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Wu W, Huang Z, Sun Z, Zhang J, Wang S, Fang M, Yang H, Lu H, Guo G, Liu W. Simulation and attribution analysis of terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage of Hainan Island from 2015 to 2050. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170348. [PMID: 38281647 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage (TECS) could significantly affect the concentration of atmospheric CO2, which is critical for climate change prediction. Along these lines, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model was employed to determine the TECS of Hainan Island (HN) from 2015 to 2050 accurately. Besides, the Future Land-use Simulation model combined with natural and anthropogenic factors was used to forecast the land-use types from 2025 to 2050 in HN by considering different Shared-socioeconomic pathway-Rrepresentative concentration pathway (SSP-RCP) scenarios. Finally, the geographical detector explored the influence mechanism concerning the TECS. Under the SSP1-RCP1.9 scenario, the TECS of HN will be gradually increased to 388.10 million tons in 2050, mainly due to the increase in forest areas and the fact that the majority of grassland in the western part of HN is being converted into forest. Under different SSP-RCP scenarios except for SSP1-RCP1.9, HN's TECS is expected to gradually decrease from 2015 to 2050, mainly due to the loss of grassland and forest in coastal low-altitude areas. From the single/pair factor perspective influenced mechanism concerning the TECS, the elevation (DEM) and DEM∩Slope were found to be the dominant single/pair factor under the SSP1-RCP1.9, SSP1-RCP2.6 and SSP2-RCP4.5 scenarios. The least distance to residential area (LDP) and LDP∩LDR (i.e. LDP and least distance to roads or railways) were found to be the dominant factors under the SSP3-RCP7.0, SSP4-RCP3.4, SSP4-RCP6.0, SSP5-RCP3.4 and SSP5-RCP8.5 scenarios. Besides, the pair factors provided a higher determinant power for TECS than a single factor. Given the results of the TECS and the influence mechanism concerning the TECS under different SSP-RCP scenarios, we suggest reasonably planning the transportation network and limiting the disorderly expansion of construction land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; Sanya Tropical Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572022, PR China.
| | - Zanhui Huang
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, PR China; Sanya Tropical Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572022, PR China.
| | - Zhongyi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; Sanya Tropical Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572022, PR China.
| | - Shisheng Wang
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, PR China.
| | - Mengyang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, PR China; Sanya Tropical Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572022, PR China.
| | - Huai Yang
- Institute of Tropical Bamboo, Rattan & Flower, Sanya Research Base, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Sanya, PR China.
| | - Hua Lu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
| | - Guoling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fruit Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; Sanya Tropical Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572022, PR China.
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Elsy AD, Pfeifer M, Jones IL, DeWalt SJ, Lopez OR, Dent DH. Incomplete recovery of tree community composition and rare species after 120 years of tropical forest succession in Panama. Biotropica 2024; 56:36-49. [PMID: 38515454 PMCID: PMC10952663 DOI: 10.1111/btp.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Determining how fully tropical forests regenerating on abandoned land recover characteristics of old-growth forests is increasingly important for understanding their role in conserving rare species and maintaining ecosystem services. Despite this, our understanding of forest structure and community composition recovery throughout succession is incomplete, as many tropical chronosequences do not extend beyond the first 50 years of succession. Here, we examined trajectories of forest recovery across eight 1-hectare plots in middle and later stages of forest succession (40-120 years) and five 1-hectare old-growth plots, in the Barro Colorado Nature Monument (BCNM), Panama. We first verified that forest age had a greater effect than edaphic or topographic variation on forest structure, diversity and composition and then corroborated results from smaller plots censused 20 years previously. Tree species diversity (but not species richness) and forest structure had fully recovered to old-growth levels by 40 and 90 years, respectively. However, rare species were missing, and old-growth specialists were in low abundance, in the mid- and late secondary forest plots, leading to incomplete recovery of species composition even by 120 years into succession. We also found evidence that dominance early in succession by a long-lived pioneer led to altered forest structure and delayed recovery of species diversity and composition well past a century after land abandonment. Our results illustrate the critical importance of old-growth and old secondary forests for biodiversity conservation, given that recovery of community composition may take several centuries, particularly when a long-lived pioneer dominates in early succession. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Elsy
- Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Modelling, Evidence and Policy GroupNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Isabel L. Jones
- Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - Saara J. DeWalt
- Department of Biological SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Omar R. Lopez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaPanama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT)ClaytonPanama
| | - Daisy H. Dent
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaPanama
- Max Planck Institute for Animal BehaviorKonstanzGermany
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
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3
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Jakovac C, Korys KA, Rodrigues AF, Ronix A, Tubenchlak F, Monteiro LM, Lemgruber L, Santos HS, Mendes M, Junqueira AB, Crouzeilles R, Maioli V, Latawiec AE. Meta-analysis of carbon stocks and biodiversity outcomes across Brazilian restored biomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167558. [PMID: 37802339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem restoration strategies vary widely in the techniques applied and ecological contexts. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate how restoration success varies across socio-ecological contexts, taxonomic groups and biomes. Restoration success is quantified as the percentage of each ecological metric value attained in the restoration site compared to the reference systems. We show that restoration success is different for plants, animals, and soils and across ecological indicators. Abundance of individuals is easier to restore than carbon stocks, which are easier than species diversity. However, abundance may be a poor indicator of ecosystem recovery because there is no unidirectional trend over time, and abundance often fails to distinguish restored from degraded areas. We also found that carbon stocks in the soil and in the vegetation are restored at analogous paces, but the recovery of soil carbon stocks is less variable than plant stocks across sites. Our results demonstrate that different restoration techniques are effective in recovering diversity and carbon stocks, but assisted natural regeneration showed a slightly higher success compared to other strategies. However, there is a considerable difficulty in restoring converted and degraded areas to achieve conditions similar to the original ecosystems. It is critical and timely to investigate benefits and effectiveness of ecosystem restoration techniques to biodiversity and carbon recovery different ecosystem types to improve the restoration effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Jakovac
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88034-000, Brazil; International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil
| | - Katarzyna A Korys
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil
| | - Aline F Rodrigues
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil; Departament of Geography and Environment - Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ronix
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tubenchlak
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil
| | - Lara M Monteiro
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil; Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, United States of America; Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Farrell Hall, 210 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States of America
| | - Luisa Lemgruber
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil
| | - Herlle Souza Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maiara Mendes
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil
| | - André B Junqueira
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil; Institut de Ciéncia i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Renato Crouzeilles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute for Capacity Exchange in Environmental Decisions, Ground Floor 490 Northbourne Avenue, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - Veronica Maioli
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil; World Wild Fund for Nature, CLS 114 Bloco D, 35, Asa Sul, CEP 70377-540 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Agnieszka E Latawiec
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil; Departament of Geography and Environment - Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-000, Brazil; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Mikołajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Zheng Q, Ha T, Prishchepov AV, Zeng Y, Yin H, Koh LP. The neglected role of abandoned cropland in supporting both food security and climate change mitigation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6083. [PMID: 37770491 PMCID: PMC10539403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the looming land scarcity for agriculture, cropland abandonment is widespread globally. Abandoned cropland can be reused to support food security and climate change mitigation. Here, we investigate the potentials and trade-offs of using global abandoned cropland for recultivation and restoring forests by natural regrowth, with spatially-explicit modelling and scenario analysis. We identify 101 Mha of abandoned cropland between 1992 and 2020, with a capability of concurrently delivering 29 to 363 Peta-calories yr-1 of food production potential and 290 to 1,066 MtCO2 yr-1 of net climate change mitigation potential, depending on land-use suitability and land allocation strategies. We also show that applying spatial prioritization is key to maximizing the achievable potentials of abandoned cropland and demonstrate other possible approaches to further increase these potentials. Our findings offer timely insights into the potentials of abandoned cropland and can inform sustainable land management to buttress food security and climate goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Zheng
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
| | - Tim Ha
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Alexander V Prishchepov
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management (IGN), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, København K, Denmark
- Center for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Justus Liebig University, Senckenbergstraße 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yiwen Zeng
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - He Yin
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
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Requena Suarez D, Rozendaal DMA, De Sy V, Decuyper M, Málaga N, Durán Montesinos P, Arana Olivos A, De la Cruz Paiva R, Martius C, Herold M. Forest disturbance and recovery in Peruvian Amazonia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3601-3621. [PMID: 36997337 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amazonian forests function as biomass and biodiversity reservoirs, contributing to climate change mitigation. While they continuously experience disturbance, the effect that disturbances have on biomass and biodiversity over time has not yet been assessed at a large scale. Here, we evaluate the degree of recent forest disturbance in Peruvian Amazonia and the effects that disturbance, environmental conditions and human use have on biomass and biodiversity in disturbed forests. We integrate tree-level data on aboveground biomass (AGB) and species richness from 1840 forest plots from Peru's National Forest Inventory with remotely sensed monitoring of forest change dynamics, based on disturbances detected from Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Moisture Index time series. Our results show a clear negative effect of disturbance intensity tree species richness. This effect was also observed on AGB and species richness recovery values towards undisturbed levels, as well as on the recovery of species composition towards undisturbed levels. Time since disturbance had a larger effect on AGB than on species richness. While time since disturbance has a positive effect on AGB, unexpectedly we found a small negative effect of time since disturbance on species richness. We estimate that roughly 15% of Peruvian Amazonian forests have experienced disturbance at least once since 1984, and that, following disturbance, have been increasing in AGB at a rate of 4.7 Mg ha-1 year-1 during the first 20 years. Furthermore, the positive effect of surrounding forest cover was evident for both AGB and its recovery towards undisturbed levels, as well as for species richness. There was a negative effect of forest accessibility on the recovery of species composition towards undisturbed levels. Moving forward, we recommend that forest-based climate change mitigation endeavours consider forest disturbance through the integration of forest inventory data with remote sensing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Requena Suarez
