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Kohnle L, Das T, Uddin MH, Nath SC, Mohsin MAS, Mahmud R, Biswas PK, Hoque MA, Pfeiffer DU, Fournié G. Amplification of avian influenza virus circulation along poultry marketing chains in Bangladesh: A controlled field experiment. Prev Vet Med 2024; 231:106302. [PMID: 39137554 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of avian influenza viruses is commonly found to increase dramatically as birds are transported from farms to live bird markets. Viral transmission dynamics along marketing chains are, however, poorly understood. To address this gap, we implemented a controlled field experiment altering chicken supply to a live bird market in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Broilers and backyard chickens traded along altered (intervention) and conventional (control) marketing chains were tested for avian influenza viruses at different time points. Upon arrival at the live bird market, the odds of detecting avian influenza viruses did not differ between control and intervention groups. However, 12 h later, intervention group odds were lower, particularly for broilers, indicating that viral shedding in live bird markets resulted partly from infections occurring during transport and trade. Curtailing avian influenza virus prevalence in live bird markets requires mitigating risk in marketing chain nodes preceding chickens' delivery at live bird markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kohnle
- City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Tridip Das
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh; Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, North Wagga, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
| | - Md Helal Uddin
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Sanjib Chandra Nath
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abu Shoieb Mohsin
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Rashed Mahmud
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Dirk Udo Pfeiffer
- City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, VetAgro Sup veterinary campus, 1, avenue Bourgelat, Marcy-l'Etoile 69280, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Clermont-Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, THEIX site, Saint Genes Champanelle, France.
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2
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Pinotti F, Kohnle L, Lourenço J, Gupta S, Hoque MA, Mahmud R, Biswas P, Pfeiffer D, Fournié G. Modelling the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in a live bird market. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3494. [PMID: 38693163 PMCID: PMC11063141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are a major concern for the poultry sector and human health in countries where this subtype is endemic. By fitting a model simulating H9N2 AIV transmission to data from a field experiment, we characterise the epidemiology of the virus in a live bird market in Bangladesh. Many supplied birds arrive already exposed to H9N2 AIVs, resulting in many broiler chickens entering the market as infected, and many indigenous backyard chickens entering with pre-existing immunity. Most susceptible chickens become infected within one day spent at the market, owing to high levels of viral transmission within market and short latent periods, as brief as 5.3 hours. Although H9N2 AIV transmission can be substantially reduced under moderate levels of cleaning and disinfection, effective risk mitigation also requires a range of additional interventions targeting markets and other nodes along the poultry production and distribution network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Kohnle
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - José Lourenço
- CBR (Biomedical Research Centre), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rashed Mahmud
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Biswas
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, 69280, France
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint Genès Champanelle, 63122, France
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Pinotti F, Lourenço J, Gupta S, Das Gupta S, Henning J, Blake D, Tomley F, Barnett T, Pfeiffer D, Hoque MA, Fournié G. EPINEST, an agent-based model to simulate epidemic dynamics in large-scale poultry production and distribution networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011375. [PMID: 38381804 PMCID: PMC10911595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid intensification of poultry production raises important concerns about the associated risks of zoonotic infections. Here, we introduce EPINEST (EPIdemic NEtwork Simulation in poultry Transportation systems): an agent-based modelling framework designed to simulate pathogen transmission within realistic poultry production and distribution networks. We provide example applications to broiler production in Bangladesh, but the modular structure of the model allows for easy parameterization to suit specific countries and system configurations. Moreover, the framework enables the replication of a wide range of eco-epidemiological scenarios by incorporating diverse pathogen life-history traits, modes of transmission and interactions between multiple strains and/or pathogens. EPINEST was developed in the context of an interdisciplinary multi-centre study conducted in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, and will facilitate the investigation of the spreading patterns of various health hazards such as avian influenza, Campylobacter, Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in these countries. Furthermore, this modelling framework holds potential for broader application in veterinary epidemiology and One Health research, extending its relevance beyond poultry to encompass other livestock species and disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Lourenço
- Católica Biomedical Research, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Suman Das Gupta
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Damer Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Barnett
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- The Firoz Lalji Centre for Africa, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Md. Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, 69280, France
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint Genès Champanelle, 63122, France
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Sheen JK, Rasambainarivo F, Saad-Roy CM, Grenfell BT, Metcalf CJE. Markets as drivers of selection for highly virulent poultry pathogens. Nat Commun 2024; 15:605. [PMID: 38242897 PMCID: PMC10799013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models have successfully predicted the evolution of poultry pathogen virulence in industrialized farm contexts of broiler chicken populations. Whether there are ecological factors specific to more traditional rural farming that affect virulence is an open question. Within non-industrialized farming networks, live bird markets are known to be hotspots of transmission, but whether they could shift selection pressures on the evolution of poultry pathogen virulence has not been addressed. Here, we revisit predictions for the evolution of virulence for viral poultry pathogens, such as Newcastle's disease virus, Marek's disease virus, and influenza virus, H5N1, using a compartmental model that represents transmission in rural markets. We show that both the higher turnover rate and higher environmental persistence in markets relative to farms could select for higher optimal virulence strategies. In contrast to theoretical results modeling industrialized poultry farms, we find that cleaning could also select for decreased virulence in the live poultry market setting. Additionally, we predict that more virulent strategies selected in markets could circulate solely within poultry located in markets. Thus, we recommend the close monitoring of markets not only as hotspots of transmission, but as potential sources of more virulent strains of poultry pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Sheen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Fidisoa Rasambainarivo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Mahaliana Labs SARL, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Chadi M Saad-Roy
- Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Islam A, Rahman MZ, Hassan MM, Epstein JH, Klaassen M. Determinants for the presence of avian influenza virus in live bird markets in Bangladesh: Towards an easy fix of a looming one health issue. One Health 2023; 17:100643. [PMID: 38024264 PMCID: PMC10665153 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 endangers poultry, wildlife, and human health and is enzootic in large parts of Asia, with live bird markets (LBMs) as putative hotspots for their maintenance, amplification, and spread. To mitigate the extent of these and other avian influenza viruses (AIV) of concern, we aimed to increase our quantitative understanding of the factors determining the presence of avian influenza virus in LBM stalls. Between 2016 and 2017, we collected fecal or offal samples from 1008 stalls in 113 LBMs across the Dhaka and Rajshahi districts in Bangladesh. For each stall, samples were pooled and tested for the AIV matrix gene, followed by H5 and H9 subtyping using rRT-PCR. We detected Influenza A viral RNA in 49% of the stalls. Of the AIV positive samples, 52% and 24% were determined to be H5 and H9 viruses, respectively, which are both subtypes of considerable health concern. We used generalized linear mixed effect modelling to study AIV presence in individual stalls within LBMs as a function of 13 out of the 20 risk factors identified by FAO. We found that small and feasible improvements in cleaning and disinfection frequency, installing running water in stalls, and not mixing different breeds of chicken in the same cages had large impacts on the presence of AIV in stalls (Odds ratios 0.03-0.05). Next, cleaning vehicles used in poultry transport, not selling waterfowl with chickens in the same stall, buying stock directly from commercial farms, separating sick birds from healthy ones, and avoiding access by wild birds like house crows, also had major effects on lowering the risk of stalls having AIV (Odds ratios 0.16-0.33). These findings can be directly used in developing practical and affordable measures to reduce the prevalence of AIV in LBMs. Also, in settings with limited resources like Bangladesh, such mitigation may significantly contribute to reducing AIV circulation amongst poultry and spillover to wildlife and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Clifford Astbury C, Lee KM, Mcleod R, Aguiar R, Atique A, Balolong M, Clarke J, Demeshko A, Labonté R, Ruckert A, Sibal P, Togño KC, Viens AM, Wiktorowicz M, Yambayamba MK, Yau A, Penney TL. Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence. Global Health 2023; 19:82. [PMID: 37940941 PMCID: PMC10634115 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin present a critical threat to global population health. As accelerating globalisation makes epidemics and pandemics more difficult to contain, there is a need for effective preventive interventions that reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover events. Public policies can play a key role in preventing spillover events. The aim of this review is to identify and describe evaluations of public policies that target the determinants of zoonotic spillover. Our approach is informed by a One Health perspective, acknowledging the inter-connectedness of human, animal and environmental health. METHODS In this systematic scoping review, we searched Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Global Health in May 2021 using search terms combining animal health and the animal-human interface, public policy, prevention and zoonoses. We screened titles and abstracts, extracted data and reported our process in line with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We also searched relevant organisations' websites for evaluations published in the grey literature. All evaluations of public policies aiming to prevent zoonotic spillover events were eligible for inclusion. We summarised key data from each study, mapping policies along the spillover pathway. RESULTS Our review found 95 publications evaluating 111 policies. We identified 27 unique policy options including habitat protection; trade regulations; border control and quarantine procedures; farm and market biosecurity measures; public information campaigns; and vaccination programmes, as well as multi-component programmes. These were implemented by many sectors, highlighting the cross-sectoral nature of zoonotic spillover prevention. Reports emphasised the importance of surveillance data in both guiding prevention efforts and enabling policy evaluation, as well as the importance of industry and private sector actors in implementing many of these policies. Thoughtful engagement with stakeholders ranging from subsistence hunters and farmers to industrial animal agriculture operations is key for policy success in this area. CONCLUSION This review outlines the state of the evaluative evidence around policies to prevent zoonotic spillover in order to guide policy decision-making and focus research efforts. Since we found that most of the existing policy evaluations target 'downstream' determinants, additional research could focus on evaluating policies targeting 'upstream' determinants of zoonotic spillover, such as land use change, and policies impacting infection intensity and pathogen shedding in animal populations, such as those targeting animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Clifford Astbury
