEL was replaced by either PSY fiber (PSY husk, high GIT luminal functionality) or KF fiber (consumed as intact fruit). Entire male growing pigs (n = 24, 21 kg bodyweight) received the three diets (n = 8) for 42 d. GIT tissues, digesta, and feces were sampled. The partial replacement of CEL increased (P≤ 0.05) the ileal (KF 22% and PSY 33%) and colonic (PSY 86%) mucus layer thickness, whereas it decreased the rectal crypt depth (KF -26%), and small intestinal (duodenum to ileum) villus length (PSY -17%). The number of duodenal goblet cells was 77% higher (P≤ 0.05) for KF than CEL. Pigs fed the KF-containing diet had greater (P≤ 0.05) apparent ileal organic matter digestibility and apparent total tract organic matter digestibility compared with CEL, but the lowest amount of fermented organic matter in the large intestine. In conclusion, partial substitution of CEL with PSY or KF at a constant, practically-relevant dietary fiber intake, affected several measures of GIT functionality with effects being specific to the added fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Montoya
- Smart Foods, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
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10
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Wu Y, Zhang X, Han D, Pi Y, Tao S, Zhang S, Wang S, Zhao J, Chen L, Wang J. Early life administration of milk fat globule membrane promoted SCFA-producing bacteria colonization, intestinal barriers and growth performance of neonatal piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:346-355. [PMID: 34258422 PMCID: PMC8245794 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) possesses various nutritional and biological benefits for mammals, whereas its effects on neonatal gut microbiota and barrier integrity remained unclear. This study investigated the effects of MFGM administration on microbial compositions and intestinal barrier functions of neonatal piglets. Sixteen newborn piglets were randomly allocated into a CON group or MFGM group, orally administered with saline or MFGM solution (1 g/kg body weight) respectively during the first postnatal week, and all piglets were breastfed during the whole neonatal period. The present study found that the MFGM oral administration during the first postnatal week increased the plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G level, body weight and average daily gain of piglets (P < 0.05) on 21 d. Additionally, MFGM administration enriched fecal SCFA-producing bacteria (Ruminococ aceae_UCG-002, Ruminococ aceae_UCG-010, Ruminococ aceae_UCG-004, Ruminococ aceae_UCG-014 and [Ruminococcus]_gauvrearuii_group), SCFA concentrations (acetate, propionate and butyrate; P < 0.05) and their receptor (G-protein coupled receptor 41, GPR41). Furthermore, MFGM administration promoted intestinal villus morphology (P < 0.05) and barrier functions by upregulating genes of tight junctions (E-cadherin, claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludin 1 [ZO-1]), mucins (mucin-13 and mucin-20) and interleukin (IL)-22 (P < 0.05). Positive correlation was found between the beneficial microbes and SCFA levels pairwise with the intestinal barrier genes (P < 0.05). In conclusion, orally administrating MFGM during the first postnatal week stimulated SCFA-producing bacteria colonization and SCFA generation, enhanced intestinal barrier functions and consequently improved growth performance of neonatal piglets on 21 d. Our findings will provide new insights about MFGM intervention for microbial colonization and intestinal development of neonates during their early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shilan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Early Life Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Early Life Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100163, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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11
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Delbue D, Lebenheim L, Cardoso-Silva D, Dony V, Krug SM, Richter JF, Manna S, Muñoz M, Wolk K, Heldt C, Heimesaat MM, Sabat R, Siegmund B, Schumann M. Reprogramming Intestinal Epithelial Cell Polarity by Interleukin-22. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:656047. [PMID: 33912578 PMCID: PMC8072225 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.656047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interleukin-22 (IL-22) impacts the integrity of intestinal epithelia and has been associated with the development of colitis-associated cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Previous data suggest that IL-22 protects the mucosal barrier and promotes wound healing and barrier defect. We hypothesized, that IL-22 modulates cell polarity of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) acting on tight junction assembly. The aim of the study was to investigate IL-22-dependent mechanisms in the reprogramming of intestinal epithelia. Methods: IECs were exposed to IL-22 at various concentrations. IECs in Matrigel® were grown to 3-dimensional cysts in the presence or absence of IL-22 and morphology and expression of polarity proteins were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Epithelial cell barrier (TER and sandwich assay) and TJ assembly analysis (calcium-switch assay) were performed. TJ and cell polarity protein expression were assessed by western blotting and confocal microscopy. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed. Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was assessed by RT-qPCR analysis and western blotting. Signaling pathway analyses were performed by phosphoblotting and functional assays after blocking STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways. Using the toxoplasma-model of terminal ileitis, IL-22-knock-out mice were compared to wild-type littermates, analyzed for barrier function using one-path-impedance-analysis and macromolecular flux (H3-mannitol, Ussing-chambers). Results: IECs exhibited a barrier defect after IL-22 exposure. TJ protein distribution and expression were severely impaired. Delayed recovery in the calcium-switch assay was observed suggesting a defect in TJ assembly. Analyzing the 3D-cyst model, IL-22 induced multi-lumen and aberrant cysts, and altered the localization of cell polarity proteins. Cell migration and invasion was caused by IL-22 as well as induction of EMT. Interestingly, only inhibition of the MAPK pathway, rescued the TJal barrier defect, while blocking STAT3 was relevant for cell survival. In addition, ileal mucosa of IL-22 deficient mice was protected from the barrier defect seen in Toxoplasma gondii-induced ileitis in wild type mice shown by significantly higher Re values and correspondingly lower macromolecule fluxes. Conclusion: IL-22 impairs intestinal epithelial cell barrier by inducing EMT, causing defects in epithelial cell polarity and increasing cell motility and cell invasion. IL-22 modulates TJ protein expression and mediates tight junctional (TJal) barrier defects via ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delbue
- Department for Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lydia Lebenheim
- Department for Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Danielle Cardoso-Silva
- Department for Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Violaine Dony
- Department for Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F Richter
- Institute for Anatomy II, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Subhakankha Manna
- Department for Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melba Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Department for Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Heldt
- Department for Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Sabat
- Department for Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department for Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department for Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Microbial Regulation of Host Physiology by Short-chain Fatty Acids. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:700-712. [PMID: 33674141 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our ancestral diet consisted of much more nondigestible fiber than that of many societies today. Thus, from an evolutionary perspective the human genome and its physiological and nutritional requirements are not well aligned to modern dietary habits. Fiber reaching the colon is anaerobically fermented by the gut bacteria, which produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as metabolic by-products. SCFAs play a role in intestinal homeostasis, helping to explain why changes in the microbiota can contribute to the pathophysiology of human diseases. Recent research has shown that SCFAs can also have effects on tissues and organs beyond the gut, through their circulation in the blood. SCFAs not only signal through binding to cognate G-protein-coupled receptors on endocrine and immune cells in the body but also induce epigenetic changes in the genome through effects on the activity of histone acetylase and histone deacetylase enzymes. Furthermore, epigenetic imprinting likely occurs in utero, highlighting the importance of the maternal diet in early life. Here we review current understanding of how SCFAs impact on human and animal physiology and discuss the potential applications of SCFAs in the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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13
