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Xu S, Yang Y, Sun G, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zeng H, Simpson MJ, Wang J. Aridity affects soil organic carbon concentration and chemical stability by different forest types and soil processes across Chinese natural forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:174002. [PMID: 38879024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Forest soils play a critical role in carbon (C) reservoirs and climate change mitigation globally. Exploring the driving factors of soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and stability in forests on a large spatial scale can help us evaluate the role of forest soils in regulating C sequestration. Based on SOC quantification and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we investigated the SOC concentration and SOC chemical stability (indicated by alkyl-to-O-alkyl ratio and hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic ratio) in top 0-5 and 5-10 cm soils from 65 Chinese natural forest sites and explored their driving factors. Results showed that SOC concentration in 0-5 cm soils were highest in mixed forests but SOC chemical stability in 0-5 cm soils were highest in coniferous forests, while SOC concentration and chemical stability in 5-10 cm soil layers did not differ across forest types. SOC concentration in 0-5 cm was directly related to soil pH and soil bacterial diversity. Structural equation models showed that aridity indirectly affected SOC concentration in 0-5 cm by directly affecting soil pH. While SOC chemical stability in 0-5 cm soils was higher with increased aridity. According to the correlations, the potential mechanisms could be attributed to higher proportion of coniferous forests in more arid forest sites, lower relative abundance of O-alkyl C, higher MgO and CaO contents, and higher bacterial diversity in soils from more arid forest sites. Our study reveals the important role of aridity in mediating SOC concentration and chemical stability in top 0-5 cm soils in Chinese natural forests on a large-scale field investigation. These results will help us better understand the different mechanisms underlying SOC concentration and stability in forests and assess the feedback of forest SOC to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuanxi Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guodong Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Junjian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Williams JM, Thomas SC. High-carbon wood ash biochar enhances native tree survival and growth on sand-capped mine tailings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33962-y. [PMID: 38910184 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Use of waste wood biomass for bioenergy produces wood ash as a by-product; this ash is typically landfilled, but can potentially play an important role in soil improvement and forest restoration. In particular, high-carbon wood ash biochar (HCWAB) could supply nutrients, improve substrate water-holding capacity and pH, and emulate the ecosystem benefits of wildfire residues. Thickened tailings sites at metal mines across Canada are subject to stringent restoration regulations that entail planting of native trees to promote rapid reforestation. While HCWAB may prove beneficial in this context, field trials have been very limited to date. We conducted a large-scale, replicated field trial on sand-capped tailings at an operational gold mine in the Canadian boreal forest to assess the impact of HCWAB (at dosages of 0, 6.4, 12.8, and 19.1 t/ha) on survival and growth of four native tree species, as well as substrate chemical properties and element uptake in tree tissues. After 2 years, the survival of planted, native trees was highest at low to moderate application rates; HCWAB dosages above 13 t/ha presented reduced tree survival to levels comparable to unamended substrates. Tree growth was higher across all HCWAB doses relative to growth in samples planted on untreated substrates; tree species and initial size also had large impacts on final tree survival and aboveground growth. The survival of Betula papyrifera was significantly higher than other species, while smaller transplanted trees in general survived in greater numbers compared to larger size classes. Volunteer herbaceous vegetation significantly increased at the higher HCWAB application dosages and tree performance was negatively correlated with vegetation cover, consistent with a resource competition effect. HCWAB additions to sand-capped mine tailings did not significantly alter tree tissue concentrations or substrate availability of potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Al). We conclude that low to moderate dosages of HCWAB on sand-capped tailings, particularly between 6.4 and 12.8 t/ha, may offer benefits to early tree survival, growth, and substrate nutrient status without causing significant risks of phytotoxicity and recommend future field trials focus on strategies to reduce tree competition with competing vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M Williams
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, John H Daniels Faculty of Architecture Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Sean C Thomas
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, John H Daniels Faculty of Architecture Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, M5S 3B3, Canada
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Christel H, Bruelheide H, Cesarz S, Eisenhauer N, Hähn GJA, Beugnon R. The spatial distribution of tree-tree interaction effects on soil microbial biomass and respiration. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11530. [PMID: 38895566 PMCID: PMC11183910 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The capacity of forests to sequester carbon in both above- and belowground compartments is a crucial tool to mitigate rising atmospheric carbon concentrations. Belowground carbon storage in forests is strongly linked to soil microbial communities that are the key drivers of soil heterotrophic respiration, organic matter decomposition and thus nutrient cycling. However, the relationships between tree diversity and soil microbial properties such as biomass and respiration remain unclear with inconsistent findings among studies. It is unknown so far how the spatial configuration and soil depth affect the relationship between tree richness and microbial properties. Here, we studied the spatial distribution of soil microbial properties in the context of a tree diversity experiment by measuring soil microbial biomass and respiration in subtropical forests (BEF-China experiment). We sampled soil cores at two depths at five locations along a spatial transect between the trees in mono- and hetero-specific tree pairs of the native deciduous species Liquidambar formosana and Sapindus saponaria. Our analyses showed decreasing soil microbial biomass and respiration with increasing soil depth and distance from the tree in mono-specific tree pairs. We calculated belowground overyielding of soil microbial biomass and respiration - which is higher microbial biomass or respiration than expected from the monocultures - and analysed the distribution patterns along the transect. We found no general overyielding across all sampling positions and depths. Yet, we encountered a spatial pattern of microbial overyielding with a significant microbial overyielding close to L. formosana trees and microbial underyielding close to S. saponaria trees. We found similar spatial patterns across microbial properties and depths that only differed in the strength of their effects. Our results highlight the importance of small-scale variations of tree-tree interaction effects on soil microbial communities and functions and are calling for better integration of within-plot variability to understand biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Christel
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Georg J. A. Hähn
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA)Alma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellier Cedex 5France
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Shi X, Eisenhauer N, Peñuelas J, Fu Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Liu S, He L, Lucas-Borja ME, Wang L, Huang Z. Trophic interactions in soil micro-food webs drive ecosystem multifunctionality along tree species richness. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17234. [PMID: 38469998 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Rapid biodiversity losses under global climate change threaten forest ecosystem functions. However, our understanding of the patterns and drivers of multiple ecosystem functions across biodiversity gradients remains equivocal. To address this important knowledge gap, we measured simultaneous responses of multiple ecosystem functions (nutrient cycling, soil carbon stocks, organic matter decomposition, plant productivity) to a tree species richness gradient of 1, 4, 8, 16, and 32 species in a young subtropical forest. We found that tree species richness had negligible effects on nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and plant productivity, but soil carbon stocks and ecosystem multifunctionality significantly increased with tree species richness. Linear mixed-effect models showed that soil organisms, particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soil nematodes, elicited the greatest relative effects on ecosystem multifunctionality. Structural equation models revealed indirect effects of tree species richness on ecosystem multifunctionality mediated by trophic interactions in soil micro-food webs. Specifically, we found a significant negative effect of gram-positive bacteria on soil nematode abundance (a top-down effect), and a significant positive effect of AMF biomass on soil nematode abundance (a bottom-up effect). Overall, our study emphasizes the significance of a multitrophic perspective in elucidating biodiversity-multifunctionality relationships and highlights the conservation of functioning soil micro-food webs to maintain multiple ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològicai Aplicacions Forestals, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yanrong Fu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianqing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengen Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lulu He
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja
- Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, Castilla-La Mancha University, Albacete, Spain
| | - Liyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Wan X, Joly FX, Jia H, Zhu M, Fu Y, Huang Z. Functional identity drives tree species richness-induced increases in litterfall production and forest floor mass in young tree communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1003-1014. [PMID: 37606255 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Forest floor accumulation is a key process that influences ecosystem carbon cycling. Despite evidence suggesting that tree diversity and soil carbon are positively correlated, most soil carbon studies typically omit the response of the forest floor carbon to tree diversity loss. Here, we evaluated how tree species richness affects forest floor mass and how this effect is mediated by litterfall production and forest floor decay rate in a tree diversity experiment in a subtropical forest. We observed that greater tree species richness leads to higher forest floor accumulation at the soil surface through increasing litterfall production - positively linked to functional trait identity (i.e. community-weighted mean functional trait) rather than functional diversity - and unchanged forest floor decay. Interestingly, structural equation modelling revealed that this lack of overall significant tree species richness effect on forest floor decay rate was due to two indirect and opposite effects cancelling each other out. Indeed, tree species richness increased forest floor decay rate through increasing litterfall production while decreasing forest floor decay rate by increasing litter species richness. Our reports of greater organic matter accumulation in the forest floor in species-rich forests suggest that tree diversity may have long-term and important effect on ecosystem carbon cycling and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wan
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- School of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - François-Xavier Joly
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Hui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- School of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- School of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yanrong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- School of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- School of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
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6
