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Rao RB. Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction in Perinatal Iron Deficiency. Nutrients 2024; 16:1092. [PMID: 38613125 PMCID: PMC11013337 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency in the fetal and neonatal period (perinatal iron deficiency) bodes poorly for neurodevelopment. Given its common occurrence and the negative impact on brain development, a screening and treatment strategy that is focused on optimizing brain development in perinatal iron deficiency is necessary. Pediatric societies currently recommend a universal iron supplementation strategy for full-term and preterm infants that does not consider individual variation in body iron status and thus could lead to undertreatment or overtreatment. Moreover, the focus is on hematological normalcy and not optimal brain development. Several serum iron indices and hematological parameters in the perinatal period are associated with a risk of abnormal neurodevelopment, suggesting their potential use as biomarkers for screening and monitoring treatment in infants at risk for perinatal iron deficiency. A biomarker-based screening and treatment strategy that is focused on optimizing brain development will likely improve outcomes in perinatal iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra B. Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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2
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Pittet F, Hinde K. Meager Milk: Lasting Consequences for Adult Daughters of Primiparous Mothers Among Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:569-584. [PMID: 37170073 PMCID: PMC10503474 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Among mammals, primipara who initiate reproduction before full maturity can be constrained in their maternal investment, both due to fewer somatic resources and tradeoffs between their own continued development and reproductive effort. Primipara are particularly limited in their capacity to synthesize milk during lactation, the costliest aspect of reproduction for most mammals, especially primates due to long periods of postnatal development. Due to reduced milk transfer, Firstborns may be at elevated risk for long-term consequences of deficits in early life endowment from their primiparous mothers. Here we investigated mass, growth, stature, and lactation performance among N = 273 adult daughters across N = 335 reproductions, who were their own mother's Firstborn or Laterborn progeny, among rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at the California National Primate Research Center. We further explored mass during infancy of the offspring of Firstborn and Laterborn mothers. Firstborns had accelerated growth during infancy, but had slowed growth during juvenility, compared to Laterborns. Although both Firstborns and Laterborns were the same age at reproductive debut, Firstborns had lower body mass, an effect that persisted throughout the reproductive career. Available milk energy, the product of milk energetic density and milk yield, was on average 16% lower for Firstborns compared to Laterborns, a difference that was only partially mediated by their lower mass. Despite differences in their mothers' energy provision through milk, the mass of infants of Firstborn and Laterborn mothers did not differ at peak lactation, suggesting that infants of Firstborns devote a higher proportion of milk energy to growth than infants of Laterborns. To date few studies have explored how early life conditions shape capacities to synthesize milk and milk composition. Our findings contribute new information among primates on how early life maternal endowments are associated with persistent effects long after the period of maternal dependence well into reproductive maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Pittet
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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3
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Li Y, Wang J, Liu Q, Yang F, Chen L, Xu H, Jin W, Liu Y, Zhang W, Yang F, He Z, Zhao Y. Composition of the intestinal microbiota of infant rhesus macaques at different ages before and after weaning. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13915. [PMID: 36923844 PMCID: PMC10009685 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhesus macaques and humans are closely related genetically and share similar physiological and pathological characteristics. Exploring the impact of diet on the early establishment of gut microbiota in non-human primates can provide relevant clinical models for healthy infant growth and development. At present, few writers have focused on the composition and changes of the intestinal microbes of infant rhesus macaques throughout their progression from birth to formula feeding after weaning. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing technology to explore the composition of the intestinal flora of rhesus macaques at different ages and analyzed the trends in the microbial changes. Results The results showed that the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the intestinal flora of infant rhesus macaques significantly decreased, and Prevotella increased with age. Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium breve are effective biomarkers to predict grouping. The metabolic pathways enriched in early life mainly concentrated in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (lacto and neolacto series) and the degradation and metabolism of alcohols and esters. Conclusions We found that age was an important factor that affected the changes in the intestinal flora. This study revealed the change trend of flora in breastfed and formula-fed infant rhesus monkeys in different growth months, and found that the dominant flora changed greatly. This research provides a medically relevant theoretical basis for understanding the healthy development of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Junbin Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Fengmei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Lixiong Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Hongjie Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Weihua Jin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kunming Third People's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650041, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Major Infections Diseases Vaccine Development, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, China
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4
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The hidden universe of human milk microbiome: origin, composition, determinants, role, and future perspectives. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:1811-1820. [PMID: 35124754 PMCID: PMC9056486 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although traditionally considered sterile, human milk is currently recognized as an alive ecosystem that harbors not only bacteria, but also viruses, fungi and yeasts, and minor genera, collectively known as the human milk microbiome (HMM). The seeding of HMM is a complex phenomenon whose dynamics are still a matter of research. Many factors contribute to its determination, both maternal, neonatal, environmental, and related to human milk itself. The transmission of microorganisms to the infant through breastfeeding may impact its present and future health, mainly shaping the GI tract microbiome and immune system. The existence and persistence of HMM as a conserved feature among different species may also have an evolutionary meaning, which will become apparent only in evolutionary times. CONCLUSION The complexities of HMM warrant further research in order to deepen our knowledge on its origin, determinants, and impact on infants' health. The practical and translational implications of research on HMM (e.g., reconstitution of donor human milk through inoculation of infant's own mother milk, modulation of HMM through maternal dietary supplementation) should not be overlooked. WHAT IS KNOWN • Human milk harbors a wide variety of microorganisms, ranging from bacteria to viruses, fungi and yeasts, and minor genera. • Human milk microbiome is shaped over time by many factors: maternal, neonatal, environmental, and related to human milk itself. • The transmission of microorganisms through breastfeeding may impact the infant's present and future health. WHAT IS NEW • We provide an overview on human milk microbiome, hopefully encouraging physicians to consider it among the other better-known breastfeeding benefits. • Further studies, with standardized and rigorous study designs to enhance accuracy and reproducibility of the results, are needed to deepen our knowledge of the human milk microbiota and its role in newborn and infant's health.
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5
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MFGM components promote gut Bifidobacterium growth in infant and in vitro. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:277-288. [PMID: 34324046 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infant gut microbiota which plays an important role in long-term health is mainly shaped by early life nutrition. However, the effect of nutrients on infants gut microbiota is less researched. Here, we present a study aiming to investigate in vitro a modified formula that is supplemented with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) that were missing in common formulas when compared with human milk and to assess the impact of feeding scheme on microbiota and metabolism. METHODS A total of 44 infants including 16 from breast milk feeding, 13 from common formula feeding and 15 from modified formula feeding were analyzed, and A cross-sectional sampling of fecal and urine was done at 1 month-of-age. Stool microbiota composition was characterized using high-throughput DNA sequencing, and urinary metabolome was profiled by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In vitro growth experiment of Bifidobacterium with key components from MFGM was performed and analyzed by both DNA and RNA. RESULTS Stool samples from the infants who were breastfed had a higher relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and a lower relative abundance of Escherichia than the formula-fed infants. The stool microbiome shifts were associated with urine metabolites changes. Three substances including lactadherin, sialic acid and phospholipid, key components of MFGM were significantly positively correlated to Bifidobacterium of stool samples from infants, and stimulated the growth rate of Bifidobacterium significantly by provided energy in vitro growth experiment with RNA analysis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the key components from MFGM could improve infants' health by modulating the gut microbiome, and possibly supporting the growth of Bifidobacterium. REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02658500 (registered on January 20, 2016).