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Structural elucidation, anti-inflammatory activity and intestinal barrier protection of longan pulp polysaccharide LPIIa. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Leon-Coria A, Kumar M, Workentine M, Moreau F, Surette M, Chadee K. Muc2 Mucin and Nonmucin Microbiota Confer Distinct Innate Host Defense in Disease Susceptibility and Colonic Injury. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:77-98. [PMID: 32659381 PMCID: PMC7596264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alterations in intestinal MUC2 mucin and microbial diversity are closely linked with important intestinal pathologies; however, their impact on each other and on intestinal pathogenesis has been vaguely characterized. Therefore, it was of interest in this study to delineate distinct and cooperative function of commensal microbiota and the Muc2 mucus barrier in maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier function. METHODS Muc2 mucin deficient (Muc2-/-) and sufficient (Muc2+/+) littermates were used as a model for assessing the role of Muc2. To quantify the role of the microbiota in disease pathogenesis, Muc2+/+ and Muc2-/- littermates were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics that reduced indigenous bacteria, and then fecal transplanted with littermate stool and susceptibility to dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) quantified. RESULTS Although, Muc2+/+ and Muc2-/- littermates share similar phyla distribution as evidenced by 16S sequencing they maintain their distinctive gastrointestinal phenotypes. Basally, Muc2-/- showed low-grade colonic inflammation with high populations of inflammatory and tolerogenic immune cells that became comparable to Muc2+/+ littermates following antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics treatment rendered Muc2+/+ but not Muc2-/- littermates highly susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis that was ILC3 dependent. Muc2-/- microbiota was colitogenic to Muc2+/+ as it worsened DSS-induced colitis. Microbiota dependent inflammation was confirmed by bone-marrow chimera studies, as Muc2-/- receiving Muc2+/+ bone marrow showed no difference in their susceptibility toward DSS induced colitis. Muc2-/- microbiota exhibited presence of characteristic OTUs of specific bacterial populations that were transferrable to Muc2+/+ littermates. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight a distinct role for Muc2 mucin in maintenance of healthy microbiota critical in shaping innate host defenses to promote intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aralia Leon-Coria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Workentine
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Surette
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Kim JH, Ahn JB, Kim DH, Kim S, Ma HW, Che X, Seo DH, Kim TI, Kim WH, Cheon JH, Kim SW. Glutathione S-transferase theta 1 protects against colitis through goblet cell differentiation via interleukin-22. FASEB J 2020; 34:3289-3304. [PMID: 31916636 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902421r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) is involved in detoxifying chemicals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we provide a significant insight into the role of GSTT1 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We identified decreased expression of GSTT1 in inflamed colons from IBD patients compared to controls. We intrarectally or intraperitoneally delivered Gstt1 gene to mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and noted attenuation of colitis through gene transfer of Gstt1 via an IL-22 dependent pathway. Downregulation of GSTT1 by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of microbes reduced innate defense responses and goblet cell differentiation. The GSTT1 mutation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and IBD patients decreased its dimerization, which was connected to insufficient phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase by their common activator, IL-22. GSTT1 ameliorated colitis and contributed as a modulator of goblet cells through sensing pathogens and host immune responses. Its mutations are linked to chronic intestinal inflammation due to its insufficient dimerization. Our results provide new insights into GSTT1 mutations that are linked to chronic intestinal inflammation due to its insufficient dimerization and their functional consequences in IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Bum Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soochan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xiumei Che
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Zhou X, Zhang K, Qi W, Zhou Y, Hong T, Xiong T, Xie M, Nie S. Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 Enhances Colonic Mucosal Homeostasis by Controlling Epithelial Cell Differentiation and c-Jun/Muc2 Signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9831-9839. [PMID: 31407897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic lactobacilli and their exopolysaccharides (EPS) are thought to modulate mucosal homeostasis; however, their mechanisms remain elusive. Thus, we tried to clarify the role of exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 (EPS116) in the intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Our results indicated that EPS116 regulated the colon mucosal healing and homeostasis, enhanced the goblet cell differentiation, and promoted the expression of Muc2 gene in vivo and in vitro. Further experiments showed that EPS116 promoted the expression and phosphorylation of transcription factor c-Jun and facilitated its binding to the promoter of Muc2. Moreover, knocking down c-Jun or inhibiting its function in LS 174T cells treated with EPS116 led to decreased expression of Muc2, implying that EPS116 promoted the colonic mucosal homeostasis and Muc2 expression via c-Jun. Therefore, our study uncovered a novel model where EPS116 enhanced colon mucosal homeostasis by controlling the epithelial cell differentiation and c-Jun/Muc2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Wucheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - YuJia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Tao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
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Li S, Fu C, Zhao Y, He J. Intervention with α-Ketoglutarate Ameliorates Colitis-Related Colorectal Carcinoma via Modulation of the Gut Microbiome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8020785. [PMID: 31317039 PMCID: PMC6601488 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8020785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays a crucial role in promoting intestinal health, and perturbations to its constitution may result in chronic intestinal inflammation and lead to colorectal cancer (CRC). α-Ketoglutarate is an important intermediary in the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway that maintains intestinal homeostasis and prevents initiation of intestinal inflammation, a known precursor to carcinoma development. The objective of this study was to assess the potential protective effects of α-ketoglutarate intervention against CRC development, which may arise due to its known anti-inflammatory and antitumour effects. CRC was induced in C57BL/6 mice using azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Tumour frequency, histological rating, and colonic microbiota were assessed in colonic samples. The findings demonstrated that α-ketoglutarate offered significant protection against CRC development in mice. Furthermore, α-ketoglutarate also exhibited immunomodulatory effects mediated via downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β cytokines. Finally, intervention with α-ketoglutarate tended to minimise the frequency of opportunistic pathogens (Escherichia and Enterococcus) while increasing the populations of Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus. Taken together, our findings show that dietary α-ketoglutarate intervention may protect against inflammation-related CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
