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Ortega-Caballero M, Gonzalez-Vazquez MC, Hernández-Espinosa MA, Carabarin-Lima A, Mendez-Albores A. The Impact of Environmental and Housing Factors on the Distribution of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) in an Endemic Area of Chagas Disease in Puebla, Mexico. Diseases 2024; 12:238. [PMID: 39452481 PMCID: PMC11506842 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease (CD), a Neglected Tropical Disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people in Latin America and the southern US and spreads worldwide. CD results from close interactions between humans, animals, and vectors, influenced by sociodemographic factors and housing materials. METHODS This study aimed to evaluate how these factors, along with seasonal changes, affect the distribution of CD vectors in an endemic community near Puebla, Mexico, using a cross-sectional survey. A total of 383 people from this area, known for the presence of major vectors such as Triatoma barberi and Triatoma pallidipennis, were surveyed. RESULTS As a result of the survey, it was found that only 27.4% of respondents knew about CD, and 83.3% owned potential reservoir pets; additionally, the quality of the wall, roof, and floor significantly influenced vector sightings, while the seasonal pattern showed less of an association. Chi-square tests confirmed these associations between vector sightings and housing materials (p < 0.001); vector sightings versus seasonal patterns showed less of an association (p = 0.04), and land use changes did not show an association (p = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS Construction materials play an important role in the sighting of triatomines in homes, so important actions should be taken to improve homes. However, further experimental or longitudinal studies are needed to establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ortega-Caballero
- Centro de Química-ICUAP-Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (M.O.-C.); (M.A.H.-E.)
| | | | - Miguel Angel Hernández-Espinosa
- Centro de Química-ICUAP-Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (M.O.-C.); (M.A.H.-E.)
| | - Alejandro Carabarin-Lima
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Alia Mendez-Albores
- Centro de Química-ICUAP-Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (M.O.-C.); (M.A.H.-E.)
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Gonçalves R, Hacker KP, Condori C, Xie S, Borrini-Mayori K, Riveros LM, Apaza RQ, Arratea MY, Nativio G, Castillo-Neyra R, Paz-Soldan VA, Levy MZ. Irrigation, migration and infestation: a case study of Chagas disease vectors and bed bugs in El Pedregal, Peru. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e240002. [PMID: 39230138 PMCID: PMC11370655 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The city of El Pedregal grew out of a desert, following an agricultural irrigation project in southern Peru. OBJECTIVES To describe infestation patterns by triatomines and bed bugs and their relationship to migration and urbanization. METHODS We conducted door-to-door entomological surveys for triatomines and bed bugs. We assessed spatial clustering of infestations and compared the year of construction of infested to un-infested households. To gain a better understanding of the context surrounding triatomine infestations, we conducted in-depth interviews with residents to explore their migration histories, including previous experiences with infestation. FINDINGS We inspected 5,164 households for Triatoma infestans (known locally as the Chirimacha); 21 (0.41%) were infested. These were extremely spatially clustered (Ripley's K p-value < 0.001 at various spatial scales). Infested houses were older than controls (Wilcoxon rank-sum: W = 33; p = 0.02). We conducted bed bug specific inspections in 34 households; 23 of these were infested. These were spatially dispersed across El Pedregal, and no difference was observed in construction age between bed bug infested houses and control houses (W = 6.5, p = 0.07). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The establishment of agribusiness companies in a desert area demanded a permanent work force, leading to the emergence of a new city. Migrant farmers, seeking work opportunities or escaping from adverse climatic events, arrived with few resources, and constructed their houses with precarious materials. T. infestans, a Chagas disease vector, was introduced to the city and colonized houses, but its dispersal was constrained by presence of vacant houses. We discuss how changes in the socioeconomic and agricultural landscape can increase vulnerability to vector-borne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gonçalves
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Public Health and Administration, One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Lima, Peru
| | - Kathryn P Hacker
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- University of Michigan, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Carlos Condori
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Public Health and Administration, One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Lima, Peru
| | - Sherrie Xie
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Katty Borrini-Mayori
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Public Health and Administration, One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Lima, Peru
| | - Lina Mollesaca Riveros
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Public Health and Administration, One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Lima, Peru
| | - Roger Quispe Apaza
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Public Health and Administration, One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel Ysidro Arratea
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Public Health and Administration, One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo Nativio
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Public Health and Administration, One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Lima, Peru
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Valerie A Paz-Soldan
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Public Health and Administration, One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Lima, Peru
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Michael Z Levy
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Public Health and Administration, One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Lima, Peru
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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3
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Castillo-Neyra R, Larson AJ, Tamayo LD, Arevalo-Nieto C, Brown J, Condori-Pino C, Ortega E, Levy MZ, Paz-Soldan VA. Perceptions of Problems with Household Insects: Qualitative and Quantitative Findings from Peri-Urban Communities in Arequipa, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1372-1379. [PMID: 37931314 PMCID: PMC10793064 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases continue to impose a major health burden on Peru and neighboring countries. The challenge of addressing vector-borne disease is compounded by changing social, economic, and climatic conditions. Peri-urban Arequipa is an important region to study insect infestations because of ongoing challenges with disease vectors such as triatomines and a variety of other insects. We conducted surveys (N = 1,182) and seven focus groups (average seven participants) in peri-urban Arequipa to explore knowledge of and perception toward various insects that infest the region. Focus group participants reported the presence of a wide variety of insects in and around the home, including disease vectors such as triatomines (also identified by 27.2% of survey households), mosquitoes, spiders, and bed bugs, as well as nuisance insects. Health concerns related to insects included vector-borne diseases, spider bites, allergies, and sequelae from bed bug bites, and hygiene concerns. A majority of participants in the quantitative surveys identified triatomines as the insect they were most worried about (69.9%) and could identify Chagas disease as a health risk associated with triatomines (54.9%). Insect infestations in peri-urban Arequipa present multiple burdens to residents, including injury and illness from triatomines and other insects, as well as potential mental and economic concerns related to insects such as bed bugs. Future initiatives should continue to address triatomine infestations through educational outreach and implement a more holistic approach to address the burden of both disease and nuisance insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anika J. Larson
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laura D. Tamayo
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Arevalo-Nieto
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Carlos Condori-Pino
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Emma Ortega
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Sierra-Rosales C, San Juan E, Quiroga N, Araya-Donoso R, Correa JP, Solari A, Bacigalupo A, Botto-Mahan C. Diet of the sylvatic triatomine Mepraia spinolai: Association with Trypanosoma cruzi infection near human settlements. Acta Trop 2023; 248:107039. [PMID: 37839667 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The proximity between infectious disease vector populations and human settlements, and the infection prevalence of vector populations can determine the rate of encounters between vectors and humans and hence infection risk. The diet of sylvatic triatomine vectors (kissing bugs) provides evidence about the host species involved in the maintenance of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Here, we characterized the diet of the Chilean endemic triatomine Mepraia spinolai using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), and evaluated the relation between T. cruzi infection status and proximity to human settlements, with the proportion of human and human-associated (domestic and synanthropic) vertebrates in the diet. We sampled 28 M. spinolai populations, covering a latitudinal range of ∼800 km in Chile. For each population, genomic DNA was obtained from M. spinolai intestinal content. We assessed T. cruzi infection individually, and sequenced vertebrate cytochrome b to characterize the diet from infected and uninfected pooled samples. Human and human-associated animals were present in the diet of both T. cruzi-infected (13.50 %) and uninfected (10.43 %) kissing bugs. The proportion of human and human-associated vertebrates in the diet of infected M. spinolai was negatively associated with the distance from surrounding human settlements, but no relationship was detected for uninfected kissing bugs. This pattern could be related to alterations of kissing bug feeding behavior when infected by the protozoan. Our results highlight the relevance of developing a deeper knowledge of the wild transmission cycle of T. cruzi, thus advancing in the surveillance of vectors present in the natural environment near human settlements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicol Quiroga
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Araya-Donoso
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Juana P Correa
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Aldo Solari
- ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonella Bacigalupo
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Nova N, Athni TS, Childs ML, Mandle L, Mordecai EA. Global Change and Emerging Infectious Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2022; 14:333-354. [PMID: 38371741 PMCID: PMC10871673 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-024214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Our world is undergoing rapid planetary changes driven by human activities, often mediated by economic incentives and resource management, affecting all life on Earth. Concurrently, many infectious diseases have recently emerged or spread into new populations. Mounting evidence suggests that global change-including climate change, land-use change, urbanization, and global movement of individuals, species, and goods-may be accelerating disease emergence by reshaping ecological systems in concert with socioeconomic factors. Here, we review insights, approaches, and mechanisms by which global change drives disease emergence from a disease ecology perspective. We aim to spur more interdisciplinary collaboration with economists and identification of more effective and sustainable interventions to prevent disease emergence. While almost all infectious diseases change in response to global change, the mechanisms and directions of these effects are system specific, requiring new, integrated approaches to disease control that recognize linkages between environmental and economic sustainability and human and planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tejas S Athni
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marissa L Childs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lisa Mandle
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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6
