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Yasuura M, Tan ZL, Horiguchi Y, Ashiba H, Fukuda T. Improvement of Sensitivity and Speed of Virus Sensing Technologies Using nm- and μm-Scale Components. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6830. [PMID: 37571612 PMCID: PMC10422600 DOI: 10.3390/s23156830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Various viral diseases can be widespread and cause severe disruption to global society. Highly sensitive virus detection methods are needed to take effective measures to prevent the spread of viral infection. This required the development of rapid virus detection technology to detect viruses at low concentrations, even in the biological fluid of patients in the early stages of the disease or environmental samples. This review describes an overview of various virus detection technologies and then refers to typical technologies such as beads-based assay, digital assay, and pore-based sensing, which are the three modern approaches to improve the performance of viral sensing in terms of speed and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yasuura
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan; (Z.L.T.); (Y.H.); (H.A.); (T.F.)
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Yadav SK, Yadav RD, Tabassum H, Arya M. Recent Developments in Nanotechnology-Based Biosensors for the Diagnosis of Coronavirus. PLASMONICS (NORWELL, MASS.) 2023; 18:955-969. [PMID: 37229148 PMCID: PMC10040920 DOI: 10.1007/s11468-023-01822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The major challenge in today's world is that medical research is facing the existence of a vast number of viruses and their mutations, which from time to time cause outbreaks. Also, the continuous and spontaneous mutations occurring in the viruses and the emergence of resistant virus strains have become serious medical hazards. So, in view of the growing number of diseases, like the recent COVID-19 pandemic that has caused the deaths of millions of people, there is a need to improve rapid and sensitive diagnostic strategies to initiate timely treatment for such conditions. In the cases like COVID-19, where a real cure due to erratic and ambiguous signs is not available, early intervention can be life-saving. In the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, nanotechnology has evolved exponentially and can overcome multiple obstacles in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. Nanotechnology has developed exponentially in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields and can overcome numerous challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. At the nano stage, the molecular properties of materials such as gold, silver, carbon, silica, and polymers get altered and can be used for the creation of reliable and accurate diagnostic techniques. This review provides insight into numerous diagnostic approaches focused on nanoparticles that could have been established for quick and early detection of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita K. Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, MLN Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rahul Deo Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, MLN Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra India
| | - Malti Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandra Shekhar Singh College of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh Kaushambi, India
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Dronina J, Samukaite-Bubniene U, Ramanavicius A. Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:348. [PMID: 34717656 PMCID: PMC8556785 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are the most common among diseases that globally require around 60 percent of medical care. However, in the heat of the pandemic, there was a lack of medical equipment and inpatient facilities to provide all patients with viral infections. The detection of viral infections is possible in three general ways such as (i) direct virus detection, which is performed immediately 1-3 days after the infection, (ii) determination of antibodies against some virus proteins mainly observed during/after virus incubation period, (iii) detection of virus-induced disease when specific tissue changes in the organism. This review surveys some global pandemics from 1889 to 2020, virus types, which induced these pandemics, and symptoms of some viral diseases. Non-analytical methods such as radiology and microscopy also are overviewed. This review overlooks molecular analysis methods such as nucleic acid amplification, antibody-antigen complex determination, CRISPR-Cas system-based viral genome determination methods. Methods widely used in the certificated diagnostic laboratory for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, B, C, HIV, and other viruses during a viral pandemic are outlined. A comprehensive overview of molecular analytical methods has shown that the assay's sensitivity, accuracy, and suitability for virus detection depends on the choice of the number of regions in the viral open reading frame (ORF) genome sequence and the validity of the selected analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Dronina
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Bukasov R, Dossym D, Filchakova O. Detection of RNA viruses from influenza and HIV to Ebola and SARS-CoV-2: a review. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:34-55. [PMID: 33283798 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01886d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA-based viruses likely make up the highest pandemic threat among all known pathogens in about the last 100 years, since the Spanish Flu of 1918 with 50 M deaths up to COVID-19. Nowadays, an efficient and affordable testing strategy for such viruses have become the paramount target for the fields of virology and bioanalytical chemistry. The detection of the viruses (influenza, hepatitis, HIV, Zika, SARS, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, etc.) and human antibodies to these viruses is described and tabulated in terms of the reported methods of detection, time to results, accuracy and specificity, if they are reported. The review is focused, but not limited to publications in the last decade. Finally, the limits of detection for each representative publication are tabulated by detection methods and discussed. These methods include PCR, lateral flow immunoassays, LAMP-based methods, ELISA, electrochemical methods (e.g., amperometry, voltammetry), fluorescence spectroscopy, AFM, SPR and SERS spectroscopy, silver staining and CRISPR-Cas based methods, bio-barcode detection, and resonance light scattering. The review is likely to be interesting for various scientists, and particularly helpful with information for establishing interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Bukasov
- Chemistry Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Dina Dossym
- Chemistry Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Olena Filchakova
- Biology Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
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Munir S, Ahmed S, Ibrahim M, Khalid M, Ojha SC. A Spellbinding Interplay Between Biological Barcoding and Nanotechnology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:883. [PMID: 33014994 PMCID: PMC7506030 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great scientific research with improved potential in probing biological locales has remained a giant stride. The use of bio-barcodes with the potential use of nanotechnology is a hallmark being developed among recent advanced techniques. Biobarcoding is a novel method used for screening biomolecules to identify and divulge ragbag biodiversity. It establishes successful barcoding projects in the field of nanomedical technology for massively testing disease diagnosis and treatment. Biobarcoding and nanotechnology are recently developed technologies that provide unique opportunities and challenges for multiplex detection such as DNAs, proteins and nucleic acids of animals, plants, viruses, and various other species. These technologies also clump drug delivery, gene delivery, and DNA sequencing. Bio-barcode amplification assay (BCA) is used at large for the detection and identification of proteins and DNAs. DNA barcoding combined with nanotechnology has been proven highly sensitive rendering fast uniplex and multiplex detection of pathogens in food, blood, and other specimens. This review takes a panoramic view of current advances in nano bio-barcodes which have been summarized to explore additional applications such as detection of cytokines, neurotransmitters, cancer markers, prostate-specific antigens, and allergens. In the future, it will also be possible to detect some fungi, algae, protozoa, and other pollutants in food, agriculture, and clinical samples. Using these technologies, specific and efficient sensors would possibly be developed that can perform swift detections of antigens, allergens, and other specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ahmed