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6
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Smith TM, Cook L, Dirks W, Green DR, Austin C. Teeth reveal juvenile diet, health and neurotoxicant exposure retrospectively: What biological rhythms and chemical records tell us. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000298. [PMID: 33721363 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrated developmental and elemental information in teeth provide a unique framework for documenting breastfeeding histories, physiological disruptions, and neurotoxicant exposure in humans and our primate relatives, including ancient hominins. Here we detail our method for detecting the consumption of mothers' milk and exploring health history through the use of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) mapping of sectioned nonhuman primate teeth. Calcium-normalized barium and lead concentrations in tooth enamel and dentine may reflect milk and formula consumption with minimal modification during subsequent tooth mineralization, particularly in dentine. However, skeletal resorption during severe illness, and bioavailable metals in nonmilk foods, can complicate interpretations of nursing behavior. We show that explorations of the patterning of multiple elements may aid in the distinction of these important etiologies. Targeted studies of skeletal chemistry, gastrointestinal maturation, and the dietary bioavailability of metals are needed to optimize these unique records of human health and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Smith
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Centre for Social and Cultural Research, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luisa Cook
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wendy Dirks
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Daniel R Green
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Sen C, Ray PR, Bhattacharyya M. A critical review on metabolomic analysis of milk and milk products. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakanta Sen
- Department of Dairy Chemistry West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal 741252 India
| | - Pinaki Ranjan Ray
- Department of Dairy Chemistry West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal 741252 India
| | - Mahasweta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Dairy Chemistry West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal 741252 India
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8
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Ramsey JS, Chin EL, Chavez JD, Saha S, Mischuk D, Mahoney J, Mohr J, Robison FM, Mitrovic E, Xu Y, Strickler SR, Fernandez N, Zhong X, Polek M, Godfrey KE, Giovannoni JJ, Mueller LA, Slupsky CM, Bruce JE, Heck M. Longitudinal Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Analysis of Citrus limon Response to Graft Inoculation by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2247-2263. [PMID: 32338516 PMCID: PMC7970439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Presymptomatic detection of citrus trees infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the bacterial pathogen associated with Huanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening disease), is critical to controlling the spread of the disease. To test whether infected citrus trees produce systemic signals that may be used for indirect disease detection, lemon (Citrus limon) plants were graft-inoculated with either CLas-infected or control (CLas-) budwood, and leaf samples were longitudinally collected over 46 weeks and analyzed for plant changes associated with CLas infection. RNA, protein, and metabolite samples extracted from leaves were analyzed using RNA-Seq, mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Significant differences in specific transcripts, proteins, and metabolites were observed between CLas-infected and control plants as early as 2 weeks post graft (wpg). The most dramatic differences between the transcriptome and proteome of CLas-infected and control plants were observed at 10 wpg, including coordinated increases in transcripts and proteins of citrus orthologs of known plant defense genes. This integrated approach to quantifying plant molecular changes in leaves of CLas-infected plants supports the development of diagnostic technology for presymptomatic or early disease detection as part of efforts to control the spread of HLB into uninfected citrus groves.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Ramsey
- USDA Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Chin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 392 Old Davis Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Juan D Chavez
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Darya Mischuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 392 Old Davis Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jaclyn Mahoney
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jared Mohr
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Faith M Robison
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elizabeth Mitrovic
- Contained Research Facility, University of California, 555 Hopkins Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yimin Xu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Susan R Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Noe Fernandez
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xuefei Zhong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - MaryLou Polek
- Citrus Research Board, 217 N Encina Street, Visalia, California 93291, United States
- National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus, 1060 Martin Luther King Blvd., Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Kris E Godfrey
- Contained Research Facility, University of California, 555 Hopkins Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- USDA Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 392 Old Davis Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James E Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michelle Heck
- USDA Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Chen T, Li Y, Liang J, Li Y, Huang Z. Variations in the gut microbiota of sympatric François’ langurs and rhesus macaques living in limestone forests in southwest Guangxi, China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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10
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Sandri BJ, Lubach GR, Lock EF, Georgieff MK, Kling PJ, Coe CL, Rao RB. Early-Life Iron Deficiency and Its Natural Resolution Are Associated with Altered Serum Metabolomic Profiles in Infant Rhesus Monkeys. J Nutr 2020; 150:685-693. [PMID: 31722400 PMCID: PMC7138653 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in human infants aged 6 to 24 mo, and negatively affects many cellular metabolic processes, including energy production, electron transport, and oxidative degradation of toxins. There can be persistent influences on long-term metabolic health beyond its acute effects. OBJECTIVES The objective was to determine how iron deficiency in infancy alters the serum metabolomic profile and to test whether these effects persist after the resolution of iron deficiency in a nonhuman primate model of spontaneous iron deficiency. METHODS Blood was collected from naturally iron-sufficient (IS; n = 10) and iron-deficient (ID; n = 10) male and female infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at 6 mo of age. Iron deficiency resolved without intervention upon feeding of solid foods, and iron status was re-evaluated at 12 mo of age from the IS and formerly ID monkeys using hematological and other indices; sera were metabolically profiled using HPLC/MS and GC/MS with isobaric standards for identification and quantification at both time points. RESULTS A total of 413 metabolites were measured, with differences in 40 metabolites identified between IS and ID monkeys at 6 mo (P$\le $ 0.05). At 12 mo, iron-related hematological parameters had returned to normal, but the formerly ID infants remained metabolically distinct from the age-matched IS infants, with 48 metabolites differentially expressed between the groups. Metabolomic profiling indicated altered liver metabolites, differential fatty acid production, increased serum uridine release, and atypical bile acid production in the ID monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Pathway analyses of serum metabolites provided evidence of a hypometabolic state, altered liver function, differential essential fatty acid production, irregular uracil metabolism, and atypical bile acid production in ID infants. Many metabolites remained altered after the resolution of ID, suggesting long-term effects on metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Sandri
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gabriele R Lubach
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric F Lock
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pamela J Kling
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christopher L Coe
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghavendra B Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Address correspondence to RBR (e-mail: )
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11
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zheng N, Zhao S, Li S, Wang J. The biochemical and metabolic profiles of dairy cows with mycotoxins-contaminated diets. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8742. [PMID: 32257637 PMCID: PMC7103205 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the effects of mycotoxins have solely focused on their biochemical profiles or products in dairy ruminants. Changes in metabolism that occur after exposure to mycotoxins, as well as biochemical changes, have not been explored. METHODS We measured the biochemical and metabolic changes in dairy cows after exposure to mycotoxins using biochemical analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance. Twenty-four dairy cows were randomly assigned to three different treatment groups. Control cows received diets with 2 kg uncontaminated cottonseed. Cows in the 50% replacement group received the same diet as the control group, but with 1 kg of uncontaminated cottonseed and 1 kg of cottonseed contaminated with mycotoxins. Cows in the 100% replacement group received the same diet as the control, but with 2 kg contaminated cottonseed. RESULTS The results showed that serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and total antioxidant capacities were significantly affected by cottonseed contaminated with mycotoxins. There were also significant differences in isovalerate and NH3-N levels, and significant differences in the eight plasma metabolites among the three groups. These metabolites are mainly involved in amino acid metabolism pathways. Therefore, the results suggest that amino acid metabolism pathways may be affected by mycotoxins exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songli Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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12
