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Agbonlahor O, DeJarnett N, Hart JL, Bhatnagar A, McLeish AC, Walker KL. Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:783-807. [PMID: 36976513 PMCID: PMC10044132 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racial discrimination has been identified as a risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among racial/ethnic minority groups; however, there is no synthesis of current knowledge on the association between discrimination and cardiometabolic diseases. The objective of this systematic review was to summarize evidence linking racial/ethnic discrimination and cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS The review was conducted based on studies identified via electronic searches of 5 databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, WorldWideScience.org, ResearchGate and Microsoft Academic) using terms related to discrimination and cardiometabolic disease. RESULTS Of the 123 eligible studies included in the review, 87 were cross-sectional, 25 longitudinal, 8 quasi-experimental, 2 randomized controlled trials and 1 case-control. Cardiometabolic disease outcomes discussed were hypertension (n = 46), cardiovascular disease (n = 40), obesity (n = 12), diabetes (n = 11), metabolic syndrome (n = 9), and chronic kidney disease (n = 5). Although a variety of discrimination measures was employed across the studies, the Everyday Discrimination Scale was used most often (32.5%). African Americans/Blacks were the most frequently studied racial/ethnic group (53.1%), and American Indians the least (0.02%). Significant associations between racial/ethnic discrimination and cardiometabolic disease were found in 73.2% of the studies. DISCUSSION Racial/ethnic discrimination is positively associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease and higher levels of cardiometabolic biomarkers. Identifying racial/ethnic discrimination as a potential key contributor to the health inequities associated with cardiometabolic diseases is important for addressing the significant burden borne by racial/ethnic minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osayande Agbonlahor
- Department of Communication, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Natasha DeJarnett
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Joy L. Hart
- Department of Communication, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Alison C. McLeish
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, Dallas, TX USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Kandi L. Walker
- Department of Communication, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- American Heart Association Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, Dallas, TX USA
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Merritt CC, Muscatell KA. Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health in Black Americans: Exploring Inflammation as a Mechanism and Perceived Control as a Protective Factor. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:181-191. [PMID: 38436661 PMCID: PMC11001516 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation may be an integral physiological mechanism through which discrimination impacts cardiovascular health and contributes to racial health disparities. Limited research has examined psychosocial factors that protect against the negative effects of discrimination on inflammation. Perceived control is a promising possible protective factor, given that it has been shown to moderate the relationship between other psychosocial stressors and physiological outcomes. This study thus tested whether systemic inflammation mediated the link between discrimination and cardiovascular health and whether perceived control moderated this relationship. METHODS Data for this project included 347 non-Hispanic/Latinx Black adults (mean [standard deviation] age = 51.64 [11.24] years; 33% female) taken from the Midlife in the United States study. Perceived control and daily discrimination were assessed via self-report, and inflammation was measured via circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, and tumor necrosis factor α. Cardiovascular health was measured by morbidity of cardiovascular conditions: heart disease, hypertension, and/or stroke. RESULTS CRP (indirect effect: b = 0.004, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.001-0.007) and fibrinogen (indirect effect: b = 0.002, 95% CI = 0.0003-0.005) mediated the link between discrimination and cardiovascular conditions. Perceived control moderated the relationship between discrimination and CRP ( F (1, 293) = 4.58, Δ R2 = 0.013, b = -0.02, SE = 0.01, p = .033). CRP mediated the link between discrimination and cardiovascular conditions only for those who reported low levels of perceived control (Index = -0.003, 95% CI = -0.007 to -0.0001). CONCLUSION Findings provide empirical evidence of inflammation as a mechanism linking discrimination to cardiovascular conditions among Black Americans. Additionally, perceived control may be protective. Findings could suggest beliefs about control as a potential intervention target to help reduce the negative effects of discrimination on cardiovascular health among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrington C. Merritt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Keely A. Muscatell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Louie P, DeAngelis RT. Fear of a Black Neighborhood: Anti-Black Racism and the Health of White Americans. SOCIAL FORCES; A SCIENTIFIC MEDIUM OF SOCIAL STUDY AND INTERPRETATION 2024; 102:817-838. [PMID: 38229931 PMCID: PMC10789170 DOI: 10.1093/sf/soad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Does anti-Black racism harm White Americans? We advance hypotheses that address this question within the neighborhood context. Hypotheses are tested with neighborhood and survey data from a probability sample of White residents of Nashville, Tennessee. We find that regardless of neighborhood crime rates or socioeconomic compositions, Whites report heightened perceptions of crime and danger in their neighborhoods as the proportion of Black residents increases. Perceived neighborhood danger, in turn, predicts increased symptoms of psychophysiological distress. When stratified by socioeconomic status (SES), however, low-SES Whites also report perceptions of higher status when living near more Black neighbors, which entirely offsets their distress. We conclude that although anti-Black racism can ironically harm the health of White Americans, compensatory racist ideologies can also offset these harms, particularly for lower-status Whites. We situate our findings within broader discussions of anti-Black racism, residential segregation, and psychiatric disorders commonly observed among White Americans.