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Ledien J, Cucunubá ZM, Parra-Henao G, Rodríguez-Monguí E, Dobson AP, Basáñez MG, Nouvellet P. Spatiotemporal variations in exposure: Chagas disease in Colombia as a case study. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:13. [PMID: 35027002 PMCID: PMC8759231 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-stratified serosurvey data are often used to understand spatiotemporal trends in disease incidence and exposure through estimating the Force-of-Infection (FoI). Typically, median or mean FoI estimates are used as the response variable in predictive models, often overlooking the uncertainty in estimated FoI values when fitting models and evaluating their predictive ability. To assess how this uncertainty impact predictions, we compared three approaches with three levels of uncertainty integration. We propose a performance indicator to assess how predictions reflect initial uncertainty. In Colombia, 76 serosurveys (1980–2014) conducted at municipality level provided age-stratified Chagas disease prevalence data. The yearly FoI was estimated at the serosurvey level using a time-varying catalytic model. Environmental, demographic and entomological predictors were used to fit and predict the FoI at municipality level from 1980 to 2010 across Colombia. A stratified bootstrap method was used to fit the models without temporal autocorrelation at the serosurvey level. The predictive ability of each model was evaluated to select the best-fit models within urban, rural and (Amerindian) indigenous settings. Model averaging, with the 10 best-fit models identified, was used to generate predictions. Our analysis shows a risk of overconfidence in model predictions when median estimates of FoI alone are used to fit and evaluate models, failing to account for uncertainty in FoI estimates. Our proposed methodology fully propagates uncertainty in the estimated FoI onto the generated predictions, providing realistic assessments of both central tendency and current uncertainty surrounding exposure to Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ledien
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Zulma M Cucunubá
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research & MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Parra-Henao
- Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Colombia.,National Institute of Health, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eliana Rodríguez-Monguí
- Neglected, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases Program, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - María-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research & MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Larson AJ, Paz-Soldán VA, Arevalo-Nieto C, Brown J, Condori-Pino C, Levy MZ, Castillo-Neyra R. Misuse, perceived risk, and safety issues of household insecticides: Qualitative findings from focus groups in Arequipa, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009251. [PMID: 33956803 PMCID: PMC8101955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current body of research on insecticide use in Peru deals primarily with application of insecticides offered through Ministry of Health-led campaigns against vector-borne disease. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the individual use, choice and perceptions of insecticides which may influence uptake of public health-based vector control initiatives and contribute to the thousands of deaths annually from acute pesticide poisoning in Peru. METHODS Residents (n = 49) of the Alto Selva Alegre and CC districts of peri-urban Arequipa participated in seven focus group discussions (FGD). Using a FGD guide, two facilitators led the discussion and conducted a role-playing activity. this activity, participants insecticides (represented by printed photos of insecticides available locally) and pretended to "sell" the insecticides to other participants, including describing their qualities as though they were advertising the insecticide. The exercise was designed to elicit perceptions of currently available insecticides. The focus groups also included questions about participants' preferences, use and experiences related to insecticides outside the context of this activity. Focus group content was transcribed, and qualitative data were analyzed with Atlas.ti and coded using an inductive process to generate major themes related to use and choice of insecticides, and perceived risks associated with insecticide use. RESULTS The perceived risks associated with insecticides included both short- and long-term health impacts, and safety for children emerged as a priority. However, in some cases insecticides were reportedly applied in high-risk ways including application of insecticides directly to children and bedding. Some participants attempted to reduce the risk of insecticide use with informal, potentially ineffective personal protective equipment and by timing application when household members were away. Valued insecticide characteristics, such as strength and effectiveness, were often associated with negative characteristics such as odor and health impacts. "Agropecuarios" (agricultural supply stores) were considered a trusted source of information about insecticides and their health risks. CONCLUSIONS It is crucial to characterize misuse and perceptions of health impacts and risks of insecticides at the local level, as well as to find common themes and patterns across populations to inform national and regional programs to prevent acute insecticide poisoning and increase community participation in insecticide-based vector control campaigns. We detected risky practices and beliefs about personal protective equipment, risk indicators, and safety levels that could inform such preventive campaigns, as well as trusted information sources such as agricultural stores for partnerships in disseminating information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika J. Larson
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldán
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Arevalo-Nieto
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joanna Brown
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Condori-Pino
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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8
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Meyers AC, Auckland L, Meyers HF, Rodriguez CA, Kontowicz E, Petersen CA, Travi BL, Sanders JP, Hamer SA. Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Pathogens Among U.S. Government Working Dogs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:358-368. [PMID: 33601954 PMCID: PMC8086402 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of U.S. domestic dogs for exposure to vector-borne pathogens can identify regions of transmission that are relevant for human and animal health. Working dogs with high levels of outdoor exposure may be sensitive indicators of local risk, owing to increased contact with vectors. We randomly selected 476 high-value government working dogs from 40 states to determine the prevalence of infection with Dirofilaria immitis and Rickettsia spp., and exposure to Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi, and identify risk factors for positivity. Additionally, we tested 100 of these dogs from Texas for Leishmania spp. where sand fly vectors occur. Previously published Trypanosoma cruzi infection data on these dogs were used to identify coinfection or co-exposures. Infection prevalence was 0.84% for D. immitis, and all dogs were negative for Rickettsia spp. DNA. Seroprevalence of each pathogen was: B. burgdorferi 0.84%, Ehrlichia spp. 1.3%, Anaplasma spp. 1.5%, Leishmania spp. 2.0%, and T. cruzi 12.2%. Coinfection or co-exposure took place in four (0.84%) dogs. In bivariable analysis, we found that D. immitis-positive and Ehrlichia-seropositive dogs were significantly older than negative dogs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. was significantly higher among dogs in the Northeast United States relative to other areas of the country (4.7% vs. ≤1.4%; p = 0.041). Although autochthonous Leishmania infections have been described in the United States, the cases reported herein may represent imported Leishmania infection. Most federal working dogs are bred in Europe, where the parasite is endemic and congenitally transmitted. Serological cross-reaction between T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. complicates diagnosis. In this study, the use of multiple testing strategies in a comparative complementary manner provided evidence for these dogs' true exposures. Comprehensive surveillance for vector-borne pathogens in dogs can improve clinician awareness and target prevention and treatment in a One Health manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C. Meyers
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa Auckland
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah F. Meyers
- Department of Chemistry, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Carlos A. Rodriguez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Kontowicz
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bruno L. Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - John P. Sanders
- Office of Workforce Health and Safety, Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sarah A. Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Address correspondence to: Sarah A. Hamer, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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9
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Alvedro A, Gaspe MS, Milbourn H, Macchiaverna NP, Laiño MA, Enriquez GF, Gürtler RE, Cardinal MV. Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma infestans and high levels of human-vector contact across a rural-to-urban gradient in the Argentine Chaco. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:35. [PMID: 33422133 PMCID: PMC7796388 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peri-urban and urban settings have recently gained more prominence in studies on vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi due to sustained rural-to-urban migrations and reports of urban infestations with triatomines. Prompted by the finding of Triatoma infestans across the rural-to-urban gradient in Avia Terai, an endemic municipality of the Argentine Chaco, we assessed selected components of domestic transmission risk in order to determine its variation across the gradient. Methods A baseline vector survey was conducted between October 2015 and March 2016, following which we used multistage random sampling to select a representative sample of T. infestans at the municipal level. We assessed T. cruzi infection and blood-feeding sources of 561 insects collected from 109 houses using kinetoplast DNA-PCR assays and direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. We stratified triatomines according to their collection site (domestic or peridomestic), and we further categorized peridomestic sites in ecotopes of low- or high-risk for T. cruzi infection. Results The overall adjusted prevalence of T. cruzi-infected T. infestans was 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–2.3) and did not differ between peri-urban (1.7%) and rural (2.2%) environments. No infection was detected in bugs captured in the urban setting; rather, infected triatomines were mainly collected in rural and peri-urban domiciles, occurring in 8% of T. infestans-infested houses. The main blood-feeding sources of domestic and peridomestic triatomines across the gradient were humans and chickens, respectively. The proportion of triatomines that had fed on humans did not differ between peri-urban (62.5%) and rural (65.7%) domiciles, peaking in the few domestic triatomines collected in urban houses and decreasing significantly with an increasing proportion of chicken- and dog- or cat-fed bugs. The relative odds ratio (OR) of having a T. cruzi infection was nearly threefold higher in bugs having a blood meal on humans (OR 3.15), dogs (OR 2.80) or cats (OR: 4.02) in a Firth-penalized multiple logistic model. Conclusions Trypanosoma cruzi transmission was likely occurring both in peri-urban and rural houses of Avia Terai. Widespread infestation in a third of urban blocks combined with high levels of human–triatomine contact in the few infested domiciles implies a threat to urban inhabitants. Vector control strategies and surveillance originally conceived for rural areas should be tailored to peri-urban and urban settings in order to achieve sustainable interruption of domestic transmission in the Chaco region.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Alvedro
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol Gaspe
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Natalia Paula Macchiaverna
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Alberto Laiño
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Fabián Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Esteban Gürtler
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Victoria Cardinal