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Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Desvaux M, De Paepe K, Gresse R, Sauvaitre T, Forano E, de Wiele TV, Schüller S, Juge N, Blanquet-Diot S. Experimental models to study intestinal microbes–mucus interactions in health and disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:457-489. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A close symbiotic relationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and its host. A critical component of gut homeostasis is the presence of a mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel at the interface between the luminal content and the host tissue that provides a habitat to the gut microbiota and protects the intestinal epithelium. The review starts by setting up the biological context underpinning the need for experimental models to study gut bacteria-mucus interactions in the digestive environment. We provide an overview of the structure and function of intestinal mucus and mucins, their interactions with intestinal bacteria (including commensal, probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms) and their role in modulating health and disease states. We then describe the characteristics and potentials of experimental models currently available to study the mechanisms underpinning the interaction of mucus with gut microbes, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. We then discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kim De Paepe
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Raphaële Gresse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Sauvaitre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Li Y, Wang J, Li Y, Wu H, Zhao S, Yu Q. Protecting intestinal epithelial cells against deoxynivalenol and E. coli damage by recombinant porcine IL-22. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:154-159. [PMID: 30955803 PMCID: PMC7172643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pigs suffer enteritis induced by pathogenic bacteria infection and toxins in the moldy feed, which cause intestinal epithelial damage and diarrhea through the whole breeding cycle. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal mucosal barrier function through repairing intestinal epithelial damage. However, little was known about the effects of IL-22 against apoptosis caused by toxins and infection of intestinal pathogens in the intestinal epithelium, especially in pigs. In this study, we had successfully used prokaryotic expression system to produce recombinant porcine interleukin-22. Meanwhile, purified rIL-22 could activate STAT3 signal pathway and have been demonstrated to be safe to IPEC-J2 cells by increasing E-cadherin expression, without proinflammatory cytokines changes. Furthermore, rIL-22 reversed apoptosis induced by deoxynivalenol (DON) and played a vital part in repairing the intestinal injury. We also found that rIL-22 stimulated epithelial cells to secrete pBD-1 against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) K88 infection, as well as alleviating apoptosis ratio. This study provided a theoretical basis for curing intestinal inflammation caused by ETEC infection and epithelial apoptosis induced by DON with rIL-22 in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830052, PR China
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Haiqin Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Shiyi Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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van der Lugt B, van Beek AA, Aalvink S, Meijer B, Sovran B, Vermeij WP, Brandt RMC, de Vos WM, Savelkoul HFJ, Steegenga WT, Belzer C. Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates the age-related decline in colonic mucus thickness and attenuates immune activation in accelerated aging Ercc1 -/Δ7 mice. Immun Ageing 2019; 16:6. [PMID: 30899315 PMCID: PMC6408808 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-019-0145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of Akkermansia muciniphila as potential therapeutic intervention is receiving increasing attention. Health benefits attributed to this bacterium include an improvement of metabolic disorders and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. The abundance of A. muciniphila is associated with a healthy gut in early mid- and later life. However, the effects of A. muciniphila on a decline in intestinal health during the aging process are not investigated yet. We supplemented accelerated aging Ercc1 -/Δ7 mice with A. muciniphila for 10 weeks and investigated histological, transcriptional and immunological aspects of intestinal health. RESULTS The thickness of the colonic mucus layer increased about 3-fold after long-term A. muciniphila supplementation and was even significantly thicker compared to mice supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. Colonic gene expression profiles pointed towards a decreased expression of genes and pathways related to inflammation and immune function, and suggested a decreased presence of B cells in colon. Total B cell frequencies in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were not altered after A. muciniphila supplementation. Mature and immature B cell frequencies in bone marrow were increased, whereas B cell precursors were unaffected. These findings implicate that B cell migration rather than production was affected by A. muciniphila supplementation. Gene expression profiles in ileum pointed toward a decrease in metabolic- and immune-related processes and antimicrobial peptide production after A. muciniphila supplementation. Besides, A. muciniphila decreased the frequency of activated CD80+CD273- B cells in Peyer's patches. Additionally, the increased numbers of peritoneal resident macrophages and a decrease in Ly6Cint monocyte frequencies in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes add evidence for the potentially anti-inflammatory properties of A. muciniphila. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we show that supplementation with A. muciniphila prevented the age-related decline in thickness of the colonic mucus layer and attenuated inflammation and immune-related processes at old age. This study implies that A. muciniphila supplementation can contribute to a promotion of healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benthe van der Lugt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A. van Beek
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Aalvink
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Meijer
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Sovran
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renata M. C. Brandt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Immunobiology Research Programme, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma T. Steegenga
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fang L, Pang Z, Shu W, Wu W, Sun M, Cong Y, Liu Z. Anti-TNF Therapy Induces CD4+ T-Cell Production of IL-22 and Promotes Epithelial Repairs in Patients With Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1733-1744. [PMID: 29718341 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy appears to be effective in the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. However, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Methods Fifty-seven active CD patients were enrolled, and cytokine profiles in colonic biopsies of patients with active CD receiving anti-TNF monoclonal antibody (mAb) (infliximab [IFX]) treatment were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Colonic biopsies of active CD patients and healthy donors were cultured with IFX in vitro, and cytokine profiles were measured by qRT-PCR. Peripheral blood (PB)-CD4+ T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs in the presence of human immunoglobin (HIg), IFX, recombinant human TNF-α converting enzyme (rhTACE), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) inhibitor (CH-223191), respectively, to determine interleukin (IL)-22 expression by CD4+ T cells. Caco2 cells were also utilized to study their potential role in modulating epithelial cell barrier repairs in vitro. Results IFX therapy markedly upregulated IL-22 mRNA expression in the gut mucosa of CD patients. In vitro treatment with IFX greatly promoted CD CD4+ T cells to express IL-22, which was inhibited by rhTACE, indicating that reverse signaling through binding to membrane-bound TNF mediates anti-TNF-induced IL-22 expression of CD CD4+ T cells. However, blockade of AhR markedly inhibited anti-TNF-induced IL-22+CD4+ T (Th22) cell differentiation in CD patients. Moreover, treatment with IL-22 induced intestinal epithelial cell expression of tight junction proteins (eg, claudin1 and ZO-1) and facilitated transepithelial resistance, indicating that IL-22 protects intestinal mucosa from inflammation via maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. Conclusions Our results uncover a novel mechanism whereby anti-TNF therapy upregulates IL-22 production in CD patients through promoting Th22 cell differentiation and contributes to intestinal epithelial barrier repairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weigang Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Zhao Y, Chen F, Wu W, Sun M, Bilotta AJ, Yao S, Xiao Y, Huang X, Eaves-Pyles TD, Golovko G, Fofanov Y, D’Souza W, Zhao Q, Liu Z, Cong Y. GPR43 mediates microbiota metabolite SCFA regulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in intestinal epithelial cells via activation of mTOR and STAT3. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:752-762. [PMID: 29411774 PMCID: PMC5976519 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptides (AMP) produced by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) play crucial roles in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis by controlling microbiota. Gut microbiota has been shown to promote IEC expression of RegIIIγ and certain defensins. However, the mechanisms involved are still not completely understood. In this report, we found that IEC expression levels of RegIIIγ and β-defensins 1, 3, and 4 were lower in G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)43-/- mice compared to that of wild-type (WT) mice. Oral feeding with short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) promoted IEC production of RegIIIγ and defensins in mice. Furthermore, SCFA induced RegIIIγ and β-defensins in intestinal epithelial enteroids generated from WT but not GPR43-/- mice. Mechanistically, SCFA activated mTOR and STAT3 in IEC, and knockdown of mTOR and STAT3 impaired SCFA induction of AMP production. Our studies thus demonstrated that microbiota metabolites SCFA promoted IEC RegIIIγ and β-defensins in a GPR43-dependent manner. The data thereby provide a novel pathway by which microbiota regulates IEC expression of AMP and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Feidi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Anthony J. Bilotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - Xiangsheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Tonyia D. Eaves-Pyles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | - Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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23
