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Chen X, Wei J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang T. Dysregulation of Gut Microbiota-Derived Neuromodulatory Amino Acid Metabolism in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: An Integrative Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:306-320. [PMID: 38752697 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although accumulating evidence implicating altered gut microbiota in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and neurodegenerative disorders; however, the association between dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and metabolites in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains unclear. METHODS Fecal and plasma samples were obtained from 3 cohorts (HAND, HIV-non-HAND, and healthy controls), metagenomic analysis and metabolomic profiling were performed to investigate alterations in the gut microbial composition and circulating metabolites in HAND. RESULTS The gut microbiota of people living with HIV (PLWH) had an increased relative abundance of Prevotella and a decreased relative abundance of Bacteroides. In contrast, Prevotella and Megamonas were substantially decreased, and Bacteroides and Phocaeicola were increased in HAND patients. Moreover, untargeted metabolomics identified several neurotransmitters and certain amino acids associated with neuromodulation, and the differential metabolic pathways of amino acids associated with neurocognition were depleted in HAND patients. Notably, most neuromodulatory metabolites are associated with an altered abundance of specific gut bacteria. INTERPRETATION Our findings provide new insights into the intricate interplay between the gut and microbiome-brain axis in the pathogenesis of HAND, highlighting the potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies that specifically target the gut microbiota. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:306-320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Brenchley JM, Serrano-Villar S. From dysbiosis to defense: harnessing the gut microbiome in HIV/SIV therapy. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:113. [PMID: 38907315 PMCID: PMC11193286 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the microbiota has been extensively associated with HIV pathogenesis, the majority of studies, particularly those using omics techniques, are largely correlative and serve primarily as a basis for hypothesis generation. Furthermore, most have focused on characterizing the taxonomic composition of the bacterial component, often overlooking other levels of the microbiome. The intricate mechanisms by which the microbiota influences immune responses to HIV are still poorly understood. Interventional studies on gut microbiota provide a powerful tool to test the hypothesis of whether we can harness the microbiota to improve health outcomes in people with HIV. RESULTS Here, we review the multifaceted role of the gut microbiome in HIV/SIV disease progression and its potential as a therapeutic target. We explore the complex interplay between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation, highlighting the potential for microbiome-based therapeutics to open new avenues in HIV management. These include exploring the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and targeted dietary modifications. We also address the challenges inherent in this research area, such as the difficulty in inducing long-lasting microbiome alterations and the complexities of study designs, including variations in probiotic strains, donor selection for FMT, antibiotic conditioning regimens, and the hurdles in translating findings into clinical practice. Finally, we speculate on future directions for this rapidly evolving field, emphasizing the need for a more granular understanding of microbiome-immune interactions, the development of personalized microbiome-based therapies, and the application of novel technologies to identify potential therapeutic agents. CONCLUSIONS Our review underscores the importance of the gut microbiome in HIV/SIV disease and its potential as a target for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA.
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS and CIBERInfec, Madrid, Spain.
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Cossarini F, Shang J, Krek A, Al-Taie Z, Hou R, Canales-Herrerias P, Tokuyama M, Tankelevich M, Tillowiz A, Jha D, Livanos AE, Leyre L, Uzzan M, Martinez-Delgado G, Tylor M, Sharma K, Bourgonje AR, Cruz M, Ioannou G, Dawson T, D'Souza D, Kim-Schulze S, Akm A, Aberg JA, Chen BK, Gnjatic S, Polydorides AD, Cerutti A, Argmann C, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Suarez-Farinas M, Petralia F, Faith JJ, Mehandru S. HIV-1 infection is associated with depletion of germinal center B cells and a decrease in IgA + plasma cells in the GI tract. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.17.590425. [PMID: 38826293 PMCID: PMC11142040 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.590425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) B cells and plasma cells (PCs), critical to mucosal homeostasis, play an important role in the host response to HIV-1 infection. Here, high resolution mapping of human B cells and PCs from colon and ileum during both viremic and suppressed HIV-1 infection identified a significant reduction in germinal center (GC) B cells and Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) during HIV-1 viremia. Further, IgA + PCs, the major cellular output of intestinal GCs were significantly reduced during viremic HIV-1 infection. PC-associated transcriptional perturbations, including type I interferon signaling persisted in antiretroviral therapy (ART) treated individuals, suggesting ongoing disruption of the intestinal immune milieu during ART. GI humoral immune perturbations associated with changes in intestinal microbiome composition and systemic inflammation. Herein, we highlight a key immune defect in the GI mucosa due to HIV-1 viremia, with major implications. One Sentence Summary Major perturbations in intestinal GC dynamics in viremic HIV-1 infection relate to reduced IgA + plasma cells, systemic inflammation and microbiota changes.
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Tincati C, Bono V, Cannizzo ES, Tosi D, Savi F, Falcinella C, Casabianca A, Orlandi C, Luigiano C, Augello M, Rusconi S, Muscatello A, Bandera A, Calcagno A, Gori A, Nozza S, Marchetti G. Primary HIV infection features colonic damage and neutrophil inflammation yet containment of microbial translocation. AIDS 2024; 38:623-632. [PMID: 38016163 PMCID: PMC10942218 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impairment of the gastrointestinal barrier leads to microbial translocation and peripheral immune activation, which are linked to disease progression. Data in the setting of primary HIV/SIV infection suggest that gut barrier damage is one of the first events of the pathogenic cascade, preceding mucosal immune dysfunction and microbial translocation. We assessed gut structure and immunity as well as microbial translocation in acutely and chronically-infected, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-naive individuals. METHODS Fifteen people with primary HIV infection (P-HIV) and 13 with chronic HIV infection (C-HIV) c-ART-naive participants were cross-sectionally studied. Gut biopsies were analysed in terms of gut reservoirs (total, integrated and unintegrated HIV DNA); tight junction proteins (E-cadherin, Zonula Occludens-1), CD4 + expression, neutrophil myeloperoxidase (histochemical staining); collagen deposition (Masson staining). Flow cytometry was used to assess γδ T-cell frequency (CD3 + panγδ+Vδ1+/Vδ2+). In plasma, we measured microbial translocation (LPS, sCD14, EndoCAb) and gut barrier function (I-FABP) markers (ELISA). RESULTS P-HIV displayed significantly higher tissue HIV DNA, yet neutrophil infiltration and collagen deposition in the gut were similar in the two groups. In contrast, microbial translocation markers were significantly lower in P-HIV compared with C-HIV. A trend to higher mucosal E-cadherin, and gut γδ T-cells was also observed in P-HIV. CONCLUSION Early HIV infection features higher HIV DNA in the gut, yet comparable mucosal alterations to those observed in chronic infection. In contrast, microbial translocation is contained in primary HIV infection, likely because of a partial preservation of E-cadherin and mucosal immune subsets, namely γδ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tincati
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan
| | - Valeria Bono
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan
| | | | - Delfina Tosi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Federica Savi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan
| | - Camilla Falcinella
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Fano
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Fano
| | | | - Matteo Augello
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- UOC Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Civile di Legnano, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Biosciences, University of Milan
| | - Antonio Muscatello
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | - Andrea Gori
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University of Milan
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan
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Blaauw J, Chikwana J, Chaima D, Khoswe S, Samikwa L, de Vries I, Voskuijl W. The presence of enteropathy in HIV infected children on antiretroviral therapy in Malawi. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298310. [PMID: 38330085 PMCID: PMC10852317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undernutrition and malnutrition in children in low- and middle-income countries contribute to high mortality rates. Stunting, a prevalent form of malnutrition, is associated with educational and productivity losses. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worsen these conditions. This study seeks to investigate the presence of enteropathy using EED fecal biomarkers in HIV-infected children who are stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART) across various nutritional statuses. By understanding the interplay between EED, HIV, and nutritional status, this study aims to provide insights that can inform targeted interventions to optimize nutritional outcomes in HIV infected children. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study evaluated the levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin, calprotectin and myeloperoxidase in frozen fecal samples from 61 HIV infected (mean age 9.16 ±3.08 years) and 31 HIV uninfected (6.65 ±3.41 years) children in Malawi. Anthropometric measurements and clinical data were collected. The height-for-age z-score (-1.66 vs -1.27, p = 0.040) and BMI-for-age z-score (-0.36 vs 0.01, p = 0.037) were lower in HIV infected children. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure biomarker concentrations. Statistical tests were applied to compare biomarker levels based on HIV status and anthropometric parameters. Myeloperoxidase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and calprotectin concentrations did not differ between HIV infected and HIV uninfected children of different age groups. In HIV infected children from 5-15 years, there is no difference in biomarker concentration between the stunted and non-stunted groups. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our study found a higher prevalence of stunting in HIV infected children compared to uninfected children, but no significant differences in biomarker concentrations. This suggests no causal relationship between enteropathy and stunting in HIV infected children. These results contribute to the understanding of growth impairment in HIV infected children and emphasize the need for further research, particularly a longitudinal, biopsy-controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blaauw
- Department of Global Child Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Chikwana
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, The Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - David Chaima
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, The Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Stanley Khoswe
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, The Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lyson Samikwa
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, The Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Isabelle de Vries
- Department of Global Child Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wieger Voskuijl
- Department of Global Child Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ron R, Moreno E, Rosas Cancio-Suárez M, Serrano-Villar S. The microbiome as a biomarker of anal precancerous lesions in people with HIV. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:17-25. [PMID: 37889583 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Early detection and treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related anal dysplasia in some high-risk groups can help anal cancer prevention, but new tools to improve diagnostic and risk assessment are needed. Here, we aim to discuss the evidence on the role of the microbiome as a potential biomarker for anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in people with HIV (PWH). RECENT FINDINGS This review covers relevant studies on the links between the microbiome and HPV infection, cervical dysplasia/cancer, and anal HPV disease. It focuses on anal samples and precancerous lesions. SUMMARY The review highlights the promising potential of the anal microbiome as a novel biomarker for precancerous lesions in people with HIV, while also discussing limitations and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ron
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain, CIBERINFEC
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7
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De Clercq J, De Scheerder MA, Mortier V, Verhofstede C, Vandecasteele SJ, Allard SD, Necsoi C, De Wit S, Gerlo S, Vandekerckhove L. Longitudinal patterns of inflammatory mediators after acute HIV infection correlate to intact and total reservoir. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1337316. [PMID: 38250083 PMCID: PMC10796502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1337316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the beneficial effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation during acute HIV infection (AHI), residual immune activation remains a hallmark of treated HIV infection. Methods Plasma concentrations of 40 mediators were measured longitudinally in 39 early treated participants of a Belgian AHI cohort (HIV+) and in 21 HIV-negative controls (HIV-). We investigated the association of the inflammatory profile with clinical presentation, plasma viral load, immunological parameters, and in-depth characterization of the HIV reservoir. Results While levels of most soluble mediators normalized with suppressive ART, we demonstrated the persistence of a pro-inflammatory signature in early treated HIV+ participants in comparison to HIV- controls. Examination of these mediators demonstrated a correlation with their levels during AHI, which seemed to be viremia-driven, and suggested involvement of an activated myeloid compartment, IFN-γ-signaling, and inflammasome-related pathways. Interestingly, some of these pro-inflammatory mediators correlated with a larger reservoir size and slower reservoir decay. In contrast, we also identified soluble mediators which were associated with favorable effects on immunovirological outcomes and reservoir, both during and after AHI. Conclusion These data highlight how the persistent pro-inflammatory profile observed in early ART treated individuals is shaped during AHI and is intertwined with viral dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozefien De Clercq
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Virginie Mortier
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Aids Reference Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Verhofstede