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Parra-Henao G, Garzón-Jiménez SP, Bernal-Rosas Y, Olivera MJ, Salgado M, Torres-García OA. Risk factors for triatominae infestation in a municipality of Colombia. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211030068. [PMID: 34290865 PMCID: PMC8274114 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying risk factors for Triatominae infestation is essential for the development of vector control interventions. METHODS To determine the intra- and peridomiciliary risk factors associated with triatomine infestation, a cross-sectional analytical study was carried out with random cluster sampling in two stages, which included the identification of risk factors by survey and direct observation, as well as the search and capture of triatomines. The detection of trypanosomes in triatomines was carried out by observing the rectal content and then by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS In 21 of the 207 houses inspected, 13 specimens of R. colombiensis and 19 specimens of P. geniculatus were found. Entomological indices included: dispersion 36%, infestation 10%, infection 65%, colonization 4.7%, density 15%, and concentration 152%. An association was found between the presence of Triatominae and the existence of branches and fissures in the floors, as well as with the presence of accumulated objects and with knowledge about Chagas disease. The risk of having triatomines in urban homes is 5.7 times higher than the risk in rural areas [confidence interval (CI) 0.508-67.567]; 6.6 times in houses with cracked soil (CI 0.555-81.994), 6 times in houses located near caneys (CI 0.820-44.781), and 6.16 times with accumulated objects (CI 1.542-39.238). CONCLUSION Chagas disease is a complex problem that requires control based on the vector's elimination or surveillance, which implies identifying species and their distribution, generating alerts, knowledge, and awareness in the population. It is necessary to intensify surveillance activities for the event, especially in changing aspects of Chagas diseases' transmission dynamics, such as urbanization and the type of housing associated with the vector's presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Parra-Henao
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
- Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia
| | - Sandra P. Garzón-Jiménez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Sede Circunvalar - Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yuly Bernal-Rosas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Sede Circunvalar - Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario J. Olivera
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marlon Salgado
- Alcaldía Municipal de La Mesa – La Mesa, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Orlando A. Torres-García
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Sede Circunvalar - Bogotá, Colombia
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11
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Salazar-Sánchez RS, Ascuña-Durand K, Ballón-Echegaray J, Vásquez-Huerta V, Martínez-Barrios E, Castillo-Neyra R. Socio-Demographic Determinants Associated with Blastocystis Infection in Arequipa, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:700-707. [PMID: 33200727 PMCID: PMC7866351 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis is one of the most common protozoa in the human gut and a zoonotic organism related to unsanitary living conditions. This protozoon shows a broad distribution, unclear symptomatology, and undefined pathogenicity. In Peru, studies report the presence of Blastocystis in many regions, but the highest prevalence levels are reported in Arequipa. The aim of this study was to link Blastocystis infection with social determinants of health. We recruited and surveyed 232 infected and uninfected participants from houses with at least one Blastocystis-infected person. All samples were concentrated by spin concentration method in saline solution, examined by wet mount under light microscopy and confirmed with methylene-stained stool smear. We found a human Blastocystis prevalence of 51.3% in the study sample. We also found statistical associations between Blastocystis infection and peri-urban location in the city as well as the use of alternative non-domiciliary water supplies, suggesting these are risk factors for human Blastocystis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo S. Salazar-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru
- One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kasandra Ascuña-Durand
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Jorge Ballón-Echegaray
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Victor Vásquez-Huerta
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Elí Martínez-Barrios
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- One Health Unit, Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Ghersi BM, Peterson AC, Gibson NL, Dash A, Elmayan A, Schwartzenburg H, Tu W, Riegel C, Herrera C, Blum MJ. In the heart of the city: Trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence in rodents across New Orleans. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:577. [PMID: 33189151 PMCID: PMC7666460 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi - the causative agent of Chagas disease - is known to circulate in commensal pests, but its occurrence in urban environments is not well understood. We addressed this deficit by determining the distribution and prevalence of T. cruzi infection in urban populations of commensal and wild rodents across New Orleans (Louisiana, USA). We assessed whether T. cruzi prevalence varies according to host species identity and species co-occurrences, and whether T. cruzi prevalence varies across mosaics of abandonment that shape urban rodent demography and assemblage structure in the city. METHODS Leveraging city-wide population and assemblage surveys, we tested 1428 rodents comprising 5 species (cotton rats, house mice, Norway rats, rice rats and roof rats) captured at 98 trapping sites in 11 study areas across New Orleans including nine residential neighborhoods and a natural area in Orleans Parish and a neighborhood in St. Bernard Parish. We also assayed Norway rats at one site in Baton Rouge (Louisiana, USA). We used chi-square tests to determine whether infection prevalence differed among host species, among study areas, and among trapping sites according to the number of host species present. We used generalized linear mixed models to identify predictors of T. cruzi infection for all rodents and each host species, respectively. RESULTS We detected T. cruzi in all host species in all study areas in New Orleans, but not in Baton Rouge. Though overall infection prevalence was 11%, it varied by study area and trapping site. There was no difference in prevalence by species, but roof rats exhibited the broadest geographical distribution of infection across the city. Infected rodents were trapped in densely populated neighborhoods like the French Quarter. Infection prevalence seasonally varied with abandonment, increasing with greater abandonment during the summer and declining with greater abandonment during the winter. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate that T. cruzi can be widespread in urban landscapes, suggesting that transmission and disease risk is greater than is currently recognized. Our findings also suggest that there is disproportionate risk of transmission in historically underserved communities, which could reinforce long-standing socioecological disparities in New Orleans and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. Ghersi
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Anna C. Peterson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Gibson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Asha Dash
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Ardem Elmayan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Hannah Schwartzenburg
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Weihong Tu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Claudia Riegel
- City of New Orleans Mosquito, Termite, Rodent Control Board, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Michael J. Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
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De la Puente-León M, Levy MZ, Toledo AM, Recuenco S, Shinnick J, Castillo-Neyra R. Spatial Inequality Hides the Burden of Dog Bites and the Risk of Dog-Mediated Human Rabies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1247-1257. [PMID: 32662391 PMCID: PMC7470517 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its reintroduction in 2015, rabies has been established as an enzootic disease among the dog population of Arequipa, Peru. Given the unknown rate of dog bites, the risk of human rabies transmission is concerning. Our objective was to estimate the rate of dog bites in the city and to identify factors associated with seeking health care in a medical facility for wound care and rabies prevention follow-up. To this end, we conducted a door-to-door survey with 4,370 adults in 21 urban and 21 peri-urban communities. We then analyzed associations between seeking health care following dog bites and various socioeconomic factors, stratifying by urban and peri-urban localities. We found a high annual rate of dog bites in peri-urban communities (12.4%), which was 2.6 times higher than that in urban areas (4.8%). Among those who were bitten, the percentage of people who sought medical treatment was almost twice as high in urban areas (39.1%) as in peri-urban areas (21.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela De la Puente-León
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Perú
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amparo M. Toledo
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Sergio Recuenco
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Julianna Shinnick
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Perú
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Gaspe MS, Fernández MDP, Cardinal MV, Enriquez GF, Rodríguez-Planes LI, Macchiaverna NP, Gürtler RE. Urbanisation, risk stratification and house infestation with a major vector of Chagas disease in an endemic municipality of the Argentine Chaco. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:316. [PMID: 32552813 PMCID: PMC7302373 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of the major vectors of Chagas disease has historically been linked to poor rural housing, but urban or peri-urban infestations are increasingly being reported. We evaluated a simple risk index to detect houses infested with Triatoma infestans and tested whether house infestation and vector abundance increased across the urban-to-rural gradient in Avia Terai, an endemic municipality of the Argentine Chaco; whether the association between infestation and selected ecological determinants varied across the gradient; and whether urban and peri-urban infestations were associated with population settlement history. METHODS We conducted a screening survey of house infestation in 2296 urban, peri-urban and rural dwellings to identify high-risk houses based on a simple index, and then searched for triatomines in all high-risk houses and in a systematic sample of low-risk houses. RESULTS The risk index had maximum sensitivity and negative predictive value, and low specificity. The combined number of infested houses in peri-urban and urban areas equalled that in rural areas. House infestation prevalence was 4.5%, 22.7% and 42.4% across the gradient, and paralleled the increasing trend in the frequency of domestic animals and peridomestic structures. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that house infestation was positively and significantly associated with the availability of poultry and bug refuges in walls, and was negatively associated with domestic insecticide use. Several pieces of evidence, including absence of spatial aggregation of house infestation, support that T. infestans has been a long-established occupant of urban, peri-urban and rural settings in Avia Terai. CONCLUSIONS An integrated vector management strategy targeting chicken coops and good husbandry practices may provide more cost-effective returns to insecticide-based vector elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Gaspe
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María del Pilar Fernández
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025 USA
| | - Marta Victoria Cardinal
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Fabián Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Inés Rodríguez-Planes
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Onas 450, 9410 Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Natalia Paula Macchiaverna
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Esteban Gürtler
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Santiago-Alarcon D, MacGregor-Fors I. Cities and pandemics: urban areas are ground zero for the transmission of emerging human infectious diseases. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian MacGregor-Fors
- Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073 Veracruz, Mexico
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16
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Elucidating the Mechanism of Trypanosoma cruzi Acquisition by Triatomine Insects: Evidence from a Large Field Survey of Triatoma infestans. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5020087. [PMID: 32492771 PMCID: PMC7344819 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-sucking triatomine bugs transmit the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. We measured the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in 58,519 Triatoma infestans captured in residences in and near Arequipa, Peru. Among bugs from infected colonies, T. cruzi prevalence increased with stage from 12% in second instars to 36% in adults. Regression models demonstrated that the probability of parasite acquisition was roughly the same for each developmental stage. Prevalence increased by 5.9% with each additional stage. We postulate that the probability of acquiring the parasite may be related to the number of feeding events. Transmission of the parasite does not appear to be correlated with the amount of blood ingested during feeding. Similarly, other hypothesized transmission routes such as coprophagy fail to explain the observed pattern of prevalence. Our results could have implications for the feasibility of late-acting control strategies that preferentially kill older insects.