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Wang J, Chen L, Zhao N, Xu X, Xu Y, Zhu B. Of genes and microbes: solving the intricacies in host genomes. Protein Cell 2018; 9:446-461. [PMID: 29611114 PMCID: PMC5960464 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiome research is a quickly developing field in biomedical research, and we have witnessed its potential in understanding the physiology, metabolism and immunology, its critical role in understanding the health and disease of the host, and its vast capacity in disease prediction, intervention and treatment. However, many of the fundamental questions still need to be addressed, including the shaping forces of microbial diversity between individuals and across time. Microbiome research falls into the classical nature vs. nurture scenario, such that host genetics shape part of the microbiome, while environmental influences change the original course of microbiome development. In this review, we focus on the nature, i.e., the genetic part of the equation, and summarize the recent efforts in understanding which parts of the genome, especially the human and mouse genome, play important roles in determining the composition and functions of microbial communities, primarily in the gut but also on the skin. We aim to present an overview of different approaches in studying the intricate relationships between host genetic variations and microbes, its underlying philosophy and methodology, and we aim to highlight a few key discoveries along this exploration, as well as current pitfalls. More evidence and results will surely appear in upcoming studies, and the accumulating knowledge will lead to a deeper understanding of what we could finally term a "hologenome", that is, the organized, closely interacting genome of the host and the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Na Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xizhan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yakun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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24
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Functions and Signaling Pathways of Amino Acids in Intestinal Inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9171905. [PMID: 29682569 PMCID: PMC5846438 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9171905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestine is always exposed to external environment and intestinal microorganism; thus it is more sensitive to dysfunction and dysbiosis, leading to intestinal inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and diarrhea. An increasing number of studies indicate that dietary amino acids play significant roles in preventing and treating intestinal inflammation. The review aims to summarize the functions and signaling mechanisms of amino acids in intestinal inflammation. Amino acids, including essential amino acids (EAAs), conditionally essential amino acids (CEAAs), and nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), improve the functions of intestinal barrier and expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins but decrease oxidative stress and the apoptosis of enterocytes as well as the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines in the intestinal inflammation. The functions of amino acids are associated with various signaling pathways, including mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), general controlled nonrepressed kinase 2 (GCN2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
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25
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Wu M, Wu Y, Deng B, Li J, Cao H, Qu Y, Qian X, Zhong G. Isoliquiritigenin decreases the incidence of colitis-associated colorectal cancer by modulating the intestinal microbiota. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85318-85331. [PMID: 27863401 PMCID: PMC5356739 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalances in intestinal bacteria correlate with colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Traditional Chinese medicines have been used to adjust the gut microbiota, and isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a flavonoid extracted from licorice, has shown antitumor efficacy. In this study, the effects of ISL on CAC development and the gut microbiota were evaluated using an azoxymethane and dextran sulphate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced mouse model of CAC (CACM). Histopathological analysis suggested that ISL reduced tumor incidence in vivo. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) studies of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene revealed that the structure of the gut microbial community shifted significantly following AOM/DSS treatment, and that effect was alleviated by treatment with high-dose ISL (150 mg/kg). Compared to the microbiota in the control mice (CK), the levels of Bacteroidetes decreased and the levels of Firmicutes increased during CAC development. ISL reversed the imbalance at the phylum level and altered the familial constituents of the gut microbiota. Specifically, the abundance of Helicobacteraceae increased after treatment with high-dose ISL, while the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Rikenellaceae decreased. At the genus level, ISL reduced the abundance of opportunistic pathogens (Escherichia and Enterococcus), and increased the levels of probiotics, particularly butyrate-producing bacteria (Butyricicoccus, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus). Thus, ISL protects mice from AOM/DSS-induced CAC, and ISL and the gut microbiota may have synergistic anti-cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yaqi Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Baoguo Deng
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Haiying Cao
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yan Qu
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xinlai Qian
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Genshen Zhong
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotherapy, Institute of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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26
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Hugenholtz F, de Vos WM. Mouse models for human intestinal microbiota research: a critical evaluation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:149-160. [PMID: 29124307 PMCID: PMC5752736 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the early days of the intestinal microbiota research, mouse models have been used frequently to study the interaction of microbes with their host. However, to translate the knowledge gained from mouse studies to a human situation, the major spatio-temporal similarities and differences between intestinal microbiota in mice and humans need to be considered. This is done here with specific attention for the comparative physiology of the intestinal tract, the effect of dietary patterns and differences in genetics. Detailed phylogenetic and metagenomic analysis showed that while many common genera are found in the human and murine intestine, these differ strongly in abundance and in total only 4% of the bacterial genes are found to share considerable identity. Moreover, a large variety of murine strains is available yet most of the microbiota research is performed in wild-type, inbred strains and their transgenic derivatives. It has become increasingly clear that the providers, rearing facilities and the genetic background of these mice have a significant impact on the microbial composition and this is illustrated with recent experimental data. This may affect the reproducibility of mouse microbiota studies and their conclusions. Hence, future studies should take these into account to truly show the effect of diet, genotype or environmental factors on the microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor Hugenholtz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Building 124, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Building 124, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Research Programme Unit Immunobiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Helsinki University, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Shen J, Fang Y, Zhu H, Ge W. Plasma interleukin-22 levels are associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in the Han Chinese population. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:33-38. [PMID: 28170163 PMCID: PMC5754531 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between plasma interleukin-22 (IL-22) levels and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, and search the relevance between plasma concentrations of IL-22 and selected diabetes risk factors in Chinese people. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Han Chinese origin men and women participants were recruited in our study during a conventional medical checkup. Fasting plasma IL-22 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and their relevance with selected diabetes risk factors was explored. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the odds ratio of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes according to plasma IL-22 level. RESULTS Compared with normal glucose participants (250 pg/mL [interquartile range 154-901]), the plasma IL-22 levels in IFG participants (185 pg/mL [interquartile range 145-414]) and type 2 diabetes participants (162 pg/mL [interquartile range 128-266]) were significantly lower (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). Correlation analysis showed that plasma concentrations of IL-22 were negatively associated with some diabetes risk factors, including body mass index, glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and triglyceride. Furthermore, the plasma concentrations of IL-22 showed a highly significant association with IFG and type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In Chinese subjects, the plasma concentration of IL-22 is profoundly associated with susceptibility to IFG and type 2 diabetes, and decreased plasma IL-22 level is a potential trigger of IFG and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Shen
- Department of PharmacyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yun Fang
- Department of PharmacyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Huaijun Zhu
- Department of PharmacyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Weihong Ge
- Department of PharmacyDrum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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28
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Kar SK, Jansman AJM, Benis N, Ramiro-Garcia J, Schokker D, Kruijt L, Stolte EH, Taverne-Thiele JJ, Smits MA, Wells JM. Dietary protein sources differentially affect microbiota, mTOR activity and transcription of mTOR signaling pathways in the small intestine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188282. [PMID: 29149221 PMCID: PMC5693410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein sources can have profound effects on host-microbe interactions in the gut that are critically important for immune resilience. However more knowledge is needed to assess the impact of different protein sources on gut and animal health. Thirty-six wildtype male C57BL/6J mice of 35 d age (n = 6/group; mean ± SEM body weight 21.9 ± 0.25 g) were randomly assigned to groups fed for four weeks with semi synthetic diets prepared with one of the following protein sources containing (300 g/kg as fed basis): soybean meal (SBM), casein, partially delactosed whey powder, spray dried plasma protein, wheat gluten meal and yellow meal worm. At the end of the experiment, mice were sacrificed to collect ileal tissue to acquire gene expression data, and mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, ileal digesta to study changes in microbiota and serum to measure cytokines and chemokines. By genome-wide transcriptome analysis, we identified fourteen high level regulatory genes that are strongly affected in SBM-fed mice compared to the other experimental groups. They mostly related to the mTOR pathway. In addition, an increased (P < 0.05) concentration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was observed in serum of SBM-fed mice compared to other dietary groups. Moreover, by 16S rRNA sequencing, we observed that SBM-fed mice had higher (P < 0.05) abundances of Bacteroidales family S24-7, compared to the other dietary groups. We showed that measurements of genome-wide expression and microbiota composition in the mouse ileum reveal divergent responses to diets containing different protein sources, in particular for a diet based on SBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya K. Kar
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. M. Jansman
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nirupama Benis
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Javier Ramiro-Garcia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of System and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Kruijt
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. Stolte
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mari A. Smits
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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29
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Elderman M, Sovran B, Hugenholtz F, Graversen K, Huijskes M, Houtsma E, Belzer C, Boekschoten M, de Vos P, Dekker J, Wells J, Faas M. The effect of age on the intestinal mucus thickness, microbiota composition and immunity in relation to sex in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184274. [PMID: 28898292 PMCID: PMC5595324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A mucus layer covers and protects the intestinal epithelial cells from direct contact with microbes. This mucus layer not only prevents inflammation but also plays an essential role in microbiota colonization, indicating the complex interplay between mucus composition-microbiota and intestinal health. However, it is unknown whether the mucus layer is influenced by age or sex and whether this contributes to reported differences in intestinal diseases in males and females or with ageing. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effect of age on mucus thickness, intestinal microbiota composition and immune composition in relation to sex. The ageing induced shrinkage of the colonic mucus layer was associated with bacterial penetration and direct contact of bacteria with the epithelium in both sexes. Additionally, several genes involved in the biosynthesis of mucus were downregulated in old mice, especially in males, and this was accompanied by a decrease in abundances of various Lactobacillus species and unclassified Clostridiales type IV and XIV and increase in abundance of the potential pathobiont Bacteroides vulgatus. The changes in mucus and microbiota in old mice were associated with enhanced activation of the immune system as illustrated by a higher percentage of effector T cells in old mice. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between mucus-microbiota-and immune responses and ultimately may lead to more tailored design of strategies to modulate mucus production in targeted groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Elderman
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Division of Medical Biology, department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno Sovran
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Floor Hugenholtz
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Katrine Graversen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Myrte Huijskes
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Houtsma
- Division of Medical Biology, department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Boekschoten
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Division of Medical Biology, department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Dekker
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jerry Wells