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Aids Reference Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sabine D Allard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Coca Necsoi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Taboun ZS, Sadeghi J. The bidirectional relationship between opioids and the gut microbiome: Implications for opioid tolerance and clinical interventions. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111142. [PMID: 37918085 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are widely used in treating patients with acute and chronic pain; however, this class of drugs is also commonly abused. Opioid use disorder and associated overdoses are becoming more prevalent as the opioid crisis continues. Chronic opioid use is associated with tolerance, which decreases the efficacy of opioids over time, but also puts individuals at risk of fatal overdoses. Therefore, it is essential to identify strategies to reduce opioid tolerance in those that use these agents. The gut microbiome has been found to play a critical role in opioid tolerance, with opioids causing dysbiosis of the gut, and changes in the gut microbiome impacting opioid tolerance. These changes in turn have a detrimental effect on the gut microbiome, creating a positive feedback cycle. We review the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and opioid tolerance, discuss the role of modulation of the gut microbiome as a potential therapeutic option in opioid-induced gut dysbiosis, and suggest opportunities for further research and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra S Taboun
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javad Sadeghi
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
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Dwivedi AK, Gornalusse GG, Siegel DA, Barbehenn A, Thanh C, Hoh R, Hobbs KS, Pan T, Gibson EA, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Milush J, Busch MP, Stone M, Huang ML, Reppetti J, Vo PM, Levy CN, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Hladik F, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. A cohort-based study of host gene expression: tumor suppressor and innate immune/inflammatory pathways associated with the HIV reservoir size. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011114. [PMID: 38019897 PMCID: PMC10712869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to an HIV cure is the HIV reservoir: latently-infected cells that persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). There have been few cohort-based studies evaluating host genomic or transcriptomic predictors of the HIV reservoir. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA [tDNA], unspliced RNA [usRNA], intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 ART-suppressed people with HIV (PWH). After adjusting for nadir CD4+ count, timing of ART initiation, and genetic ancestry, we identified two host genes for which higher expression was significantly associated with smaller total DNA viral reservoir size, P3H3 and NBL1, both known tumor suppressor genes. We then identified 17 host genes for which lower expression was associated with higher residual transcription (HIV usRNA). These included novel associations with membrane channel (KCNJ2, GJB2), inflammasome (IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9, CXCL3, CXCL10), and innate immunity (TLR7) genes (FDR-adjusted q<0.05). Gene set enrichment analyses further identified significant associations of HIV usRNA with TLR4/microbial translocation (q = 0.006), IL-1/NRLP3 inflammasome (q = 0.008), and IL-10 (q = 0.037) signaling. Protein validation assays using ELISA and multiplex cytokine assays supported these observed inverse host gene correlations, with P3H3, IL-10, and TNF-α protein associations achieving statistical significance (p<0.05). Plasma IL-10 was also significantly inversely associated with HIV DNA (p = 0.016). HIV intact DNA was not associated with differential host gene expression, although this may have been due to a large number of undetectable values in our study. To our knowledge, this is the largest host transcriptomic study of the HIV reservoir. Our findings suggest that host gene expression may vary in response to the transcriptionally active reservoir and that changes in cellular proliferation genes may influence the size of the HIV reservoir. These findings add important data to the limited host genetic HIV reservoir studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K. Dwivedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Germán G. Gornalusse
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David A. Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alton Barbehenn
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen S. Hobbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tony Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Pilcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Milush
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julieta Reppetti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO- Houssay), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Phuong M. Vo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Claire N. Levy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Rashid F, Dahourou DL, Ouedraogo AS, Chen Y. Influence of HIV infection on cognition and overall intelligence in HIV-infected individuals: advances and perspectives. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1261784. [PMID: 37953826 PMCID: PMC10637382 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1261784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well understood that HIV-positive individuals, even those under effective ART, tend to develop a spectrum of cognitive, motor, and/or mood conditions which are contemporarily referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), and which is directly related to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system (CNS). As HAND is known to induce difficulties associated with attention, concentration, and memory, it is thus legitimate and pertinent to speculate upon the possibility that HIV infection may well influence human cognition and intelligence. We therefore propose herein to review the concept of intelligence, the concept of cells of intelligence, the influence of HIV on these particular cells, and the evidence pointing to differences in observed intelligence quotient (IQ) scores between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. Additionally, cumulative research evidence continues to draw attention to the influence of the gut on human intelligence. Up to now, although it is known that HIV infection profoundly alters both the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota and the structural integrity of the gut, the influence of the gut on intelligence in the context of HIV infection remains poorly described. As such, we also provide herein a review of the different ways in which HIV may influence human intelligence via the gut-brain axis. Finally, we provide a discourse on perspectives related to HIV and human intelligence which may assist in generating more robust evidence with respect to this issue in future studies. Our aim is to provide insightful knowledge for the identification of novel areas of investigation, in order to reveal and explain some of the enigmas related to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D. Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Désiré Lucien Dahourou
- Département Biomédical/Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Souro Sanou University Hospital, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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11
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Hussain MA, Watson CWM, Morgan EE, Heaton RK, Letendre SL, Jeste DV, Moore DJ, Iudicello JE. Combined effects of loneliness and inflammation on depression in people with HIV. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:538-554. [PMID: 37651083 PMCID: PMC10645641 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loneliness is prevalent in people with HIV (PWH) and associated with adverse health-related consequences, including depression. Chronic inflammation has been linked to depression in PWH, though its association with loneliness is less well established. Simultaneous examination of inflammation, loneliness and depression is needed to clarify these relationships. This study investigated the relationship between loneliness and inflammation, and the effects of loneliness and inflammation on depression in PWH. METHODS 82 PWH who were on suppressive ART (mean age [SD] = 53.2 [9.0]) completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Version 3 and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale as part of a comprehensive evaluation. Biomarkers of systemic inflammation (CRP, IL-6, CCL2/MCP-1, sCD14) and coagulation (D-dimer) were measured in blood using commercial immunoassays. RESULTS Multivariable linear regression analyses revealed that higher D-dimer, CCL2/MCP-1, and sCD14 were significant predictors of loneliness (ps < .05) while accounting for relevant covariates. Stepwise multiple linear regression models that included loneliness, biomarkers, and their interactions as predictors of depressive symptoms revealed significant main effects of loneliness and CCL2/MCP-1 levels (ps < .05), and a significant loneliness by D-dimer interaction (p < .05) whereby higher D-dimer was associated with increased depressive symptoms only at higher levels of loneliness. CONCLUSIONS Increased coagulation activity is associated with loneliness, and in the context of loneliness, may increase risk for depression. Increased inflammation was associated with depression suggesting potentially dissociable underlying biological processes. To the extent that these processes are modifiable, such findings could have important implications in the treatment of loneliness and depression in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam A Hussain
- San Diego State University, University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - C Wei-Ming Watson
- San Diego State University, University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Erin E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research On Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Jennifer E Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
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12
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Guo XY, Guo YT, Wang ZR, Jiao YM, Hu Y, Fan LN, Cheng RQ, Qu MM, Zhang C, Song JW, Xu RN, Fan X, Xu W, Zhang JY, Bai BK, Linghu EQ, Chen YK, Ma P, Wang FS. Severe intestinal barrier damage in HIV-infected immunological non-responders. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20790. [PMID: 37876458 PMCID: PMC10590933 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier plays an important role during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. However, the extent to which the intestinal epithelial barrier is damaged in immunological non-responders (INRs) and immunological responders (IRs) is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated and compared the levels of intestinal gland damage and related molecules, including the tight junction protein claudin-1, apoptosis marker caspase-3, HIV DNA, CD4+ T cell count, and inflammation marker tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) among the IRs (n = 10), INRs (n = 8), and healthy controls (HCs, n = 7). Intestinal damage was not completely restored in both INRs and IRs and was more serious in INRs than that in IRs. Moreover, intestinal damage was positively correlated with HIV DNA levels and negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. These results provide insight into understanding the characteristics of intestinal epithelial barrier damage between IRs and INRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Guo
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Tian Guo
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Rui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Na Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Meng-Meng Qu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Xu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Ke Bai
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - En-Qiang Linghu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Kai Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Pitman MC, Meagher N, Price DJ, Rhodes A, Chang JJ, Scher B, Allan B, Street A, McMahon JH, Rasmussen TA, Cameron PU, Hoy JF, Kent SJ, Lewin SR. Effect of high dose vitamin D 3 on the HIV-1 reservoir: A pilot randomised controlled trial. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100345. [PMID: 37753336 PMCID: PMC10518338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV-1 must be taken lifelong due to the persistence of latent virus in long-lived and proliferating CD4+ T cells. Vitamin D3 is a steroidal gene transcription regulator which exerts diverse effects on immune and epithelial cells including reductions in CD4+ T cell proliferation and improvement in gut barrier integrity. We hypothesised that a high dose of vitamin D3 would reduce the size of the HIV-1 reservoir by reducing CD4+ T cell proliferation. Methods We performed a randomised placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effect of 24 weeks of vitamin D3 (10,000 international units per day) on the HIV-1 reservoir and immunologic parameters in 30 adults on antiretroviral therapy; participants were followed for 12 weeks post-treatment. The primary endpoint was the effect on total HIV-1 DNA at week 24. Parameters were assessed using mixed-effects models. Results We found no effect of vitamin D3 on the change in total HIV-1 DNA from week 0 to week 24 relative to placebo. There were also no changes in integrated HIV-1 DNA, 2-long-terminal repeat (2-LTR) circles or cell-associated HIV-1 RNA. Vitamin D3 induced a significant increase in the proportion of central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, a reduction in the proportion of senescent CD8+ T cells and a reduction in the natural killer cell frequency at all time points including week 36, 12 weeks after the study drug cessation. At week 36, there was a significant reduction in total HIV-1 DNA relative to placebo and persistently elevated 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. No significant safety issues were identified. Conclusions Vitamin D3 administration had a significant impact on the T cell differentiation but overall effects on the HIV-1 reservoir were limited and a reduction in HIV-1 DNA was only seen following cessation of the study drug. Additional studies are required to determine whether the dose and duration of vitamin D3 can be optimised to promote a continued depletion of the HIV-1 reservoir over time. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03426592.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Pitman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Niamh Meagher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - David J. Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ajantha Rhodes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - J. Judy Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Barbara Scher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Brent Allan
- Living Positive Victoria, Ground Floor, 95 Coventry St, Southbank, Victoria, 3006, Australia
| | - Alan Street
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - James H. McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Jennifer F. Hoy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, The Alfred, 580 Swanston St, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
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14