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Berry ASF, Salazar-Sánchez R, Castillo-Neyra R, Borrini-Mayorí K, Arevalo-Nieto C, Chipana-Ramos C, Vargas-Maquera M, Ancca-Juarez J, Náquira-Velarde C, Levy MZ, Brisson D. Dispersal patterns of Trypanosoma cruzi in Arequipa, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007910. [PMID: 32150562 PMCID: PMC7082062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic environmental alterations such as urbanization can threaten native populations as well as create novel environments that allow human pests and pathogens to thrive. As the number and size of urban environments increase globally, it is more important than ever to understand the dispersal dynamics of hosts, vectors and pathogens of zoonotic disease systems. For example, a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of Chagas disease in humans, Trypanosoma cruzi, recently colonized and spread through the city of Arequipa, Peru. We used population genomic and phylogenomic tools to analyze whole genomes of 123 T. cruzi isolates derived from vectors and non-human mammals throughout Arequipa to determine patterns of T. cruzi dispersal. The data show significant population genetic structure within city blocks-parasites in the same block tend to be very closely related-but no population structure among blocks within districts-parasites in neighboring blocks are no more closely related to one another than to parasites in distant districts. These data suggest that T. cruzi dispersal within a block occurs regularly and that occasional long-range dispersal events allow the establishment of new T. cruzi populations in distant blocks. Movement of domestic animals may be the primary mechanism of inter-block and inter-district T. cruzi dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. F. Berry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Renzo Salazar-Sánchez
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katty Borrini-Mayorí
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Claudia Arevalo-Nieto
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Claudia Chipana-Ramos
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Melina Vargas-Maquera
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Jenny Ancca-Juarez
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - César Náquira-Velarde
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodríguez-Planes LI, Gaspe MS, Enriquez GF, Gürtler RE. Impacts of residual insecticide spraying on the abundance and habitat occupancy of Triatoma sordida and co-occurrence with Triatoma infestans: A three-year follow-up in northeastern Argentina. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105251. [PMID: 31706862 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triatoma infestans, the main vector in the Gran Chaco region, may competitively displace other sympatric species such as Triatoma sordida. We conducted a three-year longitudinal study of site- and house-level infestation and abundance of triatomine bugs before and after an area-wide insecticide spraying campaign followed by sustained vector surveillance in a well-defined rural section of the Argentine Chaco encompassing 368-411 houses. Here, we tested whether insecticide applications targeting and virtually suppressing T. infestans reduced the abundance of T. sordida and modified its habitat occupancies, and whether their joint spatial distribution was random, aggregated or uniform, and varied over time. Systematic timed-manual searches of 18,031 sites yielded 2,226 T. sordida over seven postintervention surveys. Triatoma sordida failed to colonize human sleeping quarters after interventions, and its prime and secondary habitats remained virtually unmodified. Residual insecticide spraying and seasonality best described variations in the house-level abundance of T. sordida as determined using a generalized estimating equation model. Two-species foci occurred in 3.2% of sites ever positive for any species. The habitat-adjusted relative odds of catching one species was 10.8 times greater when the other species was present, with no evidence of heterogeneity among ORs, suggesting no antagonistic interactions throughout the follow-up. The spatial occurrence of both species was significantly aggregated within 300-500 m before and after interventions, and was random at broader spatial scales. The habitat occupancies of T. sordida may be used as a proxy for potential infestation with T. infestans and to guide targeted vector control actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía I Rodríguez-Planes
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Onas 450, Ushuaia 9410, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Onas 450, Ushuaia 9410, Argentina
| | - M Sol Gaspe
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo F Enriquez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo E Gürtler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wilke ABB, Beier JC, Benelli G. Complexity of the relationship between global warming and urbanization - an obscure future for predicting increases in vector-borne infectious diseases. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 35:1-9. [PMID: 31279898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod vectors are responsible for the transmission of many infectious diseases. Currently, more than three billion people living in endemic areas are exposed to vector-borne pathogens. Substantial differences in the biology of arthropod vectors make it extremely challenging to predict the incidence of vector-borne diseases in the future. However, global warming and urbanization both profoundly affect the ecology and distribution of arthropod vectors. Such processes often result in a biotic homogenization of species in a non-random process of biodiversity loss. The data presently available indicate a trend towards progressive increases in the presence and abundance of vectors capable of thriving in urban environments amongst humans, thus, increasing the contact between vectors and human hosts. As a consequence, we expect the incidence of vector-borne diseases to increase. In our opinion, resources should be made available and directed to strategies within the Integrated Vector Management framework, focusing on proven vector control tools. Besides, a substantial reduction of IVM costs would be achieved by observing environmental guidelines and providing basic sanitary infrastructure at early stages of its development. This could help to increase IVM effectiveness in attenuating social determinants of health and social inequities due to exposure to vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B B Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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20
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Buttenheim AM, Levy MZ, Castillo-Neyra R, McGuire M, Toledo Vizcarra AM, Mollesaca Riveros LM, Meza J, Borrini-Mayori K, Naquira C, Behrman J, Paz-Soldan VA. A behavioral design approach to improving a Chagas disease vector control campaign in Peru. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1272. [PMID: 31533762 PMCID: PMC6751594 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual behavior change is a critical ingredient in efforts to improve global health. Central to the focus on behavior has been a growing understanding of how the human brain makes decisions, from motivations and mindsets to unconscious biases and cognitive shortcuts. Recent work in the field of behavioral economics and related fields has contributed to a rich menu of insights and principles that can be engineered into global health programs to increase impact and reach. However, there is little research on the process of designing and testing interventions informed by behavioral insights. METHODS In a study focused on increasing household participation in a Chagas disease vector control campaign in Arequipa, Peru, we applied Datta and Mullainathan's "behavioral design" approach to formulate and test specific interventions. In this Technical Advance article we describe the behavioral design approach in detail, including the Define, Diagnosis, Design, and Test phases. We also show how the interventions designed through the behavioral design process were adapted for a pragmatic randomized controlled field trial. RESULTS The behavioral design framework provided a systematic methodology for defining the behavior of interest, diagnosing reasons for household reluctance or refusal to participate, designing interventions to address actionable bottlenecks, and then testing those interventions in a rigorous counterfactual context. Behavioral design offered us a broader range of strategies and approaches than are typically used in vector control campaigns. CONCLUSIONS Careful attention to how behavioral design may affect internal and external validity of evaluations and the scalability of interventions is needed going forward. We recommend behavioral design as a useful complement to other intervention design and evaluation approaches in global health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Buttenheim
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, 418 Curie Boulevard, 416 Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perleman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvana, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perleman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvana, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Molly McGuire
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
- Chagas Disease Working Group, Arequipa, Peru
| | | | | | - Julio Meza
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Katty Borrini-Mayori
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Naquira
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jere Behrman
- Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
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21
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Berry ASF, Salazar-Sánchez R, Castillo-Neyra R, Borrini-Mayorí K, Chipana-Ramos C, Vargas-Maquera M, Ancca-Juarez J, Náquira-Velarde C, Levy MZ, Brisson D. Immigration and establishment of Trypanosoma cruzi in Arequipa, Peru. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221678. [PMID: 31454370 PMCID: PMC6711515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing environmental conditions, including those caused by human activities, reshape biological communities through both loss of native species and establishment of non-native species in the altered habitats. Dynamic interactions with the abiotic environment impact both immigration and initial establishment of non-native species into these altered habitats. The repeated emergence of disease systems in urban areas worldwide highlights the importance of understanding how dynamic migratory processes affect the current and future distribution and abundance of pathogens in urban environments. In this study, we examine the pattern of invasion of Trypanosoma cruzi-the causative agent of human Chagas disease-in the city of Arequipa, Peru. Phylogenetic analyses of 136 T. cruzi isolates from Arequipa and other South American locations suggest that only one T. cruzi lineage established a population in Arequipa as all T. cruzi isolated from vectors in Arequipa form a recent monophyletic group within the broader South American phylogeny. We discuss several hypotheses that may explain the limited number of established T. cruzi lineages despite multiple introductions of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. F. Berry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Renzo Salazar-Sánchez
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia/University of Pennsylvania Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia/University of Pennsylvania Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, Arequipa, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Katty Borrini-Mayorí
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia/University of Pennsylvania Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Claudia Chipana-Ramos
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia/University of Pennsylvania Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Melina Vargas-Maquera
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia/University of Pennsylvania Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Jenny Ancca-Juarez
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia/University of Pennsylvania Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, Arequipa, Peru
| | - César Náquira-Velarde
