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Escobar-Sierra C, Cañedo-Argüelles M, Vinyoles D, Lampert KP. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of fish physiological response to freshwater salinization: A comparative multi-tissue transcriptomic study in a river polluted by potash mining. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124400. [PMID: 38906407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater salinization is an escalating global environmental issue that threatens freshwater biodiversity, especially fish populations. This study aims to uncover the molecular basis of salinity physiological responses in a non-native minnow species (Phoxinus septimaniae x P. dragarum) exposed to saline effluents from potash mines in the Llobregat River, Barcelona, Spain. Employing high-throughput mRNA sequencing and differential gene expression analyses, brain, gills, and liver tissues collected from fish at two stations (upstream and downstream of saline effluent discharge) were examined. Salinization markedly influenced global gene expression profiles, with the brain exhibiting the most differentially expressed genes, emphasizing its unique sensitivity to salinity fluctuations. Pathway analyses revealed the expected enrichment of ion transport and osmoregulation pathways across all tissues. Furthermore, tissue-specific pathways associated with stress, reproduction, growth, immune responses, methylation, and neurological development were identified in the context of salinization. Rigorous validation of RNA-seq data through quantitative PCR (qPCR) underscored the robustness and consistency of our findings across platforms. This investigation unveils intricate molecular mechanisms steering salinity physiological response in non-native minnows confronting diverse environmental stressors. This comprehensive analysis sheds light on the underlying genetic and physiological mechanisms governing fish physiological response in salinity-stressed environments, offering essential knowledge for the conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems facing salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Escobar-Sierra
- Institute of Zoology, Universität zu Köln Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Zülpicher Str. 47b, Köln, NRW, 50674, Germany.
| | - Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles
- FEHM-Lab, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Vinyoles
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kathrin P Lampert
- Institute of Zoology, Universität zu Köln Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Zülpicher Str. 47b, Köln, NRW, 50674, Germany
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Madge Pimentel I, Baikova D, Buchner D, Burfeid Castellanos A, David GM, Deep A, Doliwa A, Hadžiomerović U, Mayombo NAS, Prati S, Spyra MA, Vermiert AM, Beisser D, Dunthorn M, Piggott JJ, Sures B, Tiegs SD, Leese F, Beermann AJ. Assessing the response of an urban stream ecosystem to salinization under different flow regimes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171849. [PMID: 38537828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Urban streams are exposed to a variety of anthropogenic stressors. Freshwater salinization is a key stressor in these ecosystems that is predicted to be further exacerbated by climate change, which causes simultaneous changes in flow parameters, potentially resulting in non-additive effects on aquatic ecosystems. However, the effects of salinization and flow velocity on urban streams are still poorly understood as multiple-stressor experiments are often conducted at pristine rather than urban sites. Therefore, we conducted a mesocosm experiment at the Boye River, a recently restored stream located in a highly urbanized area in Western Germany, and applied recurrent pulses of salinity along a gradient (NaCl, 9 h daily of +0 to +2.5 mS/cm) in combination with normal and reduced current velocities (20 cm/s vs. 10 cm/s). Using a comprehensive assessment across multiple organism groups (macroinvertebrates, eukaryotic algae, fungi, parasites) and ecosystem functions (primary production, organic-matter decomposition), we show that flow velocity reduction has a pervasive impact, causing community shifts for almost all assessed organism groups (except fungi) and inhibiting organic-matter decomposition. Salinization affected only dynamic components of community assembly by enhancing invertebrate emigration via drift and reducing fungal reproduction. We caution that the comparatively small impact of salt in our study can be due to legacy effects from past salt pollution by coal mining activities >30 years ago. Nevertheless, our results suggest that urban stream management should prioritize the continuity of a minimum discharge to maintain ecosystem integrity. Our study exemplifies a holistic approach for the assessment of multiple-stressor impacts on streams, which is needed to inform the establishment of a salinity threshold above which mitigation actions must be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Madge Pimentel
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Daria Baikova
- Aquatic Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dominik Buchner
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Gwendoline M David
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Aman Deep
- Biodiversity, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annemie Doliwa
- Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Una Hadžiomerović
- Aquatic Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Prati
- Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Anna-Maria Vermiert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniela Beisser
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeremy J Piggott
- Zoology and Trinity Centre for the Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Scott D Tiegs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Florian Leese
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Arne J Beermann