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Privatt SR, Braga CP, Johnson A, Lidenge SJ, Berry L, Ngowi JR, Ngalamika O, Chapple AG, Mwaiselage J, Wood C, West JT, Adamec J. Comparative polar and lipid plasma metabolomics differentiate KSHV infection and disease states. Cancer Metab 2023; 11:13. [PMID: 37653396 PMCID: PMC10470137 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-023-00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a neoplastic disease etiologically associated with infection by the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KS manifests primarily as cutaneous lesions in individuals due to either age (classical KS), HIV infection (epidemic KS), or tissue rejection preventatives in transplantation (iatrogenic KS) but can also occur in individuals, predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), lacking any obvious immune suppression (endemic KS). The high endemicity of KSHV and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) co-infection in Africa results in KS being one of the top 5 cancers there. As with most viral cancers, infection with KSHV alone is insufficient to induce tumorigenesis. Indeed, KSHV infection of primary human endothelial cell cultures, even at high levels, is rarely associated with long-term culture, transformation, or growth deregulation, yet infection in vivo is sustained for life. Investigations of immune mediators that distinguish KSHV infection, KSHV/HIV co-infection, and symptomatic KS disease have yet to reveal consistent correlates of protection against or progression to KS. In addition to viral infection, it is plausible that pathogenesis also requires an immunological and metabolic environment permissive to the abnormal endothelial cell growth evident in KS tumors. In this study, we explored whether plasma metabolomes could differentiate asymptomatic KSHV-infected individuals with or without HIV co-infection and symptomatic KS from each other. METHODS To investigate how metabolic changes may correlate with co-infections and tumorigenesis, plasma samples derived from KSHV seropositive sub-Saharan African subjects in three groups, (A) asymptomatic (lacking neoplastic disease) with KSHV infection only, (B) asymptomatic co-infected with KSHV and HIV, and (C) symptomatic with clinically diagnosed KS, were subjected to analysis of lipid and polar metabolite profiles RESULTS: Polar and nonpolar plasma metabolic differentials were evident in both comparisons. Integration of the metabolic findings with our previously reported KS transcriptomics data suggests dysregulation of amino acid/urea cycle and purine metabolic pathways, in concert with viral infection in KS disease progression. CONCLUSIONS This study is, to our knowledge, the first to report human plasma metabolic differentials between in vivo KSHV infection and co-infection with HIV, as well as differentials between co-infection and epidemic KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Privatt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Alicia Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Salum J Lidenge
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Luke Berry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John R Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, Adult Hospital of the University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew G Chapple
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Wood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - John T West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Jiri Adamec
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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15
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Rodriguez MT, McLaurin KA, Shtutman M, Kubinak JL, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Therapeutically targeting the consequences of HIV-1-associated gastrointestinal dysbiosis: Implications for neurocognitive and affective alterations. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 229:173592. [PMID: 37390973 PMCID: PMC10494709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50 % of the individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are plagued by debilitating neurocognitive impairments (NCI) and/or affective alterations. Sizeable alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome, or gastrointestinal dysbiosis, may underlie, at least in part, the NCI, apathy, and/or depression observed in this population. Herein, two interrelated aims will be critically addressed, including: 1) the evidence for, and functional implications of, gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-1 seropositive individuals; and 2) the potential for therapeutically targeting the consequences of this dysbiosis for the treatment of HIV-1-associated NCI and affective alterations. First, gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-1 seropositive individuals is characterized by decreased alpha (α) diversity, a decreased relative abundance of bacterial species belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum, and geographic-specific alterations in Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) spp. Fundamentally, changes in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacillota spp. may underlie, at least in part, the deficits in γ-aminobutyric acid and serotonin neurotransmission, as well as prominent synaptodendritic dysfunction, observed in this population. Second, there is compelling evidence for the therapeutic utility of targeting synaptodendritic dysfunction as a method to enhance neurocognitive function and improve motivational dysregulation in HIV-1. Further research is needed to determine whether the therapeutics enhancing synaptic efficacy exert their effects by altering the gut microbiome. Taken together, understanding gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis resulting from chronic HIV-1 viral protein exposure may afford insight into the mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated neurocognitive and/or affective alterations; mechanisms which can be subsequently targeted via novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason T Rodriguez
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Kristen A McLaurin
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Jason L Kubinak
- Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine Columbia, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Building 2, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America.
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16
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Krug SM, Grünhagen C, Allers K, Bojarski C, Seybold J, Schneider T, Schulzke JD, Epple HJ. Macromolecule Translocation across the Intestinal Mucosa of HIV-Infected Patients by Transcytosis and through Apoptotic Leaks. Cells 2023; 12:1887. [PMID: 37508551 PMCID: PMC10378197 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on indirect evidence, increased mucosal translocation of gut-derived microbial macromolecules has been proposed as an important pathomechanism in HIV infection. Here, we quantified macromolecule translocation across intestinal mucosa from treatment-naive HIV-infected patients, HIV-infected patients treated by combination antiretroviral therapy, and HIV-negative controls and analyzed the translocation pathways involved. Macromolecule permeability was quantified by FITC-Dextran 4000 (FD4) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) flux measurements. Translocation pathways were addressed using cold inhibition experiments. Tight junction proteins were characterized by immunoblotting. Epithelial apoptosis was quantified and translocation pathways were further characterized by flux studies in T84 cell monolayers using inducers and inhibitors of apoptosis and endocytosis. In duodenal mucosa of untreated but not treated HIV-infected patients, FD4 and HRP permeabilities were more than a 4-fold increase compared to the HIV-negative controls. Duodenal macromolecule permeability was partially temperature-dependent and associated with epithelial apoptosis without altered expression of the analyzed tight junction proteins. In T84 monolayers, apoptosis induction increased, and both apoptosis and endocytosis inhibitors reduced macromolecule permeability. Using quantitative analysis, we demonstrate the increased macromolecule permeability of the intestinal mucosa in untreated HIV-infected patients. Combining structural and mechanistic studies, we identified two pathways of increased macromolecule translocation in HIV infection: transcytosis and passage through apoptotic leaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Krug
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Grünhagen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Allers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Seybold
- Antibiotic Stewardship Team, Medical Directorate, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Epple
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Antibiotic Stewardship Team, Medical Directorate, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Enichen E, Adams RB, Demmig-Adams B. Physical Activity as an Adjunct Treatment for People Living with HIV? Am J Lifestyle Med 2023; 17:502-517. [PMID: 37426740 PMCID: PMC10328202 DOI: 10.1177/15598276221078222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates physical activity as a candidate for an adjunct treatment, in conjunction with antiretroviral therapy (ART), for people living with HIV (PLWH). Evidence is summarized that chronic, non-resolving inflammation (a principal feature of immune system dysfunction) and a dysfunctional state of the gut environment are key factors in HIV infection that persist despite treatment with ART. In addition, evidence is summarized that regular physical activity may restore normal function of both the immune system and the gut environment and may thereby ameliorate symptoms and non-resolving inflammation-associated comorbidities that burden PLWH. Physicians who care for PLWH could thus consider incorporating physical activity into treatment plans to complement ART. It is also discussed that different types of physical activity can have different effects on the gut environment and immune function, and that future research should establish more specific criteria for the design of exercise regimens tailored to PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Enichen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA, (EE, BDA); Physical Therapy of Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA, (RBA)
| | - Robert B. Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA, (EE, BDA); Physical Therapy of Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA, (RBA)
| | - Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA, (EE, BDA); Physical Therapy of Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA, (RBA)
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18
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Mudra Rakshasa-Loots A, Bakewell N, Sharp DJ, Gisslén M, Zetterberg H, Alagaratnam J, Wit FWNM, Kootstra NA, Winston A, Reiss P, Sabin CA, Vera JH. Biomarkers of central and peripheral inflammation mediate the association between HIV and depressive symptoms. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:190. [PMID: 37280232 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV are at increased risk for depression, though the underlying mechanisms for this are unclear. In the general population, depression is associated with peripheral and central inflammation. Given this, and since HIV infection elicits inflammation, we hypothesised that peripheral and central inflammatory biomarkers would at least partly mediate the association between HIV and depressive symptoms. People living with HIV (n = 125) and without HIV (n = 79) from the COmorBidity in Relation to AIDS (COBRA) cohort were included in this study. Participants living with and without HIV had similar baseline characteristics. All participants living with HIV were on antiretroviral therapy and were virally suppressed. Plasma, CSF, and brain MR spectroscopy (MRS) biomarkers were measured. Using logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, we found that participants with HIV were more likely to have Any Depressive Symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] score >4) (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 3.27 [1.46, 8.09]). We then sequentially adjusted the models for each biomarker separately to determine the mediating role of each biomarker, with a >10% reduction in OR considered as evidence of potential mediation. Of the biomarkers analysed, MIG (-15.0%) and TNF-α (-11.4%) in plasma and MIP1-α (-21.0%) and IL-6 (-18.0%) in CSF mediated the association between HIV and depressive symptoms in this sample. None of the other soluble or neuroimaging biomarkers substantially mediated this association. Our findings suggest that certain biomarkers of central and peripheral inflammation may at least partly mediate the relationship between HIV and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arish Mudra Rakshasa-Loots
- Edinburgh Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | | | - David J Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jasmini Alagaratnam
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Sexual Health and HIV, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ferdinand W N M Wit
- Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Global Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Winston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Reiss
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Global Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline A Sabin
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jaime H Vera
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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19
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Duarte MJ, Tien PC, Somsouk M, Price JC. The human microbiome and gut-liver axis in people living with HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:170-180. [PMID: 37129834 PMCID: PMC10232565 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst people living with HIV (PLWH). Emerging data suggests that gut microbial translocation may play a role in driving and modulating liver disease, a bi-directional relationship termed the gut-liver axis. While it is recognized that PLWH have a high degree of dysbiosis and gut microbial translocation, little is known about the gut-liver axis in PLWH. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that microbial translocation can directly lead to hepatic inflammation, and have linked gut microbial signatures, dysbiosis, and translocation to liver disease in PLWH. Additionally, multiple trials have explored interventions targeting the microbiome in PLWH. Emerging research supports the interaction between the gut microbiome and liver disease in PLWH. This offers new opportunities to expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of liver disease in this population, as well as to explore possible clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Duarte
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Price
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Guo YT, Guo XY, Fan LN, Wang ZR, Qu MM, Zhang C, Fan X, Song JW, Yang BP, Zhang JY, Xu R, Jiao YM, Ma P, Chen YK, Wang FS. The Imbalance Between Intestinal Th17 and Treg Cells Is Associated with an Incomplete Immune Reconstitution During Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with HIV. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:331-342. [PMID: 37184871 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies assessing the gut mucosal immune balance in HIV-infected patients using intestinal samples are scarce. In this study, we used intestinal mucosal specimens from the ileocecal region of seven immunological nonresponders (INRs), nine immunological responders (IRs), and six HIV-negative controls. We investigated T helper 17 (Th17) and T regulatory (Treg) cell counts and their ratio, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), tumor necrosis factor-α, CD4+ T cell counts, HIV DNA, and cell-associated HIV RNA. The results showed that INRs had lower Th17 and higher Treg cell counts than IR, resulting in a significant difference in the Th17/Treg ratio between IRs and INRs. In addition, INRs had lower ZO-1 and higher I-FABP levels than IRs. The Th17/Treg ratio was positively associated with ZO-1 and negatively associated with I-FABP levels. There was a positive correlation between Th17/Treg ratio and CD4+ T cell counts and a negative correlation between the Th17/Treg ratio and HIV DNA in the intestine. Our study suggests that the imbalance of Th17/Treg in the intestine is a characteristic of incomplete immune reconstitution to antiretroviral therapy and is associated with intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tian Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Guo
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Na Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ze-Rui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Meng Qu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Peng Yang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao-Kai Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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21