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Suvash Chandra Ojha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a type of lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus), causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This pathophysiologic state destroys the immune system allowing opportunistic infections, cancer and other life-threatening diseases to thrive. Although many analytic tools including enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), indirect and line immunoassay, Western blotting, radio-immunoprecipitation, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) have been developed to detect HIV, recent developments in nanosensor technology have prompted its use as a novel diagnostic approach. Nanosensors provide analytical information about behavior and characteristics of particles by using biochemical reactions mediated by enzymes, immune components, cells and tissues. These reactions are transformed into decipherable signals, i.e., electrical, thermal, optical, using nano to micro scale technology. Nanosensors are capable of both quantitative and qualitative detection of HIV, are highly specific and sensitive and provide rapid reproducible results. Nanosensor technology can trace infant infection during mother-to-child transmission, the latent HIV pool and monitor anti-HIV therapy. In this chapter, we review nanosensor analytics including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, SERS-based lateral flow assay, microfluidic channel-based biosensors in the detection of HIV. Other techniques in combination with different biorecognition elements (aptamers, antibodies, oligonucleotides) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Nandi
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (DBT-NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ayusi Mondal
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (DBT-NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Akanksha Roberts
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (DBT-NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (DBT-NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Wang Y, Jin M, Chen G, Cui X, Zhang Y, Li M, Liao Y, Zhang X, Qin G, Yan F, Abd El-Aty A, Wang J. Bio-barcode detection technology and its research applications: A review. J Adv Res 2019; 20:23-32. [PMID: 31193255 PMCID: PMC6522771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the bio-barcode assay (BCA), as a new diagnostic tool, has been gradually applied to the detection of protein and nucleic acid targets and small-molecule compounds. BCA has the advantages of high sensitivity, short detection time, simple operation, low cost, good repeatability and good linear relationship between detection results. However, bio-barcode technology is not yet fully formed as a complete detection system, and the detection process in all aspects and stages is unstable. Therefore, studying the optimal reaction conditions, optimizing the experimental steps, exploring the multi-residue detection of small-molecule substances, and preparing immuno-bio-barcode kits are important research directions for the standardization and commercialization of BCA. The main theme of this review was to describe the principle of BCA, provide a comparison of its application, and introduce the single-residue and multi-residue detection of macromolecules and single-residue detection of small molecules. We also compared it with other detection methods, summarized its feasibility and limitations, expecting that with further improvement and development, the technique can be more widely used in the field of stable small-molecule and multi-residue detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshang Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ge Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xueyan Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Guoxin Qin
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Feiyan Yan
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - A.M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Dahiya B, Mehta PK. Detection of potential biomarkers associated with outrageous diseases and environmental pollutants by nanoparticle-based immuno-PCR assays. Anal Biochem 2019; 587:113444. [PMID: 31545948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-polymerase chain reaction (I-PCR) assay with advantages of both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR exhibits several-fold enhanced sensitivity in comparison to respective ELISA, which has wide applications for ultralow detection of several molecules, i.e. cytokines, protooncogenes and biomarkers associated with several diseases. Conjugation of reporter DNA to the detection antibodies is the most crucial step of I-PCR assay that usually employs streptavidin-protein A, streptavidin-biotin conjugate or succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) system by a covalent binding. However, coupling of antibodies and oligonucleotides to nanoparticles (NPs) is relatively easier in the NP-based I-PCR (NP-I-PCR) that also displays better accuracy. This article is mainly focused on the detection of important biomarkers associated with several outrageous infectious and non-infectious diseases by NP-I-PCR assays, which would expedite an early initiation of therapy thus human health would be improved. Similarly, ultralow detection of environmental pollutants by these assays and their elimination would certainly improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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Abstract
The current chapter summaries the world of Microbiology and boom of Nanotechnology and how both the exciting fields come together to help men kind with various new applications in water, food, medical biology and immunology. Furthermore synthesis of nano materials utilising the potential of microorganisms also opens a newer avenue for 'green' synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Ball
- School of Science, College of Science Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sayali Patil
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarvesh Soni
- School of Science, College of Science Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Markwalter C, Kantor AG, Moore CP, Richardson KA, Wright DW. Inorganic Complexes and Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Infectious Disease Diagnostics. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1456-1518. [PMID: 30511833 PMCID: PMC6348445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases claim millions of lives each year. Robust and accurate diagnostics are essential tools for identifying those who are at risk and in need of treatment in low-resource settings. Inorganic complexes and metal-based nanomaterials continue to drive the development of diagnostic platforms and strategies that enable infectious disease detection in low-resource settings. In this review, we highlight works from the past 20 years in which inorganic chemistry and nanotechnology were implemented in each of the core components that make up a diagnostic test. First, we present how inorganic biomarkers and their properties are leveraged for infectious disease detection. In the following section, we detail metal-based technologies that have been employed for sample preparation and biomarker isolation from sample matrices. We then describe how inorganic- and nanomaterial-based probes have been utilized in point-of-care diagnostics for signal generation. The following section discusses instrumentation for signal readout in resource-limited settings. Next, we highlight the detection of nucleic acids at the point of care as an emerging application of inorganic chemistry. Lastly, we consider the challenges that remain for translation of the aforementioned diagnostic platforms to low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Kurdekar A, Chunduri LAA, Haleyurgirisetty MK, Hewlett IK, Kamisetti V. Sub-picogram level sensitivity in HIV diagnostics achieved with the europium nanoparticle immunoassay through metal enhanced fluorescence. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:273-280. [PMID: 36132469 PMCID: PMC9473166 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel application of Metal Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) to immunoassays for boosting the signal through a single step modification of the europium nanoparticle based immunoassay with addition of gold nanoparticles. The new limit of detection was found to be 0.19 pg mL-1 which was much lower than that of the conventional assay which was around 1.80 pg mL-1, thus achieving a ten-fold increase in the limit of detection of p24, an early biomarker for HIV infections. Real world applications of the new technique were demonstrated with the commercially available Perkin Elmer Alliance kits greatly improving their sensitivity limits, thus demonstrating that the sensitivity and reproducibility of this approach are as good as those of high-end, sensitive immunoassays. The results of this study pave the way for the development of a highly sensitive screening protocol based on any fluorescent nanoparticle based immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kurdekar
- Laboratories for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research, Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning Prasanthi Nilayam Puttaparthi 515134 India
| | - L A Avinash Chunduri
- Laboratories for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research, Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning Prasanthi Nilayam Puttaparthi 515134 India
- Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone, AMTZ Vishakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 530045 India
| | - Mohan Kumar Haleyurgirisetty
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring MD 20993 USA
| | - Indira K Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring MD 20993 USA
| | - Venkataramaniah Kamisetti
- Laboratories for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research, Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning Prasanthi Nilayam Puttaparthi 515134 India