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique De Sy
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Málaga
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Durán Montesinos
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Lima, Peru
| | - Alexs Arana Olivos
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo De la Cruz Paiva
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Lima, Peru
| | - Christopher Martius
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Germany gGmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Herold
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Helmholtz Center Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
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Dev SA, Unnikrishnan R, Prathibha PS, Sijimol K, Sreekumar VB, AzharAli A, Anoop EV, Viswanath S. Artificial intelligence in timber forensics employing DNA barcode database. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:183. [PMID: 37193334 PMCID: PMC10182240 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme difficulties in species identification of illegally sourced wood with conventional tools have accelerated illicit logging activities, leading to the destruction of natural resources in India. In this regard, the study primarily focused on developing a DNA barcode database for 41 commercial timber tree species which are highly vulnerable to adulteration in south India. The developed DNA barcode database was validated using an integrated approach involving wood anatomical features of traded wood samples collected from south India. Traded wood samples were primarily identified using wood anatomical features using IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. Consortium of Barcode of Life (CBOL) recommended barcode gene regions (rbcL, matK & psbA-trnH) were employed for developing DNA barcode database. Secondly, we employed artificial intelligence (AI) analytical platform, Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) for analyzing DNA barcode sequence database which could append precision, speed, and accuracy for the entire identification process. Among the four classification algorithms implemented in the machine learning algorithm (WEKA), best performance was shown by SMO, which could clearly allocate individual samples to their respective sequence database of biological reference materials (BRM) with 100 % accuracy, indicating its efficiency in authenticating the traded timber species. Major advantage of AI is the ability to analyze huge data sets with more precision and also provides a large platform for rapid authentication of species, which subsequently reduces human labor and time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03604-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
- Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - P. S. Prathibha
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - K. Sijimol
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - V. B. Sreekumar
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - A. AzharAli
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, Thrissur, Kerala 680654 India
| | - E. V. Anoop
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, Thrissur, Kerala 680654 India
| | - Syam Viswanath
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
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Leal ODA, Jiménez-Morillo NT, González-Pérez JA, Knicker H, de Souza Costa F, Jiménez-Morillo PN, de Carvalho Júnior JA, dos Santos JC, Pinheiro Dick D. Soil Organic Matter Molecular Composition Shifts Driven by Forest Regrowth or Pasture after Slash-and-Burn of Amazon Forest. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3485. [PMID: 36834184 PMCID: PMC9962374 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Slash-and-burn of Amazon Forest (AF) for pasture establishment has increased the occurrence of AF wildfires. Recent studies emphasize soil organic matter (SOM) molecular composition as a principal driver of post-fire forest regrowth and restoration of AF anti-wildfire ambience. Nevertheless, SOM chemical shifts caused by AF fires and post-fire vegetation are rarely investigated at a molecular level. We employed pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to reveal molecular changes in SOM (0-10, 40-50 cm depth) of a slash-burn-and-20-month-regrowth AF (BAF) and a 23-year Brachiaria pasture post-AF fire (BRA) site compared to native AF (NAF). In BAF (0-10 cm), increased abundance of unspecific aromatic compounds (UACs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and lipids (Lip) coupled with a depletion of polysaccharides (Pol) revealed strong lingering effects of fire on SOM. This occurs despite fresh litter deposition on soil, suggesting SOM minimal recovery and toxicity to microorganisms. Accumulation of recalcitrant compounds and slow decomposition of fresh forest material may explain the higher carbon content in BAF (0-5 cm). In BRA, SOM was dominated by Brachiaria contributions. At 40-50 cm, alkyl and hydroaromatic compounds accumulated in BRA, whereas UACs accumulated in BAF. UACs and PAH compounds were abundant in NAF, possibly air-transported from BAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio dos Anjos Leal
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences—Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicasio T. Jiménez-Morillo
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development-MED, Universidade de Évora, Ap 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - José A. González-Pérez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Heike Knicker
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Pedro N. Jiménez-Morillo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Biológicos, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - João Andrade de Carvalho Júnior
- Departamento de Energia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333, Portal das Colinas, Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
| | - José Carlos dos Santos
- Laboratório Associado de Combustão e Propulsão, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 40, Cachoeira Paulista 12630-00, Brazil
| | - Deborah Pinheiro Dick
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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Nakamura R, Watanabe T, Onoda Y. Contrasting Silicon Dynamics Between Aboveground Vegetation and Soil Along a Secondary Successional Gradient in a Cool-temperate Deciduous Forest. Ecosystems 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Marshall AR, Waite CE, Pfeifer M, Banin LF, Rakotonarivo S, Chomba S, Herbohn J, Gilmour DA, Brown M, Chazdon RL. Fifteen essential science advances needed for effective restoration of the world's forest landscapes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210065. [PMID: 36373922 PMCID: PMC9661955 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has never been a more pressing and opportune time for science and practice to collaborate towards restoration of the world's forests. Multiple uncertainties remain for achieving successful, long-term forest landscape restoration (FLR). In this article, we use expert knowledge and literature review to identify knowledge gaps that need closing to advance restoration practice, as an introduction to a landmark theme issue on FLR and the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Aligned with an Adaptive Management Cycle for FLR, we identify 15 essential science advances required to facilitate FLR success for nature and people. They highlight that the greatest science challenges lie in the conceptualization, planning and assessment stages of restoration, which require an evidence base for why, where and how to restore, at realistic scales. FLR and underlying sciences are complex, requiring spatially explicit approaches across disciplines and sectors, considering multiple objectives, drivers and trade-offs critical for decision-making and financing. The developing tropics are a priority region, where scientists must work with stakeholders across the Adaptive Management Cycle. Clearly communicated scientific evidence for action at the outset of restoration planning will enable donors, decision makers and implementers to develop informed objectives, realistic targets and processes for accountability. This article paves the way for 19 further articles in this theme issue, with author contributions from across the world. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Marshall
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Reforest Africa, Mang'ula, Tanzania
- Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, North Yorkshire YO17 6UX, UK
| | - Catherine E. Waite
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Lindsay F. Banin
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Sarobidy Rakotonarivo
- École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 566 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - John Herbohn
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Donald A. Gilmour
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Mark Brown
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
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10
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Wills AR, Shirima DD, Villemaire-Côté O, Platts PJ, Knight SJ, Loveridge R, Seki H, Waite CE, Munishi PKT, Lyatuu H, Bernal B, Pfeifer M, Marshall AR. A practice-led assessment of landscape restoration potential in a biodiversity hotspot. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210070. [PMID: 36374130 PMCID: PMC9662286 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective restoration planning tools are needed to mitigate global carbon and biodiversity crises. Published spatial assessments of restoration potential are often at large scales or coarse resolutions inappropriate for local action. Using a Tanzanian case study, we introduce a systematic approach to inform landscape restoration planning, estimating spatial variation in cost-effectiveness, based on restoration method, logistics, biomass modelling and uncertainty mapping. We found potential for biomass recovery across 77.7% of a 53 000 km2 region, but with some natural spatial discontinuity in moist forest biomass, that was previously assigned to human causes. Most areas with biomass deficit (80.5%) were restorable through passive or assisted natural regeneration. However, cumulative biomass gains from planting outweighed initially high implementation costs meaning that, where applicable, this method yielded greater long-term returns on investment. Accounting for ecological, funding and other uncertainty, the top 25% consistently cost-effective sites were within protected areas and/or moderately degraded moist forest and savanna. Agro-ecological mosaics had high biomass deficit but little cost-effective restoration potential. Socio-economic research will be needed to inform action towards environmental and human development goals in these areas. Our results highlight value in long-term landscape restoration investments and separate treatment of savannas and forests. Furthermore, they contradict previously asserted low restoration potential in East Africa, emphasizing the importance of our regional approach for identifying restoration opportunities across the tropics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Wills
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Deo D. Shirima
- National Carbon Monitoring Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Reforest Africa, PO Box 5, Mang'ula, Kilombero District, Tanzania
| | - Olivier Villemaire-Côté
- Centre for Forest Research, Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Philip J. Platts
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
- BeZero Carbon Ltd, Discovery House, Banner St, London EC1Y 8QE, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sarah J. Knight
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Robin Loveridge
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
- The Biodiversity Consultancy, Cambridge CB2 1SJ, UK
| | - Hamidu Seki
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Catherine E. Waite
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Pantaleo K. T. Munishi
- National Carbon Monitoring Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Herman Lyatuu
- Reforest Africa, PO Box 5, Mang'ula, Kilombero District, Tanzania
| | | | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andrew R. Marshall
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
- Reforest Africa, PO Box 5, Mang'ula, Kilombero District, Tanzania
- Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, North Yorkshire YO17 6UX, UK
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11
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Banin LF, Raine EH, Rowland LM, Chazdon RL, Smith SW, Rahman NEB, Butler A, Philipson C, Applegate GG, Axelsson EP, Budiharta S, Chua SC, Cutler MEJ, Elliott S, Gemita E, Godoong E, Graham LLB, Hayward RM, Hector A, Ilstedt U, Jensen J, Kasinathan S, Kettle CJ, Lussetti D, Manohan B, Maycock C, Ngo KM, O'Brien MJ, Osuri AM, Reynolds G, Sauwai Y, Scheu S, Silalahi M, Slade EM, Swinfield T, Wardle DA, Wheeler C, Yeong KL, Burslem DFRP. The road to recovery: a synthesis of outcomes from ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asian forests. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210090. [PMID: 36373930 PMCID: PMC9661948 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current policy is driving renewed impetus to restore forests to return ecological function, protect species, sequester carbon and secure livelihoods. Here we assess the contribution of tree planting to ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asia; we synthesize evidence on mortality and growth of planted trees at 176 sites and assess structural and biodiversity recovery of co-located actively restored and naturally regenerating forest plots. Mean mortality of planted trees was 18% 1 year after planting, increasing to 44% after 5 years. Mortality varied strongly by site and was typically ca 20% higher in open areas than degraded forest, with height at planting positively affecting survival. Size-standardized growth rates were negatively related to species-level wood density in degraded forest and plantations enrichment settings. Based on community-level data from 11 landscapes, active restoration resulted in faster accumulation of tree basal area and structural properties were closer to old-growth reference sites, relative to natural regeneration, but tree species richness did not differ. High variability in outcomes across sites indicates that planting for restoration is potentially rewarding but risky and context-dependent. Restoration projects must prepare for and manage commonly occurring challenges and align with efforts to protect and reconnect remaining forest areas. The abstract of this article is available in Bahasa Indonesia in the electronic supplementary material. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay F. Banin