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Haddaji A, Ouladlahsen A, Lkhider M, Bensghir R, Jebbar S, Hilmi S, Abbadi I, Sodqi M, Marih L, Pineau P, El Filali KM, Ezzikouri S. Impact of the first-line antiretroviral therapy on soluble markers of inflammation in cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Moroccan patients: a prospective study. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:223. [PMID: 37154966 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and immune activation are a hallmark of HIV-1 infection. In this study, we assessed inflammation biomarkers in a cohort of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) before and after long-term suppressive combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). A single-center prospective cohort study was conducted to assess inflammatory biomarkers in 86 cART-naive PLWH and after receiving suppressive cART and 50 uninfected controls. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No significant difference was found in IL-6 levels between cART-naïve PLWH and controls (p = 0.753). In contrast, TNF-α level showed a significant difference between cART naïve-PLWH and controls (p = 0.019). Interestingly, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly decreased in PLWH after cART (p < 0.0001). The sCD14 showed no significant difference between cART-naïve patients and controls (p = 0.839) and similar levels were observed in pre- and post-treatment (p = 0.719). Our results highlight the critical importance of early treatment to reduce inflammation and its consequences during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Haddaji
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Virology, Oncology, Biosciences, Environment and New Energies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Ahd Ouladlahsen
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Lkhider
- Laboratory of Virology, Oncology, Biosciences, Environment and New Energies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Rajaa Bensghir
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sanaa Jebbar
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Soufiane Hilmi
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Islam Abbadi
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Virology, Oncology, Biosciences, Environment and New Energies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Sodqi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Latifa Marih
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Unité "Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse", INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Kamal Marhoum El Filali
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is now recognized that SARS-CoV-2 infection can have a long-term impact on health. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding Long COVID in people living with HIV (PLWH). RECENT FINDINGS PLWH may be at elevated risk of experiencing Long COVID. Although the mechanisms contributing to Long COVID are incompletely understood, there are several demographic and clinical factors that might make PLWH vulnerable to developing Long COVID. SUMMARY PLWH should be aware that new or worsening symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection might represent Long COVID. HIV providers should be aware of this clinical entity and be mindful that their patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection may be at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Annukka A. R. Antar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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23
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Ray S, Sil S, Kannan M, Periyasamy P, Buch S. Role of the gut-brain axis in HIV and drug abuse-mediated neuroinflammation. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11092. [PMID: 38389809 PMCID: PMC10880759 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Drug abuse and related disorders are a global public health crisis affecting millions, but to date, limited treatment options are available. Abused drugs include but are not limited to opioids, cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine, and alcohol. Drug abuse and human immunodeficiency virus-1/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV-1/AIDS) are inextricably linked. Extensive research has been done to understand the effect of prolonged drug use on neuronal signaling networks and gut microbiota. Recently, there has been rising interest in exploring the interactions between the central nervous system and the gut microbiome. This review summarizes the existing research that points toward the potential role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-linked drug abuse and subsequent neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. Preclinical data about gut dysbiosis as a consequence of drug abuse in the context of HIV-1 has been discussed in detail, along with its implications in various neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding this interplay will help elucidate the etiology and progression of drug abuse-induced neurodegenerative disorders. This will consequently be beneficial in developing possible interventions and therapeutic options for these drug abuse-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Ray
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Muthukumar Kannan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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24
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Jensen BEO, Knops E, Cords L, Lübke N, Salgado M, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD, Huyveneers LEP, Perdomo-Celis F, Wittner M, Gálvez C, Mummert C, Passaes C, Eberhard JM, Münk C, Hauber I, Hauber J, Heger E, De Clercq J, Vandekerckhove L, Bergmann S, Dunay GA, Klein F, Häussinger D, Fischer JC, Nachtkamp K, Timm J, Kaiser R, Harrer T, Luedde T, Nijhuis M, Sáez-Cirión A, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Wensing AMJ, Martinez-Picado J, Kobbe G. In-depth virological and immunological characterization of HIV-1 cure after CCR5Δ32/Δ32 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nat Med 2023; 29:583-587. [PMID: 36807684 PMCID: PMC10033413 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite scientific evidence originating from two patients published to date that CCR5Δ32/Δ32 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can cure human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the knowledge of immunological and virological correlates of cure is limited. Here we characterize a case of long-term HIV-1 remission of a 53-year-old male who was carefully monitored for more than 9 years after allogeneic CCR5Δ32/Δ32 HSCT performed for acute myeloid leukemia. Despite sporadic traces of HIV-1 DNA detected by droplet digital PCR and in situ hybridization assays in peripheral T cell subsets and tissue-derived samples, repeated ex vivo quantitative and in vivo outgrowth assays in humanized mice did not reveal replication-competent virus. Low levels of immune activation and waning HIV-1-specific humoral and cellular immune responses indicated a lack of ongoing antigen production. Four years after analytical treatment interruption, the absence of a viral rebound and the lack of immunological correlates of HIV-1 antigen persistence are strong evidence for HIV-1 cure after CCR5Δ32/Δ32 HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn-Erik Ole Jensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Elena Knops
- Institute of Virology, University and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leon Cords
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Lübke
- Institute of Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Salgado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Laura E P Huyveneers
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Institut Pasteur, Paris Cité University, HIV Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France
| | - Melanie Wittner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Mummert
- Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Section, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Paris Cité University, HIV Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France
| | - Johanna M Eberhard
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Hauber
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, University and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jozefien De Clercq
- HIV Cure Research Center and Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center and Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silke Bergmann
- Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Section, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gábor A Dunay
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- University Children's Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, University and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes C Fischer
- Institute for Transplant Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Nachtkamp
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joerg Timm
- Institute of Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, University and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Harrer
- Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Section, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Paris Cité University, HIV Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, France
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Ezintsha, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guido Kobbe
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Byrnes SJ, Busman-Sahay K, Angelovich TA, Younger S, Taylor-Brill S, Nekorchuk M, Bondoc S, Dannay R, Terry M, Cochrane CR, Jenkins TA, Roche M, Deleage C, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Brew BJ, Estes JD, Churchill MJ. Chronic immune activation and gut barrier dysfunction is associated with neuroinflammation in ART-suppressed SIV+ rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011290. [PMID: 36989320 PMCID: PMC10085024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) affect ~40% of virally suppressed people with HIV (PWH), however, the precise viral dependent and independent changes to the brain are unclear. Here we characterized the CNS reservoir and immune environment of SIV-infected (SIV+) rhesus macaques during acute (n = 4), chronic (n = 12) or ART-suppressed SIV infection (n = 11). Multiplex immunofluorescence for markers of SIV infection (vRNA/vDNA) and immune activation was performed on frontal cortex and matched colon tissue. SIV+ animals contained detectable viral DNA+ cells that were not reduced in the frontal cortex or the gut by ART, supporting the presence of a stable viral reservoir in these compartments. SIV+ animals had impaired blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and heightened levels of astrocytes or myeloid cells expressing antiviral, anti-inflammatory or oxidative stress markers which were not abrogated by ART. Neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction correlated with measures of viremia and immune activation in the gut. Furthermore, SIV-uninfected animals with experimentally induced gut damage and colitis showed a similar immune activation profile in the frontal cortex to those of SIV-infected animals, supporting the role of chronic gut damage as an independent source of neuroinflammation. Together, these findings implicate gut-associated immune activation/damage as a significant contributor to neuroinflammation in ART-suppressed HIV/SIV infection which may drive HAND pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Byrnes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Life Science, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Skyler Younger
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sol Taylor-Brill
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephen Bondoc
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachel Dannay
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Margaret Terry
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Trisha A. Jenkins
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, Departments of Neurology and Immunology St Vincent’s Hospital, University of New South Wales and University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Life Science, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Dwivedi AK, Siegel DA, Thanh C, Hoh R, Hobbs KS, Pan T, Gibson EA, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Milush J, Busch MP, Stone M, Huang ML, Levy CN, Roychoudhury P, Hladik F, Jerome KR, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. Differences in expression of tumor suppressor, innate immune, inflammasome, and potassium/gap junction channel host genes significantly predict viral reservoir size during treated HIV infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.10.523535. [PMID: 36712077 PMCID: PMC9882059 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.10.523535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The major barrier to an HIV cure is the persistence of infected cells that evade host immune surveillance despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Most prior host genetic HIV studies have focused on identifying DNA polymorphisms (e.g., CCR5Δ32 , MHC class I alleles) associated with viral load among untreated "elite controllers" (~1% of HIV+ individuals who are able to control virus without ART). However, there have been few studies evaluating host genetic predictors of viral control for the majority of people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA, unspliced RNA, intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 HIV+ ART-suppressed non-controllers. Multivariate models included covariates for timing of ART initiation, nadir CD4+ count, age, sex, and ancestry. Lower HIV total DNA (an estimate of the total reservoir) was associated with upregulation of tumor suppressor genes NBL1 (q=0.012) and P3H3 (q=0.012). Higher HIV unspliced RNA (an estimate of residual HIV transcription) was associated with downregulation of several host genes involving inflammasome ( IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9 , CXCL3, CXCL10 ) and innate immune ( TLR7 ) signaling, as well as novel associations with potassium ( KCNJ2 ) and gap junction ( GJB2 ) channels, all q<0.05. Gene set enrichment analyses identified significant associations with TLR4/microbial translocation (q=0.006), IL-1β/NRLP3 inflammasome (q=0.008), and IL-10 (q=0.037) signaling. HIV intact DNA (an estimate of the "replication-competent" reservoir) demonstrated trends with thrombin degradation ( PLGLB1 ) and glucose metabolism ( AGL ) genes, but data were (HIV intact DNA detected in only 42% of participants). Our findings demonstrate that among treated PLWH, that inflammation, innate immune responses, bacterial translocation, and tumor suppression/cell proliferation host signaling play a key role in the maintenance of the HIV reservoir during ART. Further data are needed to validate these findings, including functional genomic studies, and expanded epidemiologic studies in female, non-European cohorts. Author Summary Although lifelong HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses virus, the major barrier to an HIV cure is the persistence of infected cells that evade host immune surveillance despite effective ART, "the HIV reservoir." HIV eradication strategies have focused on eliminating residual virus to allow for HIV remission, but HIV cure trials to date have thus far failed to show a clinically meaningful reduction in the HIV reservoir. There is an urgent need for a better understanding of the host-viral dynamics during ART suppression to identify potential novel therapeutic targets for HIV cure. This is the first epidemiologic host gene expression study to demonstrate a significant link between HIV reservoir size and several well-known immunologic pathways (e.g., IL-1β, TLR7, TNF-α signaling pathways), as well as novel associations with potassium and gap junction channels (Kir2.1, connexin 26). Further data are needed to validate these findings, including functional genomic studies and expanded epidemiologic studies in female, non-European cohorts.