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Singh N, Dahiya B, Radhakrishnan VS, Prasad T, Mehta PK. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified ESAT-6 (Rv3875) by magnetic bead-coupled gold nanoparticle-based immuno-PCR assay. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:8523-8535. [PMID: 30587975 PMCID: PMC6296691 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s181052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Immuno-PCR (I-PCR), an ultrasensitive method, combines the versatility of ELISA with the exponential amplification capacity of PCR. Coupling of detection antibodies with the reporter DNA is a critical step of I-PCR. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and magnetic beads (MBs) are relatively easy to attach with the antibodies and DNA. Therefore, we designed MB-coupled GNP-based I-PCR (MB-GNP-I-PCR) assay for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. METHODS GNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction and seed-mediated synthesis. Functionalized GNPs were prepared by coupling GNPs with the detection antibodies and reporter DNA and were characterized. Detection limit of M. tuberculosis-specific purified early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) (Rv3875) was determined by MB-GNP-I-PCR. RESULTS Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical and slightly polydispersed GNPs of ~20 and ~60 nm size. Coupling of antibodies to GNPs was indicated by a shift in absorption maxima from 524 to 534 nm, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. A color reaction with ELISA and the presence of 76 bp product by PCR further validated the coupling of detection antibodies and signal DNA to the functionalized GNPs. Also, attachment of capture antibodies with MBs was confirmed by magneto-ELISA. Detection limit of purified ESAT-6 by MB-GNP-I-PCR was determined to be 10 fg/mL, 105-fold lower than analogous ELISA. Notably, no sample matrix effect was observed in the saliva samples of healthy individuals spiked with the purified ESAT-6. CONCLUSION Unlike conventional I-PCR (solid format), MB-GNP-I-PCR (liquid format) is relatively simple with the reduced background signals, which can be further exploited for the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netrapal Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India,
- Institute of Synthetic Biology (iSynBio), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bhawna Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India,
| | - Venkatraman Srinivasan Radhakrishnan
- Advanced Instrumentation Research & Facility (AIRF) and Special Centre for Nanoscience (SCNS), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India,
| | - Tulika Prasad
- Advanced Instrumentation Research & Facility (AIRF) and Special Centre for Nanoscience (SCNS), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India,
| | - Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India,
- Microbiology Department, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India,
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Warkad SD, Nimse SB, Song KS, Kim T. HCV Detection, Discrimination, and Genotyping Technologies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3423. [PMID: 30322029 PMCID: PMC6210034 DOI: 10.3390/s18103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 71 million people were living with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection worldwide in 2015. Each year, about 399,000 HCV-infected people succumb to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. Therefore, screening of HCV infection with simple, rapid, but highly sensitive and specific methods can help to curb the global burden on HCV healthcare. Apart from the determination of viral load/viral clearance, the identification of specific HCV genotype is also critical for successful treatment of hepatitis C. This critical review focuses on the technologies used for the detection, discrimination, and genotyping of HCV in clinical samples. This article also focuses on advantages and disadvantages of the reported methods used for HCV detection, quantification, and genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Dashrath Warkad
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Keum-Soo Song
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Taisun Kim
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
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Fiaturi N, Russo JW, Nielsen HC, Castellot JJ. CCN5 in alveolar epithelial proliferation and differentiation during neonatal lung oxygen injury. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:217-229. [PMID: 29349730 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung immaturity is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants, especially those born <28 weeks of gestation. These infants are at high risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a lung disease caused by insufficient surfactant production and immaturity of saccular/alveolar type II epithelial cells in the lung. RDS treatment includes oxygen and respiratory support that improve survival but also increase the risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease characterized by arrested alveolarization, airway hyperreactivity, and pulmonary hypertension. The mechanisms regulating normal alveolar development and how injury disrupts normal development to cause BPD are not well understood. We examined the role of the matricellular protein CCN5 (Cysteine-rich protein 61/Connective tissue growth factor/Nephroblastoma-overexpressed protein) in the development of BPD. Cultured non-proliferating alveolar type II cells expressed low levels of CCN5 protein, and displayed higher levels during proliferation. siRNA targeting of CCN5 reduced alveolar type II cell proliferation and migration in cell culture. In a mouse model of hyperoxia-induced BPD, CCN5 protein was increased only in proliferating alveolar type I cells. Alveolar epithelial cells co-expressing markers of type II cells and type I cells also appeared. The results suggest that hyperoxic injury in immature lungs induces proliferation of type I cells and trans-differentiation of type II cells into type I cells. We propose that the mechanism of the injury response in BPD includes CCN5 expression. Study of CCN5 in neonatal alveolar injury will further our understanding of BPD pathophysiology while providing a mechanistic foundation for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Fiaturi
- Department of Medical Education, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua W Russo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heber C Nielsen
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John J Castellot
- Department of Medical Education, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA. .,Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Broto M, Galve R, Marco MP. Sandwich NP-based biobarcode assay for quantification C-reactive protein in plasma samples. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 992:112-118. [PMID: 29054144 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A NP-based biobarcode for C-reactive protein (CRP) quantification in plasma samples is reported for the first time. The assay uses capture antibody functionalized magnetic beads (pAbCRP2-MP), multifunctional oligonucleotide encoded probes modified with a detection antibody (pAbCRP1-ePSP), and a fluorescent DNA microarray. Thus, magnetic beads are added to the sample to form immunocomplexes that will be isolated, to then add the codified particles to form a sandwich complex with both particles and the target protein, subsequently the complexes are treated to release the oligonucleotide codes, which are finally hybridized in a fluorescent DNA microarray. The assay has been implemented to the analysis of plasma samples being able to quantify this biomarker within 900 ng mL-1 to 12500 ng mL-1 with an excellent accuracy (mean of recovery of 99.5 ± 4.2%, N = 3). The CRP biobarcode has been used on a small pilot clinical study in which plasma samples from patients suffering different pathologies, most of them related to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The samples have been analyzed and the results compared to a reference method demonstrating that the assay can be useful for monitoring this biomarker on patients being suspicious to be under risk of suffering CVDs or other diseases involving inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Broto
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Galve
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M-Pilar Marco
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Femtogram Level Sensitivity achieved by Surface Engineered Silica Nanoparticles in the Early Detection of HIV Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7149. [PMID: 28769052 PMCID: PMC5540927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have engineered streptavidin labelled Europium doped fluorescent silica nanoparticles which significantly increased sensitivity without compromising the specificity of the immunoassay. As a proof of concept, a time resolved fluorescence based sandwich immunoassay was developed to detect HIV-1 p24 antigen in clinical specimens. The detection range of the silica nanoparticle based immunoassay (SNIA) was found to be between 0.02 to 500 pg/mL in a linear dose dependent manner. SNIA offers 1000 fold enhancement over conventional colorimetric ELISA. Testing of plasma samples that were HIV negative showed no false positive results in the detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen. This highly sensitive p24 assay can help improve blood safety by reducing the antibody negative window period in blood donors in resource limited settings where nucleic acid testing is not practical or feasible. This technology can also be easily transferred to a lab-on-a-chip platform for use in resource limited settings and can also be easily adopted for the detection of other antigens.