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He X, Sotelo-Orozco J, Rudolph C, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky CM. The Role of Protein and Free Amino Acids on Intake, Metabolism, and Gut Microbiome: A Comparison Between Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Rhesus Monkey Infants. Front Pediatr 2020; 7:563. [PMID: 32039120 PMCID: PMC6993202 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Compared to breast-fed (BF), formula-fed (FF) infants exhibit more rapid weight gain, a different fecal microbial profile, as well as elevated serum insulin, insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Since infant formula contains more protein and lower free amino acids than breast milk, it is thought that protein and/or free amino acids may be key factors that explain phenotypic differences between BF and FF infants. Methods: Newborn rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were either exclusively BF or fed regular formula or reduced protein formula either supplemented or not with a mixture of amino acids. Longitudinal sampling and clinical evaluation were performed from birth to 16 weeks including anthropometric measurements, intake records, collection of blood for hematology, serum biochemistry, hormones, and metabolic profiling, collection of urine for metabolic profiling, and collection of feces for 16s rRNA fecal microbial community profiling. Results: Reducing protein in infant formula profoundly suppressed intake, lowered weight gain and improved the FF-specific metabolic phenotype in the first month of age. This time-dependent change paralleled an improvement in serum insulin. All lower protein FF groups showed reduced protein catabolism with lower levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea, ammonia, albumin, creatinine, as well as lower excretion of creatinine in urine compared to infants fed regular formula. Levels of fecal microbes (Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus from the Ruminococcaceae family), that are known to have varying ability to utilize complex carbohydrates, also increased with protein reduction. Adding free amino acids to infant formula did not alter milk intake or fecal microbial composition, but did significantly increase urinary excretion of amino acids and nitrogen-containing metabolites. However, despite the lower protein intake, these infants still exhibited a distinct FF-specific metabolic phenotype characterized by accelerated weight gain, higher levels of insulin and C-peptide as well as elevated amino acids including BCAA, lysine, methionine, threonine and asparagine. Conclusions: Reducing protein and adding free amino acids to infant formula resulted in growth and metabolic performance of infants that were more similar to BF infants, but was insufficient to reverse the FF-specific accelerated growth and insulin-inducing high BCAA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennie Sotelo-Orozco
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Colin Rudolph
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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13
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Ten-Doménech I, Ramos-Garcia V, Piñeiro-Ramos JD, Gormaz M, Parra-Llorca A, Vento M, Kuligowski J, Quintás G. Current Practice in Untargeted Human Milk Metabolomics. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020043. [PMID: 31979022 PMCID: PMC7074033 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the gold standard for infant nutrition. HM contains macro- and micronutrients, as well as a range of bioactive compounds (hormones, growth factors, cell debris, etc.). The analysis of the complex and dynamic composition of HM has been a permanent challenge for researchers. The use of novel, cutting-edge techniques involving different metabolomics platforms has permitted to expand knowledge on the variable composition of HM. This review aims to present the state-of-the-art in untargeted metabolomic studies of HM, with emphasis on sampling, extraction and analysis steps. Workflows available from the literature have been critically revised and compared, including a comprehensive assessment of the achievable metabolome coverage. Based on the scientific evidence available, recommendations for future untargeted HM metabolomics studies are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ten-Doménech
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
| | - Victoria Ramos-Garcia
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
| | - José David Piñeiro-Ramos
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
| | - María Gormaz
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
- Division of Neonatology, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Parra-Llorca
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
| | - Máximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
- Division of Neonatology, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961-246-661
| | - Guillermo Quintás
- Health and Biomedicine, Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació, 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain;
- Unidad Analítica, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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14
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Merino KM, Slisarenko N, Taylor JM, Falkenstein KP, Gilbert MH, Bohm RP, Blanchard JL, Ardeshir A, Didier ES, Kim WK, Kuroda MJ. Clinical and Immunological Metrics During Pediatric Rhesus Macaque Development. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:388. [PMID: 32766187 PMCID: PMC7378395 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical measurements commonly used to evaluate overall health of laboratory animals including complete blood count, serum chemistry, weight, and immunophenotyping, differ with respect to age, development, and environment. This report provides comprehensive clinical and immunological reference ranges for pediatric rhesus macaques over the first year of life. Methods: We collected and analyzed blood samples from 151 healthy rhesus macaques, aged 0-55 weeks, and compared mother-reared infants to two categories of nursery-reared infants; those on an active research protocol and those under derivation for the expanded specific-pathogen-free breeding colony. Hematology was performed on EDTA-anticoagulated blood using a Sysmex XT2000i, and serum clinical chemistry was performed using the Beckman AU480 chemistry analyzer. Immunophenotyping of whole blood was performed with immunofluorescence staining and subsequent flow cytometric analysis on a BD LSRFortessa. Plasma cytokine analysis was performed using a Millipore multiplex Luminex assay. Results: For hematological and chemistry measurements, pediatric reference ranges deviate largely from adults. Comparison of mother-reared and nursery-reared animals revealed that large differences depend on rearing conditions and diet. Significant differences found between two nursery-reared cohorts (research and colony animals) indicate large influences of experimental factors and anesthetic events on these parameters. Immune cells and cytokine responses presented with distinct patterns for infants depending on age, birth location, and rearing conditions. Conclusions: Our results illustrate how the immune system changed over time and that there was variability among pediatric age groups. Reference ranges of results reported here will support interpretations for how infection and treatment may skew common immune correlates used for assessment of pathology or protection in research studies as well as help veterinarians in the clinical care of infant non-human primates. We highlighted the importance of using age-specific reference comparisons for pediatric studies and reiterated the utility of rhesus macaques as a model for human studies. Given the rapid transformation that occurs in multiple tissue compartments after birth and cumulative exposures to antigens as individuals grow, a better understanding of immunological development and how this relates to timing of infection or vaccination will support optimal experimental designs for developing vaccines and treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Merino
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Fellow, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Joshua M Taylor
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kathrine P Falkenstein
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Margaret H Gilbert
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James L Blanchard
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Amir Ardeshir
- California National Primate Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
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15
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Chen T, Li Y, Liang J, Li Y, Huang Z. Gut microbiota of provisioned and wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) living in a limestone forest in southwest Guangxi, China. Microbiologyopen 2019; 9:e981. [PMID: 31880067 PMCID: PMC7066464 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in animal health and is strongly affected by the environment. Captivity and human source food have been shown to influence drastically the gut microbiota composition and function of wild animals. Therefore, in the present study, the gut microbiota of provisioned and wild populations of limestone‐living rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were compared using high‐throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. The results indicated that provisioned macaques had a higher microbial richness than wild macaques, but there was no significant difference in the evenness of the gut microbiota between the two populations. Provisioned macaques also showed a higher abundance of Firmicutes and a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes than wild macaques. Functional analysis revealed that wild macaques had enriched microbial pathways involved in glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, transport and catabolism, and the digestive and endocrine systems, while provisioned macaques were richer in pathways associated with signaling molecules and interaction, neurodegenerative diseases. These differences were likely due to modification of the gut microbiota of the provisioned macaques to enable the digestion of new foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Yuhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Jipeng Liang
- Administration of Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve, Chongzuo, China
| | - Youbang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhonghao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
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16
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Cui J, Zhu D, Su M, Tan D, Zhang X, Jia M, Chen G. The combined use of 1 H and 2D NMR-based metabolomics and chemometrics for non-targeted screening of biomarkers and identification of reconstituted milk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6455-6461. [PMID: 31294826 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The illegal undeclared addition of reconstituted milk powder to ultra-heat treated (UHT) milk to lower production costs is an example of economically motivated adulteration. This activity not only defrauds consumers but also places honest traders at a disadvantage, which could damage the reputation of milk producers and reduce the integrity of the markets. In this research, a non-targeted analytical strategy that combines proton (1 H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with a chemometrics data mining tool was developed for the authentication of bovine UHT milk. RESULTS Unsupervised principal component analysis was used to distinguish UHT and tap-water-reconstituted powdered milk. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with R2 (Y) and Q2 equal to 0.859 and 0.748, respectively, was used to differentiate UHT and reconstituted milk samples. Three compounds were selected as biomarkers to distinguish UHT and reconstituted milk and identified according to the standard NMR-spectra database. Finally, a PLS-DA model was established, according to the characteristic spectral bands, to identify UHT milk and reconstituted milk. CONCLUSION This procedure demonstrated the feasibility of using non-targeted NMR profiling combined with chemometric analysis to combat mislabeling and fraudulent practices in milk production. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Chemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Meicheng Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Dongfei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Man Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
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17