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Wells JM, Brummer RJ, Derrien M, MacDonald TT, Troost F, Cani PD, Theodorou V, Dekker J, Méheust A, de Vos WM, Mercenier A, Nauta A, Garcia-Rodenas CL. Homeostasis of the gut barrier and potential biomarkers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G171-G193. [PMID: 27908847 PMCID: PMC5440615 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00048.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut barrier plays a crucial role by spatially compartmentalizing bacteria to the lumen through the production of secreted mucus and is fortified by the production of secretory IgA (sIgA) and antimicrobial peptides and proteins. With the exception of sIgA, expression of these protective barrier factors is largely controlled by innate immune recognition of microbial molecular ligands. Several specialized adaptations and checkpoints are operating in the mucosa to scale the immune response according to the threat and prevent overreaction to the trillions of symbionts inhabiting the human intestine. A healthy microbiota plays a key role influencing epithelial barrier functions through the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and interactions with innate pattern recognition receptors in the mucosa, driving the steady-state expression of mucus and antimicrobial factors. However, perturbation of gut barrier homeostasis can lead to increased inflammatory signaling, increased epithelial permeability, and dysbiosis of the microbiota, which are recognized to play a role in the pathophysiology of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. Additionally, gut-brain signaling may be affected by prolonged mucosal immune activation, leading to increased afferent sensory signaling and abdominal symptoms. In turn, neuronal mechanisms can affect the intestinal barrier partly by activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and both mast cell-dependent and mast cell-independent mechanisms. The modulation of gut barrier function through nutritional interventions, including strategies to manipulate the microbiota, is considered a relevant target for novel therapeutic and preventive treatments against a range of diseases. Several biomarkers have been used to measure gut permeability and loss of barrier integrity in intestinal diseases, but there remains a need to explore their use in assessing the effect of nutritional factors on gut barrier function. Future studies should aim to establish normal ranges of available biomarkers and their predictive value for gut health in human cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M. Wells
- 1Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Robert J. Brummer
- 2Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Muriel Derrien
- 3Centre Daniel Carasso, Danone Research, Palaiseau, France;
| | - Thomas T. MacDonald
- 4Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Freddy Troost
- 5Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- 6Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- 7Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France;
| | - Jan Dekker
- 1Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Willem M. de Vos
- 9Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Annick Mercenier
- 10Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Arjen Nauta
- 11FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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Liu X, Yang J, Deng W. The inflammatory cytokine IL-22 promotes murine gliomas via proliferation. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1087-1092. [PMID: 28450947 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is newly identified proinflammatory cytokine involved in the T helper (Th)17 and Th22 response. However, the possible role of IL-22 in glioma remains uncertain. The results of the present study demonstrated higher expression levels of IL-22 and the receptor IL-22BP in the brain of GL261 glioma-inoculation mice, suggesting the regulatory role of IL-22 in glioma. Injection of IL-22 increased the severity of glioma in vivo and higher expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected in the brain using ELISA following IL-22 injection. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effects of IL-22, the present study aimed firstly to determine the expression levels of IL-22 receptor in a glioma cell line via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. IL-22 treatment significantly increased the expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and the mRNA expression levels of STAT6 compared with the vehicle control. These results suggested that IL-22 may activate the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway in glioma. Furthermore, IL-22 positively regulated the proliferation of glioma, consistent with its role in vivo. Conversely, IL-22-deficient mice exhibited prolonged survival compared with wild-type (WT) mice, and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were decreased in the brain of IL-22 knock-out (KO) mice compared with WT mice. Concordant with these results, it was observed that IL-22-neutralising antibody was able to increase the survival of mice with glioma and attenuate the disease by significantly reducing the cytokine levels in the brain. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that expression levels of IL-22 in the brain of mice with glioma may enhance symptoms due to the increased cytokine production of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α; this is consistent with IL-6/JAK/STAT signalling activation in vitro. Decreasing the expression levels of IL-22, achieved either with IL-22-KO mice or IL-22-neutralising antibody demonstrated protective effects on glioma development. Therefore, IL-22 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiguo Liu
- Department of Head and Neck and Neurosurgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Junjing Yang
- Department of Head and Neck and Neurosurgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Wankai Deng
- Department of Head and Neck and Neurosurgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
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Bron PA, Kleerebezem M, Brummer RJ, Cani PD, Mercenier A, MacDonald TT, Garcia-Ródenas CL, Wells JM. Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function? Br J Nutr 2017; 117:93-107. [PMID: 28102115 PMCID: PMC5297585 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier integrity is a prerequisite for homeostasis of mucosal function, which is balanced to maximise absorptive capacity, while maintaining efficient defensive reactions against chemical and microbial challenges. Evidence is mounting that disruption of epithelial barrier integrity is one of the major aetiological factors associated with several gastrointestinal diseases, including infection by pathogens, obesity and diabetes, necrotising enterocolitis, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. The notion that specific probiotic bacterial strains can affect barrier integrity fuelled research in which in vitro cell lines, animal models and clinical trials are used to assess whether probiotics can revert the diseased state back to homeostasis and health. This review catalogues and categorises the lines of evidence available in literature for the role of probiotics in epithelial integrity and, consequently, their beneficial effect for the reduction of gastrointestinal disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bron
- NIZO Food Research and BE-Basic Foundation, Kernhemseweg 2, 6718ZB Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Wageningen University, Host Microbe Interactomics Group, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Brummer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annick Mercenier
- Nestlé Research Center, Nutrition and Health Research, route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Thomas T. MacDonald
- Barts and The London school of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Clara L. Garcia-Ródenas
- Nestlé Research Center, Nutrition and Health Research, route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Wageningen University, Host Microbe Interactomics Group, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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König J, Wells J, Cani PD, García-Ródenas CL, MacDonald T, Mercenier A, Whyte J, Troost F, Brummer RJ. Human Intestinal Barrier Function in Health and Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e196. [PMID: 27763627 PMCID: PMC5288588 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract consists of an enormous surface area that is optimized to efficiently absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food. At the same time, it needs to provide a tight barrier against the ingress of harmful substances, and protect against a reaction to omnipresent harmless compounds. A dysfunctional intestinal barrier is associated with various diseases and disorders. In this review, the role of intestinal permeability in common disorders such as infections with intestinal pathogens, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and food allergies will be discussed. In addition, the effect of the frequently prescribed drugs proton pump inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on intestinal permeability, as well as commonly used methods to assess barrier function will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia König
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jerry Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Tom MacDonald
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Annick Mercenier
- Nutrition and Health Research, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Whyte
- European Branch, The International Life Sciences Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freddy Troost
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Brummer