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18
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Valizadeh A, Sohrabi N, Badrzadeh F. Electrochemical detection of HIV-1 by nanomaterials. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 45:1467-1477. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1282494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Kurdekar AD, Chunduri LAA, Chelli SM, Haleyurgirisetty MK, Bulagonda EP, Zheng J, Hewlett IK, Kamisetti V. Fluorescent silver nanoparticle based highly sensitive immunoassay for early detection of HIV infection. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent silver nanoparticles have been employed in an immunoassay to detect HIV p24 antigen with high sensitivity in the linear range of 10–1000 pg mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Dileep Kurdekar
- Laboratories for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research
- Department of Physics
- Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning
- Puttaparthi 515134
- India
| | - L. A. Avinash Chunduri
- Laboratories for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research
- Department of Physics
- Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning
- Puttaparthi 515134
- India
| | - Sai Manohar Chelli
- Department of Chemistry
- Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning
- Puttaparthi 515134
- India
| | - Mohan Kumar Haleyurgirisetty
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
- Food and Drug Administration
- Silver Spring
- USA
| | | | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Biology
- Chemistry and Material Science
- Office of Science and Engineering laboratories
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)
- Food and Drug Administration
| | - Indira K. Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
- Food and Drug Administration
- Silver Spring
- USA
| | - Venkataramaniah Kamisetti
- Laboratories for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research
- Department of Physics
- Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning
- Puttaparthi 515134
- India
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20
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Spengler M, Adler M, Niemeyer CM. Highly sensitive ligand-binding assays in pre-clinical and clinical applications: immuno-PCR and other emerging techniques. Analyst 2016. [PMID: 26196036 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology and corresponding innovations in molecular biology, chemistry and medicine have led to novel therapeutic biomacromolecules as lead candidates in the pharmaceutical drug development pipelines. While monoclonal antibodies and other proteins provide therapeutic potential beyond the possibilities of small molecule drugs, the concomitant demand for supportive bioanalytical sample testing creates multiple novel challenges. For example, intact macromolecules can usually not be quantified by mass-spectrometry without enzymatic digestion and isotopically labeled internal standards are costly and/or difficult to prepare. Classical ELISA-type immunoassays, on the other hand, often lack the sensitivity required to obtain pharmacokinetics of low dosed drugs or pharmacodynamics of suitable biomarkers. Here we summarize emerging state-of-the-art ligand-binding assay technologies for pharmaceutical sample testing, which reveal enhanced analytical sensitivity over classical ELISA formats. We focus on immuno-PCR, which combines antibody specificity with the extremely sensitive detection of a tethered DNA marker by quantitative PCR, and alternative nucleic acid-based technologies as well as methods based on electrochemiluminescence or single-molecule counting. Using case studies, we discuss advantages and drawbacks of these methods for preclinical and clinical sample testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Spengler
- Chimera Biotec GmbH, Emil-Figge-Str. 76 A, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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21
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Development of Monoclonal Antibodies against HIV-1 p24 Protein and Its Application in Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Assay for HIV-1 Detection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6743904. [PMID: 27069923 PMCID: PMC4812187 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6743904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 protein is the most abundant viral protein of HIV-1. This protein is secreted in blood serum at high levels during the early stages of HIV-1 infection, making it a biomarker for early diagnosis. In this study, a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) was established for detecting p24 protein using mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The HIV-1 p24 protein was expressed in E. coli strain BL21 and the purified protein was used to immunize mice. Stable hybridoma cell lines secreting anti-p24 monoclonal antibodies were obtained after ELISA screening and subcloning by limiting dilution. 34 different capture and labeling mAb pairs were selected by a novel antibody-capture indirect sandwich ELISA and then applied in GICA to detect p24 protein. The GICA method has a limit of detection (LOD) of 25 pg/mL and could detect p24 protein in all 10 positive samples obtained from the National Reference of HIV-1 p24 antigen. Out of 153 negative samples tested, 3 false positives results were obtained. The overall specificity of this test was 98.03%. The good sensitivity and specificity of this method make it a suitable alternative to provide a more convenient and efficient tool for early diagnosis of HIV infection.
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22
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Bystryak S, Acharya C. Detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen in patients with varying degrees of viremia using an ELISA with a photochemical signal amplification system. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 456:128-136. [PMID: 26940950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe a photochemical signal amplification method (PSAM) for increasing the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen, and present a preliminary validation study on ELISA+PSAM technology for detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen in clinical samples. METHODS ELISA+PSAM is compatible with commercially available microtiter plate readers, employs an inexpensive illumination device and the amplification takes around 10 min. RESULTS The PSAM technology not only increases the analytical sensitivity for detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen by approximately 40 times, but also significantly increases the clinical sensitivity of the ELISA: in instances where viral RNA load is <3000 copies/ml, conventional heat mediated immune complex disruption ELISA (HM-ELISA) cannot detect any HIV positive samples whereas HM-ELISA+PSAM can detect HIV infection in approximately half of the samples (clinical sensitivity is 52.63%). For viral RNA loads between 3000 and 30,000 copies/ml, the clinical sensitivities of the HM-ELISA and HM-ELISA+PSAM are 32.6% and 91.3%, and for that >30,000 copies/ml, clinical sensitivities of HM-ELISA and HM-ELISA+PSAM are 52.3% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The HM-ELISA+PSAM represents an advancement in monitoring HIV-1 disease progression and treatment in the global healthcare setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bystryak
- Allied Innovative Systems, 1 Jill Court, Bldg. 16, Unit 2, Hillsborough, NJ 08844, United States.
| | - Chitrangada Acharya
- Allied Innovative Systems, 1 Jill Court, Bldg. 16, Unit 2, Hillsborough, NJ 08844, United States
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23
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Increased Sensitivity of HIV-1 p24 ELISA Using a Photochemical Signal Amplification System. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 70:109-14. [PMID: 26090753 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we describe a photochemical signal amplification method (PSAM) for increasing of the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of HIV-1 p24 antigen. The photochemical signal amplification method is based on an autocatalytic photochemical reaction of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) substrate, orthophenylenediamine (OPD). METHODS To compare the performance of PSAM-boosted ELISA with a conventional colorimetric ELISA for determination of HIV-1 p24 antigen we employed a PerkinElmer HIV-1 p24 ELISA kit, using conventional ELISA alongside ELISA + PSAM. RESULTS In the present study, we show that PSAM technology allows one to increase the analytical sensitivity and dynamic range of a commercial HIV-1 p24 ELISA kit, with and without immune-complex disruption, by a factor of approximately 40-fold. CONCLUSIONS ELISA + PSAM is compatible with commercially available microtiter plate readers, requires only an inexpensive illumination device, and the PSAM amplification step takes no longer than 15 min. This method can be used for both commercially available and in-house ELISA tests, and has the advantage of being considerably simpler and less costly than alternative signal amplification methods. This method can be used for both commercially available and in-house ELISA tests, and has the advantage of being considerably simpler and less costly than alternative signal amplification methods.
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24
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Chinen AB, Guan CM, Ferrer JR, Barnaby SN, Merkel TJ, Mirkin CA. Nanoparticle Probes for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers, Cells, and Tissues by Fluorescence. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10530-74. [PMID: 26313138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chenxia M Guan
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stacey N Barnaby
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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25
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Valizadeh A. Nanomaterials and Optical Diagnosis of HIV. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1383-90. [PMID: 26099718 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1052469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The investigators had previously shown that the risk of AIDS/HIV-related illness and transmission reduced (by 96%) with early antiretroviral treatment. Nanomaterials could be applied in early diagnosis of HIV by improving the ability to detect serum biomarkers of the blood-borne infectious diseases, with low sample volume, rapidity, and more sensitivity than currently available FDA-approved methods such as ELISA, particle agglutination assay, and Western Blotting assay. We have demonstrated several experimental studies for optical HIV diagnosis based on nanomaterials in three categories (e.g., the fluorescence-, the SPR-, and the SERS- based biosensors), and have explained each assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Valizadeh
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology , Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences & Student Research Committee, Tabriz, University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Department of Medical Nanotechnology , School of Advanced Technologies inMedicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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26
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A highly sensitive europium nanoparticle-based immunoassay for detection of influenza A/B virus antigen in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4385-7. [PMID: 25297327 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02635-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a novel europium nanoparticle-based immunoassay (ENIA) for rapid detection of influenza A and influenza B viruses. The ENIA demonstrated sensitivities of 90.7% (147/162) for influenza A viruses and 81.80% (9/11) for influenza B viruses compared to those for an in-house reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay in testing of influenza-positive clinical samples.