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Spohn M, Bagchi S, Biederman LA, Borer ET, Bråthen KA, Bugalho MN, Caldeira MC, Catford JA, Collins SL, Eisenhauer N, Hagenah N, Haider S, Hautier Y, Knops JMH, Koerner SE, Laanisto L, Lekberg Y, Martina JP, Martinson H, McCulley RL, Peri PL, Macek P, Power SA, Risch AC, Roscher C, Seabloom EW, Stevens C, Veen GFC, Virtanen R, Yahdjian L. The positive effect of plant diversity on soil carbon depends on climate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6624. [PMID: 37857640 PMCID: PMC10587103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is currently known about how climate modulates the relationship between plant diversity and soil organic carbon and the mechanisms involved. Yet, this knowledge is of crucial importance in times of climate change and biodiversity loss. Here, we show that plant diversity is positively correlated with soil carbon content and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio across 84 grasslands on six continents that span wide climate gradients. The relationships between plant diversity and soil carbon as well as plant diversity and soil organic matter quality (carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) are particularly strong in warm and arid climates. While plant biomass is positively correlated with soil carbon, plant biomass is not significantly correlated with plant diversity. Our results indicate that plant diversity influences soil carbon storage not via the quantity of organic matter (plant biomass) inputs to soil, but through the quality of organic matter. The study implies that ecosystem management that restores plant diversity likely enhances soil carbon sequestration, particularly in warm and arid climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Spohn
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Lori A Biederman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kari Anne Bråthen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Miguel N Bugalho
- Centre for Applied Ecology "Prof. Baeta Neves" (CEABN-InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jane A Catford
- Department of Geography, King's College London, 30 Aldwych, London, WC2B 4BG, UK
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sylvia Haider
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Ecology, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology and Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle, Germany
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Health and Environmental Sciences, Xián Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sally E Koerner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Department of Biodiversity and Nature Tourism, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi St. 5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch and University of Montana, Montana, USA
| | - Jason P Martina
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Holly Martinson
- Department of Biology, McDaniel College, Westminster, MD, 21157, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Pablo L Peri
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Petr Macek
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sally A Power
- Haweksbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Physiological Diversity, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Carly Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - G F Ciska Veen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Risto Virtanen
- Ecology & Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Yahdjian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), CONICET, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Lange M, Eisenhauer N, Chen H, Gleixner G. Increased soil carbon storage through plant diversity strengthens with time and extends into the subsoil. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2627-2639. [PMID: 36799509 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soils are important for ecosystem functioning and service provisioning. Soil communities and their functions, in turn, are strongly promoted by plant diversity, and such positive effects strengthen with time. However, plant diversity effects on soil organic matter have mostly been investigated in the topsoil, and there are only very few long-term studies. Thus, it remains unclear if plant diversity effects strengthen with time and to which depth these effects extend. Here, we repeatedly sampled soil to 1 m depth in a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment. We investigated how plant diversity impacted soil organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and stocks and their stable isotopes 13 C and 15 N, as well as how these effects changed after 5, 10, and 14 years. We found that higher plant diversity increased carbon and nitrogen storage in the topsoil since the establishment of the experiment. Stable isotopes revealed that these increases were associated with new plant-derived inputs, resulting in less processed and less decomposed soil organic matter. In subsoils, mainly the presence of specific plant functional groups drove organic matter dynamics. For example, the presence of deep-rooting tall herbs decreased carbon concentrations, most probably through stimulating soil organic matter decomposition. Moreover, plant diversity effects on soil organic matter became stronger in topsoil over time and reached subsoil layers, while the effects of specific plant functional groups in subsoil progressively diminished over time. Our results indicate that after changing the soil system the pathways of organic matter transfer to the subsoil need time to establish. In our grassland system, organic matter storage in subsoils was driven by the redistribution of already stored soil organic matter from the topsoil to deeper soil layers, for example, via bioturbation or dissolved organic matter. Therefore, managing plant diversity may, thus, have significant implications for subsoil carbon storage and other critical ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lange
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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8