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kirsten M Lee
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Mcleod
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raphael Aguiar
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Asma Atique
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marilen Balolong
- Applied Microbiology for Health and Environment Research Group, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Janielle Clarke
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ronald Labonté
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arne Ruckert
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Priyanka Sibal
- School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen Chelsea Togño
- Applied Microbiology for Health and Environment Research Group, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - A M Viens
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Wiktorowicz
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc K Yambayamba
- School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Amy Yau
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tarra L Penney
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Islam A, Amin E, Islam S, Hossain ME, Al Mamun A, Sahabuddin M, Samad MA, Shirin T, Rahman MZ, Hassan MM. Annual trading patterns and risk factors of avian influenza A/H5 and A/H9 virus circulation in turkey birds ( Meleagris gallopavo) at live bird markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148615. [PMID: 37470075 PMCID: PMC10352991 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of the avian influenza virus (AIV) on farmed poultry and wild birds affect human health, livelihoods, food security, and international trade. The movement patterns of turkey birds from farms to live bird markets (LBMs) and infection of AIV are poorly understood in Bangladesh. Thus, we conducted weekly longitudinal surveillance in LBMs to understand the trading patterns, temporal trends, and risk factors of AIV circulation in turkey birds. We sampled a total of 423 turkeys from two LBMs in Dhaka between May 2018 and September 2019. We tested the swab samples for the AIV matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We used exploratory analysis to investigate trading patterns, annual cyclic trends of AIV and its subtypes, and a generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic model to determine the factors that influence the infection of H5 and H9 in turkeys. Furthermore, we conducted an observational study and informal interviews with traders and vendors to record turkey trading patterns, demand, and supply and turkey handling practices in LBM. We found that all trade routes of turkey birds to northern Dhaka are unidirectional and originate from the northwestern and southern regions of Bangladesh. The number of trades from the source district to Dhaka depends on the turkey density. The median distance that turkey was traded from its source district to Dhaka was 188 km (Q1 = 165, Q3 = 210, IQR = 45.5). We observed seasonal variation in the median and average distance of turkey. The qualitative findings revealed that turkey farming initially became reasonably profitable in 2018 and at the beginning of 2019. However, the fall in demand and production in the middle of 2019 may be related to unstable market pricing, high feed costs, a shortfall of adequate marketing facilities, poor consumer knowledge, and a lack of advertising. The overall prevalence of AIV, H5, and H9 subtypes in turkeys was 31% (95% CI: 26.6-35.4), 16.3% (95% CI: 12.8-19.8), and 10.2% (95% CI: 7.3-13.1) respectively. None of the samples were positive for H7. The circulation of AIV and H9 across the annual cycle showed no seasonality, whereas the circulation of H5 showed significant seasonality. The GEE revealed that detection of AIV increases in retail vendor business (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.12-2.62) and the bird's health status is sick (OR: 10.77; 95% CI: 4.31-26.94) or dead (OR: 11.33; 95% CI: 4.30-29.89). We also observed that winter season (OR: 5.83; 95% CI: 2.80-12.14) than summer season, dead birds (OR: 61.71; 95% CI: 25.78-147.75) and sick birds (OR 8.33; 95% CI: 3.36-20.64) compared to healthy birds has a higher risk of H5 infection in turkeys. This study revealed that the turkeys movements vary by time and season from the farm to the LBM. This surveillance indicated year-round circulation of AIV with H5 and H9 subtypes in turkey birds in LBMs. The seasonality and health condition of birds influence H5 infection in birds. The trading pattern of turkey may play a role in the transmission of AIV viruses in the birds. The selling of sick turkeys infected with H5 and H9 highlights the possibility of virus transmission to other species of birds sold at LBMs and to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Emama Amin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sahabuddin
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Wang Z, Li H, Li Y, Wu Z, Ai H, Zhang M, Rong L, Blinov ML, Tong Q, Liu L, Sun H, Pu J, Feng W, Liu J, Sun Y. Mixed selling of different poultry species facilitates emergence of public-health-threating avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2214255. [PMID: 37191631 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2214255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are regarded as hubs for avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission in poultry and are a major risk factor in human AIV infections. We performed an AIV surveillance study at a wholesale LPM, where different poultry species were sold in separate stalls, and nine retail LPMs, which received poultry from the wholesale LPM but where different poultry species were sold in one stall, in Guangdong province from 2017 to 2019. A higher AIV isolation rate was observed at the retail LPMs than the wholesale LPM. H9N2 was the dominant AIV subtype and was mainly present in chickens and quails. The genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses was greater at the retail LPMs, where a complex system of two-way transmission between different poultry species had formed. The isolated H9N2 viruses could be classed into four genotypes: G57 and the three novel genotypes, NG164, NG165, and NG166. The H9N2 AIVs isolated from chickens and quails at the wholesale LPM only belonged to the G57 and NG164 genotypes, respectively. However, the G57, NG164, and NG165 genotypes were identified in both chickens and quails at the retail LPMs. We found that the replication and transmission of the NG165 genotype were more adaptive to both poultry and mammalian models than those of its precursor genotype, NG164. Our findings revealed that mixed poultry selling at retail LPMs has increased the genetic diversity of AIVs, which might facilitate the emergence of novel viruses that threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkui Li
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanli Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Blinov
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Qi Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Feng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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9
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Rehman S, Effendi MH, Shehzad A, Rahman A, Rahmahani J, Witaningrum AM, Bilal M. Prevalence and associated risk factors of avian influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 in LBMs of East Java province, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2022. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Avian influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 are contagious zoonotic diseases that are circulating in Indonesia and have raised increasing concern about their potential impacts on poultry and public health. A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of avian influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 among poultry in the live bird markets of four cities in East Java province, Indonesia.
Methods
A total of 600 tracheal and cloacal swabs (267 from backyards, 179 from broilers, and 154 from layers) from healthy birds were collected. The samples were inoculated into specific pathogenic-free embryonated eggs at 9-day-old via the allantoic cavity. qRT-PCR was used for further identification of avian influenza.
Results
The overall prevalence of circulating influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 was 3.8% (23/600, 95%CI [0.0229–0.0537]). Prevalence was higher in backyards at 5.99% (16/267) followed by broilers (2.23% (4/179)) and layers (1.68% (3/154)). The final multivariable model revealed five risk factors for H9N2 infections: presence of ducks (p = 0.003, OR = 38.2), turkeys (p = 0.017 OR = 0.032), and pheasants in the stall (p = 0.04, OR = 18.422), dry (p = 0.006) and rainy season (p < 0.001), and household birds (p = 0.002) and seven factors for H5N1 infections including: observing rodents (p = 0.036, OR = 0.005), stray dogs access (p = 0.004 OR ≤ 0.001), presence of turkeys (p = 0.03 OR = 0.007), chukars/partridges (p = 0.024 OR = 2500), and peafowls in the stalls (p = 0.0043 OR ≤ 0.001), rainy season (p = 0.001) and birds from the household sources (p = 0.002) in the live bird markets.
Conclusions
The findings of the current study illustrate the recurring infection and presence of both avian influenza viruses and associated risk factors in the surveyed marketplaces. Effective protective measures and mitigation strategies for risks outlined in this study could help to reduce the burden of H5N1 and H9N2 AI subtypes into the live bird markets of Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rehman
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Attaur Rahman
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Jola Rahmahani
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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10
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Kammon A, Doghman M, Eldaghayes I. Surveillance of the spread of avian influenza virus type A in live bird markets in Tripoli, Libya, and determination of the associated risk factors. Vet World 2022; 15:1684-1690. [PMID: 36185527 PMCID: PMC9394145 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1684-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Studies on avian influenza virus (AIV) in Libya are few and limited. This study aimed to determine the presence of AIV in live bird markets (LBMs) in Tripoli and determine the risk factors associated with AIV spread.
Materials and Methods: In total, 269 cloacal swabs were randomly collected from different bird species in 9 LBMs located in Tripoli and its surrounding regions. The target species were ducks, geese, local chickens, Australian chickens, Brahma chickens, turkeys, pigeons, quails, peacock broiler chicks, and pet birds. Total RNA was extracted from the swab samples and used for real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect AIV type A.
