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Letendre Jauniaux M, Lawford HL. Interpersonal curiosity as a tool to foster safe relational spaces: a narrative literature review. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1379330. [PMID: 39193028 PMCID: PMC11347427 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1379330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal curiosity (IPC), or the desire for information about others, is a core component of human connection, belonging, security, survival, and flourishing. Current research on leveraging IPC is scarce, making it an overlooked mechanism for building safer relational spaces. This narrative literature review attempts to answer the following questions: how can IPC facilitate safe relational spaces? How can this knowledge be made accessible and actionable for readers working in relational fields or public health? Results from the analysis of 23 articles indicate that IPC can manifest as either a trait or a state. At best, IPC can be a powerful tool for connection. At worst, IPC can lead to non-prosocial behaviors and relational disruptions. Suggestions are provided to harness the potential of IPC to foster quality connection and safer relational spaces.
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Shao W, Su Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Fan X. Understanding the link between different types of maternal diabetes and the onset of autism spectrum disorders. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2024; 50:101543. [PMID: 38761920 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2024.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a collection of neurodevelopmental disorders that exhibit impaired social interactions and repetitive stereotypic behaviors. Although the exact cause of these disorders remains unknown, it is widely accepted that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to their onset and progression. Recent studies have highlighted the potential negative impact of maternal diabetes on embryonic neurodevelopment, suggesting that intrauterine hyperglycemia could pose an additional risk to early brain development and contribute to the development of ASD. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the current research on the relationship between various forms of maternal diabetes, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gestational diabetes mellitus, and the likelihood of ASD in offspring. The study elucidates the potential mechanisms through which maternal hyperglycemia affects fetal development, involving metabolic hormones, immune dysregulation, heightened oxidative stress, and epigenetic alterations. The findings of this review offer valuable insights for potential preventive measures and evidence-based interventions targeting ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Shao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yichun Su
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Perkins SC, Shaun Ho S, Evans GW, Liberzon I, Gopang M, Swain JE. Language processing following childhood poverty: Evidence for disrupted neural networks. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2024; 252:105414. [PMID: 38640643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2024.105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Childhood poverty is related to deficits in multiple cognitive domains including adult language function. It is unknown if the brain basis of language is disrupted in adults with childhood poverty backgrounds, controlling for current functioning. Fifty-one adults (age 24) from an existing longitudinal study of childhood poverty, beginning at age 9, were examined on behavioral phonological awareness (LP) and completed an event-related fMRI speech/print processing LP task. Adults from childhood poverty backgrounds exhibited lower LP in adulthood. The middle-income group exhibited greater activation of the bilateral IFG and hippocampus during language processing. In psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses, the childhood poverty group exhibited greater coupling between ventral Broca's and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) as well as coupling between Wernicke's region and bilateralization. Childhood poverty disrupts language processing neural networks in adulthood, after controlling for LP, suggesting that poverty in childhood influences the neurophysiological basis for language processing into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Perkins
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, United States.
| | - S Shaun Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States
| | - Gary W Evans
- Departments of Human Centered Design and Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4401, United States
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77802, United States
| | - Meroona Gopang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States; Program in Public Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States; Psychology, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Medicine, Program in Public Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, United States
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Sunderji A, Gallant HD, Hall A, Davis AD, Pokhvisneva I, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, Sassi RB, Hall GB. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene network moderates the impact of prenatal maternal adversity on orbitofrontal cortical thickness in middle childhood. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287289. [PMID: 37319261 PMCID: PMC10270637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In utero, the developing brain is highly susceptible to the environment. For example, adverse maternal experiences during the prenatal period are associated with outcomes such as altered neurodevelopment and emotion dysregulation. Yet, the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigate whether the function of a network of genes co-expressed with the serotonin transporter in the amygdala moderates the impact of prenatal maternal adversity on the structure of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in middle childhood and/or the degree of temperamental inhibition exhibited in toddlerhood. T1-weighted structural MRI scans were acquired from children aged 6-12 years. A cumulative maternal adversity score was used to conceptualize prenatal adversity and a co-expression based polygenic risk score (ePRS) was generated. Behavioural inhibition at 18 months was assessed using the Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire (ECBQ). Our results indicate that in the presence of a low functioning serotonin transporter gene network in the amygdala, higher levels of prenatal adversity are associated with greater right OFC thickness at 6-12 years old. The interaction also predicts temperamental inhibition at 18 months. Ultimately, we identified important biological processes and structural modifications that may underlie the link between early adversity and future deviations in cognitive, behavioural, and emotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza Sunderji
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather D. Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Davis
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences and Brain–Body Initiative, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia P. Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roberto B. Sassi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey B. Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Ayyash S, Sunderji A, Gallant HD, Hall A, Davis AD, Pokhvisneva I, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, Sassi RB, Hall GB. Examining resting-state network connectivity in children exposed to perinatal maternal adversity using anatomically weighted functional connectivity (awFC) analyses; A preliminary report. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1066373. [PMID: 37008220 PMCID: PMC10060836 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1066373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionEnvironmental perturbations during critical periods can have pervasive, organizational effects on neurodevelopment. To date, the literature examining the long-term impact of early life adversity has largely investigated structural and functional imaging data outcomes independently. However, emerging research points to a relationship between functional connectivity and the brain’s underlying structural architecture. For instance, functional connectivity can be mediated by the presence of direct or indirect anatomical pathways. Such evidence warrants the use of structural and functional imaging in tandem to study network maturation. Accordingly, this study examines the impact of poor maternal mental health and socioeconomic context during the perinatal period on network connectivity in middle childhood using an anatomically weighted functional connectivity (awFC) approach. awFC is a statistical model that identifies neural networks by incorporating information from both structural and functional imaging data.MethodsResting-state fMRI and DTI scans were acquired from children aged 7–9 years old.ResultsOur results indicate that maternal adversity during the perinatal period can affect offspring’s resting-state network connectivity during middle childhood. Specifically, in comparison to controls, children of mothers who had poor perinatal maternal mental health and/or low socioeconomic status exhibited greater awFC in the ventral attention network.DiscussionThese group differences were discussed in terms of the role this network plays in attention processing and maturational changes that may accompany the consolidation of a more adult-like functional cortical organization. Furthermore, our results suggest that there is value in using an awFC approach as it may be more sensitive in highlighting connectivity differences in developmental networks associated with higher-order cognitive and emotional processing, as compared to stand-alone FC or SC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondos Ayyash
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Aleeza Sunderji
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather D. Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences and Brain – Body Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roberto B. Sassi
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey B. Hall
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Hall,
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Herzberg MP, Hennefield L, Luking KR, Sanders AFP, Vogel AC, Kandala S, Tillman R, Luby J, Barch DM. Family income buffers the relationship between childhood adverse experiences and putamen volume. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:28-39. [PMID: 36314461 PMCID: PMC10038819 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adverse experiences and family income in childhood have been associated with altered brain development. While there is a large body of research examining these associations, it has primarily used cross-sectional data sources and studied adverse experiences and family income in isolation. However, it is possible that low family income and adverse experiences represent dissociable and potentially interacting profiles of risk. To address this gap in the literature, we examined brain structure as a function of adverse experiences in childhood and family income in 158 youths with up to five waves of MRI data. Specifically, we assessed the interactive effect of these two risk factors on six regions of interest: hippocampus, putamen, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, caudate, and thalamus. Adverse experiences and family income interacted to predict putamen volume (B = 0.086, p = 0.011) but only in participants with family income one standard deviation below the mean (slope estimate = -0.11, p = 0.03). These results suggest that adverse experiences in childhood result in distinct patterns of brain development across the socioeconomic gradient. Given previous findings implicating the role of the putamen in psychopathology-related behaviors, these results emphasize the importance of considering life events and socioeconomic context when evaluating markers of risk. Future research should include interactive effects of environmental exposures and family income to better characterize risk for psychopathology in diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max P. Herzberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura Hennefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine R. Luking