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Rivera FB, Cha SW, Ansay MFM, Taliño MKV, Flores GP, Nguyen RT, Bonuel N, Happy Araneta MR, Volgman AS, Shah N, Vahidy F, Cainzos-Achirica M. Cardiovascular disease in Filipino American men and women: A 2023 update. Am Heart J 2023; 266:1-13. [PMID: 37544493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
With more than 4.2 million people, Filipino Americans are the third largest Asian group in the US and the largest Southeast Asian group in the country. Despite relatively favorable average socioeconomic indicators compared to the general US population, Filipino Americans face a significant burden of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, particularly among men. Moreover, Filipino Americans have high rates of cardiovascular death, often occurring at a younger age compared to other minority groups and Non-Hispanic White adults. In view of these trends, in 2010 the American Heart Association designated Filipino Americans as a high cardiovascular risk group. Despite this, in 2023, Filipino Americans remain underrepresented in landmark cardiovascular cohort studies and are often over looked as a group at increased cardiovascular risk. In this updated narrative review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the burden of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases experienced by the Filipino American population. Our aim is to inform enhanced clinical, population, and policy-level prevention interventions and boost research in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ryan T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Nilay Shah
- Blum Cardiovascular Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Farhaan Vahidy
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX
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Chong LS, Lin B, Gordis E. Racial differences in sympathetic nervous system indicators: Implications and challenges for research. Biol Psychol 2023; 177:108496. [PMID: 36641137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates the presence of racial differences in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) functioning, yet the nature of these differences is unclear and appears to vary across different indices of SNS activity. Moreover, racial differences among commonly used indices of SNS activity are under-investigated. This systematic review examines racial differences among widely used resting SNS indices, such as electrodermal activity (EDA), pre-ejection period (PEP), and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA). Our review reveals that Black participants have consistently been found to display lower resting EDA compared to White participants. The few studies that have investigated or reported racial differences in PEP and sAA yield mixed findings about whether racial differences exist. We discuss potential reasons for racial differences in SNS activity, such as index-specific factors, lab confounds, psychosocial environmental factors, and their interactions. We outline a framework characterizing possible contributors to racial differences in SNS functioning. Lastly, we highlight the implications of several definitional, analytic, and interpretive issues concerning the treatment of group differences in psychophysiological activity and provide future recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen Chong
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Betty Lin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Elana Gordis
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
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Killen M, Elenbaas L, Ruck MD. Developmental Perspectives on Social Inequalities and Human Rights. Hum Dev 2022; 66:329-342. [PMID: 36530480 PMCID: PMC9754101 DOI: 10.1159/000526276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Social inequalities and human rights are inevitably linked to children's and adolescents' healthy development. Children who experience structural and interpersonal inequalities in access to resources and opportunities based on their gender, race, ethnicity, or other group categories are denied the right to fair treatment. We assert that investigating the psychological perspectives that children hold regarding inequalities and human rights is necessary for creating fair and just societies. We take a constructivist approach to this topic which seeks to understand how individuals interpret and evaluate observed and experienced inequalities. Even young children think about these issues. Yet, throughout development, individuals must often weigh multiple, potentially conflicting considerations when interpreting, evaluating, and responding to social inequalities and rights violations. In these complex contexts, children and adolescents are neither fully "moral" nor fully "prejudiced." Rather, critical questions for research in this area concern when, why, and for whom young people reject inequalities and support rights, and, by contrast, when, why, and for whom they accept that inequalities and rights violations should be allowed to persist. This paper provides a brief overview of how different conceptions of social inequalities and rights are intrinsically linked together.