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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van Beek AA, Sovran B, Hugenholtz F, Meijer B, Hoogerland JA, Mihailova V, van der Ploeg C, Belzer C, Boekschoten MV, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Vermeij WP, de Vos P, Wells JM, Leenen PJM, Nicoletti C, Hendriks RW, Savelkoul HFJ. Supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 Prevents Decline of Mucus Barrier in Colon of Accelerated Aging Ercc1-/Δ7 Mice. Front Immunol 2016; 7:408. [PMID: 27774093 PMCID: PMC5054004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is clear that probiotics improve intestinal barrier function, little is known about the effects of probiotics on the aging intestine. We investigated effects of 10-week bacterial supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, Lactobacillus casei BL23, or Bifidobacterium breve DSM20213 on gut barrier and immunity in 16-week-old accelerated aging Ercc1−/Δ7 mice, which have a median lifespan of ~20 weeks, and their wild-type littermates. The colonic barrier in Ercc1−/Δ7 mice was characterized by a thin (< 10 μm) mucus layer. L. plantarum prevented this decline in mucus integrity in Ercc1−/Δ7 mice, whereas B. breve exacerbated it. Bacterial supplementations affected the expression of immune-related genes, including Toll-like receptor 4. Regulatory T cell frequencies were increased in the mesenteric lymph nodes of L. plantarum- and L. casei-treated Ercc1−/Δ7 mice. L. plantarum- and L. casei-treated Ercc1−/Δ7 mice showed increased specific antibody production in a T cell-dependent immune response in vivo. By contrast, the effects of bacterial supplementation on wild-type control mice were negligible. Thus, supplementation with L. plantarum – but not with L. casei and B. breve – prevented the decline in the mucus barrier in Ercc1−/Δ7 mice. Our data indicate that age is an important factor influencing beneficial or detrimental effects of candidate probiotics. These findings also highlight the need for caution in translating beneficial effects of probiotics observed in young animals or humans to the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan A van Beek
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK
| | - Bruno Sovran
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Floor Hugenholtz
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben Meijer
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Joanne A Hoogerland
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Violeta Mihailova
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Corine van der Ploeg
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; CECAD Forschungszentrum, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Wilbert P Vermeij
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Claudio Nicoletti
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Kiilerich P, Myrmel LS, Fjære E, Hao Q, Hugenholtz F, Sonne SB, Derrien M, Pedersen LM, Petersen RK, Mortensen A, Licht TR, Rømer MU, Vogel UB, Waagbø LJ, Giallourou N, Feng Q, Xiao L, Liu C, Liaset B, Kleerebezem M, Wang J, Madsen L, Kristiansen K. Effect of a long-term high-protein diet on survival, obesity development, and gut microbiota in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E886-99. [PMID: 27026084 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00363.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a regular low-fat diet or high-fat diets combined with either high or low protein-to-sucrose ratios during their entire lifespan to examine the long-term effects on obesity development, gut microbiota, and survival. Intake of a high-fat diet with a low protein/sucrose ratio precipitated obesity and reduced survival relative to mice fed a low-fat diet. By contrast, intake of a high-fat diet with a high protein/sucrose ratio attenuated lifelong weight gain and adipose tissue expansion, and survival was not significantly altered relative to low-fat-fed mice. Our findings support the notion that reduced survival in response to high-fat/high-sucrose feeding is linked to obesity development. Digital gene expression analyses, further validated by qPCR, demonstrated that the protein/sucrose ratio modulated global gene expression over time in liver and adipose tissue, affecting pathways related to metabolism and inflammation. Analysis of fecal bacterial DNA using the Mouse Intestinal Tract Chip revealed significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota in relation to host age and dietary fat content, but not the protein/sucrose ratio. Accordingly, dietary fat rather than the protein/sucrose ratio or adiposity is a major driver shaping the gut microbiota, whereas the effect of a high-fat diet on survival is dependent on the protein/sucrose ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kiilerich
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Secher Myrmel
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Fjære
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Qin Hao
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Si Brask Sonne
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Muriel Derrien
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lone Møller Pedersen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Koefoed Petersen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alicja Mortensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Maria Unni Rømer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bjørn Liaset
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Wang
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lise Madsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,
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36
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Identification of Commensal Species Positively Correlated with Early Stress Responses to a Compromised Mucus Barrier. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:826-40. [PMID: 26926038 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aims were (1) to correlate changes in the microbiota to intestinal gene expression before and during the development of colitis in Muc2 mice and (2) to investigate whether the heterozygote Muc2 mouse would reveal host markers of gut barrier stress. METHODS Colon histology, transcriptomics, and microbiota profiling of faecal samples was performed on wild type, Muc2, and Muc2 mice at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of age. RESULTS Muc2 mice develop colitis in proximal colon after weaning, resulting in inflammatory and adaptive immune responses, and expression of genes associated with human inflammatory bowel disease. Muc2 mice do not develop colitis, but produce a thinner mucus layer. The transcriptome of Muc2 mice revealed differential expression of genes participating in mucosal stress responses and exacerbation of a transient inflammatory state around the time of weaning. Young wild type and Muc2 mice have a more constrained group of bacteria as compared with the Muc2 mice, but at 8 weeks the microbiota composition is more similar in all mice. At all ages, microbiota composition discriminated the groups of mice according to their genotype. Specific bacterial clusters correlated with altered gene expression responses to stress and bacteria, before colitis development, including colitogenic members of the genus Bacteroides. CONCLUSIONS The abundance of Bacteroides pathobionts increased before histological signs of pathology suggesting they may play a role in triggering the development of colitis. The Muc2 mouse produces a thinner mucus layer and can be used to study mucus barrier stress in the absence of colitis.
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modulates intestinal mucosal barrier and inflammation in mice following combined dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Huan C, Kim D, Ou P, Alfonso A, Stanek A. Mechanisms of interleukin-22’s beneficial effects in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2016; 7:108-116. [PMID: 26909233 PMCID: PMC4753176 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a disorder characterized by parenchymal injury of the pancreas controlled by immune cell-mediated inflammation. AP remains a significant challenge in the clinic due to a lack of specific and effective treatment. Knowledge of the complex mechanisms that regulate the inflammatory response in AP is needed for the development of new approaches to treatment, since immune cell-derived inflammatory cytokines have been recognized to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent studies have shown that interleukin (IL)-22, a cytokine secreted by leukocytes, when applied in the severe animal models of AP, protects against the inflammation-mediated acinar injury. In contrast, in a mild AP model, endogenous IL-22 has been found to be a predominantly anti-inflammatory mediator that inhibits inflammatory cell infiltration via the induction of Reg3 proteins in acinar cells, but does not protect against acinar injury in the early stage of AP. However, constitutively over-expressed IL-22 can prevent the initial acinar injury caused by excessive autophagy through the induction of the anti-autophagic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Thus IL-22 plays different roles in AP depending on the severity of the AP model. This review focuses on these recently reported findings for the purpose of better understanding IL-22’s regulatory roles in AP which could help to develop a novel therapeutic strategy.