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia/University of Pennsylvania Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia/University of Pennsylvania Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, Arequipa, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Castillo-Neyra R, Toledo AM, Arevalo-Nieto C, MacDonald H, De la Puente-León M, Naquira-Velarde C, Paz-Soldan VA, Buttenheim AM, Levy MZ. Socio-spatial heterogeneity in participation in mass dog rabies vaccination campaigns, Arequipa, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007600. [PMID: 31369560 PMCID: PMC6692050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To control and prevent rabies in Latin America, mass dog vaccination campaigns (MDVC) are implemented mainly through fixed-location vaccination points: owners have to bring their dogs to the vaccination points where they receive the vaccination free of charge. Dog rabies is still endemic in some Latin-American countries and high overall dog vaccination coverage and even distribution of vaccinated dogs are desired attributes of MDVC to halt rabies virus transmission. In Arequipa, Peru, we conducted a door-to-door post-campaign survey on >6,000 houses to assess the placement of vaccination points on these two attributes. We found that the odds of participating in the campaign decreased by 16% for every 100 m from the owner’s house to the nearest vaccination point (p = 0.041) after controlling for potential covariates. We found social determinants associated with participating in the MDVC: for each child under 5 in the household, the odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 13% (p = 0.032), and for each decade less lived in the area, the odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 8% (p<0.001), after controlling for distance and other covariates. We also found significant spatial clustering of unvaccinated dogs over 500 m from the vaccination points, which created pockets of unvaccinated dogs that may sustain rabies virus transmission. Understanding the barriers to dog owners’ participation in community-based dog-vaccination programs will be crucial to implementing effective zoonotic disease preventive activities. Spatial and social elements of urbanization play an important role in coverage of MDVC and should be considered during their planning and evaluation. In Peru and other dog rabies-affected countries, mass dog vaccination campaigns (MDVC) are implemented primarily through fixed-location vaccination points: owners have to bring their dogs to the vaccination points where they receive the vaccination. To stop rabies virus transmission, a high and even dog vaccination coverage is desired. In Arequipa, Peru, following a MDVC, we conducted a door-to-door survey of >6,000 houses to assess how the placement of vaccination points affected coverage of the campaign. When comparing dog owners with similar characteristics, we found that the odds of participating in the MDVC was reduced by 16% for every 100 m distance from the nearest vaccination point. Some social conditions were also associated with participating in the MDVC: for each child under 5 in the household, odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 13%, and for each decade less lived in the area, the odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 8%. Distance to the vaccination point and variation in social conditions across the city play important roles in achieving coverage of MDVC and should be considered during campaign planning and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Amparo M. Toledo
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Claudia Arevalo-Nieto
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Hannelore MacDonald
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Micaela De la Puente-León
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Cesar Naquira-Velarde
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Buttenheim
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
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Dye-Braumuller KC, Gorchakov R, Gunter SM, Nielsen DH, Roachell WD, Wheless A, Debboun M, Murray KO, Nolan MS. Identification of Triatomines and Their Habitats in a Highly Developed Urban Environment. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:265-273. [PMID: 30571182 PMCID: PMC6459272 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eleven triatomine species, the vector for Chagas disease, are endemic in the southern U.S. While traditionally thought to only occur in rural habitats and sylvatic transmission cycles, recent studies provide compounding evidence that triatomines could exist in urban habitats and domestic transmission cycles in Texas. We conducted a study of active and passive surveillance techniques over 3 years (2016-2018) in the City of Houston, Harris County, Texas to determine the presence of triatomines in this metroplex. Active surveillance methods uncovered Triatoma sanguisuga nymphs from two locations in downtown Houston city parks. We also documented the first Trypanosoma cruzi positive kissing bug collected in an urban environment of Harris County, Texas. Our findings provide evidence that triatomines can be found in heavily populated U.S. urban environments, and warrant public health support for expanded triatomine and Chagas disease surveillance in city settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodion Gorchakov
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah M. Gunter
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - David H. Nielsen
- Public Health Command Central, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Walter D. Roachell
- Public Health Command Central, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Anna Wheless
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Mustapha Debboun
- Mosquito and Vector Control Division, Harris County Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristy O. Murray
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa S. Nolan
- Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Gutfraind A, Peterson JK, Billig Rose E, Arevalo-Nieto C, Sheen J, Condori-Luna GF, Tankasala N, Castillo-Neyra R, Condori-Pino C, Anand P, Naquira-Velarde C, Levy MZ. Integrating evidence, models and maps to enhance Chagas disease vector surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006883. [PMID: 30496172 PMCID: PMC6289469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently, the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans, was widespread in Arequipa, Perú, but as a result of a decades-long campaign in which over 70,000 houses were treated with insecticides, infestation prevalence is now greatly reduced. To monitor for T. infestans resurgence, the city is currently in a surveillance phase in which a sample of houses is selected for inspection each year. Despite extensive data from the control campaign that could be used to inform surveillance, the selection of houses to inspect is often carried out haphazardly or by convenience. Therefore, we asked, how can we enhance efforts toward preventing T. infestans resurgence by creating the opportunity for vector surveillance to be informed by data? METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To this end, we developed a mobile app that provides vector infestation risk maps generated with data from the control campaign run in a predictive model. The app is intended to enhance vector surveillance activities by giving inspectors the opportunity to incorporate the infestation risk information into their surveillance activities, but it does not dictate which houses to surveil. Therefore, a critical question becomes, will inspectors use the risk information? To answer this question, we ran a pilot study in which we compared surveillance using the app to the current practice (paper maps). We hypothesized that inspectors would use the risk information provided by the app, as measured by the frequency of higher risk houses visited, and qualitative analyses of inspector movement patterns in the field. We also compared the efficiency of both mediums to identify factors that might discourage risk information use. Over the course of ten days (five with each medium), 1,081 houses were visited using the paper maps, of which 366 (34%) were inspected, while 1,038 houses were visited using the app, with 401 (39%) inspected. Five out of eight inspectors (62.5%) visited more higher risk houses when using the app (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.001). Among all inspectors, there was an upward shift in proportional visits to higher risk houses when using the app (Mantel-Haenszel test, common odds ratio (OR) = 2.42, 95% CI 2.00-2.92), and in a second analysis using generalized linear mixed models, app use increased the odds of visiting a higher risk house 2.73-fold (95% CI 2.24-3.32), suggesting that the risk information provided by the app was used by most inspectors. Qualitative analyses of inspector movement revealed indications of risk information use in seven out of eight (87.5%) inspectors. There was no difference between the app and paper maps in the number of houses visited (paired t-test, p = 0.67) or inspected (p = 0.17), suggesting that app use did not reduce surveillance efficiency. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Without staying vigilant to remaining and re-emerging vector foci following a vector control campaign, disease transmission eventually returns and progress achieved is reversed. Our results suggest that, when provided the opportunity, most inspectors will use risk information to direct their surveillance activities, at least over the short term. The study is an initial, but key, step toward evidence-based vector surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gutfraind
- Laboratory for Mathematical Analysis of Data, Complexity and Conflicts, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Erica Billig Rose
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Claudia Arevalo-Nieto
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Gian Franco Condori-Luna
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Narender Tankasala
- Laboratory for Mathematical Analysis of Data, Complexity and Conflicts, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Carlos Condori-Pino
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Priyanka Anand
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Cesar Naquira-Velarde
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Fournet F, Jourdain F, Bonnet E, Degroote S, Ridde V. Effective surveillance systems for vector-borne diseases in urban settings and translation of the data into action: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:99. [PMID: 30217142 PMCID: PMC6137924 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) continue to represent a global threat, with “old” diseases like malaria, and “emergent” or “re-emergent” ones like Zika, because of an increase in international trade, demographic growth, and rapid urbanization. In this era of globalization, surveillance is a key element in controlling VBDs in urban settings, but surveillance alone cannot solve the problem. A review of experiences is of interest to examine other solution elements. The objectives were to assess the different means of VBD surveillance in urban environments, to evaluate their potential for supporting public health actions, and to describe the tools used for public health actions, the constraints they face, and the research and health action gaps to be filled. Main body For this scoping review we searched peer-reviewed articles and grey literature published between 2000 and 2016. Various tools were used for data coding and extraction. A quality assessment was done for each study reviewed, and descriptive characteristics and data on implementation process and transferability were analyzed in all studies. After screening 414 full-text articles, we retained a total of 79 articles for review. The main targets of the articles were arboviral diseases (65.8%) and malaria (16.5%). The positive aspects of many studies fit within the framework of integrated vector management. Public awareness is considered a key to successful vector control programs. Advocacy and legislation can reinforce both empowerment and capacity building. These can be achieved by collaboration within the health sector and with other sectors. Research is needed to develop well designed studies and new tools for surveillance and control. Conclusions The need for surveillance systems in urban settings in both developing and developed countries was highlighted. Countries face the same challenges relating to human, financial, and structural resources. These findings also constitute a wake-up call for governments, academia, funders, and World Health Organization to strengthen control programs and enhance VBD research in urban environments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0473-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Fournet