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Harris LK, Berry DC, Cortés YI. Psychosocial factors related to Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Young African American Women: a systematic review. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2022; 27:1806-1824. [PMID: 34668802 PMCID: PMC9018871 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2021.1990218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE African American women are exposed to multiple adverse psychosocial factors, including racism, discrimination, poverty, neighborhood stress, anxiety, and depression. The impact of these psychosocial factors on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women during early adulthood is limited. This review aims to summarize and synthesize the recent literature on psychosocial factors related to CVD risk in young African American women. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of the literature in PubMed, APA PsycINFO, and CINAHL. We systematically reviewed the literature for studies examining associations between psychosocial factors (e.g. racism, discrimination, neighborhood stress, anxiety) and CVD risk factors (e.g. body mass index [BMI], blood pressure, diabetes) in African American women age 19-24 years. Eligible studies measured at least one psychosocial factor, a CVD risk factor, and included young adult African American women (age 19-24) or reported sex-stratified analyses. RESULTS We identified nine studies that met our inclusion criteria: six cross-sectional and three longitudinal studies. Of these, eight studies reported that psychosocial factors (i.e. perceived stress, racial discrimination, internalized racism, depression) are related to higher BMI and blood pressure. The majority of studies were conducted among college students or had a small sample size (<200). The quality of six studies was rated as excellent; the remainder were good and fair. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this review suggest that exposure to adverse psychosocial factors may be related to increased CVD risk in early adulthood (age 19-24) in African American women. However, larger prospective analyses are necessary to examine these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latesha K. Harris
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diane C. Berry
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yamnia I. Cortés
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Sosoo EE, MacCormack JK, Neblett EW. Psychophysiological and affective reactivity to vicarious police violence. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14065. [PMID: 35543565 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how vicarious police violence, or instances of police violence observed but not directly experienced, impacts health among Black individuals. Using a lab-based paradigm in a sample of young adults (N = 101), this study examined: (a) psychophysiological reactivity to instances of vicarious police violence, particularly the assault and shooting of Black individuals; (b) affective reactivity to instances of vicarious police violence; and (c) how racial identity, one important moderator, influences psychophysiological and affective responses to vicarious police violence. Using electrocardiography and impedance cardiography, participants' cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic physiological responses were continuously monitored. Three sets of high-quality color photographs (neutral, non-violent distress, violence) were viewed on a computer. Participants rated their affect after each set using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Following this task, racial identity was assessed using the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity-Short Form. Findings indicated that vicarious police violence was associated with greater sympathetic reactivity and negative affect relative to the neutral and non-violent distress conditions. Additionally, higher levels of racial centrality exacerbated the association between vicarious police violence and negative affect. Findings suggest that Black individuals may wish to limit their consumption of media depicting the assault and shooting of other Black individuals, with the caveat that the best solution is ultimately the cessation of police violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effua E Sosoo
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer K MacCormack
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enrique W Neblett
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Thomas Tobin CS, Gutiérrez Á, Norris KC, Thorpe RJ. Discrimination, Racial Identity, and Hypertension Among Black Americans Across Young, Middle, and Older Adulthood. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:1990-2005. [PMID: 35512278 PMCID: PMC9683505 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substantial evidence documents the protective role of racial identity-or the meaning and significance that individuals attribute to race-among Black Americans, yet the impact of racial identity on physical health outcomes beyond young adulthood is unclear. To clarify the extent to which racial identity remains influential for physical health across the life course, this study investigated (a) the direct associations between discrimination, racial identity, and hypertension, (b) whether racial identity buffered the negative effects of discrimination, and (c) the extent to which these patterns varied among young (21-35), middle-aged (36-49), and older (>50) Black adults. METHODS Data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (N = 627) were used to examine two identity dimensions: "racial centrality" (i.e., importance of Black identity to one's sense of self) and "closeness to other Black people" (COBP). Modified Poisson models estimated relationships between racial identity, discrimination, and hypertension. Interactions determined whether racial identity moderated the discrimination-hypertension association within and across age groups. RESULTS High centrality and moderate COBP were directly linked to elevated hypertension odds among young adults, but lower odds among older adults; racial identity was not directly associated with hypertension among middle-aged adults. Results also indicated that racial identity conditioned the discrimination-hypertension relationship in distinct ways across age groups. DISCUSSION Findings underscore the significance of racial identity as sources of both psychosocial vulnerability and resilience for minority aging. Clinicians and public health professionals should consider racial identity beyond young adulthood to promote healthy aging via hypertension management among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Thomas Tobin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ángela Gutiérrez
- Address correspondence to: Ángela Gutiérrez, PhD, MPH, Department of Social Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine 128B 57 West Oxbow Trail, 1 Ohio University Drive, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA. E-mail:
| | - Keith C Norris
- Divisions of Nephrology and General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Program for Research on Men’s Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bowen FR, Lewandowski LA, Snethen JA, Childs G, Outlaw FH, Greenberg CS, Burke PJ, Sloand E, Gary F, DeSocio J. A Schema of Toxic Stress Informed by Racism, Transgenerational Stress, and Disadvantage. J Pediatr Health Care 2022; 36:79-89. [PMID: 34627667 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Toxic Stress Schema (TSS) is an ecological framework with a social justice lens for identifying and alleviating stress and strengthening social determinants of health for children and families of color impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the cumulative effects of racism and generational, systemic inequities. METHOD Relevant literature is reviewed, and examples were provided to illustrate the differential impacts of the "stress superstorm" of 2020 had on children of color based on their family's position on the advantage-disadvantage continuum. RESULTS The utility of the TSS framework as a model for advanced nursing practice is demonstrated, and recommendations are formulated for the pediatric nurse practitioner's role in health policy. DISCUSSION The COVID-19 pandemic elucidated the historical inequities experienced by children and families of color. The TSS framework provides a model for recognizing, organizing, and implementing.