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Elizabeth H. Raine
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Lucy M. Rowland
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, Forest Research Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart W. Smith
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research and Enterprise Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Nur Estya Binte Rahman
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Adam Butler
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Christopher Philipson
- Permian Global Research Limited, Savoy Hill House, 7–10 Savoy Hill, London WC2R 0BU, UK
| | - Grahame G. Applegate
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, Forest Research Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia
| | - E. Petter Axelsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Sugeng Budiharta
- Research Centre for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Agency for Research and Innovation (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Siew Chin Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S3 #05-01 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | | | - Stephen Elliott
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Science Faculty and Forest Restoration Research Unit, Biology Department, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Elva Gemita
- PT Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia, Jl. Dadali No. 32, Bogor 16161, Indonesia
| | - Elia Godoong
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Laura L. B. Graham
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, Forest Research Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, 4556, Queensland, Australia
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, BOSF Mawas Program, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 73111, Indonesia
| | - Robin M. Hayward
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ulrik Ilstedt
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Joel Jensen
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Srinivasan Kasinathan
- Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, ‘Amritha’, 12th Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 017, India
| | - Christopher J. Kettle
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Bioversity International, Via di San Domenico, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Lussetti
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Benjapan Manohan
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Science Faculty and Forest Restoration Research Unit, Biology Department, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Colin Maycock
- Forever Sabah, Jalan Penampang, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88300, Malaysia
| | - Kang Min Ngo
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael J. O'Brien
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n., E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, 28933, Spain
| | - Anand M. Osuri
- Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, ‘Amritha’, 12th Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru, Karnataka 570 017, India
| | - Glen Reynolds
- South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, PO Box 60282, Lahad Datu, Sabah 91112, Malaysia
| | - Yap Sauwai
- Conservation & Environmental Management Division, Yayasan Sabah Group, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88817, Malaysia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen 37073, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mangarah Silalahi
- PT Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia, Jl. Dadali No. 32, Bogor 16161, Indonesia
| | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tom Swinfield
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Charlotte Wheeler
- Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Kok Loong Yeong
- South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, PO Box 60282, Lahad Datu, Sabah 91112, Malaysia
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David F. R. P. Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UU, UK
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12
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Loughlin NJD, Gosling WD, Duivenvoorden JF, Cuesta F, Mothes P, Montoya E. Incorporating a palaeo-perspective into Andean montane forest restoration. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.980728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference ecosystems used in tropical forest restoration lack the temporal dimension required to characterise a mature or intact vegetation community. Here we provide a practical ‘palaeo-reference ecosystem’ for the eastern Andean forests of Ecuador to complement the standard ‘reference ecosystem’ approach. Pollen assemblages from sedimentary archives recovered from Ecuadorian montane forests are binned into distinct time periods and characterised as 1) Ancient (pre-human arrival), 2) Pre-European (Indigenous cultivation), 3) Successional (European arrival/Indigenous depopulation), 4) Mature (diminished human population), 5) Deforested (re-colonisation), and 6) Modern (industrial agriculture). A multivariate statistical approach is then used to identify the most recent period in which vegetation can be characterised as mature. Detrended correspondence analysis indicates that the pollen spectra from CE 1718-1819 (time bin 4 – Mature (diminished human population)) is most similar to that of a pre-human arrival mature or intact state. The pollen spectra of this period are characterised by Melastomataceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Weinmannia. The vegetation of the 1700s, therefore, provides the most recent phase of substantial mature vegetation that has undergone over a century of recovery, representing a practical palaeo-reference ecosystem. We propose incorporating palynological analyses of short cores spanning the last 500 years with botanical inventory data to achieve more realistic and long-term restoration goals.
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13
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Linking land-use and land-cover transitions to their ecological impact in the Amazon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202310119. [PMID: 35759674 PMCID: PMC9271202 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202310119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities pose a major threat to tropical forest biodiversity and ecosystem services. Although the impacts of deforestation are well studied, multiple land-use and land-cover transitions (LULCTs) occur in tropical landscapes, and we do not know how LULCTs differ in their rates or impacts on key ecosystem components. Here, we quantified the impacts of 18 LULCTs on three ecosystem components (biodiversity, carbon, and soil), based on 18 variables collected from 310 sites in the Brazilian Amazon. Across all LULCTs, biodiversity was the most affected ecosystem component, followed by carbon stocks, but the magnitude of change differed widely among LULCTs and individual variables. Forest clearance for pasture was the most prevalent and high-impact transition, but we also identified other LULCTs with high impact but lower prevalence (e.g., forest to agriculture). Our study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple ecosystem components and LULCTs to understand the consequences of human activities in tropical landscapes.
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14
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Spatiotemporal Variability of Human Disturbance Impacts on Ecosystem Services in Mining Areas. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human activities pose significant impacts on ecosystem services (ESs) in mining areas, which will continually increase over time and space. However, the mechanism of ES change on spatiotemporal scales post-disturbance remains unclear, especially in the context of global climate change. Here, we conducted a global literature review on the impact of two of the most frequent disturbance factors (mining and restoration) on 27 different ESs, intending to synthesize the impacts of human disturbance on ESs in mining areas via a meta-analysis, and analyze the spatiotemporal variability of ESs after disturbance. We screened 3204 disturbance studies published on the Web of Science between 1950 and 2020 and reviewed 340 in detail. The results of independence test showed that human disturbance had a significant impact on ESs in the mining areas (p < 0.001). The impacts (positive and/or negative) caused by mining and restoration differed considerably among ESs (even on the same ESs). Additionally, spatiotemporal scales of human disturbance were significantly related to spatiotemporal scales of ES change (p < 0.001). We found that the positive and negative impacts of disturbances on ESs may be interconversion under specific spatiotemporal conditions. This seems to be associated with spatiotemporal variability, such as the temporal lag, spatial spillover, and cumulative spatiotemporal effects. Climate changes can lead to further spatiotemporal variability, which highlights the importance of understanding the changes in ESs post-disturbance on spatiotemporal scales. Our research presents recommendations for coping with the twofold pressure of climate change and spatiotemporal variability, to understand how ESs respond to human disturbance at spatiotemporal scales in the future, and manage disturbances to promote sustainable development in mining areas.
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15
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Crawford CL, Yin H, Radeloff VC, Wilcove DS. Rural land abandonment is too ephemeral to provide major benefits for biodiversity and climate. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8999. [PMID: 35613262 PMCID: PMC9132457 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of hectares of cropland have been abandoned globally since 1950 due to demographic, economic, and environmental changes. This abandonment has been seen as an important opportunity for carbon sequestration and habitat restoration; yet those benefits depend on the persistence of abandonment, which is poorly known. Here, we track abandonment and recultivation at 11 sites across four continents using annual land-cover maps for 1987-2017. We find that abandonment is largely fleeting, lasting on average only 14.22 years (SD = 1.44). At most sites, we project that >50% of abandoned croplands will be recultivated within 30 years, precluding the accumulation of substantial amounts of carbon and biodiversity. Recultivation resulted in 30.84% less abandonment and 35.39% less carbon accumulated by 2017 than expected without recultivation. Unless policymakers take steps to reduce recultivation or provide incentives for regeneration, abandonment will remain a missed opportunity to reduce biodiversity loss and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Crawford
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - He Yin
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Volker C. Radeloff
- SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David S. Wilcove
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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16
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Lueder S, Narasimhan K, Olivo J, Cabrera D, Jurado JG, Greenstein L, Karubian J. Functional Traits, Species Diversity and Species Composition of a Neotropical Palm Community Vary in Relation to Forest Age. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.678125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that shape the diversity and composition of biotic communities in natural and human-modified landscapes remains a key issue in ecology. Here, we evaluate how functional traits, species diversity and community composition of palm species vary in relation to biogeographic variables and forest age in northwest Ecuador. Functional traits capture essential aspects of species’ ecological tradeoffs and roles within an ecosystem, making them useful in determining the ecological consequences of environmental change, but they have not been used as commonly as more traditional metrics of species diversity and community composition. We inventoried palm communities in 965 10 × 10 m plots arrayed in linear transects placed in forests of varying age. Adult palms in forests of younger regeneration stages were characterized by species with greater maximum stem height, greater maximum stem diameter, and solitary stems. The shift in functional features could indicate that shade tolerant palms are more common in old-growth forest. The shift could also reflect the legacy of leaving canopy palms as remnants in areas that were cleared and then allowed to regrow. Moreover, younger forest age was associated with decreased abundance and altered species composition in both juvenile and adult palms, and decreased species richness in adults. These results highlight the importance of retaining intact, old-growth forest to preserve functional and species diversity and highlight the importance of considering multiple aspects of diversity in studies of vegetation communities.