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Rendina DN, Lubach GR, Phillips GJ, Lyte M, Coe CL. Maternal and Breast Milk Influences on the Infant Gut Microbiome, Enteric Health and Growth Outcomes of Rhesus Monkeys. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 69:363-369. [PMID: 31107796 PMCID: PMC6706299 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gut bacteria play an essential role during infancy and are strongly influenced by the mode of birth and feeding. A primate model was used to investigate the benefits of exposure to the mother or conversely the negative impact of early nursery rearing on microbial colonization. METHOD Rectal swabs were obtained from rhesus macaques born vaginally and mother-reared (MR, N = 35) or delivered primarily via cesarean-section and human-reared (HR, N = 19). Microbiome composition was determined by rRNA gene amplicon sequencing at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of age and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologs used to assess influences on functional metabolic pathways in the gut. Growth trajectories and incidence of diarrheic symptoms were evaluated. RESULTS The microbial community structure was different between MR and HR infants with respect to phylogeny and abundance at all 3 ages. When examining dominant phyla, HR infants had a higher Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. At the genus level, breast milk-dependent commensal taxa and adult-typical genera were more abundant in MR infants. This difference resulted in a corresponding shift in the predicted metabolic effects, specifically for microbial genes associated with metabolism and immune function. HR infants had faster growth trajectories (P < 0.001), but more diarrheic symptoms by 6 months postnatal (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS MR infants acquired adult-typical microbiota more quickly, and had higher levels of several beneficial commensal taxa. Cesarean-delivered and formula-fed infants had different developmental trajectories of bacterial colonization. Establishment of the gut microbiome was associated with an infant's growth trajectory, and implicated in the subsequent vulnerability to Campylobacter infections associated with diarrhea in infant monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Lyte
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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18
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He X, Parenti M, Grip T, Lönnerdal B, Timby N, Domellöf M, Hernell O, Slupsky CM. Fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed bovine MFGM supplemented formula or standard formula with breast-fed infants as reference: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11589. [PMID: 31406230 PMCID: PMC6690946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk delivers an array of bioactive components that safeguard infant growth and development and maintain healthy gut microbiota. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a biologically functional fraction of milk increasingly linked to beneficial outcomes in infants through protection from pathogens, modulation of the immune system and improved neurodevelopment. In the present study, we characterized the fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed a bovine MFGM supplemented experimental formula (EF) and compared to infants fed standard formula (SF) and a breast-fed reference group. The impact of MFGM on the fecal microbiome was moderate; however, the fecal metabolome of EF-fed infants showed a significant reduction of several metabolites including lactate, succinate, amino acids and their derivatives from that of infants fed SF. Introduction of weaning food with either human milk or infant formula reduces the distinct characteristics of breast-fed- or formula-fed- like infant fecal microbiome and metabolome profiles. Our findings support the hypothesis that higher levels of protein in infant formula and the lack of human milk oligosaccharides promote a shift toward amino acid fermentation in the gut. MFGM may play a role in shaping gut microbial activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tove Grip
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Niklas Timby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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19
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Lee JG, Sung YH, Baek IJ. Generation of genetically-engineered animals using engineered endonucleases. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:885-897. [PMID: 29777358 PMCID: PMC6153862 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The key to successful drug discovery and development is to find the most suitable animal model of human diseases for the preclinical studies. The recent emergence of engineered endonucleases is allowing for efficient and precise genome editing, which can be used to develop potentially useful animal models for human diseases. In particular, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat systems are revolutionizing the generation of diverse genetically-engineered experimental animals including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, and even non-human primates that are commonly used for preclinical studies of the drug discovery. Here, we describe recent advances in engineered endonucleases and their application in various laboratory animals. We also discuss the importance of genome editing in animal models for more closely mimicking human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Geol Lee
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Cabana F, Plowman A, Van Nguyen T, Chin SC, Wu SL, Lo HY, Watabe H, Yamamoto F. Feeding Asian pangolins: An assessment of current diets fed in institutions worldwide. Zoo Biol 2017. [PMID: 28635047 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pangolins are ant specialists which are under intense threat from the illegal wildlife trade. Nutrition has notoriously been their downfall in captivity and is still an issue in regards to rescue and rehabilitation. We analyzed the nutrient content of diets used by institutions that are successfully keeping Asian pangolins and to assess the variety of the ingredients and nutrients, compared these with the nutritional requirements of potential nutritional model species. We performed intake studies at five institutions and also had data from three other institutions. We also analyzed five different wild food items to use as a proxy of wild diet. We observed two categories of captive diets: those mostly or completely composed of insects and those high in commercial feeds or animal meat. Nutrient values were broad and there was no clear rule. The non-protein energy to protein energy ratio of the diets were much higher than the wild food items, more so for those which receive less insects. The average contribution of carbohydrate, fat and protein energy were also further away from the wild samples the less insects they contained. The previously suggested nutritional model for pangolins is the domestic dog which is supported by our relatively large nutrient ranges of apparently successful diets, however due to their highly carnivorous nature; the upper most nutrient intake data are not consistent with this and favor the feline nutrient recommendations. We are unable to render a conclusion of what model is more appropriate based on our data collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cabana
- Wildlife Nutrition Centre, Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy Plowman
- Paignton Zoo Environmental Park, Paignton, United Kingdom
| | - Thai Van Nguyen
- Save Vietnam's Wildlife, Cuc Phuong National Park, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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21
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Cabana F, Dierenfeld E, Wirdateti W, Donati G, Nekaris KAI. Trialling nutrient recommendations for slow lorises (Nycticebusspp.) based on wild feeding ecology. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e1-e10. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cabana
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford UK
- Wildlife Nutrition Centre; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - E. Dierenfeld
- Ellen Dierenfeld Consultancy LLC; Saint Louis MO USA
| | - W. Wirdateti
- Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia; Bogor Indonesia
| | - G. Donati
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford UK
| | - K. A. I. Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford UK
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22
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Cabana F, Plowman A, Van Nguyen T, Chin SC, Wu SL, Lo HY, Watabe H, Yamamoto F. Feeding Asian pangolins: An assessment of current diets fed in institutions worldwide. Zoo Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cabana
- Wildlife Nutrition Centre; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Amy Plowman
- Paignton Zoo Environmental Park; Paignton UK
| | - Thai Van Nguyen
- Save Vietnam's Wildlife; Cuc Phuong National Park; Ha Noi Vietnam
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23
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Abstract
Beyond its nutritional aspects, human milk contains several bioactive compounds, such as microbes, oligosaccharides, and other substances, which are involved in host-microbe interactions and have a key role in infant health. New techniques have increased our understanding of milk microbiota composition, but few data on the activity of bioactive compounds and their biological role in infants are available. Whereas the human milk microbiome may be influenced by specific factors - including genetics, maternal health and nutrition, mode of delivery, breastfeeding, lactation stage, and geographic location - the impact of these factors on the infant microbiome is not yet known. This article gives an overview of milk microbiota composition and activity, including factors influencing microbial composition and their potential biological relevance on infants' future health.
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Integrated Role of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Supplementation in Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Metabolism of Infant Rhesus Monkeys. mSystems 2016; 1:mSystems00128-16. [PMID: 27921083 PMCID: PMC5128019 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00128-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the impact of probiotic supplementation of infant formula on immune parameters, intestinal microbiota, and metabolism, five individually housed infant rhesus monkeys exclusively fed standard infant formula supplemented with probiotics (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019) from birth until 3 months of age were compared with five standard formula-fed and five breast-fed monkeys. Anthropometric measurements, serum insulin, immune parameters, fecal microbiota, and metabolic profiles of serum, urine, and feces were evaluated. Consumption of B. lactis-supplemented formula reduced microbial diversity, restructured the fecal microbial community, and altered the fecal metabolome at the last two time points, in addition to increasing short-chain fatty acids in serum and urine. Circulating CCL22 was lower and threonine, branched-chain amino acids, urea, and allantoin, as well as dimethylglycine in serum and urine, were increased in the group supplemented with B. lactis compared with the standard formula-fed group. These results support a role of probiotics as effectors of gut microbial activity regulating amino acid utilization and nitrogen cycling. Future risk-benefit analyses are still needed to consolidate the existing knowledge on the long-term consequences of probiotic administration during infancy. IMPORTANCE Probiotics are becoming increasingly popular due to their perceived effects on health, despite a lack of mechanistic information on how they impart these benefits. Infant formula and complementary foods are common targets for supplementation with probiotics. However, different probiotic strains have different properties, and there is a lack of data on long-term health effects on the consumer. Given the increasing interest in supplementation with probiotics and the fact that the gastrointestinal tracts of infants are still immature, we sought to determine whether consumption of infant formula containing the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 for 3 months starting at birth would impact gut microbial colonization, as well as infant immunity and metabolism, when compared with consumption of formula alone.