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Lares BA, Vignatti AM, Echaniz SA, Cabrera GC, Jofré FC, Gutierrez MF. Sensitivity of Daphnia spinulata Birabén, 1917 to glyphosate at different salinity levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35308-35319. [PMID: 38727975 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Daphnia spinulata Birabén, 1917 is an endemic cladoceran species, frequent in the zooplankton communities of the shallow lakes of the Pampean region of Argentina. These lakes have varying salinity levels and, being located in agricultural areas, are frequently subject to pesticide pollution. This study aimed to determine the effects of the herbicide glyphosate (Panzer Gold®) in combination with different salinity levels on the biological parameters of D. spinulata and its recovery ability after a short exposure. Three types of assays were performed: an acute toxicity test, a chronic assessment to determine survival, growth and reproduction, and recovery assays under optimal salinity conditions (1 g L-1). The LC50-48 h of glyphosate was 7.5 mg L-1 (CL 3.15 to 11.72). Longevity and the number of offspring and clutches were significantly reduced due to the combined exposure of glyphosate and increased salinity. The timing of the first offspring did not recover after glyphosate exposure. Our results reveal that D. spinulata is sensitive to the herbicide Panzer Gold® at concentrations well below those indicated in the safety data sheet of this commercial formulation, which causes stronger negative effects in conditions of higher salinity. Further research is needed to shed light on the sensitivity of this cladoceran to glyphosate and its variability under other interactive stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsabé Ailén Lares
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
| | - Alicia María Vignatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Santiago Andrés Echaniz
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Cecilia Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Florencia Cora Jofré
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias de La Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (CONICET-UNLPam), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Gutierrez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET-UNL, Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Escuela Superior de Sanidad "Dr. Ramón Carrillo" (FBCB-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Van Gray JB, Ayayee P. Examining the impacts of salt specificity on freshwater microbial community and functional potential following salinization. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16628. [PMID: 38757470 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of freshwater systems by salt pollution is a threat to global freshwater resources. Salinization is commonly identified by increased specific conductance (conductivity), a proxy for salt concentrations. However, conductivity fails to account for the diversity of salts entering freshwaters and the potential implications this has on microbial communities and functions. We tested 4 types of salt pollution-MgCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, and Na2SO4-on bacterial taxonomic and functional α-, β-diversity of communities originating from streams in two distinct localities (Nebraska [NE] and Ohio [OH], USA). Community responses depended on the site of origin, with NE and OH exhibiting more pronounced decreases in community diversity in response to Na2SO4 and MgCl2 than other salt amendments. A closer examination of taxonomic and functional diversity metrics suggests that core features of communities are more resistant to induced salt stress and that marginal features at both a population and functional level are more likely to exhibit significant structural shifts based on salt specificity. The lack of uniformity in community response highlights the need to consider the compositional complexities of salinization to accurately identify the ecological consequences of instances of salt pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon B Van Gray
- The Ohio State University CFAES Wooster, Agriculture Technical Institute, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul Ayayee
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Yan X, Li S, Abdullah Al M, Mo Y, Zuo J, Grossart HP, Zhang H, Yang Y, Jeppesen E, Yang J. Community stability of free-living and particle-attached bacteria in a subtropical reservoir with salinity fluctuations over 3 years. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121344. [PMID: 38430754 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Changes in salinity have a profound influence on ecological services and functions of inland freshwater ecosystems, as well as on the shaping of microbial communities. Bacterioplankton, generally classified into free-living (FL) and particle-attached (PA) forms, are main components of freshwater ecosystems and play key functional roles for biogeochemical cycling and ecological stability. However, there is limited knowledge about the responses of community stability of both FL and PA bacteria to salinity fluctuations. Here, we systematically explored changes in community stability of both forms of bacteria based on high-frequency sampling in a shallow urban reservoir (Xinglinwan Reservoir) in subtropical China for 3 years. Our results indicated that (1) salinity was the strongest environmental factor determining FL and PA bacterial community compositions - rising salinity increased the compositional stability of both bacterial communities but decreased their α-diversity. (2) The community stability of PA bacteria was significantly higher than that of FL at high salinity level with low salinity variance scenarios, while the opposite was found for FL bacteria, i.e., their stability was higher than PA bacteria at low salinity level with high variance scenarios. (3) Both bacterial traits (e.g., bacterial genome size and interaction strength of rare taxa) and precipitation-induced factors (e.g., changes in salinity and particle) likely contributed collectively to differences in community stability of FL and PA bacteria under different salinity scenarios. Our study provides additional scientific basis for ecological management, protection and restoration of urban reservoirs under changing climatic and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yan
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Mamun Abdullah Al
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mo
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Jun Zuo
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Institute for Eco-Environmental Research of Sanyang Wetland, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin 16775, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Hongteng Zhang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yigang Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin 33731, Turkey
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China.