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Moreno E, Ron R, Serrano-Villar S. The microbiota as a modulator of mucosal inflammation and HIV/HPV pathogenesis: From association to causation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1072655. [PMID: 36756132 PMCID: PMC9900135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1072655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the microbiota has largely been associated with the pathogenesis of viral infections, most studies using omics techniques are correlational and hypothesis-generating. The mechanisms affecting the immune responses to viral infections are still being fully understood. Here we focus on the two most important sexually transmitted persistent viruses, HPV and HIV. Sophisticated omics techniques are boosting our ability to understand microbiota-pathogen-host interactions from a functional perspective by surveying the host and bacterial protein and metabolite production using systems biology approaches. However, while these strategies have allowed describing interaction networks to identify potential novel microbiota-associated biomarkers or therapeutic targets to prevent or treat infectious diseases, the analyses are typically based on highly dimensional datasets -thousands of features in small cohorts of patients-. As a result, we are far from getting to their clinical use. Here we provide a broad overview of how the microbiota influences the immune responses to HIV and HPV disease. Furthermore, we highlight experimental approaches to understand better the microbiota-host-virus interactions that might increase our potential to identify biomarkers and therapeutic agents with clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Yan L, Xu K, Xiao Q, Tuo L, Luo T, Wang S, Yang R, Zhang F, Yang X. Cellular and molecular insights into incomplete immune recovery in HIV/AIDS patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152951. [PMID: 37205108 PMCID: PMC10185893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively inhibit virus replication and restore immune function in most people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, an important proportion of patients fail to achieve a satisfactory increase in CD4+ T cell counts. This state is called incomplete immune reconstitution or immunological nonresponse (INR). Patients with INR have an increased risk of clinical progression and higher rates of mortality. Despite widespread attention to INR, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we will discuss the alterations in the quantity and quality of CD4+ T as well as multiple immunocytes, changes in soluble molecules and cytokines, and their relationship with INR, aimed to provide cellular and molecular insights into incomplete immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Yan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxiang Yang, ; Fujie Zhang, ; Liting Yan,
| | - Kaiju Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Tuo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuqiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Renguo Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxiang Yang, ; Fujie Zhang, ; Liting Yan,
| | - Xingxiang Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxiang Yang, ; Fujie Zhang, ; Liting Yan,
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29
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Öztürk S, Özel AS, Ergen P, Şenbayrak S, Ağalar C. Hepatitis B immunization data of patients living with HIV/AIDS: a multi-centre study. Cent Eur J Public Health 2022; 30:213-218. [PMID: 36718922 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are the two leading viruses that cause the greatest number of virus-related morbidities in the world. HIV/HBV coinfection is correlated with high morbidity and mortality. For this particular reason hepatitis B vaccination is crucial for people living with HIV. METHODS Patients who are being followed-up for HIV/AIDS and who have received a hepatitis B vaccine in 4 HIV clinics over a 5-year time period have been studied. Our multi-centered, retrospective, cross-sectional and observational study investigates factors that affect hepatitis B vaccination immune response of individuals living with HIV. The patients have been studied for the parameters such as age, sex, CD4 count at the time of diagnosis or vaccination, HIV-RNA levels, comorbidities, vaccine dosage, success of immunization after vaccination, and the demographics of the patients who have and have not developed immunity. RESULTS Of 645 patients that are being followed-up in our clinics, 158 received hepatitis B vaccine; 39 of these 158 patients have been excluded from the study because they did not fulfil the inclusion criteria. Finally, 119 patients were evaluated in the study, 17 of the patients (14.3%) were females and 102 (85.7%) were males. The median age was 41.11 ± 10.09 (min-max: 18-75). Twenty-three of the patients (19.3%) were at the stage of AIDS during diagnosis while 80.7% were at the stage of HIV infection. Ninety-one of the patients (76.5%) have been administered a single dose hepatitis B vaccine on the standard 0, 1st, 6th month vaccination schedule, whereas 23.5% were administered a double dose on the same vaccination schedule. When further evaluated to find whether the patient was able to develop sufficient immunity (anti-HBs ≥ 10), it was found that the immune response was statistically significantly higher in the patients whose CD4 count was greater than 200 at the time of the first diagnosis and vaccination (p = 0.05 and p = 0.001, respectively). The patients have also been evaluated according to the number of doses they received (1 vs. 2). The immune response of the patients who received two doses was statistically significantly higher (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION We can conclude that in the patients with CD4 count less than 200 at the time of their diagnosis and vaccination a high dose recombinant hepatitis B vaccine should definitely be administered as the normal dose and higher dose have similar side effect profiles and the higher dose provides greater immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servet Öztürk
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Okan University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Serra Özel
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ergen
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin Hospital, Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seniha Şenbayrak
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Ağalar
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medicana Atasehir Hospital, Fenerbahce University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Byrnes SJ, Angelovich TA, Busman-Sahay K, Cochrane CR, Roche M, Estes JD, Churchill MJ. Non-Human Primate Models of HIV Brain Infection and Cognitive Disorders. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091997. [PMID: 36146803 PMCID: PMC9500831 DOI: 10.3390/v14091997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders are a major burden for people living with HIV whose viremia is stably suppressed with antiretroviral therapy. The pathogenesis of disease is likely multifaceted, with contributions from viral reservoirs including the brain, chronic and systemic inflammation, and traditional risk factors including drug use. Elucidating the effects of each element on disease pathogenesis is near impossible in human clinical or ex vivo studies, facilitating the need for robust and accurate non-human primate models. In this review, we describe the major non-human primate models of neuroHIV infection, their use to study the acute, chronic, and virally suppressed infection of the brain, and novel therapies targeting brain reservoirs and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Byrnes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
| | - Catherine R. Cochrane
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
| | - Melissa J. Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use are linked to an increased incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Immune activation persists in ART-treated people with HIV (PWH), and markers of inflammation (i.e. IL-6, C-reactive protein) predict mortality in this population. This review discusses underlying mechanisms that likely contribute to inflammation and the development of ASCVD in PWH. RECENT FINDINGS Persistent inflammation contributes to accelerated ASCVD in HIV and several new insights into the underlying immunologic mechanisms of chronic inflammation in PWH have been made (e.g. clonal haematopoiesis, trained immunity, lipidomics). We will also highlight potential pro-inflammatory mechanisms that may differ in vulnerable populations, including women, minorities and children. SUMMARY Mechanistic studies into the drivers of chronic inflammation in PWH are ongoing and may aid in tailoring effective therapeutic strategies that can reduce ASCVD risk in this population. Focus should also include factors that lead to persistent disparities in HIV care and comorbidities, including sex as a biological factor and social determinants of health. It remains unclear whether ASCVD progression in HIV is driven by unique mediators (HIV itself, ART, immunodeficiency), or if it is an accelerated version of disease progression seen in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahera Dirajlal-Fargo
- Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nicholas Funderburg
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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32
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Ferguson N, Cogswell A, Barker E. Contribution of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Supplementing Cytokines Produced by CD4 + T Cells During Acute and Chronic SIV Infection of the Colon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:709-725. [PMID: 35459417 PMCID: PMC9514600 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV/SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) infection leads to a loss of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells in number and function that begins during the acute phase and persists through the chronic phase of infection. In particular, there is a drastic decrease of Th17 and Th22 cells in the HIV/SIV-infected gastrointestinal (GI) tract as a source of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. These cytokines are vital in the immune response to extracellular pathogens and maintenance of the GI tract. However, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a source of IL-17 and IL-22 during the early stages of an immune response in mucosal tissue and remain vital cytokine producers when the immune response is persistent. Here, we wanted to determine whether ILCs are a source of IL-17 and IL-22 in the SIV-infected colon and could compensate for the loss of Th17 and Th22 cells. As a control, we evaluated the frequency and number of ILCs expressing interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). We determined the frequency and number of cytokine expressing ILC subsets and T cell subsets within leukocytes from the colons of uninfected as well as acute and chronic SIV-infected colons without in vitro mitogenic stimulation. In the present study, we find that: (1) the frequency of IL-22, IFNγ, and TNFα but not IL-17 producing ILCs is increased in the acutely infected colon and remains high during the chronically infected colon relative to cytokine expressing ILCs in the uninfected colon, (2) ILCs are a significant source of IL-22, IFNγ, and TNFα but not IL-17 when CD4+ T lymphocytes in the gut lose their capacity to secrete these cytokines during SIV infection, and (3) the changes in the cytokines expressed by ILCs relative to CD4+ T cells in the infected colon were not due to increases in the frequency or number of ILCs in relation to T lymphocytes found in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ferguson