Results: Of the 269 samples, 28 (10.41% of total samples) were positive for AIV type A. The LBMs with positive samples were Souq Aljumaa, Souq Alkhamees, Souq Althulatha, and Souq Tajoura. The highest percentage (35.71%) of AIV was recorded in Souq Aljumaa. Positive results for AIV type A were obtained primarily in three species of birds: Ducks (14/65; highest percentage: 21.5%), local chickens (12/98; 12.24%), and geese (2/28; 7.14%). Furthermore, the following three risk factors associated with the spread of AIV type A were identified: Time spent by breeders/vendors at the market (odds ratio [OR] = 11.181; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.827–32.669), methods used for disposing dead birds (OR = 2.356; 95% CI = 1.005–5.521), and last visited LBM (OR = 0.740; 95% CI = 0.580–0.944). Restricting the movement of poultry vendors from one market to another may protect against AIV spread.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the high risk of AIV spread in LBMs and highlight the need for continuous surveillance of LBMs across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahab Kammon
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases, Alzintan, Libya
| | - Mosbah Doghman
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ibrahim Eldaghayes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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11
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Irin N, Dilshad SM, Sattar AA, Chisty NN, Sultana A, Hasan M, Mahmud R, Abbas SS, Fournie G, Hoque MA. Live bird market in Bangladesh: Regulatory systems and operations. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 8:671-678. [PMID: 35106308 PMCID: PMC8757676 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In developing countries, such as Bangladesh, the live bird market (LBM) is a vital location for the trading of live poultry. The study was carried out in nine LBMs located around Bangladesh to ascertain the present regulations and procedures governing their operation. Additionally, the responsibilities and levels of engagement of the stakeholders were determined. Materials and Methods: The data were gathered through the use of a semi-structured interview guide. Thematic analysis was used to code the interview transcripts iteratively. Results: The findings indicated that the government was directly and indirectly involved in the leasing process of the markets. A market in this country is divided into numerous sectors, including LBM, fish market, vegetable market, and grocery stores. A market’s hygienic condition is highly dependent on market authority’s decisions. In some markets, market officials conducted routine sanitary inspections. Veterinarians played a little role in the inspection procedure. Conclusion: There is no adequate, functional monitoring system to ensure that LBMs adhere to cleanliness and adequate and functional biosecurity. Biosecurity enhancements, effective cleaning programs, and regular monitoring by relevant authorities are critical for LBMs in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Irin
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Munira Dilshad
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Sattar
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Nurun Nahar Chisty
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Sultana
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashed Mahmud
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Shahid Abbas
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Guillaume Fournie
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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12
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Modirihamedan A, Aghajantabar S, King J, Graaf A, Pohlmann A, Aghaiyan L, Ziafati Kafi Z, Mahfoozi Y, Hosseini H, Beer M, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Harder T. Wild bird trade at live poultry markets potentiates risks of avian influenza virus introductions in Iran. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2021; 11:1992083. [PMID: 34777715 PMCID: PMC8583743 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2021.1992083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are the main natural host reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIV). Migratory aquatic birds can translocate AI viruses over wide geographic distances. AIV may be transmitted reciprocally at the wild bird–poultry interface, increasing viral variability and potentially driving the zoonotic potential of these viruses. A cross-sectional study on AIV and several further avian viral pathogens conducted in 396 trapped migratory aquatic birds traded at live bird markets (LBM) in northern Iran identified 11 AIV-positive cases. The 10 identified H9N2 viral sequences fell into wild bird H9 lineage Y439; in addition, an H10N3 virus of Eurasian lineage was detected. Ten samples contained low viral loads of avian coronavirus but could not be further characterized. Although traditional trading of live-trapped wild birds provides income for hunters, particularly during fall migration periods, it increases the risk of introducing new AIV strains from the natural reservoir to poultry kept at LBMs and, potentially, to traders and customers. Banning these birds from poultry trading lines would lower such risks considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Modirihamedan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Shabnam Aghajantabar
- Department of Avian Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Leila Aghaiyan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ziafati Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Mahfoozi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
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13
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Soda K, Yamane M, Hidaka C, Miura K, Ung TTH, Nguyen HLK, Ito H, LE MQ, Ito T. Prior infection with antigenically heterologous low pathogenic avian influenza viruses interferes with the lethality of the H5 highly pathogenic strain in domestic ducks. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1899-1906. [PMID: 34732612 PMCID: PMC8762415 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs and HPAIVs, respectively) have been co-circulating in poultry populations in Asian, Middle Eastern, and African countries. In our avian-flu surveillance in Vietnamese domestic ducks, viral genes of LPAIV and HPAIV have been frequently detected in the same individual. To assess the influence of LPAIV on the pathogenicity of H5 HPAIV in domestic ducks, an experimental co-infection study was performed. One-week-old domestic ducks were inoculated intranasally and orally with PBS (control) or 106 EID50 of LPAIVs (A/duck/Vietnam/LBM678/2014 (H6N6) or A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM694/2014 (H9N2)). Seven days later, these ducks were inoculated with HPAIV (A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM808/2015 (H5N6)) in the same manner. The respective survival rates were 100% and 50% in ducks pre-infected with LBM694 or LBM678 strains and both higher than the survival of the control group (25%). The virus titers in oral/cloacal swabs of each LPAIV pre-inoculation group were significantly lower at 3-5 days post-HPAIV inoculation. Notably, almost no virus was detected in swabs from surviving individuals of the LBM678 pre-inoculation group. Antigenic cross-reactivity among the viruses was not observed in the neutralization test. These results suggest that pre-infection with LPAIV attenuates the pathogenicity of HPAIV in domestic ducks, which might be explained by innate and/or cell-mediated immunity induced by the initial infection with LPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Maya Yamane
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Chiharu Hidaka
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
| | - Kozue Miura
- Vietnam Research Station, Nagasaki University, c/o National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology.,Present address: Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Trang T H Ung
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
| | - Hang L K Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Mai Q LE
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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14
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Backyard poultry flocks in France: A diversity of owners and biosecurity practices. Prev Vet Med 2021; 197:105511. [PMID: 34710712 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the number of backyard poultry flocks has been increasing in France. A mandatory step to improve backyard poultry management is to assess health risks by characterizing the flocks and understanding the owners' motivations for keeping poultry and their husbandry practices. A survey of backyard poultry owners was conducted in France to gather information about their motivations for owning poultry, flock characteristics, and breeding and biosecurity practices. The survey was completed by 1,160 owners. The major motivations for owning poultry flocks were egg consumption (93.3 %), recycling (72.4 %) and having pet animals (53.2 %). Most owners had already heard about avian influenza (96.7 %), but were less aware about other diseases such as Newcastle Disease (41.6 %), salmonellosis (79.1 %), or campylobacteriosis (18.6 %). Owners mainly kept only egg-layers (78.4 %), and the median size flock was five egg-layers. Owners gave eggs to their relatives, occasionally or regularly, in 86.6 % of the cases. Contacts with other family poultry owners were frequent (68.9 %) and biosecurity practices were poorly implemented: 50 % of owners did not wash their hands systematically after visiting the flock and more than 60 % of owners did not wear specific shoes. Drawing from the survey data, five profiles of family poultry flocks were identified with multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The profiles, based on flock characteristics and owners' practices and motivations, illustrate the heterogeneity of the backyard poultry sector: 1) urban poultry, 2) traditional poultry, 3) student poultry, 4) pet poultry and 5) hobby poultry. Urban poultry consisted of recently constituted (< 2 years old), small (< 3 birds) flocks of layers, and traditional poultry of older, medium-sized flocks belonging to retired and older people. These two profiles were characterized by limited contacts (direct or indirect) with other flocks and owners. Student poultry consisted of younger owners (<30 years old) with flocks over 5 years old. Pet poultry consisted of recently established, medium-size flocks of layers located in both rural or urban environments. Hobby poultry consisted of dedicated owners who breed and sell poultry and participate in exhibitions and poultry shows. Pet and hobby poultry profiles were characterized by greater knowledge of diseases and biosecurity practices, more bird movements, and reported more frequent clinical signs. The observation of different profiles can help target veterinary and public health education messages to prevent disease transmission in backyard poultry flocks in France.
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15
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Chakma S, Osmani MG, Akwar H, Hasan Z, Nasrin T, Karim MR, Samad MA, Giasuddin M, Sly P, Islam Z, Debnath NC, Brum E, Magalhães RS. Risk Areas for Influenza A(H5) Environmental Contamination in Live Bird Markets, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2399-2408. [PMID: 34424170 PMCID: PMC8386803 DOI: 10.3201/eid2709.204447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the presence of influenza A(H5) virus environmental contamination in live bird markets (LBMs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. By using Bernoulli generalized linear models and multinomial logistic regression models, we quantified LBM-level factors associated with market work zone–specific influenza A(H5) virus contamination patterns. Results showed higher environmental contamination in LBMs that have wholesale and retail operations compared with retail-only markets (relative risk 0.69, 95% 0.51–0.93; p = 0.012) and in March compared with January (relative risk 2.07, 95% CI 1.44–2.96; p<0.001). Influenza A(H5) environmental contamination remains a public health problem in most LBMs in Dhaka, which underscores the need to implement enhanced biosecurity interventions in LBMs in Bangladesh.