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Seli DA, Prendergast A, Ergun Y, Tyagi A, Taylor HS. High NaCl Concentrations in Water Are Associated with Developmental Abnormalities and Altered Gene Expression in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4104. [PMID: 38612913 PMCID: PMC11012806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Salt is frequently introduced in ecosystems, where it acts as a pollutant. This study examined how changes in salinity affect the survival and development of zebrafish from the two-cell to the blastocyst stage and from the blastocyst to the larval stage. Control zebrafish embryos were cultured in E3 medium containing 5 mM Sodium Chloride (NaCl), 0.17 mM Potassium Chloride (KCL), 0.33 mM Calcium Chloride (CaCl2), and 0.33 mM Magnesium Sulfade (MgSO4). Experiments were conducted using increasing concentrations of each individual salt at 5×, 10×, 50×, and 100× the concentration found in E3 medium. KCL, CaCl2, and MgSO4 did not result in lethal abnormalities and did not affect early embryo growth at any of the concentrations tested. Concentrations of 50× and 100× NaCl caused embryonic death in both stages of development. Concentrations of 5× and 10× NaCl resulted in uninflated swim bladders in 12% and 65% of larvae, compared to 4.2% of controls, and caused 1654 and 2628 genes to be differentially expressed in blastocysts, respectively. The ATM signaling pathway was affected, and the Sonic Hedgehog pathway genes Shh and Ptc1 implicated in swim bladder development were downregulated. Our findings suggest that increased NaCl concentrations may alter gene expression and cause developmental abnormalities in animals found in affected ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A. Seli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew Prendergast
- Yale Zebrafish Phenotyping Core, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yagmur Ergun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVIRMA New Jersey, Marlton, NJ 08053, USA
| | - Antariksh Tyagi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hugh S. Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Okomoda VT, Isah S, Solomon SG, Ikhwanuddin M. Salinity tolerance in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822): insight on blood parameter variations and gill histological changes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:605-616. [PMID: 38165562 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the tolerance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles to a gradual and abrupt increase in salinity over time. To this effect, C. gariepinus juveniles were exposed to three salinity incremental protocols namely 1 g L-1 day-1, 5 g L-1 day-1, and 10 g L-1 day-1. Changes in the hematological parameters and the gill histology of fish were analyzed to determine the impact of osmotic stress on the health status of the fish and its osmoregulatory ability. The result obtained showed that juveniles of C. gariepinus can tolerate salinity stress up to 14 g L-1. At 15 g L-1 and beyond, all samples died regardless of gradual (i.e., 1 g L-1 day-1 administered for 15 days) or abrupt salinity exposure (i.e., 5 g L-1 day-1 administered for three days and 10 g L-1 day-1 administered for two days). Interestingly, more than 90% of the fish survived a direct 10 g L-1 exposure for 24 h without prior acclimation. The hematological parameters accessed in the fish exposed to 10 g L-1 (either gradually or abruptly) showed a significant increase in the white blood cells and a decrease in the red blood cells, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, and all derived blood parameters. The results of the serum biochemistry show a lower total protein and albumin in the salinity-treated fish compared to the control group. However, the serum glucose and the plasma electrolytes (i.e., K+, Na+, and Cl-) were higher in the former group than in the latter. Aside from the stress response expressed in the blood parameters, severe gill degenerations were seen in the histological micrograph obtained for the salinity-treated fish, while the control had a near-normal gill architecture. It was concluded that C. gariepinus could tolerate salinity exposure of 10 g L-1 day-1 (administered gradually or abruptly) and below without killing the fish within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tosin Okomoda
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University (Formerly, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), Makurdi P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria.