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Fitzstevens JL, Smith KC, Hagadorn JI, Caimano MJ, Matson AP, Brownell EA. Systematic Review of the Human Milk Microbiota. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 32:354-364. [PMID: 27679525 DOI: 10.1177/0884533616670150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk-associated microbes are among the first to colonize the infant gut and may help to shape both short- and long-term infant health outcomes. We performed a systematic review to characterize the microbiota of human milk. Relevant primary studies were identified through a comprehensive search of PubMed (January 1, 1964, to June 31, 2015). Included studies were conducted among healthy mothers, were written in English, identified bacteria in human milk, used culture-independent methods, and reported primary results at the genus level. Twelve studies satisfied inclusion criteria. All varied in geographic location and human milk collection/storage/analytic methods. Streptococcus was identified in human milk samples in 11 studies (91.6%) and Staphylococcus in 10 (83.3%); both were predominant genera in 6 (50%). Eight of the 12 studies used conventional ribosomal RNA (rRNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), of which 7 (87.5%) identified Streptococcus and 6 (80%) identified Staphylococcus as present. Of these 8 studies, 2 (25%) identified Streptococcus and Staphylococcus as predominant genera. Four of the 12 studies used next-generation sequencing (NGS), all of which identified Streptococcus and Staphylococcus as present and predominant genera. Relative to conventional rRNA PCR, NGS is a more sensitive method to identify/quantify bacterial genera in human milk, suggesting the predominance of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus may be underestimated in studies using older methods. These genera, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, may be universally predominant in human milk, regardless of differences in geographic location or analytic methods. Primary studies designed to evaluate the effect of these 2 genera on short- and long-term infant outcomes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Fitzstevens
- 1 Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelsey C Smith
- 2 Connecticut Human Milk Research Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.,3 Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - James I Hagadorn
- 2 Connecticut Human Milk Research Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.,3 Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.,4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Melissa J Caimano
- 5 Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,6 Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adam P Matson
- 3 Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.,4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,7 Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Brownell
- 2 Connecticut Human Milk Research Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.,3 Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.,4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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26
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Jackson F, Georgakopoulou N, Kaluarachchi M, Kyriakides M, Andreas N, Przysiezna N, Hyde MJ, Modi N, Nicholson JK, Wijeyesekera A, Holmes E. Development of a Pipeline for Exploratory Metabolic Profiling of Infant Urine. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3432-40. [PMID: 27476583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous metabolic profiling pipelines have been developed to characterize the composition of human biofluids and tissues, the vast majority of these being for studies in adults. To accommodate limited sample volume and to take into account the compositional differences between adult and infant biofluids, we developed and optimized sample handling and analytical procedures for studying urine from newborns. A robust pipeline for metabolic profiling using NMR spectroscopy was established, encompassing sample collection, preparation, spectroscopic measurement, and computational analysis. Longitudinal samples were collected from five infants from birth until 14 months of age. Methods of extraction and effects of freezing and sample dilution were assessed, and urinary contaminants from breakdown of polymers in a range of diapers and cotton wool balls were identified and compared, including propylene glycol, acrylic acid, and tert-butanol. Finally, assessment of urinary profiles obtained over the first few weeks of life revealed a dramatic change in composition, with concentrations of phenols, amino acids, and betaine altering systematically over the first few months of life. Therefore, neonatal samples require more stringent standardization of experimental design, sample handling, and analysis compared to that of adult samples to accommodate the variability and limited sample volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Jackson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Georgakopoulou
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Manuja Kaluarachchi
- Metabometrix Ltd, Bioincubator, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kyriakides
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Andreas
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Przysiezna
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Hyde
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Neena Modi
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Anisha Wijeyesekera
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Rao R, Ennis K, Lubach GR, Lock EF, Georgieff MK, Coe CL. Metabolomic analysis of CSF indicates brain metabolic impairment precedes hematological indices of anemia in the iron-deficient infant monkey. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:40-48. [PMID: 27499134 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1217119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Iron deficiency (ID) anemia leads to long-term neurodevelopmental deficits by altering iron-dependent brain metabolism. The objective of the study was to determine if ID induces metabolomic abnormalities in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the pre-anemic stage and to ascertain the aspects of abnormal brain metabolism affected. METHODS Standard hematological parameters [hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), transferrin (Tf) saturation, and zinc protoporphyrin/heme (ZnPP/H)] were compared at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 months in iron-sufficient (IS; n = 7) and iron-deficient (ID; n = 7) infant rhesus monkeys. Five CSF metabolite ratios were determined at 4, 8, and 12 months using 1H NMR spectroscopy at 16.4 T and compared between groups and in relation to hematologic parameters. RESULTS ID infants developed ID (Tf saturation < 25%) by 4 months of age and all became anemic (Hgb < 110 g/L and MCV < 60 fL) at 6 months. Their heme indices normalized by 12 months. Pyruvate/glutamine and phosphocreatine/creatine (PCr/Cr) ratios in CSF were lower in the ID infants by 4 months (P < 0.05). The PCr/Cr ratio remained lower at 8 months (P = 0.02). ZnPP/H, an established blood marker of pre-anemic ID, was positively correlated with the CSF citrate/glutamine ratio (marginal correlation, 0.34; P < 0.001; family wise error rate = 0.001). DISCUSSION Metabolomic analysis of the CSF is sensitive for detecting the effects of pre-anemic ID on brain energy metabolism. Persistence of a lower PCr/Cr ratio at 8 months, even as hematological measures demonstrated recovery from anemia, indicate that the restoration of brain energy metabolism is delayed. Metabolomic platforms offer a useful tool for early detection of the impact of ID on brain metabolism in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Rao
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , USA.,b Center for Neurobehavioral Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , USA
| | - Kathleen Ennis
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , USA
| | - Gabriele R Lubach
- c Harlow Center for Biological Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , USA
| | - Eric F Lock
- d Division of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , USA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , USA.,b Center for Neurobehavioral Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , USA
| | - Christopher L Coe
- c Harlow Center for Biological Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , USA
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28
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Bernstein RM, Hinde K. Bioactive factors in milk across lactation: Maternal effects and influence on infant growth in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2016; 78:838-50. [PMID: 27029025 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among mammals, numerous bioactive factors in milk vary across mothers and influence offspring outcomes. This emerging area of research has primarily investigated such dynamics within rodent biomedical models, domesticated dairy breeds, and among humans in clinical contexts. Less understood are signaling factors in the milk of non-human primates. Here, we report on multiple bioactive components in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) milk and their associations with maternal and infant characteristics. Milk samples were collected from 59 macaques at multiple time points across lactation in conjunction with maternal and infant morphometrics and life-history animal records. Milk was assayed for adiponectin (APN), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGF-R), and transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2 ). Regression models were constructed to assess the contributions of maternal factors on variation in milk bioactives, and on the relationship of this variation to infant body mass and growth. Maternal body mass, parity, social rank, and infant sex were all predictive of concentrations of milk bioactives. Primiparous mothers produced milk with higher adiponectin, but lower EGF, than multiparous mothers. Heavier mothers produced milk with lower EGF and EGF-R, but higher TGF-β2 . Mothers of daughters produced milk with higher TGF-β2 . Mid-ranking mothers produced milk with higher mean EGF and adiponectin concentrations than low-ranking mothers. Milk EGF and EGF-R were positively associated with infant body mass and growth rate. Importantly, these signaling bioactives (APN, EGF, EGF-R, and TGF-β2 ) were significantly correlated with nutritional values of milk. The effects of milk signals remained after controlling for the available energy in milk revealing the added physiological role of non-nutritive milk bioactives in the developing infant. Integrating analyses of energetic and other bioactive components of milk yields an important perspective for interpreting the magnitude, sources, and consequences of inter-individual variation in milk synthesis. Am. J. Primatol. 78:838-850, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Bernstein
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,Health and Society Program, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Katie Hinde
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Arizona.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Arizona.,Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, California
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29
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Spevacek AR, Smilowitz JT, Chin EL, Underwood MA, German JB, Slupsky CM. Infant Maturity at Birth Reveals Minor Differences in the Maternal Milk Metabolome in the First Month of Lactation. J Nutr 2015; 145:1698-708. [PMID: 26041675 PMCID: PMC4516766 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is the gold standard of nutrition for infants, providing both protective and essential nutrients. Although much is known about milk from mothers giving birth to term infants, less is known about milk from mothers giving birth to premature infants. In addition, little is known about the composition and diversity of small molecules in these milks and how they change over the first month of lactation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to understand how milk metabolites vary over the first month of lactation in mothers giving birth to term and preterm infants. METHODS (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to characterize metabolites that were present in micromolar to molar concentrations in colostrum (day 0-5 postpartum), transition milk (day 14), and mature milk (day 28) from mothers who delivered term (n = 15) and preterm (n = 13) infants. Principal components analysis, linear mixed-effects models (LMMs), and linear models (LMs) were used to explore the relation between infant maturity and the postpartum day of collection of milk samples. RESULTS By using a standard NMR metabolite library, 69 metabolites were identified in the milks, including 15 sugars, 23 amino acids and derivatives, 11 energy-related metabolites, 10 fatty acid-associated metabolites, 3 nucleotides and derivatives, 2 vitamins, and 5 bacteria-associated metabolites. Many metabolite concentrations followed a similar progression over time in both term and preterm milks, with more biological variation in metabolite concentrations in preterm milk. However, although lacto-N-neotetraose (LMM, P = 4.0 × 10(-5)) and lysine (LM, P = 1.5 × 10(-4)) significantly decreased in concentration in term milk over time, they did not significantly change in preterm milk. CONCLUSION Overall, the metabolic profile of human milk is dynamic throughout the first month of lactation, with more variability in preterm than in term milk and subtle differences in some metabolite concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01841268.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Mark A Underwood
- Pediatrics, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - J Bruce German
- Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Departments of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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30
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Andreas NJ, Hyde MJ, Gomez-Romero M, Lopez-Gonzalvez MA, Villaseñor A, Wijeyesekera A, Barbas C, Modi N, Holmes E, Garcia-Perez I. Multiplatform characterization of dynamic changes in breast milk during lactation. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2269-2285. [PMID: 25959062 PMCID: PMC4744768 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The multicomponent analysis of human breast milk (BM) by metabolic profiling is a new area of study applied to determining milk composition, and is capable of associating BM composition with maternal characteristics, and subsequent infant health outcomes. A multiplatform approach combining HPLC‐MS and ultra‐performance LC‐MS, GC‐MS, CE‐MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to comprehensively characterize metabolic profiles from seventy BM samples. A total of 710 metabolites spanning multiple molecular classes were defined. The utility of the individual and combined analytical platforms was explored in relation to numbers of metabolites identified, as well as the reproducibility of the methods. The greatest number of metabolites was identified by the single phase HPLC‐MS method, while CE‐MS uniquely profiled amino acids in detail and NMR was the most reproducible, whereas GC‐MS targeted volatile compounds and short chain fatty acids. Dynamic changes in BM composition were characterized over the first 3 months of lactation. Metabolites identified as altering in abundance over lactation included fucose, di‐ and triacylglycerols, and short chain fatty acids, known to be important for infant immunological, neurological, and gastrointestinal development, as well as being an important source of energy. This extensive metabolic coverage of the dynamic BM metabolome provides a baseline for investigating the impact of maternal characteristics, as well as establishing the impact of environmental and dietary factors on the composition of BM, with a focus on the downstream health consequences this may have for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Andreas
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Hyde
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Gomez-Romero
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alma Villaseñor
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anisha Wijeyesekera
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Neena Modi
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Isabel Garcia-Perez
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ardeshir A, Narayan NR, Méndez-Lagares G, Lu D, Rauch M, Huang Y, Van Rompay KKA, Lynch SV, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ. Breast-fed and bottle-fed infant rhesus macaques develop distinct gut microbiotas and immune systems. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:252ra120. [PMID: 25186175 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diet has a strong influence on the intestinal microbiota in both humans and animal models. It is well established that microbial colonization is required for normal development of the immune system and that specific microbial constituents prompt the differentiation or expansion of certain immune cell subsets. Nonetheless, it has been unclear how profoundly diet might shape the primate immune system or how durable the influence might be. We show that breast-fed and bottle-fed infant rhesus macaques develop markedly different immune systems, which remain different 6 months after weaning when the animals begin receiving identical diets. In particular, breast-fed infants develop robust populations of memory T cells as well as T helper 17 (TH17) cells within the memory pool, whereas bottle-fed infants do not. These findings may partly explain the variation in human susceptibility to conditions with an immune basis, as well as the variable protection against certain infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ardeshir
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicole R Narayan
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gema Méndez-Lagares
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ding Lu
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marcus Rauch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Beck KL, Weber D, Phinney BS, Smilowitz JT, Hinde K, Lönnerdal B, Korf I, Lemay DG. Comparative Proteomics of Human and Macaque Milk Reveals Species-Specific Nutrition during Postnatal Development. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2143-57. [PMID: 25757574 DOI: 10.1021/pr501243m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Milk has been well established as the optimal nutrition source for infants, yet there is still much to be understood about its molecular composition. Therefore, our objective was to develop and compare comprehensive milk proteomes for human and rhesus macaques to highlight differences in neonatal nutrition. We developed a milk proteomics technique that overcomes previous technical barriers including pervasive post-translational modifications and limited sample volume. We identified 1606 and 518 proteins in human and macaque milk, respectively. During analysis of detected protein orthologs, we identified 88 differentially abundant proteins. Of these, 93% exhibited increased abundance in human milk relative to macaque and include lactoferrin, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, vitamin D-binding protein, and haptocorrin. Furthermore, proteins more abundant in human milk compared with macaque are associated with development of the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system, and the brain. Overall, our novel proteomics method reveals the first comprehensive macaque milk proteome and 524 newly identified human milk proteins. The differentially abundant proteins observed are consistent with the perspective that human infants, compared with nonhuman primates, are born at a slightly earlier stage of somatic development and require additional support through higher quantities of specific proteins to nurture human infant maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Katie Hinde
- ⊥Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Hinde K, Skibiel AL, Foster AB, Del Rosso L, Mendoza SP, Capitanio JP. Cortisol in mother's milk across lactation reflects maternal life history and predicts infant temperament. Behav Ecol 2014; 26:269-281. [PMID: 25713475 PMCID: PMC4309982 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In monkeys, high cortisol and changes in cortisol levels in mother’s milk are associated with more nervous and less confident infants. Sons are more sensitive than are daughters to changes in cortisol in mother’s milk across lactation. Females that are earlier in their reproductive career tend to have higher cortisol in their milk. Mothers may be “programming” behaviorally cautious offspring that prioritize growth through cortisol signaling. The maternal environment exerts important influences on offspring mass/growth, metabolism, reproduction, neurobiology, immune function, and behavior among birds, insects, reptiles, fish, and mammals. For mammals, mother’s milk is an important physiological pathway for nutrient transfer and glucocorticoid signaling that potentially influences offspring growth and behavioral phenotype. Glucocorticoids in mother’s milk have been associated with offspring behavioral phenotype in several mammals, but studies have been handicapped by not simultaneously evaluating milk energy density and yield. This is problematic as milk glucocorticoids and nutrients likely have simultaneous effects on offspring phenotype. We investigated mother’s milk and infant temperament and growth in a cohort of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) mother–infant dyads at the California National Primate Research Center (N = 108). Glucocorticoids in mother’s milk, independent of available milk energy, predicted a more Nervous, less Confident temperament in both sons and daughters. We additionally found sex differences in the windows of sensitivity and the magnitude of sensitivity to maternal-origin glucocorticoids. Lower parity mothers produced milk with higher cortisol concentrations. Lastly, higher cortisol concentrations in milk were associated with greater infant weight gain across time. Taken together, these results suggest that mothers with fewer somatic resources, even in captivity, may be “programming” through cortisol signaling, behaviorally cautious offspring that prioritize growth. Glucocorticoids ingested through milk may importantly contribute to the assimilation of available milk energy, development of temperament, and orchestrate, in part, the allocation of maternal milk energy between growth and behavioral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Hinde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA , ; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of Califoria, One Shields Avenue , Davis CA 95616 , USA , ; Nutrition Laboratory, Smithsonian National Zoological Park , 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 , USA
| | - Amy L Skibiel
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA , ; Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University , 101 Rouse Life Science Rd, Auburn, AL, 36849 , USA
| | - Alison B Foster
- Division of Early Childhood, Mills College , 5000 MacArthur Blvd, Oakland, CA, 94613 , USA , and
| | - Laura Del Rosso
- Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of Califoria, One Shields Avenue , Davis CA 95616 , USA
| | - Sally P Mendoza
- Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of Califoria, One Shields Avenue , Davis CA 95616 , USA , ; Department of Psychology, University of California Davis , One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616 , USA
| | - John P Capitanio
- Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of Califoria, One Shields Avenue , Davis CA 95616 , USA , ; Department of Psychology, University of California Davis , One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616 , USA
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Phillips KA, Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW, ‘t Hart BA, Hopkins WD, Hu SL, Miller LA, Nader MA, Nathanielsz PW, Rogers J, Shively CA, Voytko ML. Why primate models matter. Am J Primatol 2014; 76:801-27. [PMID: 24723482 PMCID: PMC4145602 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research involving nonhuman primates (NHPs) has played a vital role in many of the medical and scientific advances of the past century. NHPs are used because of their similarity to humans in physiology, neuroanatomy, reproduction, development, cognition, and social complexity-yet it is these very similarities that make the use of NHPs in biomedical research a considered decision. As primate researchers, we feel an obligation and responsibility to present the facts concerning why primates are used in various areas of biomedical research. Recent decisions in the United States, including the phasing out of chimpanzees in research by the National Institutes of Health and the pending closure of the New England Primate Research Center, illustrate to us the critical importance of conveying why continued research with primates is needed. Here, we review key areas in biomedicine where primate models have been, and continue to be, essential for advancing fundamental knowledge in biomedical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A. Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio TX 78212
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio TX
| | - Karen L. Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
| | - John P. Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
| | - Alan Conley
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - Paul W. Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Bert A. ‘t Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswick, The Netherlands
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302
- Division of Cognitive and Developmental Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta GA 30030
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lisa A. Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio TX 78229
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Mary Lou Voytko
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
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Abstract
Because of their strong similarities to humans across physiologic, developmental, behavioral, immunologic, and genetic levels, nonhuman primates are essential models for a wide spectrum of biomedical research. But unlike other animal models, nonhuman primates possess substantial outbred genetic variation, reducing statistical power and potentially confounding interpretation of results in research studies. Although unknown genetic variation is a hindrance in studies that allocate animals randomly, taking genetic variation into account in study design affords an opportunity to transform the way that nonhuman primates are used in biomedical research. New understandings of how the function of individual genes in rhesus macaques mimics that seen in humans are greatly advancing the rhesus macaques utility as research models, but epistatic interaction, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, and the intricacies of gene networks limit model development. We are now entering a new era of nonhuman primate research, brought on by the proliferation and rapid expansion of genomic data. Already the cost of a rhesus macaque genome is dwarfed by its purchase and husbandry costs, and complete genomic datasets will inevitably encompass each rhesus macaque used in biomedical research. Advancing this outcome is paramount. It represents an opportunity to transform the way animals are assigned and used in biomedical research and to develop new models of human disease. The genetic and genomic revolution brings with it a paradigm shift for nonhuman primates and new mandates on how nonhuman primates are used in biomedical research.