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27
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Liu J, Du B, Zhang P, Haleyurgirisetty M, Zhao J, Ragupathy V, Lee S, DeVoe DL, Hewlett IK. Development of a microchip Europium nanoparticle immunoassay for sensitive point-of-care HIV detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:177-83. [PMID: 24880655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic assays play an indispensable role in determination of HIV infection stages and evaluation of efficacy of antiretroviral therapy. Recently, our laboratory developed a sensitive Europium nanoparticle-based microtiter-plate immunoassay capable of detecting target analytes at subpicogram per milliliter levels without the use of catalytic enzymes and signal amplification processes. Encouraged by its sensitivity and simplicity, we continued to miniaturize this assay to a microchip platform for the purpose of converting the benchtop assay technique to a point-of-care test. It was found that detection capability of the microchip platform could be readily improved using Europium nanoparticle probes. We were able to routinely detect 5 pg/mL (4.6 attomoles) of HIV-1 p24 antigen at a signal-to-blank ratio of 1.5, a sensitivity level reasonably close to that of microtiter-plate Europium nanoparticle assay. Meanwhile, use of the microchip platform effectively reduced sample/reagent consumption 4.5 fold and shortened total assay time 2 fold in comparison with microtiter plate assays. Complex matrix substance in plasma negatively affected the microchip assays and the effects could be minimized by diluting the samples before loading. With further improvements in sensitivity, reproducibility, usability, assay process simplification, and incorporation of portable time-resolved fluorescence reader, Europium nanoparticle immunoassay technology could be adapted to meet the challenges of point-of-care diagnosis of HIV or other health-threatening pathogens at bedside or in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Bingchen Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Panhe Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohan Haleyurgirisetty
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Viswanath Ragupathy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sherwin Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Don L DeVoe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20842, USA
| | - Indira K Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Sin MLY, Mach KE, Wong PK, Liao JC. Advances and challenges in biosensor-based diagnosis of infectious diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:225-44. [PMID: 24524681 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.888313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases and timely initiation of appropriate treatment are critical determinants that promote optimal clinical outcomes and general public health. Conventional in vitro diagnostics for infectious diseases are time-consuming and require centralized laboratories, experienced personnel and bulky equipment. Recent advances in biosensor technologies have potential to deliver point-of-care diagnostics that match or surpass conventional standards in regards to time, accuracy and cost. Broadly classified as either label-free or labeled, modern biosensors exploit micro- and nanofabrication technologies and diverse sensing strategies including optical, electrical and mechanical transducers. Despite clinical need, translation of biosensors from research laboratories to clinical applications has remained limited to a few notable examples, such as the glucose sensor. Challenges to be overcome include sample preparation, matrix effects and system integration. We review the advances of biosensors for infectious disease diagnostics and discuss the critical challenges that need to be overcome in order to implement integrated diagnostic biosensors in real world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L Y Sin
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94305-5118 , USA
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29
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Kobeissy FH, Gulbakan B, Alawieh A, Karam P, Zhang Z, Guingab-Cagmat JD, Mondello S, Tan W, Anagli J, Wang K. Post-genomics nanotechnology is gaining momentum: nanoproteomics and applications in life sciences. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:111-31. [PMID: 24410486 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The post-genomics era has brought about new Omics biotechnologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, as well as their novel applications to personal genomics and the quantified self. These advances are now also catalyzing other and newer post-genomics innovations, leading to convergences between Omics and nanotechnology. In this work, we systematically contextualize and exemplify an emerging strand of post-genomics life sciences, namely, nanoproteomics and its applications in health and integrative biological systems. Nanotechnology has been utilized as a complementary component to revolutionize proteomics through different kinds of nanotechnology applications, including nanoporous structures, functionalized nanoparticles, quantum dots, and polymeric nanostructures. Those applications, though still in their infancy, have led to several highly sensitive diagnostics and new methods of drug delivery and targeted therapy for clinical use. The present article differs from previous analyses of nanoproteomics in that it offers an in-depth and comparative evaluation of the attendant biotechnology portfolio and their applications as seen through the lens of post-genomics life sciences and biomedicine. These include: (1) immunosensors for inflammatory, pathogenic, and autoimmune markers for infectious and autoimmune diseases, (2) amplified immunoassays for detection of cancer biomarkers, and (3) methods for targeted therapy and automatically adjusted drug delivery such as in experimental stroke and brain injury studies. As nanoproteomics becomes available both to the clinician at the bedside and the citizens who are increasingly interested in access to novel post-genomics diagnostics through initiatives such as the quantified self, we anticipate further breakthroughs in personalized and targeted medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas H Kobeissy
- 1 Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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30
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Damhorst GL, Watkins NN, Bashir R. Micro- and nanotechnology for HIV/AIDS diagnostics in resource-limited settings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:715-26. [PMID: 23512111 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2244894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four million people are living with HIV worldwide, a disproportionate number of whom live in resource-limited settings. Proper clinical management of AIDS, the disease caused by HIV, requires regular monitoring of both the status of the host's immune system and levels of the virus in their blood. Therefore, more accessible technologies capable of performing a CD4+ T cell count and HIV viral load measurement in settings where HIV is most prevalent are desperately needed to enable better treatment strategies and ultimately quell the spread of the virus within populations. This review discusses micro- and nanotechnology solutions to performing these key clinical measurements in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Damhorst
- Department of Bioengineering and the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Damhorst GL, Smith CE, Salm EM, Sobieraj MM, Ni H, Kong H, Bashir R. A liposome-based ion release impedance sensor for biological detection. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 15:895-905. [PMID: 23793417 PMCID: PMC4079459 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost detection of pathogens and biomolecules at the point-of-care promises to revolutionize medicine through more individualized monitoring and increased accessibility to diagnostics in remote and resource-limited areas. While many approaches to biosensing are still limited by expensive components or inadequate portability, we present here an ELISA-inspired lab-on-a-chip strategy for biological detection based on liposome tagging and ion-release impedance spectroscopy. Ion-encapsulating dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes can be functionalized with antibodies and are stable in deionized water yet permeabilized for ion release upon heating, making them ideal reporters for electrical biosensing of surface-immobilized antigens. We demonstrate the quantification of these liposomes by real-time impedance measurements, as well as the qualitative detection of viruses as a proof-of-concept toward a portable platform for viral load determination which can be applied broadly to the detection of pathogens and other biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Damhorst
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cartney E. Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Eric M. Salm
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Magdalena M. Sobieraj
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hengkan Ni
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Zhao J, Wang X, Ragupathy V, Zhang P, Tang W, Ye Z, Eichelberger M, Hewlett I. Rapid detection and differentiation of swine-origin influenza A virus (H1N1/2009) from other seasonal influenza A viruses. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23202513 PMCID: PMC3509681 DOI: 10.3390/v4113012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a rapid and simple gold nanoparticle(NP)-based genomic microarray assay for identification of the avian H5N1 virus and its discrimination from other influenza A virus strains (H1N1, H3N2). In this study, we expanded the platform to detect the 2009 swine-origin influenza A virus (H1N1/2009). Multiple specific capture and intermediate oligonucleotides were designed for the matrix (M), hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the H1N1/2009 virus. The H1N1/2009 microarrays were printed in the same format as those of the seasonal influenza H1N1 and H3N2 for the HA, NA, and M genes. Viral RNA was tested using capture-target-intermediate oligonucleotide hybridization and gold NP-mediated silver staining. The signal from the 4 capture-target-intermediates of the HA and NA genes was specific for H1N1/2009 virus and showed no cross hybridization with viral RNA from other influenza strains H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1. All of the 3 M gene captures showed strong affinity with H1N1/2009 viral RNA, with 2 out of the 3 M gene captures showing cross hybridization with the H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 samples tested. The current assay was able to detect H1N1/2009 and distinguish it from other influenza A viruses. This new method may be useful for simultaneous detection and subtyping of influenza A viruses and can be rapidly modified to detect other emerging influenza strains in public health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.W.); (V.R.); (P.Z.); (W.T.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (J.Z.); (I.H.); Tel.: +1-301-827-0795; Fax: +1-301-480-7928
| | - Xue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.W.); (V.R.); (P.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Viswanath Ragupathy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.W.); (V.R.); (P.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Panhe Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.W.); (V.R.); (P.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.W.); (V.R.); (P.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Z.Y.); (M.E.)
| | - Maryna Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Z.Y.); (M.E.)