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences,
Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ashley F. P. Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alecia C. Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sridhar Kandala
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences,
Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Cooke EM, Connolly EJ, Boisvert DL, Hayes BE. A Systematic Review of the Biological Correlates and Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment and Adverse Childhood Experiences. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:156-173. [PMID: 34105421 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211021613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment (CM) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are two primary forms of interpersonal victimization that have been associated with a host of deleterious health outcomes. Studies over the past decade have begun to use a range of biologically informed methods to better understand the role biology plays in the relationship between CM, ACEs, and later life outcomes. This line of research has shown that both forms of victimization occur at sensitive periods of development, which can increase the likelihood of "getting under the skin" and influence health and behavior across the life course. This review examines the current state of knowledge on this hypothesis. One hundred and ninety-nine studies are included in this systematic review based on criteria that they be written in English, use a biologically informed method, and be conducted on samples of humans. Results reveal that latent additive genetic influences, biological system functioning captured by biomarkers, polygenic risk scores, and neurobiological factors are commonly associated with exposure and response to CM and ACEs. The implication of these findings for the existing body of research on early life victimization and recommendations for future research and policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Cooke
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Eric J Connolly
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Danielle L Boisvert
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 4038Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Brittany E Hayes
- School of Criminal Justice, 2514University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Vetrovoy O, Stratilov V, Lomert E, Tyulkova E. Prenatal Hypoxia-Induced Adverse Reaction to Mild Stress is Associated with Depressive-Like Changes in the Glucocorticoid System of Rats. Neurochem Res 2022; 48:1455-1467. [PMID: 36495386 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effects of prenatal hypoxia on neurodevelopment are predominantly associated with impaired maternal glucocorticoid stimulation of the fetus, which is "imprinted" in altered sensitivity of glucocorticoid reception in brain structures of offspring and can affect brain plasticity during lifespan. This study aimed to investigate response of the brain glucocorticoid system to mild stress (MS) in adult rats that survived prenatal severe hypoxia (PSH) on embryonic days 14-16. In response to MS the control (but not PSH) rats demonstrate increased corticosterone levels, a decrease in exploratory activity and increased anxiety. In the raphe nuclei of adult PSH rats the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) is increased without changes in serotonin levels in comparison with the control. MS induces a decrease in GR expression accompanied by up-regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2) and down-regulation of monoamine oxidase A (maoa) transcription in the raphe nuclei of both control and PSH groups. PSH also causes significant deviations in GR expression and GR-dependent transcription in the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex, but not in the amygdala of rats. However, in response to MS, PSH rats demonstrate mild changes in their activity, while in control animals the MS-induced activity of the glucocorticoid system in these brain structures is similar to intact PSH animals. Impaired activity of the glucocorticoid system in the extrahypothalamic brain structures of PSH rats is accompanied by increase in the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) levels in comparison with the control regardless of MS. Synthesis of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the blood are decreased in response to MS in the pituitary of control rats, which demonstrates a negative glucocorticoid feedback mechanism. Meanwhile, in the pituitary of PSH rats reduced POMC levels were found regardless of MS. Thus, prenatal hypoxia causes depression-like patterns in the brain glucocorticoid system with adverse reaction to mild stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Vetrovoy
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova Emb. 6, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034, Saint- Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Viktor Stratilov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova Emb. 6, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Lomert
- Group of Molecular Genetics of Tumor Cells, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tihoretsky Pr. 4, 194064, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Tyulkova
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova Emb. 6, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Korhonen K, Leinonen T, Tarkiainen L, Einiö E, Martikainen P. Childhood socio-economic circumstances and dementia: prospective register-based cohort study of adulthood socio-economic and cardiovascular health mediators. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 52:523-535. [PMID: 36343014 PMCID: PMC10114069 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study analysed the association between childhood socio-economic circumstances and the risk of dementia, and investigated the mediating role of potentially modifiable risk factors including adulthood socio-economic position and cardiovascular health.
Methods
We used a 10% sample of the 1950 Finnish population census linked with subsequent population and health registers (n = 95 381). Information of socio-economic characteristics, family structure and housing conditions at the age of 0–15 years was obtained from the 1950 census. We identified cohort members who developed dementia in 2000–2018 using national hospital, medication and death registers. Discrete time survival analysis using logistic regression and mediation analysis applying the Karlson–Holm–Breen (KHB) method were employed.
Results
An excess risk of dementia was observed for household crowding [odds ratio (OR) = 1.10; 95% CI 1.02–1.18 for 3 to <4 persons per heated room; OR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.11–1.27 for ≥4 persons], single-father family (OR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.07–1.51) and eastern and northern region of residence (OR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.10–1.28). The effects of single-father family and region of residence were mostly direct with adulthood characteristics mediating 14% and 29% of the total effect, respectively. The largest indirect effect was observed for household crowding mediated through adulthood socio-economic position (47–65%).
Conclusions
The study shows that childhood socio-economic circumstances are associated with dementia, and that the underlying mechanisms only partly relate to adulthood socio-economic position and cardiovascular health. Socio-economic and health interventions targeted at families with children may carry long-term benefits by contributing to a lower dementia risk in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarina Korhonen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Leinonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Tarkiainen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies (URBARIA), University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Einiö
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research , Rostock, Germany
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Huggins AA, McTeague LM, Davis MM, Bustos N, Crum KI, Polcyn R, Adams ZW, Carpenter LA, Hajcak G, Halliday CA, Joseph JE, Danielson CK. Neighborhood Disadvantage Associated With Blunted Amygdala Reactivity to Predictable and Unpredictable Threat in a Community Sample of Youth. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:242-252. [PMID: 35928141 PMCID: PMC9348572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood socioeconomic disadvantage is a form of adversity associated with alterations in critical frontolimbic circuits involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Most work has focused on individual-level socioeconomic position, yet individuals living in deprived communities typically encounter additional environmental stressors that have unique effects on the brain and health outcomes. Notably, chronic and unpredictable stressors experienced in the everyday lives of youth living in disadvantaged neighborhoods may impact neural responsivity to uncertain threat. METHODS A community sample of children (N = 254) ages 8 to 15 years (mean = 12.15) completed a picture anticipation task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, during which neutral and negatively valenced photos were presented in a temporally predictable or unpredictable manner. Area Deprivation Index (ADI) scores were derived from participants' home addresses as an index of relative neighborhood disadvantage. Voxelwise analyses examined interactions of ADI, valence, and predictability on neural response to picture presentation. RESULTS There was a significant ADI × valence interaction in the middle temporal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Higher ADI was associated with less amygdala activation to negatively valenced images. ADI also interacted with predictability. Higher ADI was associated with greater activation of lingual and calcarine gyri for unpredictably presented stimuli. There was no three-way interaction of ADI, valence, and predictability. CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood disadvantage may impact how the brain perceives and responds to potential threats. Future longitudinal work is critical for delineating how such effects may persist across the life span and how health outcomes may be modifiable with community-based interventions and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. Huggins
- Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lisa M. McTeague
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Megan M. Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas Bustos
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kathleen I. Crum
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Rachel Polcyn
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zachary W. Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Laura A. Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Colleen A. Halliday
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jane E. Joseph
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carla Kmett Danielson
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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11