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16
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Guinat C, Vergne T, Kocher A, Chakraborty D, Paul MC, Ducatez M, Stadler T. What can phylodynamics bring to animal health research? Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:837-847. [PMID: 34034912 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major burden to global economies, and public and animal health. To date, quantifying the spread of infectious diseases to inform policy making has traditionally relied on epidemiological data collected during epidemics. However, interest has grown in recent phylodynamic techniques to infer pathogen transmission dynamics from genetic data. Here, we provide examples of where this new discipline has enhanced disease management in public health and illustrate how it could be further applied in animal health. In particular, we describe how phylodynamics can address fundamental epidemiological questions, such as inferring key transmission parameters in animal populations and quantifying spillover events at the wildlife-livestock interface, and generate important insights for the design of more effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Guinat
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Timothee Vergne
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Arthur Kocher
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification & Evolution (tide) group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Debapryio Chakraborty
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathilde C Paul
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Guinat C, Tago D, Corre T, Selinger C, Djidjou-Demasse R, Paul M, Raboisson D, Nguyen Thi Thanh T, Inui K, Pham Thanh L, Padungtod P, Vergne T. Optimizing the early detection of low pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus in live bird markets. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210074. [PMID: 33947269 PMCID: PMC8097223 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, surveillance at live bird markets (LBMs) has been identified as crucial for detecting avian influenza viruses (AIV) and reducing the risk of human infections. However, the design of effective surveillance systems in LBMs remains complex given the rapid turn-over of poultry. We developed a deterministic transmission model to provide guidance for optimizing AIV surveillance efforts. The model was calibrated to fit one of the largest LBMs in northern Vietnam at high risk of low pathogenic H7N9 virus introduction from China to identify the surveillance strategy that optimizes H7N9 detection. Results show that (i) using a portable diagnostic device would slightly reduce the number of infected birds leaving the LBM before the first detection, as compared to a laboratory-based diagnostic strategy, (ii) H7N9 detection could become more timely by sampling birds staying overnight, just before new susceptible birds are introduced at the beginning of a working day, and (iii) banning birds staying overnight would represent an effective intervention to reduce the risk of H7N9 spread but would decrease the likelihood of virus detection if introduced. These strategies should receive high priority in Vietnam and other Asian countries at risk of H7N9 introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Guinat
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Mathilde Paul
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Ken Inui
- FAO, Department of Animal Health (DAH), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Hanoi, Vietnam
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18
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Dharmayanti NLPI, Hewajuli DA, Ratnawati A, Hartawan R. Genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in live bird markets, Indonesia. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e56. [PMID: 32735094 PMCID: PMC7402941 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The live bird market (LBM) plays an important role in the dynamic evolution of the avian influenza H5N1 virus. Objectives The main objective of this study was to monitor the genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in LBMs in Indonesia. Methods Therefore, the disease surveillance was conducted in the area of Banten, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Jakarta Province, Indonesia from 2014 to 2019. Subsequently, the genetic characterization of the H5N1 viruses was performed by sequencing all 8 segments of the viral genome. Results As a result, the H5N1 viruses were detected in most of LBMs in both bird' cloacal and environmental samples, in which about 35% of all samples were positive for influenza A and, subsequently, about 52% of these samples were positive for H5 subtyping. Based on the genetic analyses of 14 viruses isolated from LBMs, genetic diversities of the H5N1 viruses were identified including clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 as typical predominant groups as well as reassortant viruses between these 2 clades. Conclusions As a consequence, zoonotic transmission to humans in the market could be occurred from the exposure of infected birds and/or contaminated environments. Moreover, new virus variants could emerge from the LBM environment. Therefore, improving pandemic preparedness raised great concerns related to the zoonotic aspect of new influenza variants because of its high adaptivity and efficiency for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dyah Ayu Hewajuli
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor 16114, Indonesia
| | - Atik Ratnawati
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor 16114, Indonesia
| | - Risza Hartawan
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor 16114, Indonesia.
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19
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Islam SS, Akwar H, Hossain MM, Sufian MA, Hasan MZ, Chakma S, Meeyam T, Chaisowwong W, Punyapornwithaya V, Debnath NC, Brum E, Pichpol D. Qualitative risk assessment of transmission pathways of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus at live poultry markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:658-672. [PMID: 32558220 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of environmental samples obtained from the Live Poultry Markets (LPMs) of Dhaka City, Bangladesh, has revealed that the highest degree of prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI, H5N1), besides other subtypes of the LPAI virus, poses the plausible risk of transmission of these viruses between human and poultry species. The present study was conducted using the OIE risk analysis framework to assess the risk level of each pathway successively. The estimated risk parameters were integrated towards to obtain the overall risk level for each specific HPAI transmission pathway using the matrix adapted by Cristobel Zepeda accompanying other expert consultations. The relevant data obtained from published and unpublished sources, together with survey data of field observations, were used to formulate and confirm the risk pathways and their associated risks. The results revealed that the risk of the release of the HPAI virus was medium when exposure was high. Additionally, the consequence would be considered very high with a medium degree of uncertainty for all parameters. Ultimately, the overall risk for transmission was estimated as medium with a medium degree of uncertainty. The findings of this study reveal that there is a significant threat that HPAI virus transmission could occur among poultry and humans and effectively sustain within the environment of the LPMs. Our findings are primarily focused on public health considerations, the hygienic slaughter of poultry and the relevant cleaning and sanitation practices conducted in the LPMs to support evidence-based decision-making processes. The findings of the study have the potential to be used to formulate effective risk reduction measures and can be further adapted in low-resource settings without major infrastructural changes required of the LPMs. All of which would reduce the risk of HPAI virus release and further lessen the degree of exposure and transmission in established LPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Master of Science in Veterinary Science (International), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Holy Akwar
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedi Hossain
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sufian
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zakiul Hasan
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shovon Chakma
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tongkorn Meeyam
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkhana Chaisowwong
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nitish C Debnath
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO-UN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Duangporn Pichpol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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20
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Knowledge and remaining gaps on the role of animal and human movements in the poultry production and trade networks in the global spread of avian influenza viruses - A scoping review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230567. [PMID: 32196515 PMCID: PMC7083317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry production has significantly increased worldwide, along with the number of avian influenza (AI) outbreaks and the potential threat for human pandemic emergence. The role of wild bird movements in this global spread has been extensively studied while the role of animal, human and fomite movement within commercial poultry production and trade networks remains poorly understood. The aim of this work is to better understand these roles in relation to the different routes of AI spread. A scoping literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) using a search algorithm combining twelve domains linked to AI spread and animal/human movements within poultry production and trade networks. Only 28 out of 3,978 articles retrieved dealt especially with the role of animal, human and fomite movements in AI spread within the international trade network (4 articles), the national trade network (8 articles) and the production network (16 articles). While the role of animal movements in AI spread within national trade networks has been largely identified, human and fomite movements have been considered more at risk for AI spread within national production networks. However, the role of these movements has never been demonstrated with field data, and production networks have only been partially studied and never at international level. The complexity of poultry production networks and the limited access to production and trade data are important barriers to this knowledge. There is a need to study the role of animal and human movements within poultry production and trade networks in the global spread of AI in partnership with both public and private actors to fill this gap.
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21
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Delabouglise A, Boni MF. Game theory of vaccination and depopulation for managing livestock diseases and zoonoses on small-scale farms. Epidemics 2019; 30:100370. [PMID: 31587878 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock producers adapt their farm management to epidemiological risks in different ways, through veterinary interventions but also by modulating their farm size and the removal rate of animals. The objective of this theoretical study was to elucidate how these behavioral adaptations may affect the epidemiology of highly-pathogenic avian influenza in domestic poultry and the outcome of the implemented control policies. We studied a symmetric population game where the players are broiler poultry farmers at risk of infection and where the between-farms disease transmission is both environmental and mediated by poultry trade. Three types of farmer behaviors were modelled: vaccination, depopulation, and cessation of poultry farming. We found that the transmission level of the disease through trade networks has strong qualitative effects on the system's epidemiological-economic equilibria. In the case of low trade-based transmission, when the monetary cost of infection is high, depopulation behavior can maintain a stable disease-free equilibrium. In addition, vaccination behavior can lead to eradication by private incentives alone - an outcome not seen for human diseases. In a scenario of high trade-based transmission, depopulation behavior has perverse epidemiological effects as it accelerates the spread of disease via poultry trade. In this situation, state interventions should focus on making vaccination technologies available at a low price rather than penalizing infected farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Delabouglise
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Maciej F Boni
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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22
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A Decade of Avian Influenza in Bangladesh: Where Are We Now? Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4030119. [PMID: 31514405 PMCID: PMC6789720 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a public health threat in Bangladesh since the first reported outbreak in poultry in 2007. The country has undertaken numerous efforts to detect, track, and combat avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The predominant genotype of the H5N1 viruses is clade 2.3.2.1a. The persistent changing of clades of the circulating H5N1 strains suggests probable mutations that might have been occurring over time. Surveillance has provided evidence that the virus has persistently prevailed in all sectors and caused discontinuous infections. The presence of AIV in live bird markets has been detected persistently. Weak biosecurity in the poultry sector is linked with resource limitation, low risk perception, and short-term sporadic interventions. Controlling avian influenza necessitates a concerted multi-sector ‘One Health’ approach that includes the government and key stakeholders.
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23
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Kim Y, Biswas PK, Giasuddin M, Hasan M, Mahmud R, Chang YM, Essen S, Samad MA, Lewis NS, Brown IH, Moyen N, Hoque MA, Debnath NC, Pfeiffer DU, Fournié G. Prevalence of Avian Influenza A(H5) and A(H9) Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2309-2316. [PMID: 30457545 PMCID: PMC6256373 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.180879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study in live bird markets (LBMs) in Dhaka and Chittagong, Bangladesh, to estimate the prevalence of avian influenza A(H5) and A(H9) viruses in different types of poultry and environmental areas by using Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression models. We detected these viruses in nearly all LBMs. Prevalence of A(H5) virus was higher in waterfowl than in chickens, whereas prevalence of A(H9) virus was higher in chickens than in waterfowl and, among chicken types, in industrial broilers than in cross-breeds and indigenous breeds. LBMs with >1 wholesaler were more frequently contaminated by A(H5) virus than retail-only LBMs. Prevalence of A(H9) virus in poultry and level of environmental contamination were also higher in LBMs with >1 wholesaler. We found a high level of circulation of both avian influenza viruses in surveyed LBMs. Prevalence was influenced by type of poultry, environmental site, and trading.