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17
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Kobayashi Y, Seidl R, Rammer W, Suzuki KF, Mori AS. Identifying effective tree planting schemes to restore forest carbon and biodiversity in Shiretoko National Park, Japan. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kobayashi
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University 79‐7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama Kanagawa 240‐8501 Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology the University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba Meguro Tokyo 153‐8904 Japan
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Hans‐Carl‐von‐Carlowitz‐Platz 2, Freising Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park Berchtesgaden Doktorberg 6, 83471 Germany
| | - Werner Rammer
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Hans‐Carl‐von‐Carlowitz‐Platz 2, Freising Germany
| | - Kureha F. Suzuki
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University 79‐7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama Kanagawa 240‐8501 Japan
| | - Akira S. Mori
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University 79‐7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama Kanagawa 240‐8501 Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology the University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba Meguro Tokyo 153‐8904 Japan
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18
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Poorter L, Craven D, Jakovac CC, van der Sande MT, Amissah L, Bongers F, Chazdon RL, Farrior CE, Kambach S, Meave JA, Muñoz R, Norden N, Rüger N, van Breugel M, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Amani B, Andrade JL, Brancalion PHS, Broadbent EN, de Foresta H, Dent DH, Derroire G, DeWalt SJ, Dupuy JM, Durán SM, Fantini AC, Finegan B, Hernández-Jaramillo A, Hernández-Stefanoni JL, Hietz P, Junqueira AB, N'dja JK, Letcher SG, Lohbeck M, López-Camacho R, Martínez-Ramos M, Melo FPL, Mora F, Müller SC, N'Guessan AE, Oberleitner F, Ortiz-Malavassi E, Pérez-García EA, Pinho BX, Piotto D, Powers JS, Rodríguez-Buriticá S, Rozendaal DMA, Ruíz J, Tabarelli M, Teixeira HM, Valadares de Sá Barretto Sampaio E, van der Wal H, Villa PM, Fernandes GW, Santos BA, Aguilar-Cano J, de Almeida-Cortez JS, Alvarez-Davila E, Arreola-Villa F, Balvanera P, Becknell JM, Cabral GAL, Castellanos-Castro C, de Jong BHJ, Nieto JE, Espírito-Santo MM, Fandino MC, García H, García-Villalobos D, Hall JS, Idárraga A, Jiménez-Montoya J, Kennard D, Marín-Spiotta E, Mesquita R, Nunes YRF, Ochoa-Gaona S, Peña-Claros M, Pérez-Cárdenas N, Rodríguez-Velázquez J, Villanueva LS, Schwartz NB, Steininger MK, Veloso MDM, Vester HFM, Vieira ICG, Williamson GB, Zanini K, Hérault B. Multidimensional tropical forest recovery. Science 2021; 374:1370-1376. [PMID: 34882461 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dylan Craven
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catarina C Jakovac
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Rod. Admar Gonzaga, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Masha T van der Sande
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lucy Amissah
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Stephan Kambach
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalia Norden
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nadja Rüger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Economics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Balboa, Panama
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Balboa, Panama.,Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Bienvenu Amani
- UFR Agroforesterie, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - José Luis Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hubert de Foresta
- UMR AMAP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Daisy H Dent
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Balboa, Panama.,Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- CIRAD, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Saara J DeWalt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Juan M Dupuy
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Sandra M Durán
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Bryan Finegan
- CATIE-Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | | | - José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - André B Junqueira
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Justin Kassi N'dja
- Departement of Bioscience, University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Madelon Lohbeck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - René López-Camacho
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Facultad de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Felipe P L Melo
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Sandra C Müller
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Anny E N'Guessan
- Departement of Bioscience, University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Edgar Ortiz-Malavassi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo A Pérez-García
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bruno X Pinho
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Daniel Piotto
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, BA, Brazil
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jorge Ruíz
- Programa de Estudios de Posgrado en Geografia, Convenio Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnológica de Colombia-Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Heitor Mancini Teixeira
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans van der Wal
- Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur - Unidad Villahermosa, Centro, Tabasco, México
| | - Pedro M Villa
- Program of Botany, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Plantas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Fundación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (PROBIODIVERSA), Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Geraldo W Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - José Aguilar-Cano
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Felipe Arreola-Villa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | - George A L Cabral
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Ben H J de Jong
- Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Jhon Edison Nieto
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mário M Espírito-Santo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria C Fandino
- Fondo Patrimonio Natural para la Biodiversidad y Areas Protegidas, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Hernando García
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Jefferson S Hall
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Balboa, Panama
| | - Alvaro Idárraga
- Fundación Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Herbario JAUM, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Deborah Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | | | - Rita Mesquita
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Environmental Dynamics Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Yule R F Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Susana Ochoa-Gaona
- Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nathalia Pérez-Cárdenas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Lucía Sanaphre Villanueva
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Naomi B Schwartz
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc K Steininger
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Maria D M Veloso
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Henricus F M Vester
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - G Bruce Williamson
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Environmental Dynamics Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kátia Zanini
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.,Forêts et Sociétés, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.,Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
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19
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Rao KS, Semwal RL, Ghoshal S, Maikhuri RK, Nautiyal S, Saxena KG. Participatory active restoration of communal forests in temperate Himalaya, India. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajeev L. Semwal
- School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Shankharoop Ghoshal
- School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
- Gharwal Unit Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment Royal Enclave, Sriramapura, Jakkur Post Bengaluru Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Rakesh K. Maikhuri
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development Garhwal Unit, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174 India
- Department of Environmental Sciences H.N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174 India
| | - Sunil Nautiyal
- Center of Ecological Economics and Natural Resources Institute for Social and Economic Change Bangalore 560072 India
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Eberswalder Str. 84 Müncheberg 15374 Germany
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20
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Aryal DR, De Jong BHJ, Gaona SO, Vega JM, Olguín LE, Cruz SL. Fine Wood Decomposition Rates Decline with the Age of Tropical Successional Forests in Southern Mexico: Implications to Ecosystem Carbon Storage. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00678-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Favoreto Campanharo Í, Martins SV, Villa PM, Correa Kruschewsky G, Aparecida Dias A, Haruki Nabeta F. Functional composition enhances aboveground biomass stock undergoing active forest restoration on mining tailings in Mariana, Brazil. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ítalo Favoreto Campanharo
- Forest Restoration Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brazil
| | - Sebastião V. Martins
- Forest Restoration Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Villa
- Forest Restoration Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brazil
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22
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Lai HR, Craven D, Hall JS, Hui FKC, van Breugel M. Successional syndromes of saplings in tropical secondary forests emerge from environment-dependent trait-demography relationships. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1776-1787. [PMID: 34170613 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Identifying generalisable processes that underpin population dynamics is crucial for understanding successional patterns. While longitudinal or chronosequence data are powerful tools for doing so, the traditional focus on community-level shifts in taxonomic and functional composition rather than species-level trait-demography relationships has made generalisation difficult. Using joint species distribution models, we demonstrate how three traits-photosynthetic rate, adult stature, and seed mass-moderate recruitment and sapling mortality rates of 46 woody species during secondary succession. We show that the pioneer syndrome emerges from higher photosynthetic rates, shorter adult statures and lighter seeds that facilitate exploitation of light in younger secondary forests, while 'long-lived pioneer' and 'late successional' syndromes are associated with trait values that enable species to persist in the understory or reach the upper canopy in older secondary forests. Our study highlights the context dependency of trait-demography relationships, which drive successional shifts in sapling's species composition in secondary forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ran Lai
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.,Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dylan Craven
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jefferson S Hall
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Francis K C Hui
- Research School of Finance, Actuarial Studies & Statistics, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.,ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
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23
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Arnold H, Deacon AE, Hulme MF, Sansom A, Jaggernauth D, Magurran AE. Contrasting trends in biodiversity of birds and trees during succession following cacao agroforest abandonment. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haley Arnold
- School of Biology University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Amy E. Deacon
- Department of Life Sciences The University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Mark F. Hulme
- Department of Life Sciences The University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Alex Sansom
- Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Dan Jaggernauth
- Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago
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24
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A Remote Sensing Approach to Understanding Patterns of Secondary Succession in Tropical Forest. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13112148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring biodiversity on a global scale is a major challenge for biodiversity conservation. Field assessments commonly used to assess patterns of biodiversity and habitat condition are costly, challenging, and restricted to small spatial scales. As ecosystems face increasing anthropogenic pressures, it is important that we find ways to assess patterns of biodiversity more efficiently. Remote sensing has the potential to support understanding of landscape-level ecological processes. In this study, we considered cacao agroforests at different stages of secondary succession, and primary forest in the Northern Range of Trinidad, West Indies. We assessed changes in tree biodiversity over succession using both field data, and data derived from remote sensing. We then evaluated the strengths and limitations of each method, exploring the potential for expanding field data by using remote sensing techniques to investigate landscape-level patterns of forest condition and regeneration. Remote sensing and field data provided different insights into tree species compositional changes, and patterns of alpha- and beta-diversity. The results highlight the potential of remote sensing for detecting patterns of compositional change in forests, and for expanding on field data in order to better understand landscape-level patterns of forest diversity.