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Hack SM, Muralidharan A, Abraham CR. Between and within race differences in patient-centeredness and activation in mental health care. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2022; 105:206-211. [PMID: 34045090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare Black and White mental health care patients' perceptions of their providers' and their own participation in patient-centered mental health care. Perceptions of patient-centered care (PCC) in relation to the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity were explored. METHODS Black and White veterans receiving mental health care (n = 82) completed surveys assessing patient activation, involvement in care, perceptions of PCC, and therapeutic alliance. Black participants (n = 40) also completed the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity. RESULTS There were no differences by race in perceived PCC, though Black participants had lower levels of therapeutic alliance with their mental health care provider and were less activated. Black identity centrality, private regard, and public regard were positively related to PCC and elements of PCC such as patient information seeking/sharing. CONCLUSIONS Intragroup identity variables such as racial centrality, regard, and ideology influenced perceived PCC among Black participants. Race identity variables should be explored in future research on racial disparities and PCC. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Mental health care providers serving Black patients should create opportunities to discuss racial identity and race-related experiences as part of their efforts to improve therapeutic alliance and increase the patient-centeredness of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Hack
- Veterans Affairs VISN 5 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, USA; School of Social Work, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Anjana Muralidharan
- Veterans Affairs VISN 5 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, USA
| | - Carol R Abraham
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, USA
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Killen M, Luken Raz K, Graham S. Reducing Prejudice Through Promoting Cross-Group Friendships. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680211061262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Around the globe, individuals are affected by exclusion, discrimination, and prejudice targeting individuals from racial, ethnic, and immigrant backgrounds as well as crimes based on gender, nationality, and culture (United Nations General Assembly, 2016). Unfortunately, children are often the targeted victims (Costello & Dillard, 2019). What is not widely understood is that the intergroup biases underlying systemic racism start long before adulthood with children displaying notable signs of intergroup bias, sometimes before entering grade school. Intergroup bias refers to the tendency to evaluate members of one’s own group more favorably than someone not identified with one’s group and is typically associated with prejudicial attitudes. Children are both the victims and the perpetrators of bias. In this review, we provide evidence of how biases emerge in childhood, along with an analysis of the significant role of intergroup friendships on enhancing children’s well-being and reducing prejudice in childhood. The review focuses predominantly on the context of race, with the inclusion of several other categories, such as nationality and religion. Fostering positive cross-group friendships in childhood helps to address the negative long-term consequences of racism, discrimination, and prejudice that emerges in childhood and continues through to adulthood.
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Willis HA, Sosoo EE, Bernard DL, Neal A, Neblett EW. The Associations Between Internalized Racism, Racial Identity, and Psychological Distress. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2021; 9:384-400. [PMID: 34395061 PMCID: PMC8356901 DOI: 10.1177/21676968211005598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Internalized racism, or the acceptance of negative stereotypes about one's own racial group, is associated with psychological distress; yet, few studies have explored the longitudinal impact of internalized racism on the psychological well-being of African American emerging adults. Furthermore, racial identity's role as a protective factor in the context of internalized racism remains unclear. This study examined the longitudinal impact of internalized racism on psychological distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms) and the moderating role of racial identity beliefs among 171 African American emerging adults. Full cross-lagged panel models revealed no main effects of internalized racism beliefs on psychological distress. However, several racial identity beliefs moderated the relationship between internalized racism beliefs and changes in psychological distress over a year later. Initial levels of alteration of physical appearance, internalization of negative stereotypes, and hair change internalized racism beliefs were related to subsequent psychological distress, but only for those with certain levels of racial centrality, private regard, public regard, and assimilationist, humanist, and nationalist ideology beliefs. These findings suggest that, over time, internalized racism and racial identity beliefs can combine to influence the psychological well-being of African American emerging adults.