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24
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Wang GL, Gray GC, Chen JM, Ma MJ. Will China's H7N9 Control Strategy Continue to Be Effective? Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz258. [PMID: 31263734 PMCID: PMC6592408 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in early 2013, several interventions to control the transmission of H7N9 virus from poultry to humans have been implemented. Temporarily closing live poultry markets reduced the risk of human infection to an extent, but it did not prevent the spread of the H7N9 virus among poultry, and this spread eventually led to more human cases. Nevertheless, the mass vaccination of poultry after September 2017 has been highly effective in preventing the H7N9 virus infection in both poultry and humans. In light of the emergence of highly pathogenic H7N9 and H7N2 viruses in unimmunized ducks, vaccination among poultry, especially for ducks, should be accompanied with continued surveillance of H7N9 variants and other avian influenza A viruses that could signal a heightened pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, P. R. China
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ji-Ming Chen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
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25
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Henning J, Hesterberg UW, Zenal F, Schoonman L, Brum E, McGrane J. Risk factors for H5 avian influenza virus prevalence on urban live bird markets in Jakarta, Indonesia-Evaluation of long-term environmental surveillance data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216984. [PMID: 31125350 PMCID: PMC6534305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the re-emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), live bird markets have been identified to play a critical role. In this repeated cross-sectional study, we combined surveillance data collected monthly on Jakarta's live bird markets over a five-year period, with risk factors related to the structure and management of live bird markets, the trading and slaughtering of birds at these markets, and environmental and demographic conditions in the areas where the markets were located. Over the study period 36.7% (95% CI: 35.1, 38.3) of samples (N = 1315) tested HPAI H5 virus positive. Using General Estimation Equation approaches to account for repeated observations over time, we explored the association between HPAI H5 virus prevalence and potential risk factors. Markets where only live birds and carcasses were sold, but no slaughtering was conducted at or at the vicinity of the markets, had a significantly reduced chance of being positive for H5 virus (OR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.5). Also, markets, that used display tables for poultry carcasses made from wood, had reduced odds of being H5 virus positive (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-1.0), while having at least one duck sample included in the pool of samples collected at the market increased the chance of being H5 virus positive (OR = 5.7, 95% CI 3.6-9.2). Markets where parent stock was traded, were more at risk of being H5 virus positive compared to markets where broilers were traded. Finally, the human population density in the district, the average distance between markets and origins of poultry sold at markets and the total rainfall per month were all positively associated with higher H5 virus prevalence. In summary, our results highlight that a combination of factors related to trading and marketing processes and environmental pressures need to be considered to reduce H5 virus infection risk for customers at urban live bird markets. In particular, the relocation of slaughter areas to well-managed separate locations should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Uta Walburga Hesterberg
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Jakarta, Java, Indonesia
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farida Zenal
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Jakarta, Java, Indonesia
| | - Luuk Schoonman
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Jakarta, Java, Indonesia
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Jakarta, Java, Indonesia
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - James McGrane
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Jakarta, Java, Indonesia
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26
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Lei X, Jing S, Zeng X, Lin Y, Li X, Xing Q, Zhong X, Østbye T. Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards avian influenza among live poultry market workers in Chongqing, China. Prev Vet Med 2019; 162:151-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Hassan MM, Hoque MA, Ujvari B, Klaassen M. Live bird markets in Bangladesh as a potentially important source for Avian Influenza Virus transmission. Prev Vet Med 2018; 156:22-27. [PMID: 29891142 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBM) are important for trading poultry in many developing countries where they are being considered hotspots of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) prevalence and contamination. An active surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) was conducted on four species of LBM birds (chickens, ducks, quails and pigeons) from 10 of the largest LBM in Chittagong, Bangladesh, and two species of peri-domestic wild birds (house crow and Asian pied starling) in their direct vicinity from November 2012 until September 2016. Our aim was to identify the scale and annual pattern of AIV circulation in both the LBM birds and the two per-domestic wild bird species living in close proximity of the LBM. In the latter two species, the annual pattern in AIV antibody prevalence was additionally investigated. A total of 4770 LBM birds and 1119 peri-domestic wild birds were sampled. We used rt-PCR for detection of the AIV M-gene and AIV subtypes H5, H7 and H9 from swab samples. We used c-ELISA for AIV antibody detection from serum samples of peri-domestic wild birds. Average AIV prevalence among the four LBM species varied between 16 and 28%, whereas no AIV was detected in peri-domestic wild birds by rt-PCR. In all LBM species we found significantly higher AIV prevalence in winter compared to summer. A similar pattern was found in AIV antibody prevalence in peri-domestic wild birds feeding in the direct vicinity of LBM. For the subtypes of AIV investigated, we found a significantly higher proportion of AIV H5 in LBM chickens and H9 in LBM ducks. No H7 was detected in any of the investigated samples. We conclude that AIV and notably AIV H5 and H9 were circulating in the investigated LBM of Bangladesh with clear seasonality that matched the prevalence of AIV antibodies of peri-domestic wild birds. These patterns show great resemblance to the annual outbreak patterns in Bangladeshi poultry industry. Our data suggest considerable exchange of AIV within and among the four LBM bird species and peri-domestic wild birds, which likely contributes to the maintenance of the AIV problems in Bangladesh. Increasing biosecurity and notably reducing the direct and indirect mixing of various domestic bird species and peri-domestic wild birds and developing all-in-all-out selling systems with regular use of disinfectant are likely to reduce the risk of transmission and spread of AIV, including HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong, 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong, 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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28
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Moyen N, Ahmed G, Gupta S, Tenzin T, Khan R, Khan T, Debnath N, Yamage M, Pfeiffer DU, Fournie G. A large-scale study of a poultry trading network in Bangladesh: implications for control and surveillance of avian influenza viruses. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:12. [PMID: 29329534 PMCID: PMC5767022 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its first report in 2007, avian influenza (AI) has been endemic in Bangladesh. While live poultry marketing is widespread throughout the country and known to influence AI dissemination and persistence, trading patterns have not been described. The aim of this study is to assess poultry trading practices and features of the poultry trading networks which could promote AI spread, and their potential implications for disease control and surveillance. Data on poultry trading practices was collected from 849 poultry traders during a cross-sectional survey in 138 live bird markets (LBMs) across 17 different districts of Bangladesh. The quantity and origins of traded poultry were assessed for each poultry type in surveyed LBMs. The network of contacts between farms and LBMs resulting from commercial movements of live poultry was constructed to assess its connectivity and to identify the key premises influencing it. RESULTS Poultry trading practices varied according to the size of the LBMs and to the type of poultry traded. Industrial broiler chickens, the most commonly traded poultry, were generally sold in LBMs close to their production areas, whereas ducks and backyard chickens were moved over longer distances, and their transport involved several intermediates. The poultry trading network composed of 445 nodes (73.2% were LBMs) was highly connected and disassortative. However, the removal of only 5.6% of the nodes (25 LBMs with the highest betweenness scores), reduced the network's connectedness, and the maximum size of output and input domains by more than 50%. CONCLUSIONS Poultry types need to be discriminated in order to understand the way in which poultry trading networks are shaped, and the level of risk of disease spread that these networks may promote. Knowledge of the network structure could be used to target control and surveillance interventions to a small number of LBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moyen
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - G Ahmed
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S Gupta
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Qld, Australia.,Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - T Tenzin
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,National Centre for Animal Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - R Khan
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - T Khan
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - N Debnath
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Yamage
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - G Fournie
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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29
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Pinsent A, Pepin KM, Zhu H, Guan Y, White MT, Riley S. The persistence of multiple strains of avian influenza in live bird markets. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0715. [PMID: 29212718 PMCID: PMC5740266 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple subtypes of avian influenza (AI) and novel reassortants are frequently isolated from live bird markets (LBMs). However, our understanding of the drivers of persistence of multiple AI subtypes is limited. We propose a stochastic model of AI transmission within an LBM that incorporates market size, turnover rate and the balance of direct versus environmental transmissibility. We investigate the relationship between these factors and the critical community size (CCS) for the persistence of single and multiple AI strains within an LBM. We fit different models of seeding from farms to two-strain surveillance data collected from Shantou, China. For a single strain and plausible estimates for continuous turnover rates and transmissibility, the CCS was approximately 11 800 birds, only a 4.2% increase in this estimate was needed to ensure persistence of the co-infecting strains (two strains in a single host). Precise values of CCS estimates were sensitive to changes in market turnover rate and duration of the latent period. Assuming a gradual daily sell rate of birds the estimated CCS was higher than when an instantaneous selling rate was assumed. We were able to reproduce prevalence dynamics similar to observations from a single market in China with infection seeded every 5-15 days, and a maximum non-seeding duration of 80 days. Our findings suggest that persistence of co-infections is more likely to be owing to sequential infection of single strains rather than ongoing transmission of both strains concurrently. In any given system for a fixed set of ecological and epidemiological conditions, there is an LBM size below which the risk of sustained co-circulation is low and which may suggest a clear policy opportunity to reduce the frequency of influenza co-infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pinsent
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Huachen Zhu
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Guan
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael T White
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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30
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Fournié G, Høg E, Barnett T, Pfeiffer DU, Mangtani P. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Practices Exposing Humans to Avian Influenza Viruses, Their Prevalence, and Rationale. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:376-388. [PMID: 28749769 PMCID: PMC5544094 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all human infections by avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are transmitted from poultry. A systematic review was conducted to identify practices associated with human infections, their prevalence, and rationale. Observational studies were identified through database searches. Meta-analysis produced combined odds ratio estimates. The prevalence of practices and rationales for their adoptions were reported. Of the 48,217 records initially identified, 65 articles were included. Direct and indirect exposures to poultry were associated with infection for all investigated viral subtypes and settings. For the most frequently reported practices, association with infection seemed stronger in markets than households, for sick and dead than healthy poultry, and for H7N9 than H5N1. Practices were often described in general terms and their frequency and intensity of contact were not provided. The prevalence of practices was highly variable across studies, and no studies comprehensively explored reasons behind the adoption of practices. Combining epidemiological and targeted anthropological studies would increase the spectrum and detail of practices that could be investigated and should aim to provide insights into the rationale(s) for their existence. A better understanding of these rationales may help to design more realistic and acceptable preventive public health measures and messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Erling Høg
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Barnett
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Punam Mangtani
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Risk factors for avian influenza virus contamination of live poultry markets in Zhejiang, China during the 2015-2016 human influenza season. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42722. [PMID: 28256584 PMCID: PMC5335333 DOI: 10.1038/srep42722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs), being a potential source of avian influenza virus, require effective environmental surveillance management. In our study, a total of 2865 environmental samples were collected from 292 LBMs during the 2015–2016 human influenza season from 10 cities in Zhejiang province, China. The samples were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Field investigations were carried out to investigate probable risk factors. Of the environmental samples, 1519 (53.0%) were contaminated by A subtype. The highest prevalence of the H9 subtype was 30.2%, and the frequencies of the H5 and H7 subtype were 9.3% and 17.3%, respectively. Hangzhou and Jinhua cities were contaminated more seriously than the others. The prevalence of H5/H7/H9 in drinking water samples was highest, at 50.9%, and chopping board swabs ranked second, at 49.3%. Duration of sales per day, types of live poultry, LBM location and the number of live poultry were the main risk factors for environmental contamination, according to logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, LBMs in Zhejiang were contaminated by avian influenza. Our study has provided clues for avian influenza prevention and control during the human influenza season, especially in areas where LBMs are not closed.