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Stratilov VA, Vetrovoy OV, Tyulkova EI. Prenatal Hypoxia Affects Nicotine Consumption and Withdrawal in Adult Rats via Impairment of the Glutamate System in the Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4550-4561. [PMID: 35581520 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of damaging factors in the prenatal period as a basis for drug addiction in offspring is of great interest. In this study, we aim at deciphering the effects and possible mechanisms of prenatal severe hypoxia (PSH) on predisposition to nicotine addiction in adult rats. In PSH rats, we found an increasing tendency to nicotine consumption in the two-bottle choice test. After 2 weeks of chronic treatment with nicotine via osmotic minipump (9 mg/kg per day), we assessed the symptoms of withdrawal in the conditioned place aversion test after mecamylamine (an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nAChR) treatment. We showed that the mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal aversion was stronger in the PSH group than in the control group. This suggests that PSH acts as a predisposing factor for developing nicotine addiction in adulthood. PSH rats also demonstrated an increased level of phosphorylated DARPP-32 protein (known as the relay for dopamine and glutamate signaling) at 34 threonine (pThr34DARPP-32) in relation to its total amount in the nucleus accumbens of the striatum (NAc). Meanwhile, no changes in both the content of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway and the first type of dopamine receptors (DAR1) in NAc were found. The increased rate of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in adult PSH rats might result from excessive glutamatergic stimulation of the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) caused by activation of presynaptic nAChR by nicotine. This hypothesis is supported by the observed increase in VGluT2-positive terminals to Nurr1-positive neuronal bodies in VTA in PSH animals. Thus, the altered glutamate signaling phenotype might play a significant role in the development of PSH-related nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A Stratilov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova emb. 6, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Oleg V Vetrovoy
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova emb. 6, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7-9, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I Tyulkova
- Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuronal Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makarova emb. 6, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Crawford K, Fitzpatick B, McMahon L, Forde M, Miller S, McConnachie A, Messow M, Henderson M, McIntosh E, Boyd K, Ougrin D, Wilson P, Watson N, Minnis H. The Best Services Trial (BeST?): a cluster randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of New Orleans Intervention Model with services as usual (SAU) for infants and young children entering care. Trials 2022; 23:122. [PMID: 35130937 PMCID: PMC8819875 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abused and neglected children are at increased risk of health problems throughout life, but negative effects may be ameliorated by nurturing family care. It is not known whether it is better to place these children permanently with substitute (foster or adoptive) families or to attempt to reform their birth families. Previously, we conducted a feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the New Orleans Intervention Model (NIM) for children aged 0-60 months coming into foster care in Glasgow. NIM is delivered by a multidisciplinary health and social care team and offers families, whose child has been taken into foster care, a structured assessment of family relationships followed by a trial of treatment aiming to improve family functioning. A recommendation is then made for the child to return home or for adoption. In the feasibility RCT, families were willing to be randomised to NIM or optimised social work services as usual and equipoise was maintained. Here we present the protocol of a substantive RCT of NIM including a new London site. METHODS The study is a multi-site, pragmatic, single-blind, parallel group, cluster randomised controlled superiority trial with an allocation ratio of 1:1. We plan to recruit approximately 390 families across the sites, including those recruited in our feasibility RCT. They will be randomly allocated to NIM or optimised services as usual and followed up to 2.5 years post-randomisation. The principal outcome measure will be child mental health, and secondary outcomes will be child quality of life, the time taken for the child to be placed in permanent care (rehabilitation home or adoption) and the quality of the relationship with the primary caregiver. DISCUSSION The study is novel in that infant mental health professionals rarely have a role in judicial decisions about children's care placements, and RCTs are rare in the judicial context. The trial will allow us to determine whether NIM is clinically and cost-effective in the UK and findings may have important implications for the use of mental health assessment and treatment as part of the decision-making about children in the care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Crawford
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Bridie Fitzpatick
- Centre for General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lynn McMahon
- Stratified Medicine Scotland Innovation Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Alex McConnachie
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Martina Messow
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marion Henderson
- School of Social Work and Social Policy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma McIntosh
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathleen Boyd
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dennis Ougrin
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurodevelopment, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Phil Wilson
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nicholas Watson
- Centre for Disability Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Helen Minnis
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Crick DCP, Halligan SL, Howe LD, Lacey RE, Khandaker GM, Burgner D, Herbert A, Suderman M, Anderson EL, Fraser A. Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences and the novel inflammatory marker glycoprotein acetyls in two generations of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:112-120. [PMID: 34793940 PMCID: PMC8791601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood, potentially mediated by chronic low-grade inflammation. Glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA) is a marker of chronic and cumulative inflammation. We investigated associations between ACEs and GlycA at different ages, in two generations of the population-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. METHODS ALSPAC offspring's total ACE scores were generated for two age periods using prospectively collected data: 0-7y and 0-17y. GlycA was measured using high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance at mean ages 8y, 18y, and 24y. Sample sizes ranged from: n = 5116 (8y) to n = 3085 (24y). ALSPAC mothers (n = 4634) retrospectively reported ACEs experienced before age 18y and GlycA was assessed at mean age 49y. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate associations between ACEs (total ACE score and individual ACEs) and subsequent GlycA in both samples, adjusting for key confounders. RESULTS Mean GlycA levels were similar in offspring and mothers and over time. In offspring, there was no evidence that ACEs (total score or individual ACE) were associated with GlycA at age 8y or 18y, or 24y after adjustment for maternal age at birth and parity, maternal marital status, household occupational social class, maternal education, maternal smoking, own ethnicity, sex, and age in months. In mothers, there was evidence of a positive association between the total ACE score and GlycA at age 49y (adjusted mean difference 0.007 mmol/L; 95%CI: 0.003, 0.01). Emotional neglect was the only individual ACE associated with higher GlycA after adjusting for confounders and other ACEs. CONCLUSION Results suggest the association between ACEs and GlycA may emerge in middle age. Future research should explore the extent to which inflammation in adulthood mediates well-documented associations between ACEs and adverse health outcomes in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy C P Crick
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Sarah L Halligan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura D Howe
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca E Lacey
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Golam M Khandaker
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI), the Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annie Herbert
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L Anderson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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14
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Brieant AE, Sisk LM, Gee DG. Associations among negative life events, changes in cortico-limbic connectivity, and psychopathology in the ABCD Study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 52:101022. [PMID: 34710799 PMCID: PMC8556598 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adversity exposure is a risk factor for psychopathology, which most frequently onsets during adolescence, and prior research has demonstrated that alterations in cortico-limbic connectivity may account in part for this association. In a sample of youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 4006), we tested a longitudinal structural equation model to examine the indirect effect of adversity exposure (negative life events) on later psychopathology via changes in cortico-limbic resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). We also examined the potential protective effects of parental acceptance. Generally, cortico-limbic connectivity became more strongly negative between baseline and year 2 follow-up, suggesting that stronger negative correlations within these cortico-limbic networks may reflect a more mature phenotype. Exposure to a greater number of negative life events was associated with stronger negative cortico-limbic rsFC which, in turn, was associated with lower internalizing (but not externalizing) symptoms. The indirect effect of negative life events on internalizing symptoms via cortico-limbic rsFC was significant. Parental acceptance did not moderate the association between negative life events and rsFC. Our findings highlight how stressful childhood experiences may accelerate neurobiological maturation in specific cortico-limbic connections, potentially reflecting an adaptive process that protects against internalizing problems in the context of adversity. Childhood adversity shapes cortico-limbic connectivity and mental health. In the ABCD Study, cortico-limbic functional connectivity changed over time. These changes explain the association between adversity and internalizing symptoms. Adversity exposure may accelerate corticolimbic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis E Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - Lucinda M Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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15