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Ching TH, Williams MT. The role of ethnic identity in OC symptom dimensions among Asian Americans. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2019; 21:112-120. [PMID: 32377506 PMCID: PMC7201378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in Asian Americans. Past research has shown elevations in certain symptom dimensions when compared with White Americans, but there have not been any studies on cultural mechanisms for these differences. In this study, we examined whether ethnic identity mediated differences in severity of various OC symptom dimensions between Asian and White Americans. A total of 453 participants (79 Asian American, 374 non-Hispanic White) completed measures of ethnic identity and OC symptoms. Separate boostrapped mediation analyses were conducted to determine the indirect (i.e., mediation) effect of ethnoracial group membership on different OC symptom dimensions, via ethnic identity. There was significant evidence of mediation across the majority of OC subscales examined. Asian Americans reported stronger ethnic identity than their White counterparts, which in turn predicted more severe contamination obsessions and washing compulsions, harm-related intrusions, checking, neutralizing, as well as symmetry/ordering symptoms. This study is the first to demonstrate an exacerbating function of ethnic identity for OC symptoms among Asian Americans, contrary to some previous evidence of its protective role for overall mental health among ethnoracial minorities. More research is needed to test and validate hypotheses about why ethnic identity mediated group differences in OC symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence H.W. Ching
- Corresponding author. University of Connecticut, Department of Psychological Sciences, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA. (T.H.W. Ching)
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Relationship between Africentric Worldview and Psychological Distress among Ghanaian Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-018-9334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lee DB, Heinze JE, Neblett EW, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Trajectories of Racial Discrimination that Predict Problematic Alcohol Use among African American Emerging Adults. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2018; 6:347-357. [PMID: 33833905 PMCID: PMC8025965 DOI: 10.1177/2167696817739022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The association between racial discrimination (discrimination) and problematic alcohol use in African American (AA) emerging adults is well documented. Few researchers, however, have studied the longitudinal relationship between discrimination and problematic alcohol use among AA male and female emerging adults. In a sample of 681 AAs aged 19-25 (51% male), we explored multiple, distinct trajectories of discrimination and socio-demographic predictors of the trajectory classifications. We also examined the relation between discrimination trajectories and problematic alcohol use and the extent to which sex modified these associations. Collectively, the findings revealed that three trajectories - high-stable, low-rising, and low-declining - characterized discrimination experiences for AA emerging adults. Males in the high-stable trajectory class reported more problematic alcohol use than males in other trajectory classes and all females. These findings lay the foundation for future research that examines gender-specific mechanisms in the discrimination-health link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lee
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Enrique W Neblett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cleopatra H Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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17
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Lee DB, Eisman AB, Stoddard SA, Peckins MK, Goldstick JE, Hsieh HF, Muñoz-Velázquez J, Zimmerman MA. Racial discrimination and cortisol in African American emerging adults: The role of neighborhood racial composition. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 24:521-529. [PMID: 30070544 PMCID: PMC6188812 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES African American (AA) emerging adults may become more vulnerable to the consequences of racial discrimination (discrimination) as many begin to occupy racially mixed contexts. Little is known, however, about whether the effect of discrimination on cortisol concentration varies by neighborhood racial composition. We evaluated whether the percentage of White neighbors qualified the association between discrimination and overall cortisol concentration. METHOD We used self-report data from the Flint Adolescent Study and block-level census data linked to the participant's home address. Our sample consisted of 241 AA emerging adults (56.8% Female; 19-22 year olds). We used multilevel regression analyses to evaluate whether the percentage of White neighbors modified the association between discrimination and overall cortisol concentration. RESULTS Discrimination experienced in the past year, but not chronic discrimination was linked to lower cortisol concentrations among AA emerging adults living in neighborhoods with a high concentration of White neighbors. Specifically, past year discrimination was negatively associated among AAs residing in neighborhoods with 46.9% of White residents or higher. CONCLUSIONS Our results lay the foundation for future research on racial health disparities by suggesting that contextual factors such as neighborhood racial composition can shape the influence race-based discrimination has on health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Lee
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andria B. Eisman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah A. Stoddard
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Jason E. Goldstick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hsing-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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Goosby BJ, Cheadle JE, Mitchell C. Stress-Related Biosocial Mechanisms of Discrimination and African American Health Inequities. ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY 2018; 44:319-340. [PMID: 38078066 PMCID: PMC10704394 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This review describes stress-related biological mechanisms linking interpersonal racism to life course health trajectories among African Americans. Interpersonal racism, a form of social exclusion enacted via discrimination, remains a salient issue in the lives of African Americans, and it triggers a cascade of biological processes originating as perceived social exclusion and registering as social pain. Exposure to discrimination increases sympathetic nervous system activation and upregulates the HPA axis, increasing physiological wear and tear and elevating the risks of cardiometabolic conditions. Consequently, discrimination is associated with morbidities including low birth weight, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Biological measures can provide important analytic tools to study the interactions between social experiences such as racial discrimination and health outcomes over the life course. We make future recommendations for the study of discrimination and health outcomes, including the integration of neuroscience, genomics, and new health technologies; interdisciplinary engagement; and the diversification of scholars engaged in biosocial inequities research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget J Goosby
- Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Jacob E Cheadle
- Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Colter Mitchell
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA
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19
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Riggs DW, Yeager RA, Bhatnagar A. Defining the Human Envirome: An Omics Approach for Assessing the Environmental Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res 2018; 122:1259-1275. [PMID: 29700071 PMCID: PMC6398443 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease, but in comparison with genetics, environmental factors have received less attention. Evaluation of environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease is limited by the lack of comprehensive omics approaches for integrating multiple environmental exposures. Hence, to understand the effects of the environment as a whole (envirome), it is important to delineate specific domains of the environment and to assess how, individually and collectively; these domains affect cardiovascular health. In this review, we present a hierarchical model of the envirome; defined by 3 consecutively nested domains, consisting of natural, social, and personal environments. Extensive evidence suggests that features of the natural environment such as sunlight, altitude, diurnal rhythms, vegetation, and biodiversity affect cardiovascular health. However, the effects of the natural environment are moderated by the social environment comprised of built environments, agricultural and industrial activities, pollutants and contaminants, as well as culture, economic activities, and social networks that affect health by influencing access to healthcare, social cohesion, and socioeconomic status. From resources available within society, individuals create personal environments, characterized by private income, wealth and education, and populated by behavioral and lifestyle choices relating to nutrition, physical activity, sleep, the use of recreational drugs, and smoking. An understanding of the interactions between different domains of the envirome and their integrated effects on cardiovascular health could lead to the development of new prevention strategies and deeper insights into etiologic processes that contribute to cardiovascular disease risk and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Riggs
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.W.R., R.A.Y., A.B.)