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32
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Artois J, Lai S, Feng L, Jiang H, Zhou H, Li X, Dhingra MS, Linard C, Nicolas G, Xiao X, Robinson TP, Yu H, Gilbert M. H7N9 and H5N1 avian influenza suitability models for China: accounting for new poultry and live-poultry markets distribution data. STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT : RESEARCH JOURNAL 2017; 31:393-402. [PMID: 28298880 PMCID: PMC5329093 DOI: 10.1007/s00477-016-1362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, two important avian influenza viruses infecting humans emerged in China, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in the late nineties, and the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H7N9 virus in 2013. China is home to the largest population of chickens (4.83 billion) and ducks (0.694 billion), representing, respectively 23.1 and 58.6% of the 2013 world stock, with a significant part of poultry sold through live-poultry markets potentially contributing to the spread of avian influenza viruses. Previous models have looked at factors associated with HPAI H5N1 in poultry and LPAI H7N9 in markets. However, these have not been studied and compared with a consistent set of predictor variables. Significant progress was recently made in the collection of poultry census and live-poultry market data, which are key potential factors in the distribution of both diseases. Here we compiled and reprocessed a new set of poultry census data and used these to analyse HPAI H5N1 and LPAI H7N9 distributions with boosted regression trees models. We found a limited impact of the improved poultry layers compared to models based on previous poultry census data, and a positive and previously unreported association between HPAI H5N1 outbreaks and the density of live-poultry markets. In addition, the models fitted for the HPAI H5N1 and LPAI H7N9 viruses predict a high risk of disease presence for the area around Shanghai and Hong Kong. The main difference in prediction between the two viruses concerned the suitability of HPAI H5N1 in north-China around the Yellow sea (outlined with Tianjin, Beijing, and Shenyang city) where LPAI H7N9 has not spread intensely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Artois
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab. (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shengjie Lai
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
- WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Madhur S. Dhingra
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab. (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Government of Haryana, Pashudhan Bhawan, Bays No. 9-12, Sector -2, Panchkula, Haryana 134109 India
| | - Catherine Linard
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab. (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Geography, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Nicolas
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab. (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial AnalysisUniversity of Oklahoma, 101 David L. Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73019 USA
| | - Timothy P. Robinson
- Livestock Systems and Environment (LSE), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab. (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium
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Fasanmi OG, Ahmed SSU, Oladele-Bukola MO, El-Tahawy AS, Elbestawy AR, Fasina FO. An evaluation of biosecurity compliance levels and assessment of associated risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infection of live-bird-markets, Nigeria and Egypt. Acta Trop 2016; 164:321-328. [PMID: 27603430 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Live bird market (LBM) is integral component in the perpetuation of HPAI H5N1, while biosecurity is crucial and key to the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Biosecurity compliance level and risk factor assessments in 155LBMs was evaluated in Nigeria and Egypt through the administration of a 68-item biosecurity checklist, scored based on the modifications of previous qualitative data, and analysed for degree of compliance. LBMs were scored as "complied with a biosecurity item" if they had good-very good scores (4). All scores were coded and analysed using descriptive statistics and risk or protective factors were determined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression at p≤0.05. Trading of wild birds and other animal in the LBMs (Odd Ratio (OR)=34.90; p=0.01) and claims of hand disinfection after slaughter (OR=31.16; p=0.03) were significant risk factors while mandatory routine disinfection of markets (OR=0.13; p≤0.00), fencing and gates for live bird market (OR=0.02; p≤0.01) and hand washing after slaughter (OR=0.41; p≤0.05) were protective factors for and against the infection of Nigerian and Egyptian LBMs with the HPAI H5N1 virus. Almost all the LBMs complied poorly with most of the variables in the checklist (p≤0.05), but pathways to improved biosecurity in the LBMs existed. We concluded that the LBM operators play a critical role in the disruption of transmission of H5N1 virus infection through improved biosecurity and participatory epidemiology and multidisciplinary approach is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubunmi G Fasanmi
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Syed Sayeem U Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mutiu O Oladele-Bukola
- Institute of Agriculture Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abdelgawad S El-Tahawy
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Folorunso O Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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34
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Genetic and antigenic characterization of H5, H6 and H9 avian influenza viruses circulating in live bird markets with intervention in the center part of Vietnam. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:194-203. [PMID: 27527783 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 3,045 environmental samples and oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from apparently healthy poultry have been collected at three live bird markets (LBMs) at which practices were applied to reduce avian influenza (AI) virus transmission (intervention LBMs) and six conventional LBMs (non-intervention LBMs) in Thua Thien Hue province in 2014 to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention LBMs. The 178 AI viruses, including H3 (19 viruses), H4 (2), H5 (8), H6 (30), H9 (114), and H11 (5), were isolated from domestic ducks, muscovy ducks, chickens, and the environment. The prevalence of AI viruses in intervention LBMs (6.1%; 95% CI: 5.0-7.5) was similar to that in non-intervention LBMs (5.6%; 95% CI: 4.5-6.8; χ(2)=0.532; df=1; P=0.53) in the study area. Eight H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses were isolated from apparently healthy ducks, muscovy ducks, and an environmental sample in an intervention LBM. The hemagglutinin genes of the H5N6 HPAI viruses belonged to the genetic clade 2.3.4.4, and the antigenicity of the H5N6 HPAI viruses differed from the H5N1 HPAI viruses previously circulating in Vietnam. Phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the H6 and H9 viruses isolated in both types of LBMs revealed that they were closely related to the viruses isolated from domestic birds in China, Group II of H6 viruses and Y280 lineage of H9 viruses. These results indicate that the interventions currently applied in LBMs are insufficient to control AI. A risk analysis should be conducted to identify the key factors contributing to AI virus prevalence in intervention LBMs.
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35
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Fournié G, Tripodi A, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen VT, Tran TT, Bisson A, Pfeiffer DU, Newman SH. Investigating poultry trade patterns to guide avian influenza surveillance and control: a case study in Vietnam. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29463. [PMID: 27405887 PMCID: PMC4942603 DOI: 10.1038/srep29463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets are often the focus of surveillance activities monitoring avian influenza viruses (AIV) circulating in poultry. However, in order to ensure a high sensitivity of virus detection and effectiveness of management actions, poultry management practices features influencing AIV dynamics need to be accounted for in the design of surveillance programmes. In order to address this knowledge gap, a cross-sectional survey was conducted through interviews with 791 traders in 18 Vietnamese live bird markets. Markets greatly differed according to the sources from which poultry was obtained, and their connections to other markets through the movements of their traders. These features, which could be informed based on indicators that are easy to measure, suggest that markets could be used as sentinels for monitoring virus strains circulating in specific segments of the poultry production sector. AIV spread within markets was modelled. Due to the high turn-over of poultry, viral amplification was likely to be minimal in most of the largest markets. However, due to the large number of birds being introduced each day, and challenges related to cleaning and disinfection, environmental accumulation of viruses at markets may take place, posing a threat to the poultry production sector and to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Tripodi
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Thuy Nguyen
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Andrew Bisson
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott H Newman
- Emergency Center for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hanoi, Vietnam
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36
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Henning J, Pfeiffer DU, Stevenson M, Yulianto D, Priyono W, Meers J. Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152123. [PMID: 27019344 PMCID: PMC4809517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck populations are considered to be a reservoir of Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 in some agricultural production systems, as they are able to shed the virus for several days without clinical signs. Countries endemically affected with HPAI in Asia are characterised by production systems where ducks are fed on post-harvest spilled rice. During this scavenging process it is common for ducks to come into contact with other duck flocks or wild birds, thereby providing opportunities for virus spread. Effective risk management for HPAI has been significantly compromised by a limited understanding of management of moving duck flocks in these countries, despite of a small number of recent investigations. Here, for the first time, we described the management of moving duck flocks and the structure of the moving duck flock network in quantitative terms so that factors influencing the risk of HPAIV transmission can be identified. By following moving duck flock farmers over a period of 6 months in Java, Indonesia, we were able to describe the movement of flocks and to characterise the network of various types of actors associated with the production system. We used these data to estimate the basic reproductive number for HPAI virus spread. Our results suggest that focussing HPAI prevention measures on duck flocks alone will not be sufficient. Instead, the role of transporters of moving duck flocks, hatcheries and rice paddy owners, in the spread of the HPAI virus needs to be recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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37
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Wang L, Cowling BJ, Wu P, Yu J, Li F, Zeng L, Wu JT, Li Z, Leung GM, Yu H. Human exposure to live poultry and psychological and behavioral responses to influenza A(H7N9), China. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:1296-305. [PMID: 25076186 PMCID: PMC4111172 DOI: 10.3201/eid2008.131821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure was common in urban and rural areas and remains a potential risk factor for human infection. To investigate human exposure to live poultry and changes in risk perception and behavior after the April 2013 influenza A(H7N9) outbreak in China, we surveyed 2,504 urban residents in 5 cities and 1,227 rural residents in 4 provinces and found that perceived risk for influenza A(H7N9) was low. The highest rate of exposure to live poultry was reported in Guangzhou, where 47% of those surveyed reported visiting a live poultry market >1 times in the previous year. Most (77%) urban respondents reported that they visited live markets less often after influenza A(H7N9) cases were first identified in China in March 2013, but only 30% supported permanent closure of the markets to control the epidemic. In rural areas, 48% of respondents reported that they raised backyard poultry. Exposure to live commercial and private poultry is common in urban and rural China and remains a potential risk factor for human infection with novel influenza viruses.