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McQuillan ME, Bates JE, Staples AD, Hoyniak CP, Rudasill KM, Molfese VJ. Sustained attention across toddlerhood: The roles of language and sleep. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:1042-1057. [PMID: 34435821 PMCID: PMC8406408 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined individual differences in the development of sustained attention across toddlerhood, as well as how these individual differences related to the development of language and sleep. Toddlers (N = 314; 54% male) were assessed at 30, 36, and 42 months using multiple measures of attention, a standardized language assessment, and actigraphic measures of sleep. Toddlers were 80% White. Family socioeconomic status (SES) was calculated using the Hollingshead Four Factor Index and ranged from 13 to 66 (M = 47.59, SD = 14.13). Aims were (a) to examine associations between measures of attention across situations, informants, and time; (b) to consider the independent and interactive effects of language and sleep on attention; and (c) to test potential bidirectional associations between sleep and attention. Findings showed attention measures were stable across time but were only weakly linked with each other at 42 months. Attention was consistently linked with language. More variable sleep and longer naps were associated with less growth in sustained attention across time. Nighttime sleep duration interacted with language in that sleep duration was positively associated with attention scores among toddlers with less advanced language, even when SES was controlled. The findings describe an understudied aspect of how sustained attention develops, involving the main effect of consistent sleep schedules and the interaction effect of amount of sleep and child language development. These findings are relevant to understanding early childhood risk for developing attention problems and to exploring a potential prevention target in family sleep practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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16
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Coley EJ, Mayer EA, Osadchiy V, Chen Z, Subramanyam V, Zhang Y, Hsiao EY, Gao K, Bhatt R, Dong T, Vora P, Naliboff B, Jacobs JP, Gupta A. Early life adversity predicts brain-gut alterations associated with increased stress and mood. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100348. [PMID: 34113697 PMCID: PMC8170500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the brain-gut system have been implicated in various disease states, but little is known about how early-life adversity (ELA) impacts development and adult health as mediated by brain-gut interactions. We hypothesize that ELA disrupts components of the brain-gut system, thereby increasing susceptibility to disordered mood. In a sample of 128 healthy adult participants, a history of ELA and current stress, depression, and anxiety were assessed using validated questionnaires. Fecal metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic profiling. Functional brain connectivity was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis, controlling for sex, body mass index, age, and diet was used to predict brain-gut alterations as a function of ELA. ELA was correlated with four gut-regulated metabolites within the glutamate pathway (5-oxoproline, malate, urate, and glutamate gamma methyl ester) and alterations in functional brain connectivity within primarily sensorimotor, salience, and central executive networks. Integrated analyses revealed significant associations between these metabolites, functional brain connectivity, and scores for perceived stress, anxiety, and depression. This study reveals a novel association between a history of ELA, alterations in the brain-gut axis, and increased vulnerability to negative mood and stress. Results from the study raise the hypothesis that select gut-regulated metabolites may contribute to the adverse effects of critical period stress on neural development via pathways related to glutamatergic excitotoxicity and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J.L. Coley
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vadim Osadchiy
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zixi Chen
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vishvak Subramanyam
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yurui Zhang
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Elaine Y. Hsiao
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kan Gao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Ravi Bhatt
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tien Dong
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priten Vora
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruce Naliboff
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arpana Gupta
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA,UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding author. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA CHS, 42-210 MC737818 10833 Le Conte Avenue, USA.
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17
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Demir-Lira ÖE, Prado J, Booth JR. Neurocognitive basis of deductive reasoning in children varies with parental education. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3396-3410. [PMID: 33978281 PMCID: PMC8249891 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurocognitive basis of elementary academic skills varies with parental socioeconomic status (SES). Little is known, however, about SES‐related differences underlying higher‐order cognitive skills that are critical for school success, such as reasoning. Here we used fMRI to examine how the neurocognitive basis of deductive reasoning varies as a function of parental education in school‐aged children. Higher parental education was associated with greater reliance on the left inferior frontal gyrus when solving set‐inclusion problems, consistent with other work suggesting that these problems might more heavily rely on verbal systems in the brain. In addition, children who are at the lower end of the parental education continuum, but have higher nonverbal skills relied on right parietal areas to a greater degree than their peers for solving set‐inclusion problems. Finally, lower parental education children with higher verbal or nonverbal skill engaged dorsolateral prefrontal regions to a greater degree for set‐inclusion and linear‐order relations than their peers. These findings suggest that children with lower parental education rely on spatial and cognitive control mechanisms to achieve parity with their peers with parents who have more education. Better understanding variability in the neurocognitive networks that children recruit as a function of their parental factors might benefit future individualized interventions that best match children's characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ö Ece Demir-Lira
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jérôme Prado
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Experiential Neuroscience and Mental Training Team, INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - James R Booth
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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18
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Taylor DL, Espeleta HC, Kraft JD, Grant DM. Early childhood experiences and cognitive risk factors for anxiety symptoms among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:268-274. [PMID: 31549919 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1664552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Data indicate that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a risk factor for cognitive and attentional vulnerabilities. A vulnerability linked to these impairments is repetitive negative thinking (RNT), and data suggest that RNT and anxiety symptoms may be moderated by attentional control. The current study investigated the effect of these risk factors on symptoms of anxiety. Participants: College students (N = 376) were recruited from a university. Methods: Participants were administered questionnaires online to assess retrospective ACEs, current RNT, attentional control, and anxiety symptoms. Results: There was an indirect effect of ACEs on anxiety symptoms through RNT. High attentional control moderated the indirect effects, such that high compared to low attentional control was associated with an increased effect of RNT on anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Increased ACEs may be a risk factor for RNT among college students. Combined with high attentional control, these may be risk factors for anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Hannah C Espeleta
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jacob D Kraft
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - DeMond M Grant
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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al'Absi M, Ginty AT, Lovallo WR. Neurobiological mechanisms of early life adversity, blunted stress reactivity and risk for addiction. Neuropharmacology 2021; 188:108519. [PMID: 33711348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blunted stress reactivity resulting from early exposure to stress during childhood and adolescence may increase vulnerability to addiction. Early life adversity (ELA) affects brain structure and function and results in blunted stress axis reactivity. In this review, we focus on the underlying neurobiological mechanisms associated with a blunted response to stress, ELA, and risk for addictive disorders. ELA and blunted reactivity are accompanied by unstable mood regulation, impulsive behaviors, and reduced cognitive function. Neuroimaging studies reveal cortical and subcortical changes in persons exposed to ELA and those who have a genetic disposition for addiction. We propose a model in which blunted stress reactivity may be a marker of risk for addiction through an altered motivational and behavioral reactivity to stress that contribute to disinhibited behavioral reactivity and impulsivity leading in turn to increased vulnerability for substance use. Evidence supporting this hypothesis in the context of substance use initiation, maintenance, and risk for relapse is presented. The effects of ELA on persons at risk for addiction may lead to early experimentation with drugs of abuse. Early adoption of drug intake may alter neuroregulation in such vulnerable persons leading to a permanent dysregulation of motivational responses consistent with dependence. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa al'Absi
- Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA.
| | - Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - William R Lovallo
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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20
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A Social Affective Neuroscience Model of Risk and Resilience in Adolescent Depression: Preliminary Evidence and Application to Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:188-199. [PMID: 33097468 PMCID: PMC9912296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a disorder of dysregulated affective and social functioning, with attenuated response to reward, heightened response to threat (perhaps especially social threat), excessive focus on negative aspects of the self, ineffective engagement with other people, and difficulty modulating all of these responses. Known risk factors provide a starting point for a model of developmental pathways to resilience, and we propose that the interplay of social threat experiences and neural social-affective systems is critical to those pathways. We describe a model of risk and resilience, review supporting evidence, and apply the model to sexual and gender minority adolescents, a population with high disparities in depression and unique social risk factors. This approach illustrates the fundamental role of a socially and developmentally informed clinical neuroscience model for understanding a population disproportionately affected by risk factors and psychopathology outcomes. We consider it a public health imperative to apply conceptual models to high-need populations to elucidate targets for effective interventions to promote healthy development and enhance resilience.