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Cogswell
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Rehman NHU, Dewan P, Gupta R, Gomber S, Raizada A. Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Neutrophil Oxidative Burst in Children. Indian J Pediatr 2022:10.1007/s12098-022-04321-x. [PMID: 35947271 PMCID: PMC9364305 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-022-04321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, as well as, antiretroviral therapy (ART) on neutrophil oxidative burst in children. METHODS Fifty-five children living with HIV infection (30 receiving ART for ≥ 2 y, 25 treatment-naïve) and 30 healthy controls, aged 18 mo-18 y, were assessed for hemogram and neutrophil oxidative burst. The treatment-naïve children were followed up and the above tests were repeated after 6 mo of ART. RESULTS Mean (SD) serum MPO activity at 6 mo after ART [32.1 (± 19.9) U/L] was comparable to that at disease onset [17.2 (± 23.0) U/L], although it was significantly higher compared to that in children on ART ≥ 2 y [13.3 (± 15.8) U/L] and controls [12.1 (± 11.9) U/L]. Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of unstimulated DHR was highest at 6 mo after ART and in the treatment-naïve group, which was significantly higher than in the controls, as well as, children receiving ART ≥ 2 y. Stimulation index was highest in the control group [442.4 (341.9-562.9)], which was comparable to that in children on ART ≥ 2 y [304.2 (153.2-664.8)], but was significantly higher than the treatment-naïve cohort [266.1 (148.2-339.4)] and children on ART for 6 mo [318.8 (154.9-395.6)]. CONCLUSION A hyperinflammatory state caused by an increased serum myeloperoxidase enzyme activity and increased basal neutrophil oxidative burst was seen in untreated HIV infection and during initial 6 mo of ART. ART given for ≥ 2 y normalized the impaired neutrophilic phagocytic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nama Habib Ur Rehman
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Pooja Dewan
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Gomber
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Alpana Raizada
- Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
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Cheu RK, Mohammadi A, Schifanella L, Broedlow C, Driscoll CB, Miller CJ, Reeves RK, Yudin MH, Hensley-McBain T, Kaul R, Klatt NR. Altered Innate Immunity and Damaged Epithelial Integrity in Vaginal Microbial Dysbiosis. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 4:876729. [PMID: 36303633 PMCID: PMC9580658 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2022.876729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of neutrophils relative to vaginal dysbiosis is unclear. We hypothesize that bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated bacteria may induce the activation and accumulation of mucosal neutrophils within the female reproductive tract (FRT), resulting in epithelial barrier damage. We collected endocervical cytobrushes from women with and without BV and assessed bacteria community type and frequency/functional phenotypes of neutrophils. We performed in vitro whole blood co-cultures with BV-associated bacteria and healthy vaginal commensals and assessed their impact on epithelial integrity using transepithelial electrical resistance. We demonstrated increased neutrophil frequency (p < 0.0001), activation (p < 0.0001), and prolonged lifespan (p < 0.0001) in the cytobrushes from women with non-Lactobacillus dominant (nLD) communities. Our in vitro co-cultures confirmed these results and identified significant barrier damage in the presence of neutrophils and G. vaginalis. Here, we demonstrate that BV-associated bacteria induce neutrophil activation and increase lifespan, potentially causing accumulation in the FRT and epithelial barrier damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K. Cheu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Avid Mohammadi
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Courtney Broedlow
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Connor B. Driscoll
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Charlene J. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mark H. Yudin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany Hensley-McBain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT, United States
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rupert Kaul
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Nichole R. Klatt
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35
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Human Blood Bacteriome: Eubiotic and Dysbiotic States in Health and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132015. [PMID: 35805098 PMCID: PMC9265464 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is acknowledged as being associated with homeostasis and the pathogenesis of several diseases. Conventional culture techniques are limited in that they cannot culture the commensals; however, next-generation sequencing has facilitated the discovery of the diverse and delicate microbial relationship in body sites and blood. Increasing evidence regarding the blood microbiome has revolutionized the concept of sterility and germ theory in circulation. Among the types of microbial communities in the blood, bacteriomes associated with many health conditions have been thoroughly investigated. Blood bacterial profiles in healthy subjects are identified as the eubiotic blood bacteriome, whereas the dysbiotic blood bacteriome represents the change in bacterial characteristics in subjects with diseases showing deviations from the eubiotic profiles. The blood bacterial characteristics in each study are heterogeneous; thus, the association between eubiotic and dysbiotic blood bacteriomes and health and disease is still debatable. Thereby, this review aims to summarize and discuss the evidence concerning eubiotic and dysbiotic blood bacteriomes characterized by next-generation sequencing in human studies. Knowledge pertaining to the blood bacteriome will transform the concepts around health and disease in humans, facilitating clinical implementation in the near future.
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Wilson NL, Hoffman TJ, Heath SL, Saag MS, Miaskowski C. HIV Symptom Clusters are Similar Using the Dimensions of Symptom Occurrence and Distress. J Pain Symptom Manage 2022; 63:943-952. [PMID: 35235857 PMCID: PMC10408902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.02.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT People living with HIV infection (PLWH) in the United States continue to experience a high symptom burden despite improvements in antiretroviral therapy. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine if the number and types of symptom clusters differed based on whether symptom occurrence rates or distress ratings were used to create the clusters. METHODS Data from 2,000 patients with complete symptom occurrence rates and distress scores on the 20-item HIV Symptom Index from their first ambulatory clinic visit at one of six national HIV centers of excellence in the Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems were used in these analyses. Exploratory factor analysis was used to create the symptom clusters. RESULTS The same four symptom clusters (i.e., gastrointestinal, psychological, pain, body image) were identified using occurrence rates and distress ratings. For both dimensions of the symptom experience, the psychological, pain, and body image clusters each had the same symptoms. For the gastrointestinal cluster, four symptoms loaded on the occurrence dimension and six symptoms loaded on the distress dimension. CONCLUSION The number and types of symptom clusters were relatively similar across the occurrence and distress dimensions of the symptom experience. Symptom clusters in PLWH may provide insights into the development of targeted interventions for multiple co-occurring symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Wilson
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Thomas J Hoffman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael S Saag
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christine Miaskowski
- Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Reddon H, Socias ME, Justice A, Cui Z, Nosova E, Barrios R, Fairbairn N, Marshall BDL, Milloy MJ. Periods of Homelessness Linked to Higher VACS Index Among HIV-Positive People Who Use Drugs. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:1739-1749. [PMID: 35064852 PMCID: PMC9150923 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We sought to evaluate the impact of homelessness on HIV disease progression among people who use unregulated drugs (PWUD) living with HIV and test if this association was mediated by adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). We applied general linear mixed-effects modeling to estimate the longitudinal relationship between homelessness and the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index, a validated measure of HIV disease progression that predicts all-cause mortality, among a prospective cohort of PWUD. In a longitudinal model adjusted for ART adherence, homelessness was significantly associated with increased VACS Index scores and 16% of the association was mediated by ART adherence. These findings indicate that homelessness was a significant risk factor for HIV disease progression and this association was marginally mediated by ART adherence. Future studies are needed to quantify the other mechanisms (e.g., food insecurity, mental health) by which homelessness increases mortality risk among PWUD living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson Reddon
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - M Eugenia Socias
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Amy Justice
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Zishan Cui
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Nosova
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
| | - Rolando Barrios
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada.
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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Presence of Natural Killer B Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Colon That Have Properties and Functions Similar to Those of Natural Killer Cells and B Cells but Are a Distinct Cell Population. J Virol 2022; 96:e0023522. [PMID: 35311549 PMCID: PMC9006943 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00235-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is low-level but significant mucosal inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that has long-term consequences for the infected host. This inflammation most likely originates from the immune response that appears as a consequence of HIV. Here, we show in an animal model of HIV that the chronically SIV-infected gut contains cytotoxic natural killer B cells that produce inflammatory cytokines and proliferate during infection.