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38
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Molia S, Boly IA, Duboz R, Coulibaly B, Guitian J, Grosbois V, Fournié G, Pfeiffer DU. Live bird markets characterization and trading network analysis in Mali: Implications for the surveillance and control of avian influenza and Newcastle disease. Acta Trop 2016; 155:77-88. [PMID: 26708995 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) play an important role in the transmission of avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) viruses in poultry. Our study had two objectives: (1) characterizing LBMs in Mali with a focus on practices influencing the risk of transmission of AI and ND, and (2) identifying which LBMs should be targeted for surveillance and control based on properties of the live poultry trade network. Two surveys were conducted in 2009-2010: a descriptive study in all 96 LBMs of an area encompassing approximately 98% of the Malian poultry population and a network analysis study in Sikasso county, the main poultry supplying county for the capital city Bamako. Regarding LBMs' characteristics, risk factors for the presence of AI and ND viruses (being open every day, more than 2 days before a bird is sold, absence of zoning to segregate poultry-related work flow areas, waste removal or cleaning and disinfecting less frequently than on a daily basis, trash disposal of dead birds and absence of manure processing) were present in 80-100% of the LBMs. Furthermore, LBMs tended to have wide catchment areas because of consumers' preference for village poultry meat, thereby involving a large number of villages in their supply chain. In the poultry trade network from/to Sikasso county, 182 traders were involved and 685 links were recorded among 159 locations. The network had a heterogeneous degree distribution and four hubs were identified based on measures of in-degrees, out-degrees and betweenness: the markets of Medine and Wayerma and the fairs of Farakala and Niena. These results can be used to design biosecurity-improvement interventions and to optimize the prevention, surveillance and control of transmissible poultry diseases in Malian LBMs. Further studies should investigate potential drivers (seasonality, prices) of the poultry trade network and the acceptability of biosecurity and behavior-change recommendations in the Malian socio-cultural context.
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Peiris JSM, Cowling BJ, Wu JT, Feng L, Guan Y, Yu H, Leung GM. Interventions to reduce zoonotic and pandemic risks from avian influenza in Asia. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:252-8. [PMID: 26654122 PMCID: PMC5479702 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Novel influenza viruses continue to emerge, posing zoonotic and potentially pandemic threats, such as with avian influenza A H7N9. Although closure of live poultry markets (LPMs) in mainland China stopped H7N9 outbreaks temporarily, closures are difficult to sustain, in view of poultry production and marketing systems in China. In this Personal View, we summarise interventions taken in mainland China, and provide evidence for other more sustainable but effective interventions in the live poultry market systems that reduce risk of zoonotic influenza including rest days, and banning live poultry in markets overnight. Separation of live ducks and geese from land-based (ie, non-aquatic) poultry in LPM systems can reduce the risk of emergence of zoonotic and epizootic viruses at source. In view of evidence that H7N9 is now endemic in over half of the provinces in mainland China and will continue to cause recurrent zoonotic disease in the winter months, such interventions should receive high priority in China and other Asian countries at risk of H7N9 through cross-border poultry movements. Such generic measures are likely to reduce known and future threats of zoonotic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Malik Peiris
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Joseph T Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Guan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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40
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Zou Z, Chen S, Liu Z, Jin M. Identification and genetic analysis of H3N8 subtype influenza viruses isolated from domestic pigeons in Central China. Virus Genes 2015; 52:38-50. [PMID: 26611442 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel strain of H3N8 influenza virus was isolated from domestic pigeons during the avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance in wet markets in Anhui, China, during 2013. The virus was characterized by whole-genome sequencing with subsequent genetic comparison and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NA gene of AIV mapped to the North American lineage, and the remaining seven genes belong to a Eurasian lineage. These findings indicated that this H3N8 virus is a novel nature reassortant virus. Comparison of the hemagglutinin amino acid sequences indicated 9 substitutions. One substitution caused the loss of a potential glycosylation site, and six substitutions were not previously observed in avian H3 isolates. Q226 and T228 at the receptor binding sites suggested that Anhui-08 preferentially binds to a-2,3-linked sialic acid receptors, and the cleavage site sequence showed a low pathogenic feature. Animal experiments further confirmed that A/pigeon/Anhui/08/2013 (H3N8) is low or in pigeons. The results improve our understanding of these viruses as they evolve and also provide important information to aid ongoing risk assessment analyses because these zoonotic influenza viruses continue to circulate and adapt to new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziduo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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41
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ElMasry I, Elshiekh H, Abdlenabi A, Saad A, Arafa A, Fasina FO, Lubroth J, Jobre YM. Avian Influenza H5N1 Surveillance and its Dynamics in Poultry in Live Bird Markets, Egypt. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:805-814. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. ElMasry
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Giza Egypt
| | - H. Elshiekh
- General Organizations for Veterinary Services Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Giza Egypt
| | - A. Abdlenabi
- General Organizations for Veterinary Services Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Giza Egypt
| | - A. Saad
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Giza Egypt
| | - A. Arafa
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Giza Egypt
| | - F. O. Fasina
- Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort Pretoria South Africa
| | - J. Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Rome Italy
| | - Y. M. Jobre
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Giza Egypt
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42
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Huang Y, Zhang H, Li X, Hu S, Cai L, Sun Q, Li W, Deng Z, Xiang X, Zhang H, Li F, Gao L. Detection and Genetic Characteristics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from Live Poultry Markets in Hunan Province, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142584. [PMID: 26554921 PMCID: PMC4640513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly prevalent and of low pathogenicity in domestic poultry. These viruses show a high genetic compatibility with other subtypes of AIVs and have been involved in the genesis of H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8 viruses causing severe infection in humans. The first case of human infection with H9N2 viruses in Hunan province of China have been confirmed in November 2013 and identified that H9N2 viruses from live poultry markets (LPMs) near the patient’s house could be the source of infection. However, the prevalence, distribution and genetic characteristics of H9N2 viruses in LPMs all over the province are not clear. We collected and tested 3943 environmental samples from 380 LPMs covering all 122 counties/districts of Hunan province from February to April, 2014. A total of 618 (15.7%) samples were H9 subtype positive and 200 (52.6%) markets in 98 (80.3%) counties/districts were contaminated with H9 subtype AIVs. We sequenced the entire coding sequences of the genomes of eleven H9N2 isolates from environmental samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the gene sequences of the H9N2 AIVs exhibited high homology (94.3%-100%). All eleven viruses were in a same branch in the phylogenetic trees and belonged to a same genotype. No gene reassortment had been found. Molecular analysis demonstrated that all the viruses had typical molecular characteristics of contemporary avian H9N2 influenza viruses. Continued surveillance of AIVs in LPMs is warranted for identification of further viral evolution and novel reassortants with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Huang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shixiong Hu
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Cai
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianlai Sun
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Deng
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengjiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lidong Gao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Ni X, He F, Hu M, Zhou X, Wang B, Feng C, Wu Y, Li Y, Tu J, Li H, Liu M, Chen H, Chen S. Investigation of avian influenza virus in poultry and wild birds due to novel avian-origin influenza A(H10N8) in Nanchang City, China. Microbes Infect 2014; 17:48-53. [PMID: 25284683 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple reassortment events within poultry and wild birds had resulted in the establishment of another novel avian influenza A(H10N8) virus, and finally resulted in human death in Nanchang, China. However, there was a paucity of information on the prevalence of avian influenza virus in poultry and wild birds in Nanchang area. We investigated avian influenza virus in poultry and wild birds from live poultry markets, poultry countyards, delivery vehicles, and wild-bird habitats in Nanchang. We analyzed 1036 samples from wild birds and domestic poultry collected from December 2013 to February 2014. Original biological samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza virus using specific primer and probe sets of H5, H7, H9, H10 and N8 subtypes by real-time RT-PCR. In our analysis, the majority (97.98%) of positive samples were from live poultry markets. Among the poultry samples from chickens and ducks, AIV prevalence was 26.05 and 30.81%, respectively. Mixed infection of different HA subtypes was very common. Additionally, H10 subtypes coexistence with N8 was the most prevalent agent during the emergence of H10N8. This event illustrated a long-term surveillance was so helpful for pandemic preparedness and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Ni
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Fenglan He
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China.
| | - Maohong Hu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhou
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Changhua Feng
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- Qingshanhu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Youxing Li
- Xinjian County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Junling Tu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Hui Li
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Mingbin Liu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Shengen Chen
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China.