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39
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Human oral isolate Lactobacillus fermentum AGR1487 induces a pro-inflammatory response in germ-free rat colons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20318. [PMID: 26843130 PMCID: PMC4740858 DOI: 10.1038/srep20318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are thought to be beneficial for human health, with lactobacilli-associated infections being confined to immune-compromised individuals. However, Lactobacillus fermentum AGR1487 negatively affects barrier integrity in vitro so we hypothesized that it caused a pro-inflammatory response in the host. We compared germ-free rats inoculated with AGR1487 to those inoculated with another L. fermentum strain, AGR1485, which does not affect in vitro barrier integrity. We showed that rats inoculated with AGR1487 had more inflammatory cells in their colon, higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers, and increased colonic gene expression of pro-inflammatory pathways. In addition, our in vitro studies showed that AGR1487 had a greater capacity to activate TLR signaling and induce pro-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. This study indicates the potential of strains of the same species to differentially elicit inflammatory responses in the host and highlights the importance of strain characterization in probiotic approaches to treat inflammatory disorders.
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40
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Kabeerdoss J, Sandhya P, Danda D. Gut inflammation and microbiome in spondyloarthritis. Rheumatol Int 2015; 36:457-68. [PMID: 26719306 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is chronic inflammatory disease involving joints and the spine. Bowel inflammation is common in SpA, which may be classified as acute or chronic. Chronic gut inflammation is most common in SpA patients with axial involvement as compared to those presenting with peripheral involvement alone. The pathogenesis of gut inflammation in SpA could be explained by two factors-over-activation of immunological cells and altered gut microbiome. This is exemplified by SpA animal models, namely HLA-B27-expressing transgenic animals and SKG mice models. Immunological mechanisms include homing of activated T cells from gut into synovium, excess pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion by immune cells such as IL-23 and genetic variations in immunological genes. The evidence for role of gut microbiome in SpA is gradually emerging. Recently, metagenomic study of gut microbiome by sequencing of microbial nucleic acids has enabled identification of new microbial taxa and their functions in gut of patients with SpA. In SpA, the gut microbiome could emerge as diagnostic and prognostic marker of disease. Modulation of gut microbiome is slated to have therapeutic potential as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakanthan Kabeerdoss
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Pulukool Sandhya
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Debashish Danda
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
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Schreiber F, Arasteh JM, Lawley TD. Pathogen Resistance Mediated by IL-22 Signaling at the Epithelial-Microbiota Interface. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3676-82. [PMID: 26497621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal colonization resistance to bacterial pathogens is generally associated, among other factors, with mucosal homeostasis that preserves the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Mucosal homeostasis depends on physical and molecular interactions between three components: the resident microbiota, the epithelial layer and the local immune system. The cytokine IL-22 helps to orchestrate this three-way interaction. IL-22 is produced by immune cells present beneath the epithelium and is induced by bacteria present in the intestine. IL-22 stimulates the epithelial cells via the IL-22RA1-IL-10R2 receptor complex inducing changes in the expression of genes involved in the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity, with a variety of functions in pathogen resistance such as mucus layer modifications and hydration, tight junction fortification and the production of a broad range of bactericidal compounds. These mechanisms of pathogen resistance, in turn, affect the microbiota composition and create an environment that excludes pathogens. Here we highlight the role of IL-22 as key mediator in the give-and-take relationship between the microbiota and the host that impacts pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Schreiber
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
| | - Julia Maryam Arasteh
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
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42
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Bermudez-Brito M, Rösch C, Schols HA, Faas MM, de Vos P. Resistant starches differentially stimulate Toll-like receptors and attenuate proinflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells by modulation of intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1814-26. [PMID: 26015170 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Main objectives of this study were (1) to demonstrate direct signaling of starch on human dendritic cells (DCs), (2) to study whether this is mediated by the pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and (3) to study whether intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are involved in modulating the starch induced immune activation of DCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Two different types of resistant starch, High-maize® 260 (RS2) and Novelose® 330 (RS3) were characterized for their starch content and particle size. Human DCs and reporter cells for TLRs were incubated with starches and analyzed for NF-kB/AP-1 activation. Complex coculture systems were applied to study the cross-talk. High-maize® 260 predominantly binds to TLR2 while Novelose® 330 binds to TLR2 and TLR5. The strong immune-stimulating effects of High-maize® 260 were attenuated by starch-exposed IECs illustrating the regulatory function of IECs. Despite these attenuating effects, DCs kept producing Th1 cytokines. CONCLUSION Resistant starch possesses direct signaling capacity on human DCs in a starch-type-dependent manner. IECs regulate these responses. High-maize® 260 skews toward a more regulatory phenotype in coculture systems of DCs, IEC, and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bermudez-Brito
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Rösch
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The leaky gut hypothesis links translocating microbial products with the onset and progression of liver disease, and for a long time was considered one of its major contributors. However, a more detailed picture of the intestinal microbiota contributing to liver disease started to evolve. The gut is colonized by trillions of microbes that aid in digestion, modulate immune response, and generate a variety of products that result from microbial metabolic activities. These products together with host-bacteria interactions influence both normal physiology and disease susceptibility. A disruption of the symbiosis between microbiota and host is known as dysbiosis and can have profound effects on health. Qualitative changes such as increased proportions of harmful bacteria and reduced levels of beneficial bacteria, and also quantitative changes in the total amount of bacteria (overgrowth) have been associated with liver disease. Understanding the link between the pathophysiology of liver diseases and compositional and functional changes of the microbiota will help in the design of innovative therapies. In this review, we focus on factors resulting in dysbiosis, and discuss how dysbiosis can disrupt intestinal homeostasis and contribute to liver disease.
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Key Words
- dysbiosis
- leaky gut
- alcoholic liver disease
- nash
- nafld
- cirrhosis
- microbiome
- pamps
- ald, alcoholic liver disease
- amp, antimicrobial peptides and proteins
- fiaf, fasting-induced adipocyte factor
- hfd, high-fat diet
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- il, interleukin
- lcfa, long-chain fatty acid
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- nafld, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- nash, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- nlrp, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat-containing protein
- nod2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2
- pamps, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- reg3, regenerating islet-derived 3
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- tnfr, tumor necrosis factor receptor
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Bernd Schnabl, MD, Department of Medicine, University of California–San Diego, Biomedical Research Facility 2 (BRF2), Room 4A22, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, California 92093. fax: (858) 822-5370.
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