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25
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Serra RT, Santos CD, Rousseau GX, Triana SP, Muñoz Gutiérrez JA, Burgos Guerrero JE. Fast recovery of soil macrofauna in regenerating forests of the Amazon. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2094-2108. [PMID: 33954991 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of secondary forests in deforested tropical regions represents an opportunity to mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change, but there is still debate on how fast and to which level these forests can recover biodiversity. Recent studies have shown that the recovery of plant and vertebrate species richness is relatively fast, but the pace of recovery for other groups remains unclear. Soil macroinvertebrates play critical roles on litter decomposition and seed dispersal, therefore the pace of their recovery has consequences for the entire forest ecosystem. We investigated how fast broad taxonomic groups of soil macrofauna recover in the first 30 years of forest regeneration using forests older than 50 years as reference. We surveyed the number, diversity and abundance of 19 broad taxonomic groups of soil macrofauna in 85 sites located in Brazilian Amazon, covering forests of different ages and clearing frequencies. Forest age and clearing frequency were obtained accurately from Landsat images in forests up to 30 years old. We used regression analysis to determine (a) the effects forest age and clearing frequency on macrofauna groups in secondary forests up to 30 years old; and (b) the changes in macrofauna groups between young forests (up to 10 years old), median age forests (between 10 and 30 years old) and forests older than 50 years. We found that the number and diversity of macrofauna groups recover rapidly in the first 10 years of forest regrowth, but show slower change among older forests. This rapid recovery was also observed in the abundance of several taxonomic groups and for predators and detritivores as functional groups. Forest clearing frequency had no effect on the number or the diversity of macrofauna groups, but the abundance of ants increased as forest was cleared more often. Our results for soil macrofauna align with those in plant and vertebrate studies showing that secondary forests quickly recover a large part of their biodiversity and ecological functions. Therefore, global-scale conservation strategies are needed to ensure the opportunity for secondary forests to grow. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymony Tayllon Serra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brasil
| | - Carlos David Santos
- Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, Brazil.,Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Guillaume Xavier Rousseau
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brasil.,Agroecology Postgraduate Program (PPG Agroecologia), State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Stefania Pinzón Triana
- Agroecology Postgraduate Program (PPG Agroecologia), State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, Brazil
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26
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Bush MB, Nascimento MN, Åkesson CM, Cárdenes-Sandí GM, Maezumi SY, Behling H, Correa-Metrio A, Church W, Huisman SN, Kelly T, Mayle FE, McMichael CNH. Widespread reforestation before European influence on Amazonia. Science 2021; 372:484-487. [PMID: 33926948 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 90 to 95% of Indigenous people in Amazonia died after European contact. This population collapse is postulated to have caused decreases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations at around 1610 CE, as a result of a wave of land abandonment in the wake of disease, slavery, and warfare, whereby the attendant reversion to forest substantially increased terrestrial carbon sequestration. On the basis of 39 Amazonian fossil pollen records, we show that there was no synchronous reforestation event associated with such an atmospheric carbon dioxide response after European arrival in Amazonia. Instead, we find that, at most sites, land abandonment and forest regrowth began about 300 to 600 years before European arrival. Pre-European pandemics, social strife, or environmental change may have contributed to these early site abandonments and ecological shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Bush
- Institute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA.
| | - M N Nascimento
- Institute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA.,Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C M Åkesson
- Institute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - G M Cárdenes-Sandí
- Escuela Centroamericana de Geología, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - S Y Maezumi
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H Behling
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A Correa-Metrio
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - W Church
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA, USA
| | - S N Huisman
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - T Kelly
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London, UK
| | - F E Mayle
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - C N H McMichael
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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27
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Billings SA, Lajtha K, Malhotra A, Berhe AA, de Graaff MA, Earl S, Fraterrigo J, Georgiou K, Grandy S, Hobbie SE, Moore JAM, Nadelhoffer K, Pierson D, Rasmussen C, Silver WL, Sulman BN, Weintraub S, Wieder W. Soil organic carbon is not just for soil scientists: measurement recommendations for diverse practitioners. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02290. [PMID: 33426701 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) regulates terrestrial ecosystem functioning, provides diverse energy sources for soil microorganisms, governs soil structure, and regulates the availability of organically bound nutrients. Investigators in increasingly diverse disciplines recognize how quantifying SOC attributes can provide insight about ecological states and processes. Today, multiple research networks collect and provide SOC data, and robust, new technologies are available for managing, sharing, and analyzing large data sets. We advocate that the scientific community capitalize on these developments to augment SOC data sets via standardized protocols. We describe why such efforts are important and the breadth of disciplines for which it will be helpful, and outline a tiered approach for standardized sampling of SOC and ancillary variables that ranges from simple to more complex. We target scientists ranging from those with little to no background in soil science to those with more soil-related expertise, and offer examples of the ways in which the resulting data can be organized, shared, and discoverable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Billings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
| | - K Lajtha
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - A Malhotra
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - A A Berhe
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, 95344, USA
| | - M-A de Graaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, 83725, USA
| | - S Earl
- Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85281, USA
| | - J Fraterrigo
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61820, USA
| | - K Georgiou
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - S Grandy
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
| | - S E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - J A M Moore
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37830, USA
| | - K Nadelhoffer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - D Pierson
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - C Rasmussen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - W L Silver
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - B N Sulman
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37830, USA
| | - S Weintraub
- National Ecological Observatory Network, Batelle, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - W Wieder
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 80307, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
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28
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Nerfa L, Wilson SJ, Reid JL, Rhemtulla JM. Practitioner views on the determinants of tropical forest restoration longevity. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Nerfa
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sarah Jane Wilson
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, B243 Victoria, B.C. Canada
| | - J. Leighton Reid
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd St Louis MO 63110 U.S.A
| | - Jeanine M. Rhemtulla
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 Canada
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29
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César RG, Moreno VDS, Coletta GD, Schweizer D, Chazdon RL, Barlow J, Ferraz SFB, Crouzeilles R, Brancalion PHS. It is not just about time: Agricultural practices and surrounding forest cover affect secondary forest recovery in agricultural landscapes. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. César
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Vanessa de S. Moreno
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Gabriel D. Coletta
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, Biology Institute University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Daniella Schweizer
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Silvio F. B. Ferraz
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Renato Crouzeilles
- International Institute for Sustainability Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia Canberra ACT Australia
- Mestrado Profissional em Ciências do Meio Ambiente Universidade Veiga de Almeida Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Pedro H. S. Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
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Rosa MR, Brancalion PHS, Crouzeilles R, Tambosi LR, Piffer PR, Lenti FEB, Hirota M, Santiami E, Metzger JP. Hidden destruction of older forests threatens Brazil's Atlantic Forest and challenges restoration programs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/4/eabc4547. [PMID: 33523918 PMCID: PMC7817092 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc4547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of native forest loss and gain is critical for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, especially in regions experiencing intense forest transformations. We quantified native forest cover dynamics on an annual basis from 1990 to 2017 in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Despite the relative stability of native forest cover during this period (~28 Mha), the ongoing loss of older native forests, mostly on flatter terrains, have been hidden by the increasing gain of younger native forest cover, mostly on marginal lands for mechanized agriculture. Changes in native forest cover and its spatial distribution increased forest isolation in 36.4% of the landscapes. The clearance of older forests associated with the recut of 27% of younger forests has resulted in a progressive rejuvenation of the native forest cover. We highlight the need to include native forest spatiotemporal dynamics into restoration programs to better estimate their expected benefits and unexpected problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R Rosa
- Department of Geography, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Crouzeilles
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
- Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro R Tambosi
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro R Piffer
- Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Department, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Edson Santiami
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Paul Metzger
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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The erosion of biodiversity and biomass in the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6347. [PMID: 33311511 PMCID: PMC7733445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests are being deforested worldwide, and the remaining fragments are suffering from biomass and biodiversity erosion. Quantifying this erosion is challenging because ground data on tropical biodiversity and biomass are often sparse. Here, we use an unprecedented dataset of 1819 field surveys covering the entire Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. We show that 83−85% of the surveys presented losses in forest biomass and tree species richness, functional traits, and conservation value. On average, forest fragments have 25−32% less biomass, 23−31% fewer species, and 33, 36, and 42% fewer individuals of late-successional, large-seeded, and endemic species, respectively. Biodiversity and biomass erosion are lower inside strictly protected conservation units, particularly in large ones. We estimate that biomass erosion across the Atlantic Forest remnants is equivalent to the loss of 55−70 thousand km2 of forests or US$2.3−2.6 billion in carbon credits. These figures have direct implications on mechanisms of climate change mitigation. Quantifying forest degradation and biodiversity losses is necessary to inform conservation and restoration policies. Here the authors analyze a large dataset for the Atlantic Forest in South America to quantify losses in forest biomass and tree species richness, functional traits, and conservation value.