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Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Duboz R, Lancelot R, Maminiaina OF, Jourdan M, Rakotondramaro TMC, Rakotonjanahary SN, de Almeida RS, Durand B, Chevalier V. Description and analysis of the poultry trading network in the Lake Alaotra region, Madagascar: implications for the surveillance and control of Newcastle disease. Acta Trop 2014; 135:10-8. [PMID: 24681223 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Madagascar's 36.5-million-head poultry industry holds a foremost place in its economy and the livelihood of its people. Unfortunately, regular Newcastle disease outbreaks associated with high mortality causes high losses for smallholders and threatens their livelihood. Therefore, Madagascar is seeking concrete, achievable and sustainable methods for the surveillance and the control of Newcastle disease. In this paper, we present and analyze the results of a field study conducted in Madagascar between December 2009 and December 2010. The study area was the Lac Alaotra region, a landlocked area in the north-eastern part of the country's center. Poultry trading is suspected of playing a major role in the spread of avian diseases, especially in developing countries characterized by many live-bird markets and middlemen. Therefore, the goals of our study were to: (i) describe and analyze smallholders' poultry trading network in the Lake Alaotra region using social network analysis; (ii) assess the role of the network in the spread of Newcastle disease; and (iii) propose the implementation of a targeted disease surveillance based on the characteristics of the poultry trading network. We focused our field study on the harvesting of two data sets. The first is a complete description of the poultry trading network in the landlocked area of Lac Alaotra, including a description of the poultry movements between groups of villages. The second set of data measures the occurrence of outbreaks in the same area by combining a participatory approach with an event-based surveillance method. These data were used to determine the attributes of the network, and to statistically assess the association between the position of nodes and the occurrence of outbreaks. By using social network analysis techniques combined with a classification method and a logistic model, we finally identified 3 nodes (set of villages), of the 387 in the initial network, to focus on for surveillance and control in the Lac Alaotra area. This result is of primary importance in the ongoing efforts to effectively improve the wellbeing of people in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo
- FOFIFA - DRZV, BP 1690 Ampandrianomby, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; Faculté de Médecine, Département Vétérinaire, BP 375 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - R Duboz
- CIRAD, AGIRS Research Unit, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - R Lancelot
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - O F Maminiaina
- FOFIFA - DRZV, BP 1690 Ampandrianomby, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - M Jourdan
- Agronomes & Vétérinaires Sans Frontières, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France
| | - T M C Rakotondramaro
- FOFIFA - DRZV, BP 1690 Ampandrianomby, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; Faculté de Médecine, Département Vétérinaire, BP 375 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - R Servan de Almeida
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - B Durand
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - V Chevalier
- CIRAD, AGIRS Research Unit, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Gilbert M, Golding N, Zhou H, Wint GRW, Robinson TP, Tatem AJ, Lai S, Zhou S, Jiang H, Guo D, Huang Z, Messina JP, Xiao X, Linard C, Van Boeckel TP, Martin V, Bhatt S, Gething PW, Farrar JJ, Hay SI, Yu H. Predicting the risk of avian influenza A H7N9 infection in live-poultry markets across Asia. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4116. [PMID: 24937647 PMCID: PMC4061699 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two epidemic waves of an avian influenza A (H7N9) virus have so far affected China. Most human cases have been attributable to poultry exposure at live-poultry markets, where most positive isolates were sampled. The potential geographic extent of potential re-emerging epidemics is unknown, as are the factors associated with it. Using newly assembled data sets of the locations of 8,943 live-poultry markets in China and maps of environmental correlates, we develop a statistical model that accurately predicts the risk of H7N9 market infection across Asia. Local density of live-poultry markets is the most important predictor of H7N9 infection risk in markets, underscoring their key role in the spatial epidemiology of H7N9, alongside other poultry, land cover and anthropogenic predictor variables. Identification of areas in Asia with high suitability for H7N9 infection enhances our capacity to target biosurveillance and control, helping to restrict the spread of this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gilbert
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, av FD Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, rue d'Egmont 5, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Golding
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Hang Zhou
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - G. R. William Wint
- Environmental Research Group Oxford, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Timothy P. Robinson
- Livestock Systems and Environment (LSE), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew J. Tatem
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Shengjie Lai
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Danhuai Guo
- Scientific Data Center, Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun Nansijie, Haidian District, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jane P. Messina
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, 101 David L. Boren Blvd, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
- Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Fudan University, 220A Handan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Catherine Linard
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, av FD Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, rue d'Egmont 5, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas P. Van Boeckel
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, av FD Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, rue d'Egmont 5, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Martin
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Representation in Senegal, PO Box 3300, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Peter W. Gething
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jeremy J. Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit–Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Unit, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Simon I. Hay
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
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Yu H, Wu JT, Cowling BJ, Liao Q, Fang VJ, Zhou S, Wu P, Zhou H, Lau EHY, Guo D, Ni MY, Peng Z, Feng L, Jiang H, Luo H, Li Q, Feng Z, Wang Y, Yang W, Leung GM. Effect of closure of live poultry markets on poultry-to-person transmission of avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an ecological study. Lancet 2014; 383:541-8. [PMID: 24183056 PMCID: PMC3946250 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission of the novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus seems to be predominantly between poultry and people. In the major Chinese cities of Shanghai, Hangzhou, Huzhou, and Nanjing--where most human cases of infection have occurred--live poultry markets (LPMs) were closed in April, 2013, soon after the initial outbreak, as a precautionary public health measure. Our objective was to quantify the effect of LPM closure in these cities on poultry-to-person transmission of avian influenza A H7N9 virus. METHODS We obtained information about every laboratory-confirmed human case of avian influenza A H7N9 virus infection reported in the four cities by June 7, 2013, from a database built by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We used data for age, sex, location, residence type (rural or urban area), and dates of illness onset. We obtained information about LPMs from official sources. We constructed a statistical model to explain the patterns in incidence of cases reported in each city on the basis of the assumption of a constant force of infection before LPM closure, and a different constant force of infection after closure. We fitted the model with Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. FINDINGS 85 human cases of avian influenza A H7N9 virus infection were reported in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Huzhou, and Nanjing by June 7, 2013, of which 60 were included in our main analysis. Closure of LPMs reduced the mean daily number of infections by 99% (95% credibility interval 93-100%) in Shanghai, by 99% (92-100%) in Hangzhou, by 97% (68-100%) in Huzhou, and by 97% (81-100%) in Nanjing. Because LPMs were the predominant source of exposure to avian influenza A H7N9 virus for confirmed cases in these cities, we estimated that the mean incubation period was 3·3 days (1·4-5·7). INTERPRETATION LPM closures were effective in the control of human risk of avian influenza A H7N9 virus infection in the spring of 2013. In the short term, LPM closure should be rapidly implemented in areas where the virus is identified in live poultry or people. In the long term, evidence-based discussions and deliberations about the role of market rest days and central slaughtering of all live poultry should be renewed. FUNDING Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Research Fund for the Control of Infectious Disease; Hong Kong University Grants Committee; China-US Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases; Harvard Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics; and the US National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph T Wu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Qiaohong Liao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Vicky J Fang
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Danhuai Guo
- Scientific Data Center, Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Y Ni
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Luo
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Li
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Office of the Director, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhong Yang
- Office of the Director, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Production and Population Health Department, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Production and Population Health Department, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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Costard S, Fournié G, Pfeiffer DU. Using risk assessment as part of a systems approach to the control and prevention of HPAIV H5N1. ECOHEALTH 2014; 11:36-43. [PMID: 24488190 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since its emergence in China in 1996, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 has spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Countries had to promptly implement control and prevention measures. Numerous research and capacity building initiatives were conducted in the affected regions to improve the capacity of national animal health services to support the development of risk-based mitigation strategies. This paper reviews and discusses risk assessments initiated in several South-East Asian and African countries under one of these projects. Despite important data gaps, the risk assessment results improved the ability of policy makers to design appropriate risk management policies. Disease risk was strongly influenced by various human behavioral factors. The ongoing circulation of HPAIV H5N1 in several Asian countries and in Egypt, despite major disease control efforts, supports the need for an interdisciplinary approach to development of tailored risk management policies, in accordance with the EcoHealth paradigm and the broad concept of risk governance. In particular, active stakeholders engagement and integration of economic and social studies into the policy making process are needed to optimize compliance and sustainable behavioral changes, thereby increasing the effectiveness of mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Costard
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group (VEEPH), Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK,
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49
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Nasreen S, Uddin Khan S, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Hancock K, Veguilla V, Wang D, Rahman M, Alamgir ASM, Sturm-Ramirez K, Gurley ES, Luby SP, Katz JM, Uyeki TM. Seroprevalence of antibodies against highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus among poultry workers in Bangladesh, 2009. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73200. [PMID: 24039887 PMCID: PMC3764173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2009 to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) [HPAI H5N1] virus antibodies among poultry workers at farms and live bird markets with confirmed/suspected poultry outbreaks during 2009 in Bangladesh. We tested sera by microneutralization assay using A/Bangladesh/207095/2008 (H5N1; clade 2.2.2) virus with confirmation by horse red blood cell hemagglutination inhibition and H5-specific Western blot assays. We enrolled 212 workers from 87 farms and 210 workers from three live bird markets. One hundred and two farm workers (48%) culled poultry. One hundred and ninety-three farm workers (91%) and 178 market workers (85%) reported direct contact with poultry that died during a laboratory confirmed HPAI H5N1 poultry farm outbreak or market poultry die-offs from suspected HPAI H5N1. Despite exposure to sick poultry, no farm or market poultry workers were seropositive for HPAI H5N1 virus antibodies (95% confidence interval 0-1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifa Nasreen
- Center for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Salah Uddin Khan
- Center for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Kathy Hancock
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vic Veguilla
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. S. M. Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Katharine Sturm-Ramirez
- Center for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Center for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Center for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Uyeki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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50
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Okamatsu M, Nishi T, Nomura N, Yamamoto N, Sakoda Y, Sakurai K, Chu HD, Thanh LP, Van Nguyen L, Van Hoang N, Tien TN, Yoshida R, Takada A, Kida H. The genetic and antigenic diversity of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks, muscovy ducks, and chickens in northern and southern Vietnam, 2010–2012. Virus Genes 2013; 47:317-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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