- Infectious Diseases and Vectors Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control (MIVEGEC), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Frédéric Jourdain
- Infectious Diseases and Vectors Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control (MIVEGEC), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuel Bonnet
- Résiliences, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93140, Bondy, France
| | - Stéphanie Degroote
- University of Montreal, Public Health Research Institute, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Valéry Ridde
- University of Montreal, Public Health Research Institute, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Population and Development Center (CEPED), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Université Paris Sorbonne, 45, rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
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Bardosh KL, Ryan SJ, Ebi K, Welburn S, Singer B. Addressing vulnerability, building resilience: community-based adaptation to vector-borne diseases in the context of global change. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:166. [PMID: 29228986 PMCID: PMC5725972 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The threat of a rapidly changing planet – of coupled social, environmental and climatic change – pose new conceptual and practical challenges in responding to vector-borne diseases. These include non-linear and uncertain spatial-temporal change dynamics associated with climate, animals, land, water, food, settlement, conflict, ecology and human socio-cultural, economic and political-institutional systems. To date, research efforts have been dominated by disease modeling, which has provided limited practical advice to policymakers and practitioners in developing policies and programmes on the ground. Main body In this paper, we provide an alternative biosocial perspective grounded in social science insights, drawing upon concepts of vulnerability, resilience, participation and community-based adaptation. Our analysis was informed by a realist review (provided in the Additional file 2) focused on seven major climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases: malaria, schistosomiasis, dengue, leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness, chagas disease, and rift valley fever. Here, we situate our analysis of existing community-based interventions within the context of global change processes and the wider social science literature. We identify and discuss best practices and conceptual principles that should guide future community-based efforts to mitigate human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. We argue that more focused attention and investments are needed in meaningful public participation, appropriate technologies, the strengthening of health systems, sustainable development, wider institutional changes and attention to the social determinants of health, including the drivers of co-infection. Conclusion In order to respond effectively to uncertain future scenarios for vector-borne disease in a changing world, more attention needs to be given to building resilient and equitable systems in the present. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0375-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Louis Bardosh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. .,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Sadie J Ryan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Kris Ebi
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Susan Welburn
- Centre of Infectious Disease, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Burton Singer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Castillo-Neyra R, Zegarra E, Monroy Y, Bernedo RF, Cornejo-Rosello I, Paz-Soldan VA, Levy MZ. Spatial Association of Canine Rabies Outbreak and Ecological Urban Corridors, Arequipa, Peru. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:tropicalmed2030038. [PMID: 30270895 PMCID: PMC6082090 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the city of Arequipa, Peru, a rabid dog was detected in March 2015, marking the reintroduction of the rabies virus in the area; more rabid dogs have been detected since then. The presence of free-roaming dogs in Arequipa seems to be higher in dry water channels, which are widespread in the city. We created a geographic information system (GIS) with surveillance data on the location of rabid dogs detected during the first year of the outbreak, as well as the water channels. We conducted a spatial analysis using Monte Carlo simulations to determine if detected rabid dogs were closer to the water channels than expected. Thirty rabid dogs were detected during the first year of the outbreak, and they were statistically associated with the water channels (average distance to closest water channel = 334 m; p-value = 0.027). Water channels might play a role in the ecology of free-roaming dog populations, functioning as ecological corridors. Landscape ecology could assist in understanding the impact of these urban structures on control activities and the persistence of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
| | - Edith Zegarra
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | - Ynes Monroy
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | - Reyno F Bernedo
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | | | - Valerie A Paz-Soldan
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Michael Z Levy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
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Bangert M, Molyneux DH, Lindsay SW, Fitzpatrick C, Engels D. The cross-cutting contribution of the end of neglected tropical diseases to the sustainable development goals. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:73. [PMID: 28372566 PMCID: PMC5379574 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for an integrated response, the kind that has defined Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) efforts in the past decade.NTD interventions have the greatest relevance for SDG3, the health goal, where the focus on equity, and its commitment to reaching people in need of health services, wherever they may live and whatever their circumstances, is fundamentally aligned with the target of Universal Health Coverage. NTD interventions, however, also affect and are affected by many of the other development areas covered under the 2030 Agenda. Strategies such as mass drug administration or the programmatic integration of NTD and WASH activities (SDG6) are driven by effective global partnerships (SDG17). Intervention against the NTDs can also have an impact on poverty (SDG1) and hunger (SDG2), can improve education (SDG4), work and economic growth (SDG8), thereby reducing inequalities (SDG10). The community-led distribution of donated medicines to more than 1 billion people reinforces women's empowerment (SDG5), logistics infrastructure (SDG9) and non-discrimination against disability (SDG16). Interventions to curb mosquito-borne NTDs contribute to the goals of urban sustainability (SDG11) and resilience to climate change (SDG13), while the safe use of insecticides supports the goal of sustainable ecosystems (SDG15). Although indirectly, interventions to control water- and animal-related NTDs can facilitate the goals of small-scale fishing (SDG14) and sustainable hydroelectricity and biofuels (SDG7).NTDs proliferate in less developed areas in countries across the income spectrum, areas where large numbers of people have little or no access to adequate health care, clean water, sanitation, housing, education, transport and information. This scoping review assesses how in this context, ending the epidemic of the NTDs can impact and improve our prospects of attaining the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bangert
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David H. Molyneux
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Christopher Fitzpatrick
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Engels
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Castillo-Neyra R, Brown J, Borrini K, Arevalo C, Levy MZ, Buttenheim A, Hunter GC, Becerra V, Behrman J, Paz-Soldan VA. Barriers to dog rabies vaccination during an urban rabies outbreak: Qualitative findings from Arequipa, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005460. [PMID: 28306717 PMCID: PMC5371379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine rabies was reintroduced to the city of Arequipa, Peru in March 2015. The Ministry of Health has conducted a series of mass dog vaccination campaigns to contain the outbreak, but canine rabies virus transmission continues in Arequipa’s complex urban environment, putting the city’s 1 million inhabitants at risk of infection. The proximate driver of canine rabies in Arequipa is low dog vaccination coverage. Our objectives were to qualitatively assess barriers to and facilitators of rabies vaccination during mass campaigns, and to explore strategies to increase participation in future efforts. Methodology/Principal findings We conducted 8 focus groups (FG) in urban and peri-urban communities of Mariano Melgar district; each FG included both sexes, and campaign participants and non-participants. All FG were transcribed and then coded independently by two coders. Results were summarized using the Social Ecological Model. At the individual level, participants described not knowing enough about rabies and vaccination campaigns, mistrusting the campaign, and being unable to handle their dogs, particularly in peri-urban vs. urban areas. At the interpersonal level, we detected some social pressure to vaccinate dogs, as well as some disparaging of those who invest time and money in pet dogs. At the organizational level, participants found the campaign information to be insufficient and ill-timed, and campaign locations and personnel inadequate. At the community level, the influence of landscape and topography on accessibility to vaccination points was reported differently between participants from the urban and peri-urban areas. Poor security and impermanent housing materials in the peri-urban areas also drives higher prevalence of guard dog ownership for home protection; these dogs usually roam freely on the streets and are more difficult to handle and bring to the vaccination points. Conclusions A well-designed communication campaign could improve knowledge about canine rabies. Timely messages on where and when vaccination is occurring could increase dog owners’ perception of their own ability to bring their dogs to the vaccination points and be part of the campaign. Small changes in the implementation of the campaign at the vaccination points could increase the public’s trust and motivation. Location of vaccination points should take into account landscape and community concerns. Canine rabies was reintroduced in Arequipa, Peru in March 2015, a rare event in an area previously declared free of transmission. In Arequipa, annual mass dog vaccination is practiced as a preventive strategy, with additional campaigns being implemented since the recent detection of the virus. However, these additional efforts have not quelled the outbreak and low dog vaccination coverage is driving ongoing transmission. We conducted focus groups in urban and peri-urban areas of Arequipa to identify barriers to and facilitators of canine vaccination during mass campaigns. Based on our findings, communication campaigns should seek to increase knowledge about canine rabies and the vaccination campaign, and provide timely messages on where and when vaccination is occurring. Small changes at the campaign’s vaccination points could increase public’s trust. Finally, there are differences between urban and peri-urban areas, such as landscape and topography that affect participation in mass vaccination campaigns and that should be considered when selecting locations for vaccination points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- * E-mail:
| | - Joanna Brown
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Katty Borrini
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Claudia Arevalo
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Alison Buttenheim
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gabrielle C. Hunter
- Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Victor Becerra