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Sun Y, Li H, Wang X, Li H, Deng Y. Kelp Culture Enhances Coastal Biogeochemical Cycles by Maintaining Bacterioplankton Richness and Regulating Its Interactions. mSystems 2023; 8:e0000223. [PMID: 36794972 PMCID: PMC10134829 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00002-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important carbon sink, seaweed cultivation plays a vital role in controlling global climate change. However, most studies have been focused on the seaweed itself, and knowledge of bacterioplankton dynamics in seaweed cultivation activities is still limited. Here, a total of 80 water samples were obtained from a coastal kelp cultivation area and adjacent non-culture area in the seedling and mature stages. The bacterioplankton communities were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes, and the microbial genes involving biogeochemical cycles were measured by a high-throughput quantitative PCR (qPCR) chip. Seasonal variations in alpha diversity indices of bacterioplankton were found, and kelp cultivation mitigated this decline in biodiversity from the seedling to the mature stage. Further beta diversity and core taxa analyses revealed that the maintenance of biodiversity was due to kelp cultivation favoring the survival of rare bacteria. Comparisons of gene abundances between coastal water with and without kelp cultivation showed a more powerful capacity of biogeochemical cycles induced by kelp cultivation. More importantly, a positive relationship between bacterial richness and biogeochemical cycling functions was observed in samples with kelp cultivation. Finally, a co-occurrence network and pathway model indicated that the higher bacterioplankton biodiversity in kelp culture areas compared to non-mariculture regions could balance the microbial interactions to regulate biogeochemical cycles and thus enhance the ecosystem functions of kelp cultivation coasts. The findings of this study allow us to better understand the effects of kelp cultivation on coastal ecosystems and provide novel insights into the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions. IMPORTANCE In this study, we tried to address the effects of seaweed cultivation on the microbial biogeochemical cycles and the underlying relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functions. We revealed clear enhancement of biogeochemical cycles in the seaweed cultivation areas compared to the non-mariculture coasts at both the beginning and ending of the culture cycle. Moreover, the enhanced biogeochemical cycling functions in the culture areas were found to contribute to the richness and interspecies interactions of bacterioplankton communities. The findings of this study allow us to better understand the effects of seaweed cultivation on coastal ecosystems and provide novel insights into the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaocheng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Ye Deng
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Pörtner HO, Scholes RJ, Arneth A, Barnes DKA, Burrows MT, Diamond SE, Duarte CM, Kiessling W, Leadley P, Managi S, McElwee P, Midgley G, Ngo HT, Obura D, Pascual U, Sankaran M, Shin YJ, Val AL. Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts. Science 2023; 380:eabl4881. [PMID: 37079687 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Earth's biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social and economic inequalities, and habitat loss, many of which are exacerbated by climate change. Here, we review links among climate, biodiversity, and society and develop a roadmap toward sustainability. These include limiting warming to 1.5°C and effectively conserving and restoring functional ecosystems on 30 to 50% of land, freshwater, and ocean "scapes." We envision a mosaic of interconnected protected and shared spaces, including intensively used spaces, to strengthen self-sustaining biodiversity, the capacity of people and nature to adapt to and mitigate climate change, and nature's contributions to people. Fostering interlinked human, ecosystem, and planetary health for a livable future urgently requires bold implementation of transformative policy interventions through interconnected institutions, governance, and social systems from local to global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - R J Scholes
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A Arneth
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - D K A Barnes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - M T Burrows
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll, UK
| | - S E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Centre (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Kiessling
- Geozentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Leadley
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - S Managi
- Urban Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - P McElwee
- Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - G Midgley
- Global Change Biology Group, Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - H T Ngo
- Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Bonn, Germany
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| | - D Obura
- Coastal Oceans Research and Development-Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Global Climate Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - U Pascual
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque), Bilbao, Spain
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Sankaran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Y J Shin
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Montpellier, Insititut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - A L Val
- Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, 69080-971 Manaus, Brazil
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10
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Desie E, Zuo J, Verheyen K, Djukic I, Van Meerbeek K, Auge H, Barsoum N, Baum C, Bruelheide H, Eisenhauer N, Feldhaar H, Ferlian O, Gravel D, Jactel H, Schmidt IK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Meredieu C, Mereu S, Messier C, Morillas L, Nock C, Paquette A, Ponette Q, Reich PB, Roales J, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Seitz S, Schmidt A, Stefanski A, Trogisch S, Halder IV, Weih M, Williams LJ, Yang B, Muys B. Disentangling drivers of litter decomposition in a multi-continent network of tree diversity experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159717. [PMID: 36302436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Litter decomposition is a key ecosystem function in forests and varies in response to a range of climatic, edaphic, and local stand characteristics. Disentangling the relative contribution of these factors is challenging, especially along large environmental gradients. In particular, knowledge of the effect of management options, such as tree planting density and species composition, on litter decomposition would be highly valuable in forestry. In this study, we made use of 15 tree diversity experiments spread over eight countries and three continents