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32
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The magnitude and extent of edge effects on vascular epiphytes across the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18847. [PMID: 33139836 PMCID: PMC7606527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Edge effects are ubiquitous landscape processes influencing over 70% of forest cover worldwide. However, little is known about how edge effects influence the vertical stratification of communities in forest fragments. We combined a spatially implicit and a spatially explicit approach to quantify the magnitude and extent of edge effects on canopy and understorey epiphytic plants in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Within the human-modified landscape, species richness, species abundance and community composition remained practically unchanged along the interior-edge gradient, pointing to severe biotic homogenisation at all strata. This is because the extent of edge effects reached at least 500 m, potentially leaving just 0.24% of the studied landscape unaffected by edges. We extrapolated our findings to the entire Atlantic Forest and found that just 19.4% of the total existing area is likely unaffected by edge effects and provide suitable habitat conditions for forest-dependent epiphytes. Our results suggest that the resources provided by the current forest cover might be insufficient to support the future of epiphyte communities. Preserving large continuous ‘intact’ forests is probably the only effective conservation strategy for vascular epiphytes.
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33
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Ecosystem Service Multifunctionality: Decline and Recovery Pathways in the Amazon and Chocó Lowland Rainforests. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The balance between the supply of multiple ecosystem services (ES) and the fulfillment of society demands is a challenge, especially in the tropics where different land use transition phases emerge. These phases are characterized by either a decline (from intact old-growth to logged forests) or a recovery of ES (successional forests, plantations, and agroforestry systems). This highlights the importance of ecosystem service multifunctionality (M) assessments across these land use transition phases as a basis for forest management and conservation. We analyzed synergies and trade-offs of ES to identify potential umbrella ES. We also evaluated the impact of logging activities in the decline of ES and M, and the influence of three recovery phases in the supply of ES and M. We installed 156 inventory plots (1600 m2) in the Ecuadorian Central Amazon and the Chocó. We estimated indicators for provisioning, regulating, supporting services and biodiversity. M indicator was estimated using the multifunctional average approach. Our results show that above-ground carbon stocks can be considered as an umbrella service as it presented high synergetic relations with M and various ES. We observed that logging activities caused a decline of 16–18% on M, with high impacts for timber volume and above-ground carbon stocks, calling for more sustainable practices with stricter post-harvesting control to avoid a higher depletion of ES and M. From the recovery phases it is evident that, successional forests offer the highest level of M, evidencing high potential to recover multiple ES after human disturbance.
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Hu J, Herbohn J, Chazdon RL, Baynes J, Vanclay JK. Above-ground biomass recovery following logging and thinning over 46 years in an Australian tropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139098. [PMID: 32473448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Managed tropical forests are a globally important carbon pool, but the effects of logging and thinning intensities on long-term biomass dynamics are poorly known. We investigated the demographic mechanisms of above-ground biomass recovery over 48 years in an Australian tropical forest following four silvicultural treatments: selective logging only as a control and selective logging followed by low-, medium- and high-intensity thinning. Initial biomass recovery rates following thinning were poor predictors of the long-term changes. Initial biomass recovery from 1969 to 1973 was slow and was largely concentrated on an increase in the biomass of residual stems. From 1973 to 1997, above ground biomass (AGB) increased almost linearly, with a similar slope for all sites. From 1997 to 2015, the rate of biomass accumulation slowed, especially for the L treatment. All thinning treatments stimulated more recruitment and regrowth of non-harvested remaining trees compared to the untreated control. Biomass at both the low and medium intensity treatments has almost fully recovered to 98% and 97% of pre-logging biomass levels respectively. The predicted times of complete above-ground biomass recovery for the logging only and high intensity treatments are 55 and 77 years respectively. The slower biomass recovery at the logging only site was largely due to increased mortality in the last measurement period. The slower recovery of the high intensity site was due to a combination of a higher initial reduction in biomass from thinning and the increased mortality in the last measurement period. The high mortality rates in the most recent measurement period are likely due to the impacts of two cyclones that impacted the study site. Our results suggest that it will take at least around 50 years for this site to recover to its pre-harvest biomass, much longer than many of the cutting cycles currently used in tropical forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - John Herbohn
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, the University of Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, the University of Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Jack Baynes
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, the University of Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Jerome K Vanclay
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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Mukul SA, Herbohn J, Firn J. Rapid recovery of tropical forest diversity and structure after shifting cultivation in the Philippines uplands. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7189-7211. [PMID: 32760521 PMCID: PMC7391325 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shifting cultivation is a widespread land-use in the tropics that is considered a major threat to rainforest diversity and structure. In the Philippines, a country with rich biodiversity and high rates of species endemism, shifting cultivation, locally termed as kaingin, is a major land-use and has been for centuries. Despite the potential impact of shifting cultivation on forests and its importance to many people, it is not clear how biodiversity and forest structure recover after kaingin abandonment in the country, and how well these post-kaingin secondary forests can complement the old-growth forests. We investigated parameters of forest diversity and structure along a fallow age gradient in secondary forests regenerating after kaingin abandonment in Leyte Island, the Philippines (elevation range: 445-650 m asl). We first measured the tree diversity and forest structure indices in regenerating secondary forests and old-growth forest. We then measured the recovery of tree diversity and forest structure parameters in relation to the old-growth forest. Finally, using linear mixed effect models (LMM), we assessed the effect of different environmental variables on the recovery of forest diversity and structure. We found significantly higher species density in the oldest fallow sites, while Shannon's index, species evenness, stem number, basal area, and leaf area index were higher in the old-growth forest. A homogeneous species composition was found across the sites of older fallow age. Multivariate analysis revealed patch size as a strong predictor of tree diversity and forest structure recovery after shifting cultivation. Our study suggests that, secondary forests regenerating after shifting cultivation abandonment can recover rapidly. Although recovery of forest structure was not as rapid as the tree diversity, our older fallow sites contained a similar number of species as the old-growth forest. Many of these species are also endemic to the Philippines. Novel and emerging ecosystems like tropical secondary forests are of high conservation importance and can act as a refuge for dwindling tropical forest biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif A. Mukul
- Tropical Forests and People Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydoreQLDAustralia
- Tropical Forestry GroupSchool of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - John Herbohn
- Tropical Forests and People Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydoreQLDAustralia
- Tropical Forestry GroupSchool of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological SciencesFaculty of Science and EngineeringQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia
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36
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Kalamandeen M, Gloor E, Johnson I, Agard S, Katow M, Vanbrooke A, Ashley D, Batterman SA, Ziv G, Holder‐Collins K, Phillips OL, Brondizio ES, Vieira I, Galbraith D. Limited biomass recovery from gold mining in Amazonian forests. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kalamandeen
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Living with Lakes Centre Laurentian University Sudbury ON Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Ashley
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook NY USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ancon Panama
| | - Guy Ziv
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | | | | | | | - Ima Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Belém Brazil
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37
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Yue C, Ciais P, Houghton RA, Nassikas AA. Contribution of land use to the interannual variability of the land carbon cycle. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3170. [PMID: 32576826 PMCID: PMC7311403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the driving mechanisms of the interannual variability (IAV) of the net land carbon balance (Snet) is important to predict future climate–carbon cycle feedbacks. Past studies showed that the IAV of Snet was correlated with tropical climate variation and controlled by semiarid vegetation. But today’s land ecosystems are also under extensive human land use and management. Here, we report a previously hidden role of land use in driving the IAV of Snet by using an improved biosphere model. We found that managed land accounted for 30–45% of the IAV of Snet over 1959–2015, while the contribution of intact land is reduced by more than half compared with previous assessments of the global carbon budget. Given the importance of land use in modulating future land climate–carbon cycle feedbacks, climate mitigation efforts should strive to reduce land-use emissions and enhance the climate resilience of carbon sinks over managed land. Terrestrial carbon uptake as high inter-annual variability which can be used to help understand future responses to climate change. Here the authors’ modeling reveals a large portion of this variability is driven by human land use changes and management, and not captured by other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS- UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS- UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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38
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Ceballos SJ. Vascular epiphyte communities in secondary and mature forests of a subtropical montane area. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Gendered Species Preferences Link Tree Diversity and Carbon Stocks in Cacao Agroforest in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land9040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The degree to which the maintenance of carbon (C) stocks and tree diversity can be jointly achieved in production landscapes is debated. C stocks in forests are decreased by logging before tree diversity is affected, while C stocks in monoculture tree plantations increase, but diversity does not. Agroforestry can break this hysteresis pattern, relevant for policies in search of synergy. We compared total C stocks and tree diversity among degraded forest, complex cacao/fruit tree agroforests, simple shade-tree cacao agroforestry, monoculture cacao, and annual crops in the Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. We evaluated farmer tree preferences and the utility value of the system for 40 farmers (male and female). The highest tree diversity (Shannon–Wiener H index 2.36) and C stocks (282 Mg C ha−1) were found in degraded forest, followed by cacao-based agroforestry systems (H index ranged from 0.58–0.93 with C stocks of 75–89 Mg ha−1). Male farmers selected timber and fruit tree species with economic benefits as shade trees, while female farmers preferred production for household needs (fruit trees and vegetables). Carbon stocks and tree diversity were positively related (R2 = 0.72). Adding data from across Indonesia (n = 102), agroforestry systems had an intermediate position between forest decline and reforestation responses. Maintaining agroforestry in the landscape allows aboveground C stocks up to 50 Mg ha−1 and reduces biodiversity loss. Agroforestry facilitates climate change mitigation and biodiversity goals to be addressed simultaneously in sustainable production landscapes.