| | - Ray A Yeager
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.W.R., R.A.Y., A.B.)
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Center (D.W.R., R.A.Y., A.B.)
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology (A.B.), University of Louisville, KY
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20
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Lee DB, Peckins MK, Heinze JE, Miller AL, Assari S, Zimmerman MA. Psychological pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol in African American males and females. J Behav Med 2018; 41:208-220. [PMID: 28942527 PMCID: PMC5844784 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-017-9887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The association between racial discrimination (discrimination) and stress-related alterations in the neuroendocrine response-namely, cortisol secretion-is well documented in African Americans (AAs). Dysregulation in production of cortisol has been implicated as a contributor to racial health disparities. Guided by Clark et al. (Am Psychol 54(10):805-816, 1999. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805 ) biopsychosocial model of racism and health, the present study examined the psychological pathways that link discrimination to total cortisol concentrations in AA males and females. In a sample of 312 AA emerging adults (45.5% males; ages 21-23), symptoms of anxiety, but not depression, mediated the relation between discrimination and total concentrations of cortisol. In addition, the results did not reveal sex differences in the direct and indirect pathways. These findings advance our understanding of racial health disparities by suggesting that the psychological consequences of discrimination can uniquely promote physiologic dysregulation in AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lee
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 1012SW North Ingalls Building, 10th Floor, 300 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0406, USA.
| | - Melissa K Peckins
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 1012SW North Ingalls Building, 10th Floor, 300 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0406, USA
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Nagendra A, Twery BL, Neblett EW, Mustafic H, Jones TS, Gatewood D, Penn DL. Social cognition and African American men: The roles of perceived discrimination and experimenter race on task performance. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:21-26. [PMID: 29024856 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) study consists of a battery of eight tasks selected to measure social-cognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia. The battery is currently in a multisite validation process. While the SCOPE study collects basic demographic data, more nuanced race-related factors might artificially inflate cross-cultural differences in social cognition. As an initial step, we investigated whether race, independent of mental illness status, affects performance on the SCOPE battery. Thus, we examined the effects of perceived discrimination and experimenter race on the performance of 51 non-clinical African American men on the SCOPE battery. Results revealed that these factors impacted social cognitive task performance. Specifically, participants performed better on a skills-based task factor in the presence of Black experimenters, and frequency of perceived racism predicted increased perception of hostility in negative interpersonal situations with accidental causes. Thus, race-related factors are important to identify and explore in the measurement of social cognition in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundati Nagendra
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, 235 E Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Twery
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, 235 E Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Enrique W Neblett
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, 235 E Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hasan Mustafic
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, 235 E Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tevin S Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, 235 E Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - D'Angelo Gatewood
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, 235 E Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David L Penn
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, 235 E Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
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22
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Racial-Ethnic Protective Factors and Mechanisms in Psychosocial Prevention and Intervention Programs for Black Youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2017; 19:134-61. [PMID: 27083688 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-016-0201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extending previous reviews related to cultural responsiveness in the treatment of ethnic minority youth, the current review provides a critical assessment and synthesis of both basic and applied research on the integration of three racial-ethnic protective factors (racial identity, racial socialization, Africentric worldview) in psychosocial prevention and intervention programs for Black children and adolescents. Seventeen programs meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated for the extent to which racial-ethnic protective factors and related mechanisms were integrated, applied, and tested in such programs. A systematic assessment of these programs revealed that several prevention and intervention programs drew upon the three factors, particularly Africentric worldview. In addition, a number of studies hypothesized and assessed mechanisms, both those previously identified in conceptual literature and those that emerged from the interventions themselves. A set of recommendations encouraging the implementation of these factors into future prevention and intervention programs, examples of how clinicians can infuse these factors into psychotherapy, and areas for future research are discussed.