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries Research (AQUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Safiya Isah
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University (Formerly, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), Makurdi P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Shola Gabriel Solomon
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University (Formerly, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), Makurdi P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries Research (AQUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China.
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Kefford BJ, Hyne RV, Brooks AJ, Shenton MD, Hills K, Nichols SJ, Bray JP. Do magnesium and chloride ameliorate high sodium bicarbonate concentrations? A comparison between laboratory and mesocosm toxicity experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169003. [PMID: 38043815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing salinity is a concern for biodiversity in many freshwater ecosystems globally. Single species laboratory toxicity tests show major differences in freshwater organism survival depending on the specific ions that comprise salinity types and/or their ion ratios. Toxicity has been shown to be reduced by altering ionic composition, despite increasing (total) salinity. For insistence, single species tests show the toxicity of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, which commonly is a large proportion of the salts from coalbeds) to freshwater invertebrates is reduced by adding magnesium (Mg2+) or chloride (Cl-). However, it is uncertain whether reductions in mortality observed in single-species laboratory tests predict effects within populations, communities and to ecosystem processes in more complex multi-species systems both natural and semi-natural. Here we report the results of an outdoor multi-species mesocosm experiment to determine if the effects of NaHCO3 are reduced by increasing the concentrations of Mg2+ or Cl- on: a) stream macroinvertebrate populations and communities; b) benthic chlorophyll-a and; c) the ecosystem process of leaf litter decomposition. We found a large effect of a high NaHCO3 concentration (≈4.45 mS/cm) with reduced abundances of multiple taxa, reduced emergence of adult insects and reduced species richness, altered community structure and increased leaf litter breakdown rates but no effect on benthic chlorophyll-a. However, despite predictions based on laboratory findings, we found no evidence that the addition of either Mg2+ or Cl- altered the effect of NaHCO3. In semi-natural environments such as mesocosms, and natural environments, organisms are subject to varying temperature and habitat factors, while also interacting with other species and trophic levels (e.g. predation, competition, facilitation), which are absent in single species laboratory tests. Thus, it should not be assumed single-species tests are good predictors of the effects of changing ionic compositions on stream biota in more natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Kefford
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Ross V Hyne
- Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Environment Protection Science, Lidcombe Laboratories, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; Department of Planning and Environment - Water, 53, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Mark D Shenton
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kasey Hills
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; New South Wales Environmental Protection Authority, Locked Bag 5022, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia
| | - Susan J Nichols
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Bray
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; Department of Pest Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, 85084, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
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9
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Soued C, Bogard MJ, Finlay K, Bortolotti LE, Leavitt PR, Badiou P, Knox SH, Jensen S, Mueller P, Lee SC, Ng D, Wissel B, Chan CN, Page B, Kowal P. Salinity causes widespread restriction of methane emissions from small inland waters. Nat Commun 2024; 15:717. [PMID: 38267478 PMCID: PMC10808391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inland waters are one of the largest natural sources of methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, but emissions models and estimates were developed for solute-poor ecosystems and may not apply to salt-rich inland waters. Here we combine field surveys and eddy covariance measurements to show that salinity constrains microbial CH4 cycling through complex mechanisms, restricting aquatic emissions from one of the largest global hardwater regions (the Canadian Prairies). Existing models