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40
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Calderón-Loor M, Cuesta F, Pinto E, Gosling WD. Carbon sequestration rates indicate ecosystem recovery following human disturbance in the equatorial Andes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230612. [PMID: 32226044 PMCID: PMC7105124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies exist that document how high-elevation Andean ecosystems recover naturally after the cessation of human activities and this can limit the implementation of cost-effective restoration actions. We assessed Andean forest (Polylepis stands) and páramo grassland recovery along an elevation gradient (3,600–4,350 m.a.s.l.) in the Yanacocha Reserve (Ecuador) where natural recovery has been allowed since 1995. Within the Yanacocha Reserve in 2012 and 2014 the aboveground biomass (AGB), aboveground necromass (AGN) and belowground biomass (BGB) carbon (C) stocks were measured and C sequestration rates calculated as proxy of ecosystem recovery. The soil organic carbon (SOC) stock to 36-cm depth was also quantified during the 2012 survey. To explore potential drivers of spatiotemporal variation of the forest and páramo C stocks they were related to abiotic and biotic variables. Andean forest C stocks were influenced mainly by disturbance history and tree-species composition. Páramo C stocks´ spatial variation were related to the elevation gradient; we found a positive significant trend in páramo AGB-C stocks with elevation, whereas we found a significant negative trend in AGN-C stocks. Likewise, significant temporal changes were found for AGB-C and AGN-C stocks. Net increases in AGB-C stocks were the largest in the Andean forest and páramo, 2.5 Mg C ha-1 year-1 and 1.5 Mg C ha-1 year-1 respectively. Carbon sequestration rates were partly explained by environmental variables. In the Andean forest, plots with low dominance of Baccharis padifolia were observed to present higher AGB-C and lower BGB-C sequestration rates. In the páramo, higher sequestration rates for AGB-C were found at higher elevations and associated with higher levels of growth-forms diversity. Temporal changes in BGB-C stocks on the contrary were non-significant. Our results indicated that terrestrial aboveground C sequestration rates might be an appropriate indicator for assessing Andean forest and páramo recovery after human disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calderón-Loor
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail: (MCL); (FC)
| | - Francisco Cuesta
- Grupo de Investigación de Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud–BIOMAS, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
- Department of Ecosystem & Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity & Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MCL); (FC)
| | - Esteban Pinto
- Biodiversity Department, Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - William D. Gosling
- Department of Ecosystem & Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity & Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Towards Forest Landscape Restoration Programs in the Philippines: Evidence from Logged Forests and Mixed-Species Plantations. ENVIRONMENTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/environments7030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With only 7.01 million hectares of remaining forested areas in the Philippines, there is an urgency to protect these areas, while also implementing restoration strategies to increase forest cover and improve forest functionality. In this study, we assess how the so called “rainforestation” approach, attempts to implement close-to-nature restoration strategies in humid tropic areas. One of the main objectives of the “rainforestation” approach as a form of a mixed-species plantation is the rehabilitation of structural and floristic integrity similar to natural conditions. We compared study areas located in the provinces of Leyte and Southern Leyte composed of logged forests (temporary plots), with logged forests on a permanent research plot and with mixed-species plantations. Basal area, carbon stocks, volume and biological diversity between study areas were calculated and compared, both for static and dynamic data. Results from the static data indicate that carbon stocks (89.30 t ha−1) and volume (262.56 m3 ha−1) of the mixed-species plantations (“rainforestation” approach) is significantly lower than that of the logged forests. However, when it comes to the capacity of the study areas for potential increments, the mixed-species plantations are not significantly different on basal area increment (0.99 m2 ha−1 yr−1), carbon stock increment (3.67 t ha−1 yr−1) and total volume increment (10.47 m3 ha−1 yr−1) as compared to the logged forests’ capacity (basal area—1.08 m2 ha−1 yr−1, carbon—4.06 t ha−1 yr−1 and total volume—11.98 m3 ha−1 yr−1). The species composition was only partly comparable to logged forests of the region, but overall tree species richness is high in comparison to classical plantation approaches. Previously logged forests are able to recover fast reaching surprisingly high values of carbon stocks and potential commercial timber volume. Our study indicates that “rainforestation” cannot fully replace the functionality of natural forests, but can provide a surprisingly multifunctional tool for landscape restoration, providing both timber and non-timber ecosystem services.
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Ngute ASK, Sonké B, Nsanyi Sainge M, Calders K, Marchant R, Cuni‐Sanchez A. Investigating above‐ground biomass in old‐growth and secondary montane forests of the Cameroon Highlands. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Senghor K. Ngute
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs QLD Australia
- Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory Department of Biology Higher Teachers' Training College University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon
| | | | - Kim Calders
- CAVElab – Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Ghent University Belgium
| | - Rob Marchant
- Department of Geography and Environment York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems Wentworth Way, University of York Heslington UK
| | - Aida Cuni‐Sanchez
- Department of Geography and Environment York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems Wentworth Way, University of York Heslington UK
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Colorado State University Campus Delivery Fort Collins CO USA
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Chave J, Piponiot C, Maréchaux I, de Foresta H, Larpin D, Fischer FJ, Derroire G, Vincent G, Hérault B. Slow rate of secondary forest carbon accumulation in the Guianas compared with the rest of the Neotropics. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02004. [PMID: 31520573 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary forests are a prominent component of tropical landscapes, and they constitute a major atmospheric carbon sink. Rates of carbon accumulation are usually inferred from chronosequence studies, but direct estimates of carbon accumulation based on long-term monitoring of stands are rarely reported. Recent compilations on secondary forest carbon accumulation in the Neotropics are heavily biased geographically as they do not include estimates from the Guiana Shield. We analysed the temporal trajectory of aboveground carbon accumulation and floristic composition at one 25-ha secondary forest site in French Guiana. The site was clear-cut in 1976, abandoned thereafter, and one large plot (6.25 ha) has been monitored continuously since. We used Bayesian modeling to assimilate inventory data and simulate the long-term carbon accumulation trajectory. Canopy change was monitored using two aerial lidar surveys conducted in 2009 and 2017. We compared the dynamics of this site with that of a surrounding old-growth forest. Finally, we compared our results with that from secondary forests in Costa Rica, which is one of the rare long-term monitoring programs reaching a duration comparable to our study. Twenty years after abandonment, aboveground carbon stock was 64.2 (95% credibility interval 46.4, 89.0) Mg C/ha, and this stock increased to 101.3 (78.7, 128.5) Mg C/ha 20 yr later. The time to accumulate one-half of the mean aboveground carbon stored in the nearby old-growth forest (185.6 [155.9, 200.2] Mg C/ha) was estimated at 35.0 [20.9, 55.9] yr. During the first 40 yr, the contribution of the long-lived pioneer species Xylopia nitida, Goupia glabra, and Laetia procera to the aboveground carbon stock increased continuously. Secondary forest mean-canopy height measured by lidar increased by 1.14 m in 8 yr, a canopy-height increase consistent with an aboveground carbon accumulation of 7.1 Mg C/ha (or 0.89 Mg C·ha-1 ·yr-1 ) during this period. Long-term AGC accumulation rate in Costa Rica was almost twice as fast as at our site in French Guiana. This may reflect higher fertility of Central American forest communities or a better adaptation of the forest tree community to intense and frequent disturbances. This finding may have important consequences for scaling-up carbon uptake estimates to continental scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-IRD, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Camille Piponiot
- Cirad, UMR 'Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane' (AgroparisTech, CNRS, Inra, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), F-97379, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Isabelle Maréchaux
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-IRD, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- AgroParisTech-ENGREF, 19 Avenue du Maine, F-75015, Paris, France
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Hubert de Foresta
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Larpin
- Direction Générale Déléguée aux Musées, Jardins et Zoos, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Fabian Jörg Fischer
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-IRD, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR 'Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane' (AgroparisTech, CNRS, Inra, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), F-97379, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Grégoire Vincent
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, Univ Montpellier, UR Forests & Societies, F-34000, Montpellier, France
- INPHB, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
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44
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Tropical carbon sink accelerated by symbiotic dinitrogen fixation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5637. [PMID: 31822758 PMCID: PMC6904724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A major uncertainty in the land carbon cycle is whether symbiotic nitrogen fixation acts to enhance the tropical forest carbon sink. Nitrogen-fixing trees can supply vital quantities of the growth-limiting nutrient nitrogen, but the extent to which the resulting carbon–nitrogen feedback safeguards ecosystem carbon sequestration remains unclear. We combine (i) field observations from 112 plots spanning 300 years of succession in Panamanian tropical forests, and (ii) a new model that resolves nitrogen and light competition at the scale of individual trees. Fixation doubled carbon accumulation in early succession and enhanced total carbon in mature forests by ~10% (~12MgC ha−1) through two mechanisms: (i) a direct fixation effect on tree growth, and (ii) an indirect effect on the successional sequence of non-fixing trees. We estimate that including nitrogen-fixing trees in Neotropical reforestation projects could safeguard the sequestration of 6.7 Gt CO2 over the next 20 years. Our results highlight the connection between functional diversity of plant communities and the critical ecosystem service of carbon sequestration for mitigating climate change. The contribution of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation to the forest carbon sink could change throughout forest succession. Here the authors model nitrogen cycling and light competition between trees based on data from Panamanian forest plots, showing that fixation contributes substantially to the carbon sink in early successional stages.