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21
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Morris AS, Wakschlag L, Krogh-Jespersen S, Fox N, Planalp B, Perlman SB, Shuffrey LC, Smith B, Lorenzo NE, Amso D, Coles CD, Johnson SP. Principles for Guiding the Selection of Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Risk and Resilience Measures: HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study as an Exemplar. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2020; 1:247-267. [PMID: 33196052 PMCID: PMC7649097 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-020-00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vast individual differences in the developmental origins of risk and resilience pathways combined with sophisticated capabilities of big data science increasingly point to the imperative of large, neurodevelopmental consortia to capture population heterogeneity and key variations in developmental trajectories. At the same time, such large-scale population-based designs involving multiple independent sites also must weigh competing demands. For example, the need for efficient, scalable assessment strategies must be balanced with the need for nuanced, developmentally sensitive phenotyping optimized for linkage to neural mechanisms and specification of common and distinct exposure pathways. Standardized epidemiologic batteries designed for this purpose such as PhenX (consensus measures for Phenotypes and eXposures) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox provide excellent "off the shelf" assessment tools that are well-validated and enable cross-study comparability. However, these standardized toolkits can also constrain ability to leverage advances in neurodevelopmental measurement over time, at times disproportionately advantaging established measures. In addition, individual consortia often expend exhaustive effort "reinventing the wheel," which is inefficient and fails to fully maximize potential synergies with other like initiatives. To address these issues, this paper lays forth an early childhood neurodevelopmental assessment strategy, guided by a set of principles synthesizing developmental and pragmatic considerations generated by the Neurodevelopmental Workgroup of the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Planning Consortium. These principles emphasize characterization of both risk- and resilience-promoting processes. Specific measurement recommendations to HBCD are provided to illustrate application. However, principles are intended as a guiding framework to transcend any particular initiative as a broad neurodevelopmentally informed, early childhood assessment strategy for large-scale consortia science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sheffield Morris
- Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, 700 North Greenwood Ave, Tulsa, OK 74106 USA
| | - Lauren Wakschlag
- Department of Medical and Social Sciences, & Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Sheila Krogh-Jespersen
- Department of Medical and Social Sciences, & Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Nathan Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Beth Planalp
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Susan B. Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University- St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Lauren C. Shuffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Beth Smith
- Division of Research on Children, Youth, and Family, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles; Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Nicole E. Lorenzo
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Dima Amso
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Claire D. Coles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Scott P. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Vengeliene V, Foo JC, Kim J. Translational approach to understanding momentary factors associated with alcohol consumption. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3878-3897. [PMID: 32608068 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple interindividual and intra-individual factors underlie variability in drinking motives, challenging clinical translatability of animal research and limiting treatment success of substance use-related problems. Intra-individual variability refers to time-dependent continuous and discrete changes within the individual and in substance use research is studied as momentary variation in the internal states (craving, stressed, anxious, impulsive and tired) and response to external triggers (stressors, drug-associated environmental cues and social encounters). These momentary stimuli have a direct impact on behavioural decisions and may be triggers and predictors of substance consumption. They also present potential targets for real-time behavioural and pharmacological interventions. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies demonstrating different momentary risk factors associated with increased probability of alcohol drinking in humans and changes in alcohol seeking and consumption in animals. The review also provides an overview of pharmacological interventions related to every individual risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vengeliene
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jerome Clifford Foo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jinhyuk Kim
- Department of Informatics, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
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Glasper A. Sensory deprivation in children living in suboptimal care environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:376-377. [PMID: 32207649 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2020.29.6.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Emeritus Professor Alan Glasper, from the University of Southampton, reflects on new research which illuminates the impact of sensory deprivation in early childhood.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Alan Glasper
- Emeritus Professor of Children's and Young People's Nursing, University of Southampton , Southampton, UK
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Gu H, Zhao Q, Liu J, Zhao J, Ji L, Chi P, Li X. EEG oscillation evidences of altered resting-state brain activity in children orphaned by parental HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care 2020; 32:177-182. [PMID: 32168993 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1739211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Early life adverse events in children orphaned by parental HIV/AIDS can have long-lasting effects on brain function. However, data are limited regarding the brain activation during resting state in these children. The current study aims to investigate the brain oscillation at rest in children orphaned by HIV/AIDS using resting-state EEG data. Data were derived from a larger neurodevelopmental study in which 90 children aged 9-17 years orphaned by AIDS and 66 matched controls were recruited through the local communities and school system. Children (63 orphans and 65 controls) who had resting-state EEG data and completed the Teacher-Child Rating Scale (T-CRS) were included in the current analysis. EEG results showed that children orphaned by HIV/AIDS had increased theta activity in the midline region, decreased beta activity in left hemisphere and overall increased theta/beta power ratio. Furthermore, the theta/beta ratio is positively correlated with learning problem and acting out scores, and negatively correlated with task orientation and peer social skill activities. Findings support that children orphaned by HIV/AIDS demonstrate different brain activity compared to non-orphan controls and also suggest that the EEG activities in resting state may serve as useful indicators of children's behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Gu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Ji
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilian Chi
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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26
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Dufford AJ, Kim P, Evans GW. The impact of childhood poverty on brain health: Emerging evidence from neuroimaging across the lifespan. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 150:77-105. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cerdó T, Diéguez E, Campoy C. Early nutrition and gut microbiome: interrelationship between bacterial metabolism, immune system, brain structure, and neurodevelopment. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E617-E630. [PMID: 31361544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00188.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of diet during pregnancy and early postnatal life may impact colonization of gut microbiota during early life, which could influence infant health, leading to potential long-lasting consequences later in life. This is a nonsystematic review that explores the recent scientific literature to provide a general perspective of this broad topic. Several studies have shown that gut microbiota composition is related to changes in metabolism, energy balance, and immune system disturbances through interaction between microbiota metabolites and host receptors by the gut-brain axis. Moreover, recent clinical studies suggest that an intestinal dysbiosis in gut microbiota may result in cognitive disorders and behavioral problems. Furthermore, recent research in the field of brain imaging focused on the study of the relationship between gut microbial ecology and large-scale brain networks, which will help to decipher the influence of the microbiome on brain function and potentially will serve to identify multiple mediators of the gut-brain axis. Thus, knowledge about optimal nutrition by modulating gut microbiota-brain axis activity will allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the developing brain during critical windows. In addition, this knowledge will open new avenues for developing novel microbiota-modulating based diet interventions during pregnancy and early life to prevent metabolic disorders, as well as neurodevelopmental deficits and brain functional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Cerdó
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- BioHealth Research Institute (Ibs-Granada), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain
- Neurosciences Institute, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Estefanía Diéguez
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- BioHealth Research Institute (Ibs-Granada), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain
- Neurosciences Institute, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada's node, Carlos III Health Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Brain, Behavior and Health Excellence Research Unit (SC2). University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Abstract
Exposure to environmental stressors is highly prevalent and unequally distributed along socioeconomic lines and may have enduring negative consequences, even when experienced before birth. Yet, estimating the consequences of prenatal stress on children's outcomes is complicated by the issue of confounding (i.e., unobserved factors correlated with stress exposure and with children's outcomes). I combine a natural experiment-a strong earthquake in Chile-with a panel survey to capture the effect of prenatal exposure on acute stress and children's cognitive ability. I find that stress exposure in early pregnancy has no effect on children's cognition among middle-class families, but it has a strong negative influence among disadvantaged families. I then examine possible pathways accounting for the socioeconomic stratification in the effect of stress, including differential exposure across socioeconomic status, differential sensitivity, and parental responses. Findings suggest that the interaction between prenatal exposures and socioeconomic advantage provides a powerful mechanism for the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Torche
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Building 120 McClatchy Hall, Room 244, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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29