within the global TreeDivNet network. We evaluated the effects of overstory composition (tree identity, species/mixture composition and species richness), plantation conditions (density and age), and climate (temperature and precipitation) on mass loss (after 3 months and 1 year) of two standardized litters: high-quality green tea and low-quality rooibos tea. Across continents, we found that early-stage decomposition of the low-quality rooibos tea was influenced locally by overstory tree identity. Mass loss of rooibos litter was higher under young gymnosperm overstories compared to angiosperm overstories, but this trend reversed with age of the experiment. Tree species richness did not influence decomposition and explained almost no variation in our multi-continent dataset. Hence, in the young plantations of our study, overstory composition effects on decomposition were mainly driven by tree species identity on decomposer communities and forest microclimates. After 12 months of incubation, mass loss of the high-quality green tea litter was mainly influenced by temperature whereas the low-quality rooibos tea litter decomposition showed stronger relationships with overstory composition and stand age. Our findings highlight that decomposition dynamics are not only affected by climate but also by management options, via litter quality of the identity of planted trees but also by overstory composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Desie
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E - box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Juan Zuo
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E - box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University; Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Ika Djukic
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Koenraad Van Meerbeek
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E - box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harald Auge
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadia Barsoum
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
| | - Christel Baum
- Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, Université Bordeaux, Biogeco, F-33612 Cestas, France
| | - Inger Kappel Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Simone Mereu
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la BioEconomia, CNR-IBE, Traversa la Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Christian Messier
- Département des sciences naturelles and Institut des sciences de la forêt tempérée (ISFORT), Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), 58 rue Principale, Ripon, QC J0V 1V0, Canada
| | - Lourdes Morillas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Charles Nock
- Department of Renewables Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Quentin Ponette
- Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain - Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.24, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, 2753, Australia; Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Javier Roales
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Seitz
- Universität Tübingen, Institute of Geography, Department of Geosciences, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Schmidt
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Artur Stefanski
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Stefan Trogisch
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Martin Weih
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura J Williams
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, 2753, Australia
| | - Bo Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biodiversity, Jingdezhen University, Jingdezhen, 333400, China
| | - Bart Muys
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E - box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Wagg C, Roscher C, Weigelt A, Vogel A, Ebeling A, de Luca E, Roeder A, Kleinspehn C, Temperton VM, Meyer ST, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Buchmann N, Fischer M, Weisser WW, Eisenhauer N, Schmid B. Biodiversity-stability relationships strengthen over time in a long-term grassland experiment. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7752. [PMID: 36517483 PMCID: PMC9751076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that biodiversity drives ecosystem functioning, yet how biodiversity loss alters ecosystems functioning and stability in the long-term lacks experimental evidence. We report temporal effects of species richness on community productivity, stability, species asynchrony, and complementarity, and how the relationships among them change over 17 years in a grassland biodiversity experiment. Productivity declined more rapidly in less diverse communities resulting in temporally strengthening positive effects of richness on productivity, complementarity, and stability. In later years asynchrony played a more important role in increasing community stability as the negative effect of richness on population stability diminished. Only during later years did species complementarity relate to species asynchrony. These results show that species complementarity and asynchrony can take more than a decade to develop strong stabilizing effects on ecosystem functioning in diverse plant communities. Thus, the mechanisms stabilizing ecosystem functioning change with community age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Wagg
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 95 Innovation Road, Post Office Box 20280, Fredericton, E3B 4Z7 NB Canada
| | - Christiane Roscher
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Physiological Diversity, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Vogel
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Enrica de Luca
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Roeder
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Physiological Diversity, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clemens Kleinspehn
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vicky M. Temperton
- grid.10211.330000 0000 9130 6144Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian T. Meyer
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universitat Munchen, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- grid.5963.9Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Fischer