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.W.); (V.R.); (P.Z.); (W.T.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (J.Z.); (I.H.); Tel.: +1-301-827-0795; Fax: +1-301-480-7928
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Rohrman BA, Leautaud V, Molyneux E, Richards-Kortum RR. A lateral flow assay for quantitative detection of amplified HIV-1 RNA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45611. [PMID: 23029134 PMCID: PMC3448666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the accessibility of HIV treatment in developing nations has increased dramatically over the past decade, viral load testing to monitor the response of patients receiving therapy is often unavailable. Existing viral load technologies are often too expensive or resource-intensive for poor settings, and there is no appropriate HIV viral load test currently available at the point-of-care in low resource settings. Here, we present a lateral flow assay that employs gold nanoparticle probes and gold enhancement solution to detect amplified HIV RNA quantitatively. Preliminary results show that, when coupled with nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), this assay can detect concentrations of HIV RNA that match the clinically relevant range of viral loads found in HIV patients. The lateral flow test is inexpensive, simple and rapid to perform, and requires few resources. Our results suggest that the lateral flow assay may be integrated with amplification and sample preparation technologies to serve as an HIV viral load test for low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Rohrman
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Veronica Leautaud
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Molyneux
- Paediatric Department, College of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
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Dong H, Liu J, Zhu H, Ou CY, Xing W, Qiu M, Zhang G, Xiao Y, Yao J, Pan P, Jiang Y. Two types of nanoparticle-based bio-barcode amplification assays to detect HIV-1 p24 antigen. Virol J 2012; 9:180. [PMID: 22935171 PMCID: PMC3496641 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 p24 antigen is a major viral component of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) which can be used to identify persons in the early stage of infection and transmission of HIV-1 from infected mothers to infants. The detection of p24 is usually accomplished by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with low detection sensitivity. Here we report the use of two bio-barcode amplification (BCA) assays combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis to quantify HIV-1 p24 antigen. Method A pair of anti-p24 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used in BCA assays to capture HIV-1 p24 antigen in a sandwich format and allowed for the quantitative measurement of captured p24 using PCR and gel electrophoresis. The first 1 G12 mAb was coated on microplate wells or magnetic microparticles (MMPs) to capture free p24 antigens. Captured p24 in turn captured 1D4 mAb coated gold nanoparticle probes (GNPs) containing double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides. One strand of the oligonucleotides was covalently immobilized whereas the unbound complimentary bio-barcode DNA strand could be released upon heating. The released bio-barcode DNA was amplified by PCR, electrophoresed in agarose gel and quantified. Results The in-house ELISA assay was found to quantify p24 antigen with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1,000 pg/ml and a linear range between 3,000 and 100,000 pg/ml. In contrast, the BCA-based microplate method yielded an LOD of 1 pg/ml and a linear detection range from 1 to 10,000 pg/ml. The BCA-based MMP method yielded an LOD of 0.1 pg/ml and a linear detection range from 0.1 to 1,000 pg/ml. Conclusions When combined with PCR and simple gel electrophoresis, BCA-based microplate and MMPs assays can be used to quantify HIV-1 p24 antigen. These methods are 3–4 orders of magnitude more sensitive than our in-house ELISA-based assay and may provide a useful approach to detect p24 in patients newly infected with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahuang Dong
- National HIV/HCV Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
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Cheng K, El-Boubbou K, Landry CC. Binding of HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein to silica nanoparticles modified with CD4 glycoprotein and CD4 peptide fragments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:235-243. [PMID: 22117536 DOI: 10.1021/am2013008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An important step in human immunodeficiency virus infection involves the interaction between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the human host cell surface receptor CD4. Herein, we describe a CD4-functionalized mesoporous silica-based system to selectively capture HIV-gp120 with high binding efficiency. Using a protection-deprotection strategy developed recently by our group, the external surface of the mesoporous particles was selectively functionalized with soluble CD4 ("sCD4") or an 18-peptide fragment mimicking the gp120 binding region. Confocal microscopy confirmed the CD4 locations and showed that the internal pores can be made accessible after external modification in a controlled manner. An evaluation of the ability of an 18-peptide CD4 fragment versus amide-immobilized sCD4 and sCD4 immobilized through its glycosidic group indicated that while all peptides were selective, the latter method was clearly best, with nearly complete removal of whole gp120 from solution. This study shows, for the first time, that sCD4 bound to mesoporous silica particles actively recognizes and retains high binding affinity for HIV-gp120. It is anticipated that, by proper modification of the accessible internal pores, our methodology can be adopted to develop porous platforms for HIV diagnosis, imaging, drug delivery, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Yu-Hong W, Rui C, Ding L. A quantum dots and superparamagnetic nanoparticle-based method for the detection of HPV DNA. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:461. [PMID: 21774818 PMCID: PMC3211882 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent advance in nanomaterial research field prompts the development of diagnostics of infectious diseases greatly. Many nanomaterials have been developed and applied to molecular diagnostics in labs. At present, the diagnostic test of human papillomavirus (HPV) relies exclusively on molecular test. Hereon, we report a rapid and facile quantum dots (QDs) and superparamagnetic nanoparticle-based hybridization assay for the detection of (HPV) 16 infections which combines the merits of superparamagnetic nanoparticles and QDs and wholly differs from a conventional hybridization assay at that the reaction occurs at homogeneous solution, and total time for detection is no more than 1 h. METHODS The probes were labeled with superparamagnetic nanoparticles and QDs. Sixty cervical swab samples were used to perform a hybridization assay with these probes, and the results were compared with type-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS The statistic analysis suggests that there is no significant difference between these two methods. Furthermore, this method is much quicker and easier than the type-specific PCR method. CONCLUSION This study has successfully validated the clinical performance of our hybridization assay. The advantages in the time of detection and ease of process endow this method with great potential in clinical usage, especially mass epidemiological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yu-Hong
- Emergency Department, General Hospital of Beijing Military Area of PLA, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chen Rui
- The Department of Blood Transfusion, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian 710032, China
| | - Li Ding
- Center of Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, No. 261 Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100094, China
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Spacek LA, Lutwama F, Shihab HM, Summerton J, Kamya MR, Ronald A, Laeyendecker O, Quinn TC, Mayanja-Kizza H. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasensitive heat-denatured HIV-1 p24 antigen in non-B subtypes in Kampala, Uganda. Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22:310-4. [PMID: 21680665 PMCID: PMC3260525 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the accuracy of heat-denatured, amplification-boosted ultrasensitive p24 assay (Up24) compared with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We tested 394 samples from Ugandans infected with HIV-1 non-B subtypes. We compared Up24 levels (HIV-1 p24 Core Profile enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), NEN Life Science Products) to RNA viral loads (Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor 1.5, Roche) by linear regression, and calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Median viral load was 4.9 log10 copies/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 2.6-5.5); 114 samples (29%) were undetectable (<400 copies/mL). Sensitivity of the Up24 assay to detect viral load ≥400 copies/mL was 69%, specificity was 67%, and positive and negative predictive values were 84% and 47%, respectively. Sensitivity of Up24 was 90%, 80%, 68%, 62% and 45% to detect viral loads of >500,000, 250,000-500,000, 100,000-250,000, 50,000-100,000 and 400-50,000 copies/mL, respectively. In conclusion, when compared with RT-PCR for patients infected with non-B subtypes, the Up24 demonstrated limited sensitivity especially at low viral loads. Moreover, the Up24 was positive in 33% of samples deemed undetectable by RT-PCR, which may limit the use of the Up24 to detect viral suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Spacek