overestimated CH4 emissions from ponds and wetlands by up to several orders of magnitude, with discrepancies linked to salinity. While not significant for rivers and larger lakes, salinity interacted with organic matter availability to shape CH4 patterns in small lentic habitats. We estimate that excluding salinity leads to overestimation of emissions from small Canadian Prairie waterbodies by at least 81% ( ~ 1 Tg yr-1 CO2 equivalent), a quantity comparable to other major national emissions sources. Our findings are consistent with patterns in other hardwater landscapes, likely leading to an overestimation of global lentic CH4 emissions. Widespread salinization of inland waters may impact CH4 cycling and should be considered in future projections of aquatic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Soued
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew J Bogard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | - Kerri Finlay
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, S4S 0A2, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Lauren E Bortolotti
- Institute for Wetland & Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, PO Box 1160, R0C 2Z0, Stonewall, MB, Canada
| | - Peter R Leavitt
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, S4S 0A2, Regina, SK, Canada
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Pascal Badiou
- Institute for Wetland & Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, PO Box 1160, R0C 2Z0, Stonewall, MB, Canada
| | - Sara H Knox
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sydney Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Peka Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Sung Ching Lee
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Darian Ng
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Björn Wissel
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, S4S 0A2, Regina, SK, Canada
- LEHNA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Chun Ngai Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan Page
- Institute for Wetland & Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, PO Box 1160, R0C 2Z0, Stonewall, MB, Canada
| | - Paige Kowal
- Institute for Wetland & Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, PO Box 1160, R0C 2Z0, Stonewall, MB, Canada
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10
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Ravanbakhsh R, Agh N, Nouraein M, Bossier P. Prolonged ecological changes can affect morphometrics and gene expression profile? Focusing on Hsp-70 and NLHS-induced Hsp-70 of Artemia urmiana. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117254. [PMID: 37775000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, many aquatic ecosystems, including Urmia Lake, have undergone severe ecological tensions. This lake, the largest natural habitat of the brine shrimp Artemia urmiana, has progressively desiccated and its salinity has dramatically increased over the last three decades. In the face of the long period environmental stresses, understanding the adaptation and ecological plasticity mechanisms is the most interesting challenges in genetic and applied ecology. These mechanisms may probably be driven by inducing expression of some genes involved in adaptation such as Hsp-70 and also adjusting morphological parameters. But they are yet to be understood. Hence, the present work aimed to study the mechanisms, along with testing the hypothesis that non-lethal heat shocked nauplii originating from drought period can evoke Hsp-70 expression more than those from rainy period. METHODS This study measured and analyzed morphometrical characters of adult male and female Artemia urmiana over three decades. Then, the influence of three-decade ecological crisis on Hsp-70 and non-lethal heat shock (NLHS)-induced Hsp-70 expression levels of nauplii of Artemia urmiana habiting Urmia Lake using Real-time PCR technique, based on cyst collections in 1994 (rainy period) to 2020 (drought period), was evaluated. RESULTS The morphometrics results showed that the morphological characters were significantly shrunk in 2020 compared to 1994 (CI 95%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, our results depicted that, Hsp-70 expression level was significantly upregulated in response to the prolonged ecological crisis, (CI 95%, P < 0.0001), and also interestingly, the nauplii exposed to longe-term ecological crisis (belong to 2020) were able to increase Hsp-70 expression more than other ones in response to environmental stressors including heat. CONCLUSIONS The present results showed the involvement of Hsp-70 in the adaptation of Artemia urmiana to long term ecological alteration at the cost of shrinking morphometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Ravanbakhsh
- Department of Aquatic Biotechnology, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Naser Agh