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Chan AWS. Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research. ILAR J 2014; 54:211-23. [PMID: 24174443 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest of modeling human diseases using genetically modified (transgenic) nonhuman primates (NHPs) is a direct result of NHPs (rhesus macaque, etc.) close relation to humans. NHPs share similar developmental paths with humans in their anatomy, physiology, genetics, and neural functions; and in their cognition, emotion, and social behavior. The NHP model within biomedical research has played an important role in the development of vaccines, assisted reproductive technologies, and new therapies for many diseases. Biomedical research has not been the primary role of NHPs. They have mainly been used for safety evaluation and pharmacokinetics studies, rather than determining therapeutic efficacy. The development of the first transgenic rhesus macaque (2001) revolutionized the role of NHP models in biomedicine. Development of the transgenic NHP model of Huntington's disease (2008), with distinctive clinical features, further suggested the uniqueness of the model system; and the potential role of the NHP model for human genetic disorders. Modeling human genetic diseases using NHPs will continue to thrive because of the latest advances in molecular, genetic, and embryo technologies. NHPs rising role in biomedical research, specifically pre-clinical studies, is foreseeable. The path toward the development of transgenic NHPs and the prospect of transgenic NHPs in their new role in future biomedicine needs to be reviewed. This article will focus on the advancement of transgenic NHPs in the past decade, including transgenic technologies and disease modeling. It will outline new technologies that may have significant impact in future NHP modeling and will conclude with a discussion of the future prospects of the transgenic NHP model.
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Moltu SJ, Sachse D, Blakstad EW, Strømmen K, Nakstad B, Almaas AN, Westerberg AC, Rønnestad A, Brække K, Veierød MB, Iversen PO, Rise F, Berg JP, Drevon CA. Urinary metabolite profiles in premature infants show early postnatal metabolic adaptation and maturation. Nutrients 2014; 6:1913-30. [PMID: 24824288 PMCID: PMC4042575 DOI: 10.3390/nu6051913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Early nutrition influences metabolic programming and long-term health. We explored the urinary metabolite profiles of 48 premature infants (birth weight < 1500 g) randomized to an enhanced or a standard diet during neonatal hospitalization. Methods: Metabolomics using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was conducted on urine samples obtained during the first week of life and thereafter fortnightly. Results: The intervention group received significantly higher amounts of energy, protein, lipids, vitamin A, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid as compared to the control group. Enhanced nutrition did not appear to affect the urine profiles to an extent exceeding individual variation. However, in all infants the glucogenic amino acids glycine, threonine, hydroxyproline and tyrosine increased substantially during the early postnatal period, along with metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (succinate, oxoglutarate, fumarate and citrate). The metabolite changes correlated with postmenstrual age. Moreover, we observed elevated threonine and glycine levels in first-week urine samples of the small for gestational age (SGA; birth weight < 10th percentile for gestational age) as compared to the appropriate for gestational age infants. Conclusion: This first nutri-metabolomics study in premature infants demonstrates that the physiological adaptation during the fetal-postnatal transition as well as maturation influences metabolism during the breastfeeding period. Elevated glycine and threonine levels were found in the first week urine samples of the SGA infants and emerged as potential biomarkers of an altered metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel J Moltu
- Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway.
| | - Daniel Sachse
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway.
| | - Elin W Blakstad
- Department of Child and Adolescents Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog 1478, Norway.
| | - Kenneth Strømmen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway.
| | - Britt Nakstad
- Department of Child and Adolescents Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog 1478, Norway.
| | - Astrid N Almaas
- Department of Child and Adolescents Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog 1478, Norway.
| | - Ane C Westerberg
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway.
| | - Arild Rønnestad
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway.
| | - Kristin Brække
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway.
| | - Marit B Veierød
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway.
| | - Per O Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway.
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway.
| | - Jens P Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway.
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway.
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Kelly KR, Pypendop BH, Christe KL. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and intramuscular administration in male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:480-5. [PMID: 24666428 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in conscious rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration. Four healthy, opioid-naïve, socially housed, adult male macaques were used. Buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) was administered intravenously as a bolus or intramuscularly on separate occasions. Blood samples were collected prior to, and up to 24 h, postadministration. Serum buprenorphine concentrations were analyzed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with commercially available software. Mean residence time in the i.v. study as compared to the i.m. study was 177 (159-189) vs. 185 (174-214) min, respectively [median (range)]. In the i.v. study, concentration back-extrapolated to time zero was found to be 33.0 (16.8-57.0) ng/mL [median (range)]. On the other hand, the maximum serum concentration found in the i.m. study was 11.8 (6.30-14.8) ng/mL [median (range)]. Rhesus macaques maintained concentrations >0.10 ng/mL for over 24 h in the i.v. study and over 12 h in the i.m. study. Bioavailability was found to be 68.1 (59.3-71.2)% [median (range)]. No significant adverse effects were observed in the monkeys at the 0.03 mg/kg dose of buprenorphine during either study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Kelly
- Department of Primate Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
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Sachse D, Bærug A, Sletner L, Birkeland KI, Nakstad B, Jenum AK, Berg JP. Urine NMR metabolomics analysis of breastfeeding biomarkers during and after pregnancy in a large prospective cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:264-72. [PMID: 24621206 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.884240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern metabolomic profiling has not yet been applied to human breastfeeding research. A common reason for breastfeeding cessation is perceived insufficient milk production. We investigated broad biochemical profiles in maternal urine collected during and after pregnancy to identify biomarkers related to reduced reported breastfeeding. METHODS Fasting urine was collected at three consultations (visit V1: gestational week 8-20; V2: week 28 ± 2; V3: 10-16 weeks postpartum) in the STORK Groruddalen program, a prospective, multiethnic cohort study of gestational diabetes involving healthy, pregnant women in Oslo, Norway, and analyzed using NMR spectroscopy. Breastfeeding at V3 was recorded in three categories: Exclusively breastfeeding (n = 326), partially breastfeeding (n = 156) and formula feeding (n = 67). RESULTS Five metabolites were relevant to breastfeeding. Lactose was detected at V1 and increased to 0.1 mM/mM creatinine at V2. Postpartum excretion at V3 was significantly higher in exclusively breastfeeding women than partially or non-breastfeeding (median = 0.29, 0.23 and 0.04 mM/mM creatine, respectively; ANOVA p-value = 2e-70). Glycine excretion at V3 (0.12, 0.10 and 0.06, respectively; p = 2e-5) and at V2 were associated with breastfeeding (0.34, 0.33 and 0.26, respectively; p = 4e-5). Creatine and two unidentified substances also correlated with breastfeeding. NMR metabolomics found no other metabolites differing between categories during pregnancy (V1, V2), and did not predict individual breastfeeding postpartum (V3). CONCLUSION Decreased glycine excretion at V2 may indicate difficulties meeting the metabolic demands of the growing fetus, but urine profiles contained otherwise little indication of early adaptations during pregnancy towards reduced biological potential to breastfeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sachse
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Lemay DG, Hovey RC, Hartono SR, Hinde K, Smilowitz JT, Ventimiglia F, Schmidt KA, Lee JWS, Islas-Trejo A, Silva PI, Korf I, Medrano JF, Barry PA, German JB. Sequencing the transcriptome of milk production: milk trumps mammary tissue. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:872. [PMID: 24330573 PMCID: PMC3871720 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of normal human mammary gland development and function have mostly relied on cell culture, limited surgical specimens, and rodent models. Although RNA extracted from human milk has been used to assay the mammary transcriptome non-invasively, this assay has not been adequately validated in primates. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to assess the suitability of lactating rhesus macaques as a model for lactating humans and to determine whether RNA extracted from milk fractions is representative of RNA extracted from mammary tissue for the purpose of studying the transcriptome of milk-producing cells. RESULTS We confirmed that macaque milk contains cytoplasmic crescents and that ample high-quality RNA can be obtained for sequencing. Using RNA sequencing, RNA extracted from macaque milk fat and milk cell fractions more accurately represented RNA from mammary epithelial cells (cells that produce milk) than did RNA from whole mammary tissue. Mammary epithelium-specific transcripts were more abundant in macaque milk fat, whereas adipose or stroma-specific transcripts were more abundant in mammary tissue. Functional analyses confirmed the validity of milk as a source of RNA from milk-producing mammary epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS RNA extracted from the milk fat during lactation accurately portrayed the RNA profile of milk-producing mammary epithelial cells in a non-human primate. However, this sample type clearly requires protocols that minimize RNA degradation. Overall, we validated the use of RNA extracted from human and macaque milk and provided evidence to support the use of lactating macaques as a model for human lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Lemay