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45
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Changes in Soil Microbial Biomass, Community Composition, and Enzyme Activities After Half-Century Forest Restoration in Degraded Tropical Lands. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil carbon (C) sequestration and stabilization are determined by not only the C input to the soil but also the decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM), which is mainly mediated by soil microbes. Afforestation, an effective practice to restore forests from degraded or bare lands, may alter soil microbial properties, and thus soil C and nitrogen (N) dynamics. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of different afforestation strategies on soil microbial compositions and activities after afforestation for half a century. Soil samples were collected from two afforested sites (i.e., a restored secondary forest (RSF) and a managed Eucalyptus forest (MEP)) and two reference sites (i.e., a nearby undisturbed forest (UF), representing the climax vegetation and a bare land (BL), representing the original state before restoration) in south China. We quantified the soil microbial biomass, microbial community compositions, and activities of nine extracellular enzymes at different soil depths and in different seasons. Results showed that the soil microbial biomass, all the main soil microbial groups, and the activities of all extracellular enzymes were significantly increased after afforestation compared to the BL sites, while the ratios of fungi/bacteria (F/B), specific enzyme activities, and the ecoenzymatic stoichiometry were significantly decreased regardless of the season and soil depth. Between the two afforested sites, these microbial properties were generally higher in the RSF than MEP. However, the microbial properties in the RSF were still lower than those in the UF, although the differences varied with different seasons, soil depths, and microbial groups or enzymes. Our findings demonstrated that afforestation might significantly improve microbial properties. Afforestation is more effective in mixed-species plantation than in the monoculture Eucalyptus plantation but needs a much longer time to approach an equivalent level to the primary forests.
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46
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Impacts of past abrupt land change on local biodiversity globally. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5474. [PMID: 31792206 PMCID: PMC6888856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrupt land change, such as deforestation or agricultural intensification, is a key driver of biodiversity change. Following abrupt land change, local biodiversity often continues to be influenced through biotic lag effects. However, current understanding of how terrestrial biodiversity is impacted by past abrupt land changes is incomplete. Here we show that abrupt land change in the past continues to influence present species assemblages globally. We combine geographically and taxonomically broad data on local biodiversity with quantitative estimates of abrupt land change detected within time series of satellite imagery from 1982 to 2015. Species richness and abundance were 4.2% and 2% lower, respectively, and assemblage composition was altered at sites with an abrupt land change compared to unchanged sites, although impacts differed among taxonomic groups. Biodiversity recovered to levels comparable to unchanged sites after >10 years. Ignoring delayed impacts of abrupt land changes likely results in incomplete assessments of biodiversity change. Abrupt land changes may have long-lasting effects on local biodiversity. Here, Jung et al. show that past abrupt land change reduces species richness and abundance, and alters assemblage composition, with recovery often taking more than 10 years.
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47
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Osuri AM, Kasinathan S, Siddhartha MK, Mudappa D, Raman TRS. Effects of restoration on tree communities and carbon storage in rainforest fragments of the Western Ghats, India. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anand M. Osuri
- The Earth Institute Columbia University New York New York 10025 USA
- The Nature Conservancy Arlington Virginia 22203 USA
- Nature Conservation Foundation ‘Amrita’ 1311, 12th A Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage Mysore 570017 India
| | - Srinivasan Kasinathan
- Nature Conservation Foundation ‘Amrita’ 1311, 12th A Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage Mysore 570017 India
| | - Mrinalini K. Siddhartha
- Nature Conservation Foundation ‘Amrita’ 1311, 12th A Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage Mysore 570017 India
| | - Divya Mudappa
- Nature Conservation Foundation ‘Amrita’ 1311, 12th A Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage Mysore 570017 India
| | - T. R. Shankar Raman
- Nature Conservation Foundation ‘Amrita’ 1311, 12th A Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage Mysore 570017 India
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Schomakers J, Jien SH, Lee TY, Huang JC, Hseu ZY, Lin ZL, Lee LC, Hein T, Mentler A, Zehetner F. Soil and biomass carbon re-accumulation after landslide disturbances. GEOMORPHOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 288:164-174. [PMID: 31293283 PMCID: PMC6616031 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In high-standing islands of the Western Pacific, typhoon-triggered landslides occasionally strip parts of the landscape of its vegetative cover and soil layer and export large amounts of biomass and soil organic carbon (OC) from land to the ocean. After such disturbances, new vegetation colonizes the landslide scars and OC starts to reaccumulate. In the subtropical mountains of Taiwan and in other parts of the world, bamboo (Bambusoideae) species may invade at a certain point in the succession of recovering landslide scars. Bamboo has a high potential for carbon sequestration because of its fast growth and dense rooting system. However, it is still largely unknown how these properties translate into soil OC re-accumulation rates after landslide disturbance. In this study, a chronosequence was established on four former landslide scars in the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan, ranging in age from 6 to 41 years post disturbance as determined by landslide mapping from remote sensing. The younger landslide scars were colonized by Miscanthus floridulus, while after approx. 15 to 20 years of succession, bamboo species (Phyllostachys) were dominating. Biomass and soil OC stocks were measured on the recovering landslide scars and compared to an undisturbed Cryptomeria japonica forest stand in the area. After initially slow re-vegetation, biomass carbon accumulated in Miscanthus stands with mean annual accretion rates of 2 ± 0.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Biomass carbon continued to increase after bamboo invasion and reached ~40% of that in the reference forest site after 41 years of landslide recovery. Soil OC accumulation rates were ~2.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, 6 to 41 years post disturbance reaching ~64% of the level in the reference forest. Our results from this in-situ study suggest that recovering landslide scars are strong carbon sinks once an initial lag period of vegetation re-establishment is overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schomakers
- Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shih-Hao Jien
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Pingtung
University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Zeng-Yei Hseu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zan Liang Lin
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Pingtung
University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Thomas Hein
- Department of Water – Atmosphere - Environment, Institute of
Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria & WasserCluster Lunz, Lunz am See,
Austria
| | - Axel Mentler
- Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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49
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Eaton WD, McGee KM, Donnelly R, Lemenze A, Karas O, Hajibabaei M. Differences in the soil microbial community and carbon‐use efficiency following development of
Vochysia guatemalensis
tree plantations in unproductive pastures in Costa Rica. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Eaton
- Biology Department Pace University, One Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038 U.S.A
| | - Katie M. McGee
- Department of Integrative Biology Centre for Biodiversity Genomics at Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Robert Donnelly
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, NJMS‐Molecular Resource Facility Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB, F‐503, Newark, NJ 07103 U.S.A
| | - Alex Lemenze
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, NJMS‐Molecular Resource Facility Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB, F‐503, Newark, NJ 07103 U.S.A
| | - Olivia Karas
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599‐3280 U.S.A
| | - Mehrdad Hajibabaei
- Department of Integrative Biology Centre for Biodiversity Genomics at Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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50
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Figueiredo V, Enrich-Prast A, Rütting T. Evolution of nitrogen cycling in regrowing Amazonian rainforest. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8538. [PMID: 31189968 PMCID: PMC6561906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive regions of tropical forests are subjected to high rates of deforestation and forest regrowth and both are strongly affect soil nutrient cycling. Nitrogen (N) dynamics changes during forest regrowth and the recovery of forests and functioning similar to pristine conditions depends on sufficient N availability. We show that, in a chronosequence of Amazonian forests, gross nitrification and, as a result, nitrate-to-ammonium (NO3-: NH4+) ratio were lower in all stages of regrowing forests (10 to 40 years) compared to pristine forest. This indicates the evolution of a more conservative and closed N cycle with reduced risk for N leaking out of the ecosystem in regrowing forests. Furthermore, our results indicate that mineralization and nitrification are decoupled in young regrowing forests (10 years), such as that high gross mineralization is accompanied by low gross nitrification, demonstrating a closed N cycle that at the same time maintains N supply for forest regrowth. We conclude that the status of gross nitrification in disturbed soil is a key process to understand the mechanisms of and time needed for tropical forest recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Figueiredo
- Department of Botany, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Geochemistry, University Federal Fluminense, 24020-007 Outeiro de São João Batista, Niterói, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alex Enrich-Prast
- Department of Botany, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Geochemistry, University Federal Fluminense, 24020-007 Outeiro de São João Batista, Niterói, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971 Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Department of Environmental Change, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Tobias Rütting
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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