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Zhao J, Tang S, Storhoff J, Marla S, Bao YP, Wang X, Wong EY, Ragupathy V, Ye Z, Hewlett IK. Multiplexed, rapid detection of H5N1 using a PCR-free nanoparticle-based genomic microarray assay. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:74. [PMID: 20942949 PMCID: PMC2964543 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For more than a decade there has been increasing interest in the use of nanotechnology and microarray platforms for diagnostic applications. In this report, we describe a rapid and simple gold nanoparticle (NP)-based genomic microarray assay for specific identification of avian influenza virus H5N1 and its discrimination from other major influenza A virus strains (H1N1, H3N2). RESULTS Capture and intermediate oligonucleotides were designed based on the consensus sequences of the matrix (M) gene of H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 viruses, and sequences specific for the hemaglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the H5N1 virus. Viral RNA was detected within 2.5 hours using capture-target-intermediate oligonucleotide hybridization and gold NP-mediated silver staining in the absence of RNA fragmentation, target amplification, and enzymatic reactions. The lower limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was less than 100 fM for purified PCR fragments and 103 TCID50 units for H5N1 viral RNA. CONCLUSIONS The NP-based microarray assay was able to detect and distinguish H5N1 sequences from those of major influenza A viruses (H1N1, H3N2). The new method described here may be useful for simultaneous detection and subtyping of major influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqin Zhao
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Teeparuksapun K, Hedström M, Wong EY, Tang S, Hewlett IK, Mattiasson B. Ultrasensitive Detection of HIV-1 p24 Antigen Using Nanofunctionalized Surfaces in a Capacitive Immunosensor. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8406-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosin Teeparuksapun
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Martin Hedström
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Eric Y. Wong
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Shixing Tang
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Indira K. Hewlett
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Bo Mattiasson
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, and Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Abstract
Transfusion safety relating to blood-transmissible agents is a major public health concern, particularly when faced with the continuing emergence of new infectious agents. These include new viruses appearing alongside other known reemerging viruses (West Nile virus, Chikungunya) as well as new strains of bacteria and parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi) and finally pathologic prion protein (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease). Genomic mutations of known viruses (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus) can also be at the origin of variants susceptible to escaping detection by diagnostic tests. New technologies that would allow the simultaneous detection of several blood-transmissible agents are now needed for the development and improvement of screening strategies. DNA microarrays have been developed for use in immunohematology laboratories for blood group genotyping. Their application in the detection of infectious agents, however, has been hindered by additional technological hurdles. For instance, the variability among and within genomes of interest complicate target amplification and multiplex analysis. Advances in biosensor technologies based on alternative detection strategies have offered new perspectives on pathogen detection; however, whether they are adaptable to diagnostic applications testing biologic fluids is under debate. Elsewhere, current nanotechnologies now offer new tools to improve the sample preparation, target capture, and detection steps. Second-generation devices combining micro- and nanotechnologies have brought us one step closer to the potential development of innovative and multiplexed approaches applicable to the screening of blood for transmissible agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Fournier-Wirth
- Laboratoire de R&D-Agents Transmissibles par Transfusion (R&D-ATT), Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Montpellier, France.
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Wang S, Xu F, Demirci U. Advances in developing HIV-1 viral load assays for resource-limited settings. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:770-81. [PMID: 20600784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Commercial HIV-1 RNA viral load assays have been routinely used in developed countries to monitor antiretroviral treatment (ART). However, these assays require expensive equipment and reagents, well-trained operators, and established laboratory infrastructure. These requirements restrict their use in resource-limited settings where people are most afflicted with the HIV-1 epidemic. Inexpensive alternatives such as the Ultrasensitive p24 assay, the reverse transcriptase (RT) assay and in-house reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) have been developed. However, they are still time-consuming, technologically complex and inappropriate for decentralized laboratories as point-of-care (POC) tests. Recent advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology offer new strategies to develop low-cost, rapid, robust and simple HIV-1 viral load monitoring systems. We review state-of-the-art technologies used for HIV-1 viral load monitoring in both developed and developing settings. Emerging approaches based on microfluidics and nanotechnology, which have potential to be integrated into POC HIV-1 viral load assays, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuQi Wang
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Accurate HIV diagnostic testing continues to pose challenges, but there are also opportunities for assay performance improvements in key areas for specific intended-use settings. The genetic diversity of HIV can result in false and discordant results in assays that fail to detect new variant strains. The use of antiretroviral therapies has resulted in drug-resistant variants that require monitoring by sequencing and genotyping methods. Nucleic acid testing is the most sensitive and reliable platform for detection, but it is costly and limited to centralized testing facilities, making implementation difficult in resource-limited settings where HIV has hit the hardest. Rapid antibody tests suitable for point-of-care use are becoming more accessible in resource-limited settings, but these tests may not detect HIV during the acute infection stage. Emerging antigen/antibody combination assays are viable alternatives to nucleic acid testing for diagnosis of recent infections. Although patient monitoring (e.g., via CD4+ T-cell count and viral load determination) and infant diagnoses still rely on clinical laboratory-based testing, point-of-care options are being developed. There are other technical challenges to HIV diagnostic testing and emerging biodetection technologies that may be able to address them, but they are not yet proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, Food & Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Building 29B, Room 4NN16, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Indira K Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, Food & Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Building 29B, Room 4NN16, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Characterization of immune responses to capsid protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and implications for detection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1244-51. [PMID: 20534793 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00066-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To further refine our current nanoparticle-based HIV-1 p24 antigen assay, we investigated immune responses to p24 to identify diagnostically significant immune dominant epitopes (IDEs) in HIV-infected human sera, to address cross-reactivity of anti-p24 antibodies to different subtypes, and to identify new biomarkers that distinguish acute from chronic HIV infection for more accurate incidence estimation. We identified two major linear epitope regions, located in the CypA binding loop and adjacent helices and at the end of the C-terminal domain. Most sera (86%) from acutely HIV-1-infected individuals reacted with multiple peptides, while 60% and 30% of AIDS patient samples reacted with multiple and single peptides, respectively. In contrast, 46% and 43% of chronically HIV-1-infected individuals reacted with one and none of the peptides, respectively, and only 11% reacted with multiple p24 peptides, indicating a progression of immune responses from polyclone-like during acute infection to monoclone-like or a nonresponse to linear epitopes during chronic infection. Anti-p24 antibodies (subtype B) show broad cross-reactivity to different HIV-1 subtypes, and the synergistic action of different combinations of anti-HIV antibodies improves capture and detection of divergent HIV-1 subtypes. Our results indicate that the modified peptide immunoassay is sensitive and specific for the rapid identification of HIV-1 p24 IDEs and for investigation of immune responses to p24 during natural HIV-1 infection. The data provide the foundation for development and refinement of new assays for improved p24 antigen testing as future tools for rapid and accurate diagnosis as part of early intervention strategies and estimations of incidence.