- Department of Biology and Aquaculture, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nouraein
- Department of Plant Genetics and Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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11
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Rogers JJ, Henley WF, Weberg AG, Jones JW, Cope WG. Histological evaluations of organ tissues reveal sublethal effects in a freshwater mussel (Villosa iris) exposed to chloride and potassium concentrations below benchmark estimates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 258:106476. [PMID: 36931159 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinization of freshwater ecosystems due to anthropogenic sources will increasingly impact biodiversity. An example of point-source industrial salinization has occurred from historical activities at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Site near Saltville, Virginia USA and its associated chemical waste ponds adjacent to the North Fork Holston River. These point source discharges are documented contributors to mussel declines, partially due to high concentrations of chloride (Cl-, ≤ 26,000 mg Cl-/L) and potassium (K+, ≤ 97 mg K+/L). During a chronic 61-day laboratory study, Rainbow mussels, Villosa iris, were exposed to concentrations of Cl- (0, 416, 831, and 1,663 mg/L) and K+ (0, 4, 8, and 17 mg/L) to determine effects on survival and organ tissues. All test mussels died by day-2 in the 1,663 mg Cl-/L exposure, and 50% of mussels died by day-13 in the 17 mg K+/L concentration. Significantly greater abundances of tissue abnormalities were observed in digestive glands and kidneys with exposures to the 4 and 8 mg/L concentrations of K+ versus the control, and significantly greater abundances of lesions in kidneys were observed in the 416 and 831 mg Cl-/L concentrations compared to the control. The sublethal effects to digestive glands and kidneys were below reported effect (EC50, 20, 10 and LOEC) concentrations. Significant histological differences between control and baseline (day-0 sample) mussels were observed, suggesting the need for further study on the effects of captivity during longer-term laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Rogers
- Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Center, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - William F Henley
- Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Center, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Amanda G Weberg
- Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Center, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jess W Jones
- Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Center, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - W Gregory Cope
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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12
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Clay NA, Herrmann MC, Evans-White MA, Entrekin SA, West C. Sodium as a subsidy in the spring: evidence for a phenology of sodium limitation. Oecologia 2023; 201:783-795. [PMID: 36853383 PMCID: PMC10038971 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that mediate carbon (C) cycling is increasingly important as anthropogenic activities and climate change alter ecosystems. Decomposition rates mediate C cycling and are in part regulated by sodium (Na) where Na is limiting up to some threshold after which Na becomes stressful and reduces decomposition rates (i.e., the Sodium Subsidy-Stress hypothesis). An overlooked pathway by which decomposers encounter increased salts like NaCl is through plants, which often take up Na in proportion to soil concentrations. Here we tested the hypothesis that Na addition through litter (detritus) and water and their interaction would impact detrital processing and leachate chemistry. Laboratory riparian soil mesocosms received either artificial litter (100% cellulose sponges) soaked in 0.05% NaCl (NaClL) or just H2O (H2OL: control) and half of each litter treatment received weekly additions of 150 ml of either 0.05% NaCl water (NaClW) or just H2O (H2OW: control). After 8 weeks decomposition was higher in NaCl addition treatments (both NaClL and NaClW and their combo) than controls (H2OL + H2OW) but reflected a unimodal relationship where the saltiest treatment (NaClL + NaClW) was only marginally higher than controls indicating a subsidy-stress response. Previous studies in this system found that Na addition in either water or litter decreased decomposition. However, differences may reflect a phenology of Na demand where Na-limitation increases in the spring (this study). These results indicate that our understanding of how Na impacts detrital processes, C cycling, and aquatic-terrestrial linkages necessitates incorporation of temporal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Clay
- School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, 1 Adams Blvd., Ruston, LA, 71272, USA.