- Microred Mariano Melgar, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Jere Behrman
- Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Ricardo-Silva A, Gonçalves TCM, Luitgards-Moura JF, Lopes CM, da Silva SP, Bastos AQ, Vargas NC, Freitas MRG. Triatoma maculata colonises urban domicilies in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:703-706. [PMID: 27759767 PMCID: PMC5125046 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During a medical entomology course in Boa Vista, Roraima, colonies of Triatoma maculata closely associated with pigeon nests were observed in concrete air-conditioner box located on the external plastered and cemented walls of a modern brick-built apartment block. In only one eight-hole ceramic brick, located inside one air-conditioner box, 127 specimens of T. maculata were collected. T. maculata is a recognised vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the surrounding area and its domiciliation increases the risk of Chagas disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ricardo-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório
Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brasil
| | - Teresa Cristina Monte Gonçalves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório
Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brasil
| | | | - Catarina Macedo Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório
Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brasil
| | | | - Amanda Queiroz Bastos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório
Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brasil
| | | | - Maria-Rosa Goreti Freitas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos
Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Santos-Vega M, Martinez PP, Pascual M. Climate forcing and infectious disease transmission in urban landscapes: integrating demographic and socioeconomic heterogeneity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1382:44-55. [PMID: 27681053 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and climate change are the two major environmental challenges of the 21st century. The dramatic expansion of cities around the world creates new conditions for the spread, surveillance, and control of infectious diseases. In particular, urban growth generates pronounced spatial heterogeneity within cities, which can modulate the effect of climate factors at local spatial scales in large urban environments. Importantly, the interaction between environmental forcing and socioeconomic heterogeneity at local scales remains an open area in infectious disease dynamics, especially for urban landscapes of the developing world. A quantitative and conceptual framework on urban health with a focus on infectious diseases would benefit from integrating aspects of climate forcing, population density, and level of wealth. In this paper, we review what is known about these drivers acting independently and jointly on urban infectious diseases; we then outline elements that are missing and would contribute to building such a framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela P Martinez
- Ecology and Evolution Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Ecology and Evolution Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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32
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Multini LC, Wilke ABB, Suesdek L, Marrelli MT. Population Genetic Structure of Aedes fluviatilis (Diptera: Culicidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162328. [PMID: 27598889 PMCID: PMC5012556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Aedes fluviatilis is an anthropophilic mosquito found abundantly in urban environments, its biology, epidemiological potential and genetic characteristics are poorly understood. Climate change and urbanization processes that result in environmental modifications benefit certain anthropophilic mosquito species such as Ae. fluviatilis, greatly increasing their abundance in urban areas. To gain a better understanding of whether urbanization processes modulate the genetic structure of this species in the city of São Paulo, we used eight microsatellite loci to genetically characterize Ae. fluviatilis populations collected in nine urban parks in the city of São Paulo. Our results show that there is high gene flow among the populations of this species, heterozygosity deficiency and low genetic structure and that the species may have undergone a recent population expansion. There are two main hypotheses to explain these findings: (i) Ae. fluviatilis populations have undergone a population expansion as a result of urbanization; and (ii) as urbanization of the city of São Paulo occurred recently and was quite intense, the structuring of these populations cannot be observed yet, apart from in the populations of Ibirapuera and Piqueri parks, where the first signs of structuring have appeared. We believe that the expansion found in Ae. fluviatilis populations is probably correlated with the unplanned urbanization of the city of São Paulo, which transformed green areas into urbanized areas, as well as the increasing population density in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cristina Multini
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Lincoln Suesdek
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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33
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Abandonment, Ecological Assembly and Public Health Risks in Counter-Urbanizing Cities. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8050491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Misslin R, Telle O, Daudé E, Vaguet A, Paul RE. Urban climate versus global climate change-what makes the difference for dengue? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1382:56-72. [PMID: 27197685 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The expansion in the geographical distribution of vector-borne diseases is a much emphasized consequence of climate change, as are the consequences of urbanization for diseases that are already endemic, which may be even more important for public health. In this paper, we focus on dengue, the most widespread urban vector-borne disease. Largely urban with a tropical/subtropical distribution and vectored by a domesticated mosquito, Aedes aegypti, dengue poses a serious public health threat. Temperature plays a determinant role in dengue epidemic potential, affecting crucial parts of the mosquito and viral life cycles. The urban predilection of the mosquito species will further exacerbate the impact of global temperature change because of the urban heat island effect. Even within a city, temperatures can vary by 10 °C according to urban land use, and diurnal temperature range (DTR) can be even greater. DTR has been shown to contribute significantly to dengue epidemic potential. Unraveling the importance of within-city temperature is as important for dengue as for the negative health consequences of high temperatures that have thus far been emphasized, for example, pollution and heat stroke. Urban and landscape planning designed to mitigate the non-infectious negative effects of temperature should additionally focus on dengue, which is currently spreading worldwide with no signs of respite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Misslin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6266 IDEES, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Telle
- Centre des Sciences Humaines, UMIFRE 20 CNRS-MAE, Delhi, India.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8504 Geographie-cités, Paris, France
| | - Eric Daudé
- Centre des Sciences Humaines, UMIFRE 20 CNRS-MAE, Delhi, India
| | - Alain Vaguet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6266 IDEES, Rouen, France
| | - Richard E Paul
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de la Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
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Paz-Soldán VA, Bauer KM, Hunter GC, Castillo-Neyra R, Arriola VD, Rivera-Lanas D, Rodriguez GH, Toledo Vizcarra AM, Mollesaca Riveros LM, Levy MZ, Buttenheim AM. To spray or not to spray? Understanding participation in an indoor residual spray campaign in Arequipa, Peru. Glob Public Health 2016; 13:65-82. [PMID: 27189446 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2016.1178317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Current low participation rates in vector control programmes in Arequipa, Peru complicate the control of Chagas disease. Using focus groups (n = 17 participants) and semi-structured interviews (n = 71) conducted in March and May 2013, respectively, we examined barriers to and motivators of household participation in an indoor residual spray (IRS) campaign that had taken place one year prior in Arequipa. The most common reported barriers to participation were inconvenient spray times due to work obligations, not considering the campaign to be necessary, concerns about secondary health impacts (e.g. allergic reactions to insecticides), and difficulties preparing the home for spraying (e.g. moving heavy furniture). There was also a low perception of risk for contracting Chagas disease that might affect participation. The main motivator to participate was to ensure personal health and well-being. Future IRS campaigns should incorporate more flexible hours, including weekends; provide appropriate educational messages to counter concerns about secondary health effects; incorporate peer educators to increase perceived risk to Chagas in community; obtain support from community members and leaders to build community trust and support for the campaign; and assist individuals in preparing their homes. Enhancing community trust in both the need for the campaign and its operations is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Paz-Soldán
- a Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences , Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , New Orleans , LA , USA.,b Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Perú
| | - Karin M Bauer
- a Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences , Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Gabrielle C Hunter
- c Department of Health, Behavior and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- d Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,e Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Perú
| | - Vanessa D Arriola
- f Department of Epidemiology , Tulane University , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Daniel Rivera-Lanas
- d Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Geoffrey H Rodriguez
- d Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | | | | | - Michael Z Levy
- d Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,e Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Perú
| | - Alison M Buttenheim
- g Department of Family and Community Health , University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,h Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Barbu CM, Buttenheim AM, Pumahuanca MLH, Calderón JEQ, Salazar R, Carrión M, Rospigliossi AC, Chavez FSM, Alvarez KO, Cornejo del Carpio J, Náquira C, Levy MZ. Residual infestation and recolonization during urban Triatoma infestans Bug Control Campaign, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:2055-63. [PMID: 25423045 PMCID: PMC4257819 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.131820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease vector control campaigns are being conducted in Latin America, but little is known about medium-term or long-term effectiveness of these efforts, especially in urban areas. After analyzing entomologic data for 56,491 households during the treatment phase of a Triatoma infestans bug control campaign in Arequipa, Peru, during 2003-2011, we estimated that 97.1% of residual infestations are attributable to untreated households. Multivariate models for the surveillance phase of the campaign obtained during 2009-2012 confirm that nonparticipation in the initial treatment phase is a major risk factor (odds ratio [OR] 21.5, 95% CI 3.35-138). Infestation during surveillance also increased over time (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.15-2.09 per year). In addition, we observed a negative interaction between nonparticipation and time (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.53-0.99), suggesting that recolonization by vectors progressively dilutes risk associated with nonparticipation. Although the treatment phase was effective, recolonization in untreated households threatens the long-term success of vector control.