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Lemaitre J, Desjardins D, Gallouët AS, Gomez-Pacheco M, Bourgeois C, Favier B, Sáez-Cirión A, Le Grand R, Lambotte O. Expansion of Immature Neutrophils During SIV Infection Is Associated With Their Capacity to Modulate T-Cell Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:781356. [PMID: 35185880 PMCID: PMC8851599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.781356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the efficacy of combinational antiretroviral treatment (cART), HIV-1 persists in the host and infection is associated with chronic inflammation, leading to an increased risk of comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurocognitive disorders, and cancer. Myeloid cells, mainly monocytes and macrophages, have been shown to be involved in the immune activation observed in HIV-1 infection. However, less attention has been paid to neutrophils, the most abundant circulating myeloid cell, even though neutrophils are strongly involved in tissue damage and inflammation in several chronic diseases, in particular, autoimmune diseases. Herein, we performed a longitudinal characterization of neutrophil phenotype and we evaluated the interplay between neutrophils and T cells in the model of pathogenic SIVmac251 experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques. We report that circulating granulocytes consists mainly of immature CD10- neutrophils exhibiting a prime phenotype during primary and chronic infection. We found that neutrophil priming correlates with CD8+ T cell activation. Moreover, we provide the evidence that neutrophils are capable of modulating CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in different ways depending on the time of infection. Thus, our study emphasizes the role of primed immature neutrophils in the modulation of T-cell responses in SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Mario Gomez-Pacheco
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV inflammation and persistance, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Olivier Lambotte,
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Malazogu F, Rousseau RK, Shivappa N, Huibner S, Walmsley SL, Kovacs CM, Benko E, Reinhard RJ, Rosenes R, Hebert JR, Kaul R. The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Not Associated With Gut Permeability or Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation in HIV Immunologic Non-responders. Front Nutr 2021; 8:736816. [PMID: 34881278 PMCID: PMC8646029 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.736816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologic non-responders (INRs) are a subset of individuals living with HIV who have suboptimal blood CD4+ T cell recovery despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). They are at an increased risk of serious non-AIDS co-morbidities and death, and demonstrate enhanced systemic immune activation. In other populations diet has been correlated with markers of systemic inflammation through the Diet Inflammatory Index (DII), but this association has not been studied in persons living with HIV (PLWH). Blood was collected from 28 INR PLWH with a blood CD4+ T cell count <350/μL despite ≥2 years of effective ART. Participants completed a Canadian Diet History Questionnaire, and their responses were used to calculate the DII. Plasma inflammatory markers (IFNγ, TNF, IL-6, sVCAM, D-dimer, sCD14 and CRP) were assayed by ELISA, cellular immune activation (HLA-DR and CD38 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) was quantified using flow cytometry, and small bowel permeability assessed by calculation of the urine LacMan ratio after drinking a mix of lactulose and mannitol. Participants were a median age of 57 years, had been on effective ART for 15 years, and the median DII was -1.91 (range of -3.78 to +2.23). No correlation was observed between DII and plasma markers of inflammation, levels of T cell activation, gut permeability, or the biomarker of bacterial translocation sCD14. Self-reported alcohol intake, a potential confounder of the relationship between diet and inflammatory biomarkers, was also not associated with systemic inflammation or gut permeability. Our findings suggest that other mechanisms, rather than diet, are likely to be the major driver of systemic inflammation in INR individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fat Malazogu
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rodney K Rousseau
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.,Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations Limited Liability Corporation (LLC), Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sanja Huibner
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sharon L Walmsley
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Colin M Kovacs
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - James R Hebert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.,Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations Limited Liability Corporation (LLC), Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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41
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Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Raymond Marchand L, Moreira Gabriel E, Tastet O, Goulet JP, Zhang Y, Vlad D, Touil H, Routy JP, Bego MG, El-Far M, Chomont N, Landay AL, Cohen ÉA, Tremblay C, Ancuta P. IL-17A reprograms intestinal epithelial cells to facilitate HIV-1 replication and outgrowth in CD4+ T cells. iScience 2021; 24:103225. [PMID: 34712922 PMCID: PMC8531570 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells is critical for mucosal homeostasis, with HIV-1 causing significant alterations in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). In a model of IEC and T cell co-cultures, we investigated the effects of IL-17A, the Th17 hallmark cytokine, on IEC ability to promote de novo HIV infection and viral reservoir reactivation. Our results demonstrate that IL-17A acts in synergy with TNF to boost IEC production of CCL20, a Th17-attractant chemokine, and promote HIV trans-infection of CD4+ T cells and viral outgrowth from reservoir cells of ART-treated PLWH. Importantly, the Illumina RNA-sequencing revealed an IL-17A-mediated pro-inflammatory and pro-viral molecular signature, including a decreased expression of type I interferon (IFN-I)-induced HIV restriction factors. These findings point to the deleterious features of IL-17A and raise awareness for caution when designing therapies aimed at restoring the paucity of mucosal Th17 cells in ART-treated PLWH. IL-17A acts in synergy with TNF to enhance CCL20 production in IEC exposed to HIV IL-17A/TNF-activated IEC efficiently promote HIV trans-infection of CD4+ T cells IL-17A reprograms IEC to boost HIV outgrowth from CD4+ T cells of ART-treated PLWH IL-17A decreases the expression of IFN-I-induced HIV restriction factors in IEC
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Etiene Moreira Gabriel
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Yuwei Zhang
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dragos Vlad
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hanane Touil
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariana G. Bego
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger R, room R09.416, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Corresponding author
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Lorvik KB, Meyer-Myklestad MH, Kushekar K, Handeland C, Medhus AW, Lund-Iversen M, Stiksrud B, Kvale D, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Taskén K, Reikvam DH. Enhanced Gut-Homing Dynamics and Pronounced Exhaustion of Mucosal and Blood CD4 + T Cells in HIV-Infected Immunological Non-Responders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744155. [PMID: 34691047 PMCID: PMC8529151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological non-responders (INR), a subgroup of people living with HIV (PLHIV) who fail to restore CD4+ T cell numbers upon effective antiretroviral treatment, have impaired gut mucosal barrier function and an inferior clinical prognosis compared with immunological responders (IR). The contribution of gut-homing and exhaustion of mucosal T cells to the INR phenotype was previously unknown. Flow cytometry analysis of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and ileal and colonic lamina propria showed that INR had higher fractions of gut-homing CD4+ T cells in blood compared with IR. In addition, gut-homing cells were more likely to display signs of exhaustion in INR. The increased CD4+ T cell exhaustion in INR was ubiquitous and not restricted to subpopulations defined by activation, differentiation or regulatory T cell markers. In INR, colon CD4+ T cell exhaustion correlated negatively with the fraction of CD4+ T cells in the same compartment, this was not apparent in the ileum. The fraction of exhausted mucosal CD4+ T cells correlated with I-FABP and REG3α, markers of enterocyte damage. We conclude that alterations of gut-homing and exhaustion of T cells may contribute to impaired gut immune and barrier functions associated with immunological non-response in PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Berg Lorvik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Holm Meyer-Myklestad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kushi Kushekar
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charlotte Handeland
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Birgitte Stiksrud
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Kvale
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Henrik Reikvam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Rousseau RK, Walmsley SL, Lee T, Rosenes R, Reinhard RJ, Malazogu F, Benko E, Huibner S, Kovacs CM, Singer J, Kim CJ, Kaul R. A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of De Simone formulation probiotic during HIV-associated suboptimal CD4+ T cell recovery. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 89:199-207. [PMID: 34693932 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether probiotic supplementation may reduce disease-linked systemic immune activation in people living with HIV with the immunologic non-responder (INR) phenotype. DESIGN Phase 2b, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. METHODS HIV-positive individuals with blood CD4+ T cell counts <350/mm3 despite viral suppression were randomized 2:1 to receive De Simone Formulation Probiotic (DSFP; "Visbiome" commercially) or placebo for 48 weeks; target enrolment was 36 patients. The primary endpoint was change in blood CD8+ T cell co-expression of HLA-DR and CD38 ("CD8 activation"). Secondary endpoints included biomarkers of inflammation, immune reconstitution, bacterial translocation, and gut permeability. Adjusted linear regression and linear mixed methods regression evaluated the differences between study arms from baseline to week 48. Study monitoring was done by the CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network Data Safety Monitoring Committee. RESULTS Nineteen patients received DSFP, while 10 received placebo. One probiotic-arm patient withdrew early. Blood CD8 activation increased 0.82 percentage points (pp) in the probiotic arm (95% confidence interval [CI];-1.23,2.87;) and decreased by 2.06pp in the placebo arm (-4.81,0.70; between arms p=0.097). CD4+ T cell activation (%HLA-DR+) decreased in the placebo arm (-3.79pp [-7.32,-0.26]) but increased in the probiotic arm (1.64 [-0.98,4.26]; between arms p=0.018). No differences were observed in plasma or urine biomarkers of inflammation or microbial translocation. CONCLUSIONS Blood immune activation markers in INR individuals on effective ART were not reduced by supplementation with DSFP; CD4+ T cell activation may have been increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney K Rousseau
- University of Toronto, Departments of Immunology, Medicine, and Internal Medicine, Toronto, Canada University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Immunodeficiency Clinic, Toronto, Canada Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Canada CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, Canada Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcomes Sciences, Vancouver, Canada Community Health Advocate and Consultant (Independent), Toronto, Canada Public/Global Health Consultant (Independent), San Francisco, USA Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Canada
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Jones R, Manickam C, Ram DR, Kroll K, Hueber B, Woolley G, Shah SV, Smith S, Varner V, Reeves RK. Systemic and mucosal mobilization of granulocyte subsets during lentiviral infection. Immunology 2021; 164:348-357. [PMID: 34037988 PMCID: PMC8442246 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes mediate broad immunoprotection through phagocytosis, extracellular traps, release of cytotoxic granules, antibody effector functions and recruitment of other immune cells against pathogens. However, descriptions of granulocytes in HIV infection and mucosal tissues are limited. Our goal was to characterize granulocyte subsets in systemic, mucosal and lymphoid tissues during lentiviral infection using the rhesus macaque (RM) model. Mononuclear cells from jejunum, colon, cervix, vagina, lymph nodes, spleen, liver and whole blood from experimentally naïve and chronically SHIVsf162p3-infected RM were analysed by microscopy and polychromatic flow cytometry. Granulocytes were identified using phenotypes designed specifically for RM: eosinophils-CD45+ CD66+ CD49d+ ; neutrophils-CD45+ CD66+ CD14+ ; and basophils-CD45+ CD123+ FcRε+ . Nuclear visualization with DAPI staining and surface marker images by ImageStream (cytometry/microscopy) further confirmed granulocytic phenotypes. Flow cytometric data showed that all RM granulocytes expressed CD32 (FcRγII) but did not express CD16 (FcRγIII). Additionally, constitutive expression of CD64 (FcRγI) on neutrophils and FcRε on basophils indicates the differential expression of Fc receptors on granulocyte subsets. Granulocytic subsets in naïve whole blood ranged from 25·4% to 81·5% neutrophils, 0·59% to 13·3% eosinophils and 0·059% to 1·8% basophils. Interestingly, elevated frequencies of circulating neutrophils, colorectal neutrophils and colorectal eosinophils were all observed in chronic lentiviral disease. Conversely, circulating basophils, jejunal eosinophils, vaginal neutrophils and vaginal eosinophils of SHIVsf162p3-infected RM declined in frequency. Overall, our data suggest modulation of granulocytes in chronic lentiviral infection, most notably in the gastrointestinal mucosae where a significant inflammation and disruption occurs in lentivirus-induced disease. Furthermore, granulocytes may migrate to inflamed tissues during infection and could serve as targets of immunotherapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna Jones
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Daniel R. Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Kyle Kroll
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Brady Hueber
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Griffin Woolley
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Spandan V. Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Scott Smith
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Valerie Varner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems ImmunologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