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23
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Rivas-Drake D, Stein GL. Multicultural Developmental Experiences: Implications for Resilience in Transitional Age Youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2017; 26:271-281. [PMID: 28314455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transitional age youth were born into a world that is becomingly increasingly diverse. Youth who are ethnic or racial minorities encounter cultural stressors, including acculturative stress and discrimination that undermine their health and mental health. Decades of research demonstrate that cultural assets can serve as risk-reducing and resilience-enhancing mechanisms among minority and immigrant youth. Cultural assets include the development of a healthy ethnic-racial identity and maintenance of cultural values. Practitioners should assess for culturally relevant stressors and incorporate cultural assets such as ethnic-racial identity and cultural values to support the mental health of these youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rivas-Drake
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.
| | - Gabriela Livas Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 296 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27412-5001, USA
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24
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Killen M, Rutland A, Yip T. Equity and Justice in Developmental Science: Discrimination, Social Exclusion, and Intergroup Attitudes. Child Dev 2016; 87:1317-36. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Shin CN, Soltero E, Mama SK, Sunseri C, Lee RE. Association of Discrimination and Stress With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Ethnic Minority Women. Clin Nurs Res 2016; 26:694-712. [PMID: 27625035 DOI: 10.1177/1054773816669448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stressors can contribute to adverse health outcomes and lead to health disparities. To examine associations among psychological stressors, coping, blood pressure, body mass index, and body fat in ethnic minority women, we conducted a secondary analysis using data from 178 African American and Hispanic/Latina women who completed measures of perceived racial discrimination and stress, coping, blood pressure, and body composition. The mean age of participants was 45.3 (±9.3 years), and most were obese (74.2%) and had prehypertensive systolic blood pressure (125.7 ± 14.6 mmHg). Hierarchical multiple regression models indicated a significant negative relationship between racial discrimination and percent body fat, and positive associations between stress and blood pressure. Coping did not moderate the association between racial discrimination and blood pressure or body composition. Health care providers should consider psychological stressors as underlying causes for hypertension and address tailored stress-reduction coping strategies when treating African American and Hispanic/Latina women with hypertension.
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26
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Neblett EW, Bernard DL, Banks KH. The Moderating Roles of Gender and Socioeconomic Status in the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Adjustment. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Jones SCT, Neblett EW. Future Directions in Research on Racism-Related Stress and Racial-Ethnic Protective Factors for Black Youth. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 46:754-766. [PMID: 27145002 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1146991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on racism-related stress and racial-ethnic protective factors represents an important enterprise for optimizing the mental health of African American and other racial and ethnic minority youth. However, there has been a relative dearth of work on these factors in the clinical psychology research literature, and more work is needed in outlets such as these. To this end, the current article adopts a developmental psychopathology framework and uses recent empirical findings to outline our current understanding of racism-related stress and racial-ethnic protective factors (i.e., racial identity, racial socialization, Africentric worldview) for African American youth. We then provide nine recommendations-across basic, applied, and broader/cross-cutting research lines-that we prioritize as essential to advancing the future scientific investigation of this crucial research agenda. Within and across these recommendations, we issue a charge to researchers and clinicians alike, with the ultimate goal of alleviating the negative mental health impact that racism-related stress can have on the well-being and mental health of African American and other racial and ethnic minority youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C T Jones
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Enrique W Neblett
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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28
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Sewell W, Horsford CE, Coleman K, Watkins CS. Vile vigilance: An integrated theoretical framework for understanding the state of Black surveillance. JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 26:287-302. [PMID: 33100821 PMCID: PMC7581301 DOI: 10.1080/10911359.2015.1127735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The family is the principal source of socialization and protection against racism for many Blacks. Transmitting values, norms, morals, and beliefs (i.e., racial socialization) to successive generations is done to promote racial awareness and to prepare an individual to survive in racist environments. Further, developing a sense of security, resiliency, and cultural pride provides psychological protection against racial prejudice and discrimination. Protective socialization is even more critical when it becomes the difference between life and death at the hands of law enforcement-a fate faced by too many Black males as a result of racist policing practices, including the over-patrolling of Black communities. Because discriminatory surveillance and over-patrolling can incite a number of social, physical, and mental health issues, a holistic approach to understanding the interaction between Blacks and law enforcement is critical. This article reviews the Mundane Extreme Environmental Stress (MEES) model, racial socialization theory, and Family Stress Model in the development of a theoretical framework for understanding the patterns of interactions between Blacks and law enforcement, the immediate and long-term effects of unjustified shootings on Black families and communities, and the response of sociopolitical systems. The new theoretical framework will be used to inform the work of human service providers and practitioners by identifying targets for interventions to improve relations and trust between Black communities and law enforcement institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Sewell
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christina E. Horsford
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kanisha Coleman
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charity S. Watkins
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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29