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universitat Munchen, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Lemanski NJ, Williams NM, Winfree R. Greater bee diversity is needed to maintain crop pollination over time. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1516-1523. [PMID: 35995849 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current biodiversity crisis underscores the need to understand how biodiversity loss affects ecosystem function in real-world ecosystems. At any one place and time, a few highly abundant species often provide the majority of function, suggesting that function could be maintained with relatively little biodiversity. However, biodiversity may be critical to ecosystem function at longer timescales if different species are needed to provide function at different times. Here we show that the number of wild bee species needed to maintain a threshold level of crop pollination increased steeply with the timescale examined: two to three times as many bee species were needed over a growing season compared to on a single day and twice as many species were needed over six years compared to during a single year. Our results demonstrate the importance of pollinator biodiversity to maintaining pollination services across time and thus to stable agricultural output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Lemanski
- Rutgers University, Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Neal M Williams
- University of California Davis, Department of Entomology & Nematology, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rachael Winfree
- Rutgers University, Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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13
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Eisenhauer N, Bonfante P, Buscot F, Cesarz S, Guerra C, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Patoine G, Rillig M, Schmid B, Verheyen K, Wirth C, Ferlian O. Biotic Interactions as Mediators of Context-Dependent Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.8.e85873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity drives the maintenance and stability of ecosystem functioning as well as many of nature’s benefits to people, yet people cause substantial biodiversity change. Despite broad consensus about a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF), the underlying mechanisms and their context-dependencies are not well understood. This proposal, submitted to the European Research Council (ERC), aims at filling this knowledge gap by providing a novel conceptual framework for integrating biotic interactions across guilds of organisms, i.e. plants and mycorrhizal fungi, to explain the ecosystem consequences of biodiversity change. The overarching hypothesis is that EF increases when more tree species associate with functionally dissimilar mycorrhizal fungi. Taking a whole-ecosystem perspective, we propose to explore the role of tree-mycorrhiza interactions in driving BEF across environmental contexts and how this relates to nutrient dynamics. Given the significant role that mycorrhizae play in soil nutrient and water uptake, BEF relationships will be investigated under normal and drought conditions. Resulting ecosystem consequences will be explored by studying main energy channels and ecosystem multifunctionality using food web energy fluxes and by assessing carbon storage. Synthesising drivers of biotic interactions will allow us to understand context-dependent BEF relationships. This interdisciplinary and integrative project spans the whole gradient from local-scale process assessments to global relationships by building on unique experimental infrastructures like the MyDiv Experiment, iDiv Ecotron and the global network TreeDivNet, to link ecological mechanisms to reforestation initiatives. This innovative combination of basic scientific research with real-world interventions links trait-based community ecology, global change research and ecosystem ecology, pioneering a new generation of BEF research and represents a significant step towards implementing BEF theory for human needs.
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14
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Ivanov AV, Ivanova EV, Gamaeva SV. Changes in the Diversity of Conifer–Broadleaf Forests of Southern Primorye Resulting from Selective Logging and Fires. RUSS J ECOL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413622020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Diversity Effects on Canopy Structure Change throughout a Growing Season in Experimental Grassland Communities. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14071557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Increasing plant diversity commonly enhances standing biomass and other ecosystem functions (i.e., carbon fluxes, water use efficiency, herbivory). The standing biomass is correlated with vegetation volume, which describes plant biomass allocation within a complex canopy structure. As the canopy structure of plant communities is not static throughout time, it is expected that its changes also control diversity effects on ecosystem functioning. Yet, most studies are based on one or two measures of ecosystem function per year. Here, we examine the temporal effects of diversity of grassland communities on canopy structural components in high temporal (bi-weekly throughout the growing season) and spatial resolutions as a proxy for ecosystem functioning. Using terrestrial laser scanning, we estimate metrics of vertical structure, such as biomass distribution (evenness) and highest biomass allocation (center of gravity) along height strata. For horizontal metrics, we calculated community stand gaps and canopy surface variation. Our findings show that species-rich communities start filling the vertical space (evenness) earlier in the growing season, suggesting a more extended period of resource use (i.e., light-harvesting). Moreover, more diverse communities raised their center of gravity only at the peak of biomass in spring, likely triggered by higher interspecific competition inducing higher biomass allocation at upper layers of the canopy. Furthermore, richer communities were clumpier only after mowing, revealing species-specific differences in regrowth. Lastly, species richness strongly affected canopy variation when the phenology status and height differences were maximal, suggesting differences in plant functional strategies (space to grow, resource use, and flowering phenology). Therefore, the effects of diversity on ecosystem functions depending on those structural components such as biomass production, decomposition, and herbivory, may also change throughout the season due to various mechanisms, such as niche differences, increased complementarity, and temporal and spatial variation in biological activity.