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stella R Hartono
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Peabody Museum, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Frank Ventimiglia
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kimberli A Schmidt
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joyce WS Lee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pedro Ivo Silva
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ian Korf
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Smilowitz JT, O’Sullivan A, Barile D, German JB, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky CM. The human milk metabolome reveals diverse oligosaccharide profiles. J Nutr 2013; 143:1709-18. [PMID: 24027187 PMCID: PMC4083237 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.178772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk delivers nutrition and protection to the developing infant. There has been considerable research on the high-molecular-weight milk components; however, low-molecular-weight metabolites have received less attention. To determine the effect of maternal phenotype and diet on the human milk metabolome, milk collected at day 90 postpartum from 52 healthy women was analyzed by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sixty-five milk metabolites were quantified (mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides; amino acids and derivatives; energy metabolites; fatty acids and associated metabolites; vitamins, nucleotides, and derivatives; and others). The biological variation, represented as the percentage CV of each metabolite, varied widely (4-120%), with several metabolites having low variation (<20%), including lactose, urea, glutamate, myo-inositol, and creatinine. Principal components analysis identified 2 clear groups of participants who were differentiable on the basis of milk oligosaccharide concentration and who were classified as secretors or nonsecretors of fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) gene products according to the concentration of 2'-fucosyllactose, lactodifucotetraose, and lacto-N-fucopentaose I. Exploration of the interrelations between the milk sugars by using Spearman rank correlations revealed significant positive and negative associations, including positive correlations between fucose and products of the FUT2 gene and negative correlations between fucose and products of the fucosyltransferase 3 (FUT3) gene. The total concentration of milk oligosaccharides was conserved among participants (%CV = 18%), suggesting tight regulation of total oligosaccharide production; however, concentrations of specific oligosaccharides varied widely between participants (%CV = 30.4-84.3%). The variability in certain milk metabolites suggests possible roles in infant or infant gut microbial development. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01817127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Departments of Food Science and Technology
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Aifric O’Sullivan
- Departments of Food Science and Technology
- Nutrition, and
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Departments of Food Science and Technology
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - J. Bruce German
- Departments of Food Science and Technology
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Nutrition, and
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Departments of Food Science and Technology
- Nutrition, and
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Praticò G, Capuani G, Tomassini A, Baldassarre ME, Delfini M, Miccheli A. Exploring human breast milk composition by NMR-based metabolomics. Nat Prod Res 2013; 28:95-101. [PMID: 24079341 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.843180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is a complex fluid evolutionarily adapted to satisfy the nutritional requirements of growing infants. In addition, milk biochemical and immunological components protect newborns against infective agents in the new environment. Human milk oligosaccharides, the third most abundant component of breast milk, are believed to modulate the microbiota composition, thus influencing a wide range of physiological processes of the infant. Human milk also contains a number of other bioactive compounds, the functional role of which has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this scenario, NMR-based metabolic profiling can provide a rapid characterisation of breast milk composition, thus allowing a better understanding of its nutritional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Praticò
- a Department of Chemistry , Sapienza University of Rome , p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome , Italy
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43
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O'Sullivan A, He X, McNiven EMS, Haggarty NW, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky CM. Early diet impacts infant rhesus gut microbiome, immunity, and metabolism. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2833-45. [PMID: 23651394 DOI: 10.1021/pr4001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological research has indicated a relationship between infant formula feeding and increased risk of chronic diseases later in life including obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The present study used an infant rhesus monkey model to compare the comprehensive metabolic implications of formula- and breast-feeding practices using NMR spectroscopy to characterize metabolite fingerprints from urine and serum, in combination with anthropometric measurements, fecal microbial profiling, and cytokine measurements. Here we show that formula-fed infants are larger than their breast-fed counterparts and have a different gut microbiome that includes higher levels of bacteria from the Ruminococcus genus and lower levels of bacteria from the Lactobacillus genus. In addition, formula-fed infants have higher serum insulin coupled with higher amino acid levels, while amino acid degradation products were higher in breast-fed infants. Increases in serum and urine galactose and urine galactitol were observed in the second month of life in formula-fed infants, along with higher levels of TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, and other cytokines and growth factors at week 4. These results demonstrate that metabolic and gut microbiome development of formula-fed infants is different from breast-fed infants and that the choice of infant feeding may hold future health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifric O'Sullivan
- Department of Nutrition, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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44
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Abstract
Milk is a key component in infant nutrition worldwide and, in the Western parts of the world, also in adult nutrition. Milk of bovine origin is both consumed fresh and processed into a variety of dairy products including cheese, fermented milk products, and infant formula. The nutritional quality and processing capabilities of bovine milk is closely associated to milk composition. Metabolomics is ideal in the study of the low-molecular-weight compounds in milk, and this review focuses on the recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics trends in milk research, including applications linking the milk metabolite profiling with nutritional aspects, and applications which aim to link the milk metabolite profile to various technological qualities of milk. The metabolite profiling studies encompass the identification of novel metabolites, which potentially can be used as biomarkers or as bioactive compounds. Furthermore, metabolomics applications elucidating how the differential regulated genes affects milk composition are also reported. This review will highlight the recent advances in NMR-based metabolomics on milk, as well as give a brief summary of when NMR spectroscopy can be useful for gaining a better understanding of how milk composition is linked to nutritional or quality traits.
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45
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Putkhao K, Chan AWS, Agca Y, Parnpai R. Cryopreservation of transgenic Huntington's disease rhesus macaque sperm-A Case Report. CLONING & TRANSGENESIS 2013; 2:1000116. [PMID: 25431746 PMCID: PMC4243968 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9849.1000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cryoprotective effects of glycerol in three different semen freezing extenders, Tris-citrate (TRIS), TEST, and Tes-Tris-Egg yolk (TTE), on wild-type (WT) rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) sperm cryopreservation have been tested. Sperm motility and viability were examined to evaluate the integrity of frozen-thawed sperm, and the best extender was selected to cryopreserve sperm from transgenic Huntington's disease (HD) rhesus monkey. The results showed no post-thaw motility difference among the freezing extender tested (P>0.05). However, sperm membrane integrity in TEST and TTE were significantly better than in TRIS extender (P<0.05). TEST was chosen for HD rhesus monkey sperm cryopreservation. The results showed that post-thawed HD sperm motility and viability was not different compared with WT control group (P>0.05). The present study demonstrates that TEST and TTE were excellent extenders and suitable for rhesus monkey sperm cryopreservation and no detectible differences of post-thaw sperm motility and viability between HD and WT rhesus monkeys resulted from TEST extender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiphong Putkhao
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center Emory University School of Medicine 954 Gatewood Rd., N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. ; Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Anthony W S Chan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri 1600 East Rollins Rd., Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Yuksel Agca
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rangsun Parnpai
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center Emory University School of Medicine 954 Gatewood Rd., N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. ; Yerkes National Primate Research Center Emory University School of Medicine 954 Gatewood Rd., N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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