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Chen X, Zhang J, Kim B, Jaitpal S, Meng SS, Adjepong K, Imamura S, Wake H, Nishibori M, Stopa EG, Stonestreet BS. High-mobility group box-1 translocation and release after hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 311:1-14. [PMID: 30217406 PMCID: PMC6261802 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to neonatal brain injury. Pro-inflammatory cytokines represent key inflammatory meditators in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. The high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is a nuclear protein with pro-inflammatory cytokine properties when it is translocated from the nucleus and released extracellularly after stroke in adult rodents. We have previously shown that HMGB1 is translocated from the nucleus to cytosolic compartment after ischemic brain injury in fetal sheep. In the current study, we utilized the Rice-Vannucci model to investigate the time course of HMGB1 translocation and release after HI injury in neonatal rats. HMGB1 was located in cellular nuclei of brains from sham control rats. Nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 was detected in the ipsilateral-HI hemisphere as early as zero h after HI, and released extracellularly as early as 6 h after HI. Immunohistochemical double staining detected HMGB1 translocation mainly in neurons along with release from apoptotic cells after HI. Serum HMGB1 increased at 3 h and decreased by 24 h after HI. In addition, rat brains exposed to hypoxic injury alone also exhibited time dependent HMGB1 translocation at 3, 12 and 48 h after hypoxia. Consequently, HMGB1 responds similarly after HI injury in the brains of neonatal and adult subjects. We conclude that HMGB1 is sensitive early indicator of neonatal HI and hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Siddhant Jaitpal
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steven S Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kwame Adjepong
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sayumi Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Edward G Stopa
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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30
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Chang Q, Yang H, Wang M, Wei H, Hu F. Role of Microtubule-Associated Protein in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:1119-1126. [PMID: 29936584 PMCID: PMC6246838 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, along with repetitive and restrictive patterns of behaviors or interests. Normal brain development is crucial to behavior and cognition in adulthood. Abnormal brain development, such as synaptic and myelin dysfunction, is involved in the pathogenesis of ASD. Microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are important in regulating the processes of brain development, including neuron production and synaptic formation, as well as myelination. Increasing evidence suggests that the level of MAPs are changed in autistic patients and mouse models of ASD. Here, we discuss the roles of MAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Chang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Hongen Wei
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
| | - Fengyun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
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Oxidative Stress, Maternal Diabetes, and Autism Spectrum Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3717215. [PMID: 30524654 PMCID: PMC6247386 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3717215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of early-onset neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by alterations in brain connectivity with cascading effects on neuropsychological functions. To date, in the framework of an increasing interest about environmental conditions which could interact with genetic factors in ASD pathogenesis, many authors have stressed that changes in the intrauterine environment at different stages of pregnancy, such as those linked to maternal metabolic pathologies, may lead to long-term conditions in the newborn. In particular, a growing number of epidemiological studies have highlighted the role of obesity and maternal diabetes as a risk factor for developing both somatic and psychiatric disorders in humans, including ASD. While literature still fails in identifying specific etiopathological mechanisms, a growing body of evidence is available about the presence of a relationship between maternal immune dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the development of ASD in the offspring. In this framework, results from high-fat diet animal models about the role played by oxidative stress in shaping offspring neurodevelopment may help in clarifying the pathways through which maternal metabolic conditions are linked with ASD. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of literature about the effects of early life insults linked to oxidative stress which may be involved in ASD etiopathogenesis and how this relationship can be explained in biological terms.
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Ozernov-Palchik O, Norton ES, Wang Y, Beach SD, Zuk J, Wolf M, Gabrieli JDE, Gaab N. The relationship between socioeconomic status and white matter microstructure in pre-reading children: A longitudinal investigation. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:741-754. [PMID: 30276914 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading is a learned skill crucial for educational attainment. Children from families of lower socioeconomic status (SES) tend to have poorer reading performance and this gap widens across years of schooling. Reading relies on the orchestration of multiple neural systems integrated via specific white-matter pathways, but there is limited understanding about whether these pathways relate differentially to reading performance depending on SES background. Kindergarten white-matter FA and second-grade reading outcomes were investigated in an SES-diverse sample of 125 children. The three left-hemisphere white-matter tracts most associated with reading, and their right-hemisphere homologs, were examined: arcuate fasciculus (AF), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). There was a significant and positive association between SES and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the bilateral ILF in kindergarten. SES moderated the association between kindergarten ILF and second grade reading performance, such that it was positive in lower-SES children, but not significant in higher-SES children. These results have implications for understanding the role of the environment in the development of the neural pathways that support reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ozernov-Palchik
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth S Norton
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Department of Medical Social Sciences, and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Sara D Beach
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer Zuk
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Maryanne Wolf
- Center for Dyslexia, Diverse Learners, and Social Justice, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, UCLA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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33
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Torres-Espínola FJ, Berglund SK, García S, Pérez-García M, Catena A, Rueda R, Sáez JA, Campoy C. Visual evoked potentials in offspring born to mothers with overweight, obesity and gestational diabetes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203754. [PMID: 30208080 PMCID: PMC6135499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight, obesity, and gestational diabetes (GD) during pregnancy may negatively affect neurodevelopment in the offspring. However, the mechanisms are unclear and objective measures of neurodevelopment in infancy are scarce. We hypothesized that these maternal metabolic pathologies impair cortical visual evoked potentials (cVEPs), a proxy for visual and neuronal maturity. Design The PREOBE study included 331 pregnant women stratified into four groups; normal weight (controls), overweight, obesity, and GD (the latter including mothers with normal weight, overweight and obesity). In a subsample of the offspring at 3 months (n = 157) and at 18 months (n = 136), we assessed the latencies and amplitudes of the P100 wave from cVEPs and calculated visual acuity. Results At 3 months of age, visual acuity was significantly poorer in offspring born to GD mothers. At 18 months of age, there were no differences in visual acuity but infants born to GD mothers had significantly longer latencies of cVEPs when measured at 15’, and 30’ of arc. The group differences at 30’ remained significant after confounder adjustment (mean [SD] 121.0 [16.0] vs. 112.6 [7.6] ms in controls, p = 0.007) and the most prolonged latencies were observed in offspring to GD mothers with concurrent overweight (128.9 [26.9] ms, p = 0.002) and obesity (118.5 [5.1] ms, p = 0.020). Conclusions Infants born to mothers with GD, particularly those with concurrent overweight or obesity, have prolonged latencies of visual evoked potentials at 18 months of age, suggesting that this maternal metabolic profile have a long lasting, non-optimal, effect on infants´ brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Torres-Espínola
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Staffan K. Berglund
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Salomé García
- Clinical Service of Neurophysiology, Clinical University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Pérez-García
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour International Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Personality, Neuropsychology and Behavior, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrés Catena
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour International Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Scientific Department of Abbott Nutrition, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Sáez
- Clinical Service of Neurophysiology, Clinical University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBERESP: Spanish National Network in Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute Carlos III Granada’s node, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Chou CY, Mackin RS, Delucchi KL, Mathews CA. Detail-oriented visual processing style: Its role in the relationships between early life adversity and hoarding-related dysfunctions. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:30-36. [PMID: 29883858 PMCID: PMC6131021 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity, ranging from material deprivation and parental dysfunction to abusive and life-threatening events, has been associated with hoarding symptom severity. Moreover, both victims of early life adversity and individuals with hoarding disorder have been found to have a higher tendency toward detail-oriented visual processing. This study aimed to investigate the role of detail-oriented visual processing in the relationship between early life adversity and hoarding-related dysfunction. Childhood exposure to life adversity, hoarding symptom severity, and emotional attachment to possessions, a hoarding-related dysfunction thought to be most closely related to adversity exposure, were assessed. Detail-oriented visual processing was evaluated using the Central Coherence Index, which was calculated based on the drawing process during the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. It was found that detail-oriented visual processing was not significantly associated with hoarding symptom severity, emotional attachment to possessions, or the relationship between early life adversity and hoarding symptom severity. It did, however, act as a significant moderator in the relationship between early life adversity and emotional attachment to possessions. These findings add to the literature by identifying the role of a specific neurocognitive processing style in the mechanism through which early life adversity affects the development of a key hoarding-related dysfunction, elevated emotional attachment to possessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - R Scott Mackin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Kevin L Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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35