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Ceccarelli S, Rabinovich JE. Global Climate Change Effects on Venezuela's Vulnerability to Chagas Disease is Linked to the Geographic Distribution of Five Triatomine Species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1333-1343. [PMID: 26336258 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the possible effects of global climate change on the potential geographic distribution in Venezuela of five species of triatomines (Eratyrus mucronatus (Stal, 1859), Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811), Rhodnius prolixus (Stål, 1859), Rhodnius robustus (Larrousse, 1927), and Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848)), vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. To obtain the future potential geographic distributions, expressed as climatic niche suitability, we modeled the presences of these species using two IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) future emission scenarios of global climate change (A1B and B1), the Global Climate model CSIRO Mark 3.0, and three periods of future projections (years 2020, 2060, and 2080). After estimating with the MaxEnt software the future climatic niche suitability for each species, scenario, and period of future projections, we estimated a series of indexes of Venezuela's vulnerability at the county, state, and country level, measured as the number of people exposed due to the changes in the geographical distribution of the five triatomine species analyzed. Despite that this is not a measure of the risk of Chagas disease transmission, we conclude that possible future effects of global climate change on the Venezuelan population vulnerability show a slightly decreasing trend, even taking into account future population growth; we can expect fewer locations in Venezuela where an average Venezuelan citizen would be exposed to triatomines in the next 50-70 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Ceccarelli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CONICET, CCT- La Plata, UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jorge E Rabinovich
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CONICET, CCT- La Plata, UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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LaDeau SL, Allan BF, Leisnham PT, Levy MZ. The ecological foundations of transmission potential and vector-borne disease in urban landscapes. Funct Ecol 2015; 29:889-901. [PMID: 26549921 PMCID: PMC4631442 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Urban transmission of arthropod-vectored disease has increased in recent decades. Understanding and managing transmission potential in urban landscapes requires integration of sociological and ecological processes that regulate vector population dynamics, feeding behavior, and vector-pathogen interactions in these unique ecosystems. Vectorial capacity is a key metric for generating predictive understanding about transmission potential in systems with obligate vector transmission. This review evaluates how urban conditions, specifically habitat suitability and local temperature regimes, and the heterogeneity of urban landscapes can influence the biologically-relevant parameters that define vectorial capacity: vector density, survivorship, biting rate, extrinsic incubation period, and vector competence.Urban landscapes represent unique mosaics of habitat. Incidence of vector-borne disease in urban host populations is rarely, if ever, evenly distributed across an urban area. The persistence and quality of vector habitat can vary significantly across socio-economic boundaries to influence vector species composition and abundance, often generating socio-economically distinct gradients of transmission potential across neighborhoods.Urban regions often experience unique temperature regimes, broadly termed urban heat islands (UHI). Arthropod vectors are ectothermic organisms and their growth, survival, and behavior are highly sensitive to environmental temperatures. Vector response to UHI conditions is dependent on regional temperature profiles relative to the vector's thermal performance range. In temperate climates UHI can facilitate increased vector development rates while having countervailing influence on survival and feeding behavior. Understanding how urban heat island (UHI) conditions alter thermal and moisture constraints across the vector life cycle to influence transmission processes is an important direction for both empirical and modeling research.There remain persistent gaps in understanding of vital rates and drivers in mosquito-vectored disease systems, and vast holes in understanding for other arthropod vectored diseases. Empirical studies are needed to better understand the physiological constraints and socio-ecological processes that generate heterogeneity in critical transmission parameters, including vector survival and fitness. Likewise, laboratory experiments and transmission models must evaluate vector response to realistic field conditions, including variability in sociological and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian F. Allan
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Paul T. Leisnham
- Concentration in Ecosystem Health and Natural Resource Management, Department of Environmental Science & Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Alroy KA, Huang C, Gilman RH, Quispe-Machaca VR, Marks MA, Ancca-Juarez J, Hillyard M, Verastegui M, Sanchez G, Cabrera L, Vidal E, Billig EMW, Cama VA, Náquira C, Bern C, Levy MZ. Prevalence and Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in People of Rural Communities of the High Jungle of Northern Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003779. [PMID: 26000770 PMCID: PMC4441511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi is seen exclusively in the Americas where an estimated 8 million people are infected with the parasite. Significant research in southern Peru has been conducted to understand T. cruzi infection and vector control, however, much less is known about the burden of infection and epidemiology in northern Peru. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection in humans (n=611) and domestic animals [dogs (n=106) and guinea pigs (n=206)] in communities of Cutervo Province, Peru. Sampling and diagnostic strategies differed according to species. An entomological household study (n=208) was conducted to identify the triatomine burden and species composition, as well as the prevalence of T. cruzi in vectors. Electrocardiograms (EKG) were performed on a subset of participants (n=90 T. cruzi infected participants and 170 age and sex-matched controls). The seroprevalence of T. cruzi among humans, dogs, and guinea pigs was 14.9% (95% CI: 12.2 – 18.0%), 19.8% (95% CI: 12.7- 28.7%) and 3.3% (95% CI: 1.4 – 6.9%) respectively. In one community, the prevalence of T. cruzi infection was 17.2% (95% CI: 9.6 - 24.7%) among participants < 15 years, suggesting recent transmission. Increasing age, positive triatomines in a participant's house, and ownership of a T. cruzi positive guinea pig were independent correlates of T. cruzi infection. Only one species of triatomine was found, Panstrongylus lignarius, formerly P. herreri. Approximately forty percent (39.9%, 95% CI: 33.2 - 46.9%) of surveyed households were infested with this vector and 14.9% (95% CI: 10.4 - 20.5%) had at least one triatomine positive for T. cruzi. The cardiac abnormality of right bundle branch block was rare, but only identified in seropositive individuals. Conclusions Our research documents a substantial prevalence of T. cruzi infection in Cutervo and highlights a need for greater attention and vector control efforts in northern Peru. Chagas disease causes significant morbidity and mortality throughout Central and South America. The epidemiology and control of this disease is subject to unique regional particularities, including the behavior and ecology of the local insect vector species. Significant resources have been allocated towards research and control efforts in southern Peru, yet very little is known about the prevalence and epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi in northern Peru. Our study highlights significant T. cruzi infection in northern Peru and is one of the first to document substantial transmission by the insect Panstrongylus lignarius. Our results illustrate major gaps in knowledge and the need for public health interventions targeted at Chagas disease in the region of Cutervo Province of northern Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. Alroy
- American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Science & Technology Policy Fellow at the Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine Huang
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Urbanización Ingeniería, University Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Victor R. Quispe-Machaca
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Urbanización Ingeniería, University Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Morgan A. Marks
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jenny Ancca-Juarez
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Urbanización Ingeniería, University Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Miranda Hillyard
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manuela Verastegui
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Urbanización Ingeniería, University Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gerardo Sanchez
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Urbanización Ingeniería, University Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Lilia Cabrera
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Urbanización Ingeniería, University Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Elisa Vidal
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erica M. W. Billig
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vitaliano A. Cama
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - César Náquira
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Urbanización Ingeniería, University Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Faculty of Science and Philosophy Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Urbanización Ingeniería, University Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ribeiro Jr. G, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Reis RB, dos Santos CGS, Amorim A, Andrade SG, Reis MG. Frequent house invasion of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected triatomines in a suburban area of Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003678. [PMID: 25909509 PMCID: PMC4409385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demographic transition of populations from rural areas to large urban centers often results in a disordered occupation of forest remnants and increased economic pressure to develop high-income buildings in these areas. Ecological and socioeconomic factors associated with these urban transitions create conditions for the potential transmission of infectious diseases, which was demonstrated for Chagas disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed 930 triatomines, mainly Triatoma tibiamaculata, collected in artificial and sylvatic environments (forests near houses) of a suburban area of the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil between 2007 and 2011. Most triatomines were captured at peridomiciles. Adult bugs predominated in all studied environments, and nymphs were scarce inside houses. Molecular analyses of a randomly selected sub-sample (n=212) of triatomines showed Trypanosoma cruzi infection rates of 65%, 50% and 56% in intradomestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments, respectively. We detected the T. cruzi lineages I and II and mixed infections. We also showed that T. tibiamaculata fed on blood from birds (50%), marsupials (38%), ruminants (7%) and rodents (5%). The probability of T. cruzi infection was higher in triatomines that fed on marsupial blood (odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-3.11). Moreover, we observed a protective effect against infection in bugs that fed on bird blood (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.30-0.73). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The frequent invasion of houses by infected triatomines indicates a potential risk of T. cruzi transmission to inhabitants in this area. Our results reinforce that continuous epidemiological surveillance should be performed in areas where domestic transmission is controlled but enzootic transmission persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmar Ribeiro Jr.
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade Ruy Barbosa DeVry, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Renato Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Urbano (PPDRU), Unifacs, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gustavo Silva dos Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Bahia, Secretaria da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alekhine Amorim
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sônia Gumes Andrade
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas Experimental, Autoimunidade e Imunologia Celular, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Khatchikian CE, Foley EA, Barbu CM, Hwang J, Ancca-Juárez J, Borrini-Mayori K, Quıspe-Machaca VR, Naquira C, Brisson D, Levy MZ. Population structure of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in an urban environment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003425. [PMID: 25646757 PMCID: PMC4315598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a vector-borne disease endemic in Latin America. Triatoma infestans, a common vector of this disease, has recently expanded its range into rapidly developing cities of Latin America. We aim to identify the environmental features that affect the colonization and dispersal of T. infestans in an urban environment. We amplified 13 commonly used microsatellites from 180 T. infestans samples collected from a sampled transect in the city of Arequipa, Peru, in 2007 and 2011. We assessed the clustering of subpopulations and the effect of distance, sampling year, and city block location on genetic distance among pairs of insects. Despite evidence of genetic similarity, the majority of city blocks are characterized by one dominant insect genotype, suggesting the existence of barriers to dispersal. Our analyses show that streets represent an important barrier to the colonization and dispersion of T. infestans in Arequipa. The genetic data describe a T. infestans infestation history characterized by persistent local dispersal and occasional long-distance migration events that partially parallels the history of urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo E. Khatchikian
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Foley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Corentin M. Barbu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Josephine Hwang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jenny Ancca-Juárez
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Katty Borrini-Mayori
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Cesar Naquira
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Provecho YM, Gaspe MS, del Pilar Fernández M, Enriquez GF, Weinberg D, Gürtler RE. The peri-urban interface and house infestation with Triatoma infestans in the Argentine Chaco: an underreported process? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:923-34. [PMID: 25410997 PMCID: PMC4296498 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-urban infestations with triatomine bugs, their sources and their dynamics have
rarely been investigated. Here, we corroborated the reported occurrence of
Triatoma infestans in a peri-urban area and in neighbouring rural
houses in Pampa del Indio, in the Argentine Chaco, and identified its putative
sources using spatial analysis and demographic questionnaires. Peri-urban
householders reported that 10% of their premises had triatomines, whereas T.
infestans was collected by timed manual searches or community-based
surveillance in only nine (3%) houses. Trypanosoma cruzi-infected
T. infestans and Triatoma sordida were collected
indoors only in peri-urban houses and were infected with TcV
and TcI, respectively. The triatomines fed on chickens,
cats and humans. Peri-urban infestations were most frequent in a squatter settlement
and particularly within the recently built mud houses of rural immigrants, with
large-sized households, more dogs and cats and more crowding. Several of the observed
infestations were most likely associated with passive bug transport from other
sources and with active bug dispersal from neighbouring foci. Thus, the households in
the squatter settlement were at a greater risk of bug invasion and colonisation. In
sum, the incipient process of domestic colonisation and transmission, along with
persistent rural-to-urban migratory flows and unplanned urbanisation, indicate the
need for active vector surveillance and control actions at the peri-urban interface
of the Gran Chaco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael M Provecho
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Sol Gaspe
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M del Pilar Fernández
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo F Enriquez
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ricardo E Gürtler
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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