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Paradies Y, Ben J, Denson N, Elias A, Priest N, Pieterse A, Gupta A, Kelaher M, Gee G. Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138511. [PMID: 26398658 PMCID: PMC4580597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1202] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a comprehensive meta-analysis focused specifically on racism as a determinant of health. This meta-analysis reviewed the literature focusing on the relationship between reported racism and mental and physical health outcomes. Data from 293 studies reported in 333 articles published between 1983 and 2013, and conducted predominately in the U.S., were analysed using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -.23, 95% CI [-.24,-.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.16,-.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, psychological stress and various other outcomes. Racism was also associated with poorer general health (r = -.13 (95% CI [-.18,-.09], k = 30), and poorer physical health (r = -.09, 95% CI [-.12,-.06], k = 50). Moderation effects were found for some outcomes with regard to study and exposure characteristics. Effect sizes of racism on mental health were stronger in cross-sectional compared with longitudinal data and in non-representative samples compared with representative samples. Age, sex, birthplace and education level did not moderate the effects of racism on health. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health: the association between racism and negative mental health was significantly stronger for Asian American and Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants, and the association between racism and physical health was significantly stronger for Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants. Protocol PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013005464.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Paradies
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jehonathan Ben
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nida Denson
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanuel Elias
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naomi Priest
- Australian Centre for Applied Social Research Methods, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alex Pieterse
- Division of Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Kelaher
- Centre for Health Policy Programs and Economics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gilbert Gee
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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"Racism still exists": a public health intervention using racism "countermarketing" outdoor advertising in a Black neighborhood. J Urban Health 2014; 91:851-72. [PMID: 24849616 PMCID: PMC4199451 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-014-9873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The negative health effects of racism have been well documented, but how to intervene to redress these effects has been little studied. This study reports on RISE (Racism Still Exists), a high-risk, high-reward public health intervention that used outdoor advertising to disseminate a "countermarketing" campaign in New York City (NYC). Over 6 months, the campaign advertised stark facts about the persistence of racism in the USA. A probability sample of N = 144 participants from two predominantly Black NYC neighborhoods completed measures of health status, health behaviors, and social attitudes. Three months postintervention, statistically significant declines in psychological distress were seen among study participants who were exposed to the campaign compared to those who were not. There were no changes in other hypothesized outcomes. The campaign also generated significant public discourse, particularly in social media. The results suggest that racism countermarketing campaigns may have promise as a community-based intervention to address health inequalities.
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Abstract
Researchers have long speculated that exposure to discrimination may increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk but compared to other psychosocial risk factors, large-scale epidemiologic and community based studies examining associations between reports of discrimination and CVD risk have only emerged fairly recently. This review summarizes findings from studies of self-reported experiences of discrimination and CVD risk published between 2011-2013. We document the innovative advances in recent work, the notable heterogeneity in these studies, and the considerable need for additional work with objective clinical endpoints other than blood pressure. Implications for the study of racial disparities in CVD and clinical practice are also discussed.
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32
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Neblett EW, Roberts SO. Racial identity and autonomic responses to racial discrimination. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:943-53. [PMID: 23889076 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several studies identify racial identity-the significance and meaning that individuals attribute to race-as a mitigating factor in the association between racial discrimination and adjustment. In this study, we employed a visual imagery paradigm to examine whether racial identity would moderate autonomic responses to blatant and subtle racial discrimination analogues with Black and White perpetrators. We recruited 105 African American young adults from a public, southeastern university in the United States. The personal significance of race as well as personal feelings about African Americans and feelings about how others view African Americans moderated autonomic responses to the vignettes. We use polyvagal theory and a stress, appraisal, and coping framework to interpret our results with an eye toward elucidating the ways in which racial identity may inform individual differences in physiological responses to racial discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique W Neblett
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven O Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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33
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Stronks K, Snijder MB, Peters RJG, Prins M, Schene AH, Zwinderman AH. Unravelling the impact of ethnicity on health in Europe: the HELIUS study. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:402. [PMID: 23621920 PMCID: PMC3646682 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populations in Europe are becoming increasingly ethnically diverse, and health risks differ between ethnic groups. The aim of the HELIUS (HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting) study is to unravel the mechanisms underlying the impact of ethnicity on communicable and non-communicable diseases. METHODS/DESIGN HELIUS is a large-scale prospective cohort study being carried out in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The sample is made up of Amsterdam residents of Surinamese (with Afro-Caribbean Surinamese and South Asian-Surinamese as the main ethnic groups), Turkish, Moroccan, Ghanaian, and ethnic Dutch origin. HELIUS focuses on three disease categories: cardiovascular disease (including diabetes), mental health (depressive disorders and substance use disorders), and infectious diseases. The explanatory mechanisms being studied include genetic profile, culture, migration history, ethnic identity, socio-economic factors and discrimination. These might affect disease risks through specific risk factors including health-related behaviour and living and working conditions. Every five years, participants complete a standardized questionnaire and undergo a medical examination. Biological samples are obtained for diagnostic tests and storage. Participants' data are linked to morbidity and mortality registries. The aim is to recruit a minimum of 5,000 respondents per ethnic group, to a total of 30,000 participants. DISCUSSION This paper describes the rationale, conceptual framework, and design and methods of the HELIUS study. HELIUS will contribute to an understanding of inequalities in health between ethnic groups and the mechanisms that link ethnicity to health in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karien Stronks
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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