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Campolongo MJ, Tan SJ, Xu J, Luo D. DNA nanomedicine: Engineering DNA as a polymer for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:606-16. [PMID: 20338202 PMCID: PMC7125827 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology to medicine, encompasses a broad spectrum of fields including molecular detection, diagnostics, drug delivery, gene regulation and protein production. In recent decades, DNA has received considerable attention for its functionality and versatility, allowing it to help bridge the gap between materials science and biological systems. The use of DNA as a structural nanoscale material has opened a new avenue towards the rational design of DNA nanostructures with different polymeric topologies. These topologies, in turn, possess unique characteristics that translate to specific therapeutic and diagnostic strategies within nanomedicine.
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Tang S, Hewlett I. Nanoparticle-based immunoassays for sensitive and early detection of HIV-1 capsid (p24) antigen. J Infect Dis 2010; 201 Suppl 1:S59-64. [PMID: 20225948 DOI: 10.1086/650386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the feasibility of using nanoparticle (NP)-based assays for improving detection sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 antigen. One assay that was evaluated is a gold NP-based biobarcode amplification (BCA) assay, which can detect HIV-1 p24 antigen at levels as low as 0.1 pg/mL. The lower limit of detection for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is 10-15 pg/mL. These results demonstrate that the HIV-1 p24 BCA assay offers 100-150-fold enhancement in the detection limit over the traditional colorimetric ELISA. Furthermore, the BCA assay detected HIV-1 infection 3 days earlier than did ELISA in samples from patients who had experienced seroconversion. The other assay that we tested is the europium NP-based immunoassay, which uses europium NPs to replace gold NPs in the BCA assay to further simplify the detection method and decrease the incubation time. For detection of HIV-1 p24, the lower limit of detection for the europium NP-based immunoassay was 0.5 pg/mL. These results indicate that the universal labeling technology based on NPs and its application may provide a rapid and sensitive testing platform for clinical diagnosis and laboratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixing Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Kaittanis C, Santra S, Perez JM. Emerging nanotechnology-based strategies for the identification of microbial pathogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:408-23. [PMID: 19914316 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are still a major healthcare problem. From food intoxication and contaminated water, to hospital-acquired diseases and pandemics, infectious agents cause disease throughout the world. Despite advancements in pathogens' identification, some of the gold-standard diagnostic methods have limitations, including laborious sample preparation, bulky instrumentation and slow data readout. In addition, new field-deployable diagnostic modalities are urgently needed in first responder and point-of-care applications. Apart from compact, these sensors must be sensitive, specific, robust and fast, in order to facilitate detection of the pathogen even in remote rural areas. Considering these characteristics, researchers have utilized innovative approaches by employing the unique properties of nanomaterials in order to achieve detection of infectious agents, even in complex media like blood. From gold nanoparticles and their plasmonic shifts to iron oxide nanoparticles and changes in magnetic properties, detection of pathogens, toxins, antigens and nucleic acids has been achieved with impressive detection thresholds. Additionally, as bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, nanotechnology has achieved the rapid determination of bacterial drug susceptibility and resistance using novel methods, such as amperometry and magnetic relaxation. Overall, these promising results hint to the adoption of nanotechnology-based diagnostics for the diagnosis of infectious diseases in diverse settings throughout the globe, preventing epidemics and safeguarding human and economic wellness.
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El-Sadik AO, El-Ansary A, Sabry SM. Nanoparticle-labeled stem cells: a novel therapeutic vehicle. Clin Pharmacol 2010; 2:9-16. [PMID: 22291483 PMCID: PMC3262361 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s8931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been described as a general purpose technology. It has already generated a range of inventions and innovations. Development of nanotechnology will provide clinical medicine with a range of new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities such as medical imaging, medical diagnosis, drug delivery, and cancer detection and management. Nanoparticles such as manganese, polystyrene, silica, titanium oxide, gold, silver, carbon, quantum dots, and iron oxide have received enormous attention in the creation of new types of analytical tools for biotechnology and life sciences. Labeling of stem cells with nanoparticles overcame the problems in homing and fixing stem cells to their desired site and guiding extension of stem cells to specific directions. Although the biologic effects of some nanoparticles have already been assessed, information on toxicity and possible mechanisms of various particle types remains inadequate. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the mechanisms of internalization and distribution of nanoparticles inside stem cells, as well as the influence of different types of nanoparticles on stem cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, and cytotoxicity, and to assess the role of nanoparticles in tracking the fate of stem cells used in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir O El-Sadik
- Stem Cell Unit, Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, Health Science Colleges, Cairo, Egypt.
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Fournier-Wirth C, Coste J. Nanotechnologies for pathogen detection: Future alternatives? Biologicals 2010; 38:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Zhang J, Fu Y, Lakowicz JR. Luminescent Silica Core / Silver Shell Encapsulated with Eu(III) Complex. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2009; 113:19404-19410. [PMID: 20514146 PMCID: PMC2877519 DOI: 10.1021/jp906742q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we studied the metal-enhanced emission from long-lifetime lanthanide dyes that were encapsulated in the silver nanoshells. The metal nanoshells were synthesized with the silica spherical cores of 50 nm diameters and the silver shells of 5 - 60 nm. The optical properties of luminescent metal shells were performed on the either ensemble fluorescence spectroscopy or single particle imaging. The emission intensity from the encapsulated lanthanides was observed to enhance significantly by the metal nanoshell. The enhancement efficiency initially increased with the metal shell thickness and then decreased. The maximal enhancement occurred at the 20 - 30 nm thickness. The lifetime of encapsulated Eu(III) complexes was shorten dramatically indicating that they were coupled efficiently with the metal shells. The increased brightness and reduced lifetime of this core-shell structure demonstrate that the lanthanides are favorable for the single target molecule detections after encapsulating into the metal nanoshells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Yi Fu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Abstract
A broad range of nanomedicines is being developed to improve drug delivery for CNS disorders. The structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the presence of efflux pumps and the expression of metabolic enzymes pose hurdles for drug-brain entry. Nanoformulations can circumvent the BBB to improve CNS-directed drug delivery by affecting such pumps and enzymes. Alternatively, they can be optimized to affect their size, shape, and protein and lipid coatings to facilitate drug uptake, release and ingress across the barrier. This is important as the brain is a sanctuary for a broad range of pathogens including HIV-1. Improved drug delivery to the CNS would affect pharmacokinetic and drug biodistribution properties. This article focuses on how nanotechnology can serve to improve the delivery of antiretroviral medicines, termed nanoART, across the BBB and affect the biodistribution and clinical benefit for HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Nowacek
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology & Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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