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Gabriel EM, Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Larouche-Anctil E, Durand M, Landay AL, El-Far M, Tremblay CL, Routy JP, Ancuta P. Overt IL-32 isoform expression at intestinal level during HIV-1 infection is negatively regulated by IL-17A. AIDS 2021; 35:1881-1894. [PMID: 34101628 PMCID: PMC8416712 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Untreated HIV infection was previously associated with IL-32 overexpression in gut/intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Here, we explored IL-32 isoform expression in the colon of people with HIV (PWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and IL-32 triggers/modulators in IEC. DESIGN Sigmoid colon biopsies (SCB) and blood were collected from ART-treated PWH (HIV + ART; n = 17; mean age: 56 years; CD4+ cell counts: 679 cells/μl; time on ART: 72 months) and age-matched HIV-uninfected controls (HIVneg; n = 5). The IEC line HT-29 was used for mechanistic studies. METHODS Cells from SCB and blood were isolated by enzymatic digestion and/or gradient centrifugation. HT-29 cells were exposed to TLR1-9 agonists, TNF-α, IL-17A and HIV. IL-32α/β/γ/D/ε/θ and IL-17A mRNA levels were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. IL-32 protein levels were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS IL-32β/γ/ε isoform transcripts were detectable in the blood and SCB, with IL-32β mRNA levels being predominantly expressed in both compartments and at significantly higher levels in HIV + ART compared to HIVneg. IL-17A transcripts were only detectable in SCB, with increased IL-17A levels in HIVneg compared with HIV + ART and negatively correlated with IL-32β mRNA levels. IL-32β/γ/ε isoform mRNA were detected in HT-29 cells upon exposure to TNF-α, Poly I:C (TLR3 agonist), Flagellin (TLR-5 agonist) and HIV. IL-17A significantly decreased both IL-32 β/γ/ε mRNA and cell-associated IL-32 protein levels induced upon TNF-α and Poly I:C triggering. CONCLUSION We document IL-32 isoforms abundant in the colon of ART-treated PWH and reveal the capacity of the Th17 hallmark cytokine IL-17A to attenuate IL-32 overexpression in a model of inflamed IEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etiene Moreira Gabriel
- CHUM Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- CHUM Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Madeleine Durand
- CHUM Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Cécile L. Tremblay
- CHUM Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Hematology Department, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- CHUM Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Madeen EP, Maldarelli F, Groopman JD. Environmental Pollutants, Mucosal Barriers, and Pathogen Susceptibility; The Case for Aflatoxin B 1 as a Risk Factor for HIV Transmission and Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:1229. [PMID: 34684180 PMCID: PMC8537633 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV transmission risk is dependent on the infectivity of the HIV+ partner and personal susceptibility risk factors of the HIV- partner. The mucosal barrier, as the internal gatekeeper between environment and self, concentrates and modulates the internalization of ingested pathogens and pollutants. In this review, we summarize the localized effects of HIV and dietary toxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a common pollutant in high HIV burden regions, e.g., at the mucosal barrier, and evidence for pollutant-viral interactions. We compiled literature on HIV and AFB1 geographic occurrences, mechanisms of action, related co-exposures, personal risk factors, and HIV key determinants of health. AFB1 exposure and HIV sexual transmission hotspots geographically co-localize in many low-income countries. AFB1 distributes to sexual mucosal tissues generating inflammation, microbiome changes and a reduction of mucosal barrier integrity, effects that are risk factors for increasing HIV susceptibility. AFB1 exposure has a positive correlation to HIV viral load, a risk factor for increasing the infectivity of the HIV+ partner. The AFB1 exposure and metabolism generates inflammation that recruits HIV susceptible cells and generates chemokine/cytokine activation in tissues exposed to HIV. Although circumstantial, the available evidence makes a compelling case for studies of AFB1 exposure as a risk factor for HIV transmission, and a modifiable new component for combination HIV prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P. Madeen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, National Institute of Health, Shady Grove, MD 21773, USA
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21703, USA;
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21703, USA;
| | - John D. Groopman
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Ellis RJ, Iudicello JE, Heaton RK, Isnard S, Lin J, Routy JP, Gianella S, Hoenigl M, Knight R. Markers of Gut Barrier Function and Microbial Translocation Associate with Lower Gut Microbial Diversity in People with HIV. Viruses 2021; 13:1891. [PMID: 34696320 PMCID: PMC8537977 DOI: 10.3390/v13101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) have reduced gut barrier integrity ("leaky gut") that permits diffusion of microbial antigens (microbial translocation) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the circulation, stimulating inflammation. A potential source of this disturbance, in addition to gut lymphoid tissue CD4+ T-cell depletion, is the interaction between the gut barrier and gut microbes themselves. We evaluated the relationship of gut barrier integrity, as indexed by plasma occludin levels (higher levels corresponding to greater loss of occludin from the gut barrier), to gut microbial diversity. PWH and people without HIV (PWoH) participants were recruited from community sources and provided stool, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the gut microbiome. Microbial diversity was indexed by Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PD). Participants were 50 PWH and 52 PWoH individuals, mean ± SD age 45.6 ± 14.5 years, 28 (27.5%) women, 50 (49.0%) non-white race/ethnicity. PWH had higher gut microbial diversity (Faith's PD 14.2 ± 4.06 versus 11.7 ± 3.27; p = 0.0007), but occludin levels were not different (1.84 ± 0.311 versus 1.85 ± 0.274; p = 0.843). Lower gut microbial diversity was associated with higher plasma occludin levels in PWH (r = -0.251; p = 0.0111), but not in PWoH. A multivariable model demonstrated an interaction (p = 0.0459) such that the correlation between Faith's PD and plasma occludin held only for PWH (r = -0.434; p = 0.0017), but not for PWoH individuals (r = -0.0227; p = 0.873). The pattern was similar for Shannon alpha diversity. Antiretroviral treatment and viral suppression status were not associated with gut microbial diversity (ps > 0.10). Plasma occludin levels were not significantly related to age, sex or ethnicity, nor to current or nadir CD4 or plasma viral load. Higher occludin levels were associated with higher plasma sCD14 and LPS, both markers of microbial translocation. Together, the findings suggest that damage to the gut epithelial barrier is an important mediator of microbial translocation and inflammation in PWH, and that reduced gut microbiome diversity may have an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Ellis
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.E.I.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Robert K. Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.E.I.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.I.); (J.L.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - John Lin
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.I.); (J.L.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.I.); (J.L.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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48
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Ishizaka A, Koga M, Mizutani T, Parbie PK, Prawisuda D, Yusa N, Sedohara A, Kikuchi T, Ikeuchi K, Adachi E, Koibuchi T, Furukawa Y, Tojo A, Imoto S, Suzuki Y, Tsutsumi T, Kiyono H, Matano T, Yotsuyanagi H. Unique Gut Microbiome in HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Suggests Association with Chronic Inflammation. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0070821. [PMID: 34378948 PMCID: PMC8552706 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00708-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and a risk factor for the development and progression of age-related comorbidities. Although HIV-associated gut dysbiosis has been suggested to be involved in sustained chronic inflammation, there remains a limited understanding of the association between gut dysbiosis and chronic inflammation during HIV infection. Here, we investigated compositional changes in the gut microbiome and its role in chronic inflammation in patients infected with HIV. We observed that the gut microbiomes of patients with low CD4 counts had reduced alpha diversity compared to those in uninfected controls. Following CD4 recovery, alpha diversity was restored, but intergroup dissimilarity of bacterial composition remained unchanged between patients and uninfected controls. Patients with HIV had higher abundance of the classes Negativicutes, Bacilli, and Coriobacteriia, as well as depletion of the class Clostridia. These relative abundances positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines and negatively correlated with anti-inflammatory cytokines. We found that gut dysbiosis accompanying HIV infection was characterized by a depletion of obligate anaerobic Clostridia and enrichment of facultative anaerobic bacteria, reflecting increased intestinal oxygen levels and intestinal permeability. Furthermore, it is likely that HIV-associated dysbiosis shifts the immunological balance toward inflammatory Th1 responses and encourages proinflammatory cytokine production. Our results suggest that gut dysbiosis contributes to sustaining chronic inflammation in patients with HIV infection despite effective antiretroviral therapy and that correcting gut dysbiosis will be effective in improving long-term outcomes in patients. IMPORTANCE Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV infection and is associated with the development and progression of age-related comorbidities. Although the gastrointestinal tract is a major site of HIV replication and CD4+ T-cell depletion, the role of HIV-associated imbalance of gut microbiome in chronic inflammation is unclear. Here, we aimed to understand the causal relationship between abnormalities in the gut microbiome and chronic inflammation in patients with HIV. Our results suggest HIV-associated gut dysbiosis presents a more aerobic environment than that of healthy individuals, despite prolonged viral suppression. This dysbiosis likely results from a sustained increase in intestinal permeability, which supports sustained bacterial translocation in HIV patients, despite effective therapy. Additionally, we observed that several bacterial taxa enriched in HIV patients were associated with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these results suggest that gut dysbiosis plays an important role in chronic inflammation in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ishizaka
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Koga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Mizutani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Prince Kofi Parbie
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Diki Prawisuda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Yusa
- Department of Applied Genomics, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sedohara
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kikuchi
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Koibuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Department of Applied Genomics, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Division of Health Medical Data Science, Health Intelligence Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeya Tsutsumi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of AIDS Vaccine Development, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Zaongo SD, Liu Y, Harypursat V, Song F, Xia H, Ma P, Chen Y. P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand 1: A Potential HIV-1 Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710121. [PMID: 34434194 PMCID: PMC8380821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a life-long therapeutic option, remains the only currently effective clinical method to treat HIV-1 infection. However, ART may be toxic to vital organs including the liver, brain, heart, and kidneys, and may result in systemic complications. In this context, to consider HIV-1 restriction factors from the innate immune system to explore novel HIV therapeutics is likely to be a promising investigative strategy. In light of this, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) has recently become the object of close scrutiny as a recognized cell adhesion molecule, and has become a major focus of academic study, as researchers believe that PSGL-1 may represent a novel area of interest in the research inquiry into the field of immune checkpoint inhibition. In this article, we review PSGL-1's structure and functions during infection and/or inflammation. We also outline a comprehensive review of its role and potential therapeutic utility during HIV-1 infection as published in contemporary academic literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.,Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangzhou Song
- Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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50
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Ellis RJ, Wilson N, Peterson S. Cannabis and Inflammation in HIV: A Review of Human and Animal Studies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081521. [PMID: 34452386 PMCID: PMC8402692 DOI: 10.3390/v13081521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent inflammation occurs in people with HIV (PWH) and has many downstream adverse effects including myocardial infarction, neurocognitive impairment and death. Because the proportion of people with HIV who use cannabis is high and cannabis may be anti-inflammatory, it is important to characterize the impact of cannabis use on inflammation specifically in PWH. We performed a selective, non-exhaustive review of the literature on the effects of cannabis on inflammation in PWH. Research in this area suggests that cannabinoids are anti-inflammatory in the setting of HIV. Anti-inflammatory actions are mediated in many cases through effects on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the gut, and through stabilization of gut–blood barrier integrity. Cannabidiol may be particularly important as an anti-inflammatory cannabinoid. Cannabis may provide a beneficial intervention to reduce morbidity related to inflammation in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Ellis
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, UCSD HNRC, Mail Code 8231 220 Dickinson Street, Suite B, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalie Wilson
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, Suite 316, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Scott Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
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