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Gullick MM, Demir-Lira ÖE, Booth JR. Reading skill-fractional anisotropy relationships in visuospatial tracts diverge depending on socioeconomic status. Dev Sci 2018; 19:673-85. [PMID: 27412229 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Low socioeconomic status (SES) has been repeatedly linked with decreased academic achievement, including lower reading outcomes. Some lower SES children do show skills and scores commensurate with those of their higher SES peers, but whether their abilities stem from the same systems as high SES children or are based on divergent strategies is unknown. We here investigated a potential interactive relationship between SES and real-word reading skill in the white matter in 42 typically developing children. SES was determined based on parental education; reading skill and age were not significantly related to SES. There was a significant neural interaction: Clusters in the bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), left superior longitudinal fasciculus, and left corticospinal tract demonstrated interactive skill-SES relationships in fractional anisotropy. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that higher SES children showed a positive relationship between fractional anisotropy, reflecting tract coherence, and reading skill in left hemisphere tract clusters, whereas lower SES children showed a positive relationship in the right hemisphere homologues. Broadly, the ILF has been demonstrated to support orthographic skill on the left and more general visuospatial processing on the right, so high reading achievement in lower SES children may rely on supplementary visuospatial processing more than for higher SES readers. This pattern is consistent with previous work reporting low SES children's environments to include less rich verbal experience, which may lead them to disproportionately draw on visuospatial skills for success. Further, these results indicate that group SES differences may be best described by an adaptive, not a deficit, model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Gullick
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Özlem Ece Demir-Lira
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - James R Booth
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Texas at Austin, USA
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How interindividual differences in brain anatomy shape reading accuracy. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:701-712. [PMID: 28916842 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to read develops throughout intensive academic learning and training. Several studies have investigated the impact of reading on the brain, and particularly how the anatomy of the brain changes with reading acquisition. In the present study, we investigated the converse issue, namely whether and how reading acquisition is constrained by the anatomy of the brain. Using multimodal MRI, we found that (a) the pattern (continuous or interrupted sulcus) of the posterior part of the left lateral occipito-temporal sulcus (OTS) hosting the visual word form area (VWFA) predicts reading skills in adults; that (b) this effect is modulated by the age of reading acquisition; and that (c) the length of the OTS sulcal interruption is associated with reading skills. Because the sulcal pattern is determined in utero, our findings suggest that individual difference in reading skills can be traced back to early stages of brain development in addition to the well-established socioeconomic and educational factors.
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37
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Effects of maternal investment, temperament, and cognition on guide dog success. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9128-9133. [PMID: 28784785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704303114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuing debate in studies of social development in both humans and other animals is the extent to which early life experiences affect adult behavior. Also unclear are the relative contributions of cognitive skills ("intelligence") and temperament for successful outcomes. Guide dogs are particularly suited to research on these questions. To succeed as a guide dog, individuals must accomplish complex navigation and decision making without succumbing to distractions and unforeseen obstacles. Faced with these rigorous demands, only ∼70% of dogs that enter training ultimately achieve success. What predicts success as a guide dog? To address these questions, we followed 98 puppies from birth to adulthood. We found that high levels of overall maternal behavior were linked with a higher likelihood of program failure. Furthermore, mothers whose nursing style required greater effort by puppies were more likely to produce successful offspring, whereas mothers whose nursing style required less effort were more likely to produce offspring that failed. In young adults, an inability to solve a multistep task quickly, compounded with high levels of perseveration during the task, was associated with failure. Young adults that were released from the program also appeared more anxious, as indicated by a short latency to vocalize when faced with a novel object task. Our results suggest that both maternal nursing behavior and individual traits of cognition and temperament are associated with guide dog success.
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Dirven BCJ, Homberg JR, Kozicz T, Henckens MJAG. Epigenetic programming of the neuroendocrine stress response by adult life stress. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:R11-R31. [PMID: 28400482 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is critically involved in the neuroendocrine regulation of stress adaptation, and the restoration of homeostasis following stress exposure. Dysregulation of this axis is associated with stress-related pathologies like major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder and chronic anxiety. It has long been understood that stress during early life can have a significant lasting influence on the development of the neuroendocrine system and its neural regulators, partially by modifying epigenetic regulation of gene expression, with implications for health and well-being in later life. Evidence is accumulating that epigenetic plasticity also extends to adulthood, proposing it as a mechanism by which psychological trauma later in life can long-lastingly affect HPA axis function, brain plasticity, neuronal function and behavioural adaptation to neuropsychological stress. Further corroborating this claim is the phenomenon that these epigenetic changes correlate with the behavioural consequences of trauma exposure. Thereby, epigenetic modifications provide a putative molecular mechanism by which the behavioural phenotype and transcriptional/translational potential of genes involved in HPA axis regulation can change drastically in response to environmental challenges, and appear an important target for treatment of stress-related disorders. However, improved insight is required to increase their therapeutic (drug) potential. Here, we provide an overview of the growing body of literature describing the epigenetic modulation of the (primarily neuroendocrine) stress response as a consequence of adult life stress and interpret the implications for, and the challenges involved in applying this knowledge to, the identification and treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anxiety/genetics
- Anxiety/metabolism
- Anxiety/physiopathology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- DNA Methylation
- Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics
- Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism
- Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- B C J Dirven
- Department of AnatomyDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T Kozicz
- Department of AnatomyDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M J A G Henckens
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Fraser K, MacKenzie D, Versnel J. Complex Trauma in Children and Youth: A Scoping Review of Sensory-Based Interventions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0164212x.2016.1265475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Fraser
- School of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Diane MacKenzie
- School of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Joan Versnel
- School of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Landy R, Head J, Richards M, Hardy R. The effect of life course socioeconomic position on crystallised cognitive ability in two large UK cohort studies: a structured modelling approach. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014461. [PMID: 28576891 PMCID: PMC5541359 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study systematically compared accumulation, sensitive period, critical period and social mobility models relating life course socioeconomic position (SEP) and adult crystallised cognitive ability, which has not been comprehensively investigated. DESIGN Two prospective cohort studies. PARTICIPANTS Five thousand three hundred and sixty-two participants in the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) Birth Cohort Study and 10 308 participants in the Whitehall II Occupational Cohort Study. MEASURES Childhood SEP was measured by father's occupational SEP, early adulthood SEP by educational qualifications and adult SEP by own occupational SEP. Each life course model was compared with a saturated model. RESULTS Using multiple imputation to account for missing data, the sensitive period model, which contained childhood, early adulthood and adult SEP terms, with different coefficients, provided the best fit for both men and women in the NSHD and Whitehall II cohorts. Early adulthood SEP had the largest coefficient in NSHD women, whereas for NSHD men early adulthood and adult SEP had similar coefficients. In Whitehall II adult SEP had the largest effect size for both men and women. CONCLUSIONS Sensitive period with all three time periods was the most appropriate life course models for adult crystallised cognitive ability in both cohorts, including an effect of childhood SEP. It is important to directly compare the life course models to determine which is the most appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Landy
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Head
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
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Traverso-Yepez M, Rourke L, Luscombe S. Connecting the Dots: An Ecological Lens to Preventive Measures for Adverse Childhood Experiences. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 32:339-354. [PMID: 28535118 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2017.1295897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adversity in early childhood may have a profound impact on physical and mental health as well as general well-being later in life. Despite increasing research evidence on the lifelong impact of adverse experiences, one of the key questions that motivated this research was how to translate this knowledge into preventive measures. This article presents data from an exploratory study aimed to explore strategies and effective practices to prevent adverse experiences in early childhood. An ecological framework organized participants' suggested actions, highlighting the importance of proactive, multifaceted approaches and interventions that connect the child to the background environment where adversity takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Traverso-Yepez
- a Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Canada
| | - Leslie Rourke
- b Discipline of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Canada
| | - Sandra Luscombe
- c Discipline of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada; Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre , St John's, Canada
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Differential Associations of Socioeconomic Status With Global Brain Volumes and White Matter Lesions in African American and White Adults: the HANDLS SCAN Study. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:327-335. [PMID: 27806019 PMCID: PMC5373998 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine interactive relations of race and socioeconomic status (SES) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-assessed global brain outcomes with previously demonstrated prognostic significance for stroke, dementia, and mortality. METHODS Participants were 147 African Americans (AAs) and whites (ages 33-71 years; 43% AA; 56% female; 26% below poverty) in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span SCAN substudy. Cranial MRI was conducted using a 3.0 T unit. White matter (WM) lesion volumes and total brain, gray matter, and WM volumes were computed. An SES composite was derived from education and poverty status. RESULTS Significant interactions of race and SES were observed for WM lesion volume (b = 1.38; η = 0.036; p = .028), total brain (b = 86.72; η = 0.042; p < .001), gray matter (b = 40.16; η = 0.032; p = .003), and WM (b = 46.56; η = 0.050; p < .001). AA participants with low SES exhibited significantly greater WM lesion volumes than white participants with low SES. White participants with higher SES had greater brain volumes than all other groups (albeit within normal range). CONCLUSIONS Low SES was associated with greater WM pathology-a marker for increased stroke risk-in AAs. Higher SES was associated with greater total brain volume-a putative global indicator of brain health and predictor of mortality-in whites. Findings may reflect environmental and interpersonal stressors encountered by AAs and those of lower SES and could relate to disproportionate rates of stroke, dementia, and mortality.