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16
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Gottschall F, Cesarz S, Auge H, Kovach KR, Mori AS, Nock CA, Eisenhauer N. Spatiotemporal dynamics of abiotic and biotic properties explain biodiversity–ecosystem‐functioning relationships. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gottschall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Harald Auge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Kyle R. Kovach
- Chair of Geobotany Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg 79104 Germany
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Akira S. Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University Yokohama 240‐8501 Japan
| | - Charles A. Nock
- Chair of Geobotany Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg 79104 Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig 04103 Germany
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17
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Beugnon R, Du J, Cesarz S, Jurburg SD, Pang Z, Singavarapu B, Wubet T, Xue K, Wang Y, Eisenhauer N. Tree diversity and soil chemical properties drive the linkages between soil microbial community and ecosystem functioning. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:41. [PMID: 37938251 PMCID: PMC9723754 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbial respiration is critical for soil carbon balance and ecosystem functioning. Previous studies suggest that plant diversity influences soil microbial communities and their respiration. Yet, the linkages between tree diversity, microbial biomass, microbial diversity, and microbial functioning have rarely been explored. In this study, we measured two microbial functions (microbial physiological potential, and microbial respiration), together with microbial biomass, microbial taxonomic and functional profiles, and soil chemical properties in a tree diversity experiment in South China, to disentangle how tree diversity affects microbial respiration through the modifications of the microbial community. Our analyses show a significant positive effect of tree diversity on microbial biomass (+25% from monocultures to 24-species plots), bacterial diversity (+12%), and physiological potential (+12%). In addition, microbial biomass and physiological potential, but not microbial diversity, were identified as the key drivers of microbial respiration. Although soil chemical properties strongly modulated soil microbial community, tree diversity increased soil microbial respiration by increasing microbial biomass rather than changing microbial taxonomic or functional diversity. Overall, our findings suggest a prevalence of microbial biomass over diversity in controlling soil carbon dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jianqing Du
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie D Jurburg
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zhe Pang
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bala Singavarapu
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor, Halle, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kai Xue
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanfen Wang
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Singavarapu B, Beugnon R, Bruelheide H, Cesarz S, Du J, Eisenhauer N, Guo LD, Nawaz A, Wang Y, Xue K, Wubet T. Tree mycorrhizal type and tree diversity shape the forest soil microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:4236-4255. [PMID: 34327789 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge on how the association of trees with different mycorrhizal types shapes soil microbial communities in the context of changing tree diversity levels. We used arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species as con- and heterospecific tree species pairs (TSPs), which were established in plots of three tree diversity levels including monocultures, two-species mixtures and multi-tree species mixtures in a tree diversity experiment in subtropical China. We found that the tree mycorrhizal type had a significant effect on fungal but not bacterial alpha diversity. Furthermore, only EcM but not AM TSPs fungal alpha diversity increased with tree diversity, and the differences between AM and EcM TSPs disappeared in multi-species mixtures. Tree mycorrhizal type, tree diversity and their interaction had significant effects on fungal community composition. Neither fungi nor bacteria showed any significant compositional variation in TSPs located in multi-species mixtures. Accordingly, the most influential taxa driving the tree mycorrhizal differences at low tree diversity were not significant in multi-tree species mixtures. Collectively, our results indicate that tree mycorrhizal type is an important factor determining the diversity and community composition of soil microbes, and higher tree diversity levels promote convergence of the soil microbial communities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: More than 90% of terrestrial plants have symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi which could influence the coexisting microbiota. Systematic understanding of the individual and interactive effects of tree mycorrhizal type and tree species diversity on the soil microbiota is crucial for the mechanistic comprehension of the role of microbes in forest soil ecological processes. Our tree species pair (TSP) concept coupled with random sampling within and across the plots, allowed us the unbiased assessment of tree mycorrhizal type and tree diversity effects on the tree-tree interaction zone soil microbiota. Unlike in monocultures and two-species mixtures, we identified species-rich and converging fungal and bacterial communities in multi-tree species mixtures. Consequently, we recommend planting species-rich mixtures of EcM and AM trees, for afforestation and reforestation regimes. Specifically, our findings highlight the significance of tree mycorrhizal type in studying 'tree diversity - microbial diversity - ecosystem function' relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Singavarapu
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, Halle, 06108, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, Halle, 06108, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Jianqing Du
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany.,Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Yanfen Wang
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kai Xue
- Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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