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43
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The impacts of maternal iron deficiency and being overweight during pregnancy on neurodevelopment of the offspring. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:533-540. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBoth maternal Fe deficiency (ID) and being overweight or obese (Ow/Ob, BMI≥25 kg/m2) may negatively affect offspring brain development. However, the two risk factors correlate and their independent effects on infant neurodevelopment are unclear. PREOBE is a prospective observational study that included 331 pregnant Spanish women, of whom 166 had pre-gestational Ow/Ob. Fe status was analysed at 34 weeks and at delivery, and babies were assessed using Bayley III scales of neurodevelopment at 18 months. In confounder-adjusted analyses, maternal ID at 34 weeks was associated with lower composite motor scores at 18 months (mean 113·3 (sd 9·9) v. 117·1 (sd 9·2), P=0·039). Further, the offspring of mothers with ID at delivery had lower cognitive scores (114·0 (sd 9·7) v. 121·5 (sd 10·9), P=0·039) and lower receptive, expressive and composite (99·5 (sd 8·6) v. 107·6 (sd 8·3), P=0·004) language scores. The negative associations between maternal ID at delivery and Bayley scores remained even when adjusting for maternal Ow/Ob and gestational diabetes. Similarly, maternal Ow/Ob correlated with lower gross motor scores in the offspring (12·3 (sd 2·0) v. 13·0 (sd 2·1), P=0·037), a correlation that remained when adjusting for maternal ID. In conclusion, maternal ID and pre-gestational Ow/Ob are both negatively associated with Bayley scores at 18 months, but independently and on different subscales. These results should be taken into account when considering Fe supplementation for pregnant women.
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Das PK, Maiti S, Sinha NK. Abundance of psychiatric morbidity in perinatally HIV infected children and adolescents with comparison to their HIV negative sibling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Chronic Health Consequences of Acute Enteric Infections in the Developing World. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/ajgsup.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Johnson SB, Riis JL, Noble KG. State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3075. [PMID: 26952506 PMCID: PMC4811314 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, >40% of children are either poor or near-poor. As a group, children in poverty are more likely to experience worse health and more developmental delay, lower achievement, and more behavioral and emotional problems than their more advantaged peers; however, there is broad variability in outcomes among children exposed to similar conditions. Building on a robust literature from animal models showing that environmental deprivation or enrichment shapes the brain, there has been increasing interest in understanding how the experience of poverty may shape the brain in humans. In this review, we summarize research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and brain development, focusing on studies published in the last 5 years. Drawing on a conceptual framework informed by animal models, we highlight neural plasticity, epigenetics, material deprivation (eg, cognitive stimulation, nutrient deficiencies), stress (eg, negative parenting behaviors), and environmental toxins as factors that may shape the developing brain. We then summarize the existing evidence for the relationship between child poverty and brain structure and function, focusing on brain areas that support memory, emotion regulation, and higher-order cognitive functioning (ie, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex) and regions that support language and literacy (ie, cortical areas of the left hemisphere). We then consider some limitations of the current literature and discuss the implications of neuroscience concepts and methods for interventions in the pediatric medical home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;,Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Jenna L. Riis
- Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Kimberly G. Noble
- Department of Neuroscience and Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Ballieux H, Wass SV, Tomalski P, Kushnerenko E, Karmiloff-Smith A, Johnson MH, Moore DG. Applying gaze-contingent training within community settings to infants from diverse SES backgrounds. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Oxford ML, Marcenko M, Fleming CB, Lohr MJ, Spieker SJ. Promoting Birth Parents' Relationships with their Toddlers upon Reunification: Results from Promoting First Relationships ® Home Visiting Program. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2016; 61:109-116. [PMID: 26869740 PMCID: PMC4746016 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Birth parents, once reunified with their child after a foster care placement, are in need of in-home support services to prevent reoccurrence of maltreatment and reentry into foster care, establish a strong relationship with their child, and enhance child well-being. Few studies have addressed the efficacy of home visiting services for reunified birth parents of toddlers. This study reports on the findings from a randomized control trial of a 10-week home visiting program, Promoting First Relationships® (Kelly, Sandoval, Zuckerman, & Buehlman, 2008), for a subsample of 43 reunified birth parents that were part of the larger trial. We describe how the elements of the intervention align with the needs of parents and children in child welfare. Although the sample size was small and most of the estimates of intervention effects were not statistically significant, the effect sizes and the pattern of results suggest that the intervention may have improved both observed parenting sensitivity and observed child behaviors as well as decreased parent report of child behavior problems. Implications are that providing in-home services soon after a reunification may be efficacious in strengthening birth parents' capacity to respond sensitively to their children as well as improving child social and emotional outcomes and well-being.
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Exposure to a mildly aversive early life experience leads to prefrontal cortex deficits in the rat. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4141-4157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Fisher PA, Berkman ET. Designing Interventions Informed by Scientific Knowledge About Effects of Early Adversity: A Translational Neuroscience Agenda for Next Generation Addictions Research. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:347-353. [PMID: 26985399 PMCID: PMC4789282 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In spite of extensive scientific knowledge about the neurobiological systems and neural pathways underlying addictions, only limited progress has been made to reduce the population-level incidence of addictions by using prevention and treatment programs. In this area of research the translation of basic neuroscience of causal mechanisms to effective interventions has not been fully realized. In this article we describe how an understanding of the effects of early adverse experiences on brain and biological development may provide new opportunities to achieve impact at scale with respect to reduction of addictions. We propose four categories of new knowledge that translational neuroscience investigations of addictions should incorporate to be successful. We then describe a translational neuroscience-informed smoking cessation intervention based on this model.
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