| | - Maggie C Herrmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, 1 Adams Blvd., Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Michelle A Evans-White
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 525 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Sally A Entrekin
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Colton West
- School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, 1 Adams Blvd., Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
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13
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Rumsey CA, Hammond JC, Murphy J, Shoda M, Soroka A. Spatial patterns and seasonal timing of increasing riverine specific conductance from 1998 to 2018 suggest legacy contamination in the Delaware River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159691. [PMID: 36302437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing salinization of freshwater threatens water supplies that support a range of human and ecological uses. The latest assessments of Delaware River Basin (DRB) surface-water-quality changes indicate widespread salinization has occurred in recent decades, which may lead to meaningful degradation in water quality. To better understand how and when salinity transport occurs and implications for DRB streams, this study: 1) explores the variability of specific conductance (SC) trends spatially and seasonally from 1998 to 2018, and 2) investigates how trends relate to streamflow, land disturbance, and impervious surface area to better understand regional salinization drivers. We find widespread increases in SC across the DRB, with several sites in the lower basin exceeding thresholds for aquatic life and experiencing increasing frequencies of exceedance over time. In general, the greatest basin wide increases in SC occurred during low flow conditions, indicating that a legacy component resulting from subsurface retention and transport processes has driven observed changes in riverine SC. For a subset of sites in the lower basin, where impervious area and cumulative land disturbance are higher, the greatest SC increases occurred during high flow conditions in winter months. Given the patterns of SC and watershed changes across the basin, as well as strong relationships between SC trends and sodium and chloride trends, deicing salt appears to be a likely driver of observed SC change. Even if deicing salt application plateaus or declines in coming years, the continued release and transport of the legacy subsurface component may still contribute to elevated DRB riverine SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Rumsey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Utah Water Science Center, 2329 Orton Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84119, USA.
| | - John C Hammond
- U.S. Geological Survey, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, 5522 Research Park Drive, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA.
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 650 Peace Road, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - Megan Shoda
- U.S. Geological Survey, Water Mission Area, 6460 Busch Boulevard, Suite 100, Columbus, OH 43229, USA.
| | - Alexander Soroka
- U.S. Geological Survey, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, 5522 Research Park Drive, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA.
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14
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Barrios-Figueroa R, Urbina MA. Behavioural and physiological responses to salinization and air exposure during the ontogeny of a freshwater South American snail. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coac089. [PMID: 36726867 PMCID: PMC9885736 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is of global concern, threatening freshwater biodiversity. Salinity tolerance is highly variable and therefore needs to be evaluated on a species-specific basis. An estuarine population of Chilina dombeiana, a freshwater gastropod endemic to Chile and classified as vulnerable, has been recently found in the Biobío River's mouth, suggesting some degree of tolerance to brackish waters. This study evaluated the survival, behaviour (medium preference) and physiology of C. dombeiana when exposed to salinities higher than freshwater, thus elucidating the potential mechanisms used to survive salinization. Chilina dombeiana belongs to the Pulmonate group;, so we evaluated oxygen uptake in air and water, aiming to evaluate emersion as a potential avoidance response to a progressive salinity increase. Complete embryo development was observed for salinities ≤ 16 PSU (practical salinity units) but hatching rates above 50% were only achieved in freshwater (0 PSU). It was also found that salinity had stage-specific effects during embryonic development. In adults, acute exposure to brackish water (12 PSU) caused a decrease in oxygen consumption (compared to freshwater), in the ammonium excretion rates and in the percentage of muscular water content. Although C. dombeiana was able to take up oxygen in both mediums, survival in air decreased over time (days), which correlates with the behavioural preference to remain submerged, even at elevated salinities. Considering the survival of adults and embryos decreased as salinity increased and the lack of an avoidance behaviour or a physiological ability to maintain homeostasis at salinities higher than freshwater, our results suggest this snail could be adversely affected by salinization in the long term. Furthermore, given the ability of C. dombeiana to uptake oxygen in both mediums, it should be considered as a facultative air breather snail, rather than a strictly aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barrios-Figueroa
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
- Doctorado en Sistemática y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - M A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, PO Box 1313, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
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15
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Moreira MH, They NH, Rodrigues LR, Alvarenga-Lucius L, Pita-Barbosa A. Salty freshwater macrophytes: the effects of salinization in freshwaters upon non-halophyte aquatic plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159608. [PMID: 36280080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is a threat that affects aquatic ecosystems worldwide. As primary producers, freshwater macrophytes are of paramount importance in these ecosystems, however, information regarding the potential impacts of salinization upon these organisms is still scarce. In this review we provide a comprehensive and updated discussion of how freshwater macrophytes deal with salinity increase in freshwaters. We reviewed the salinity tolerance of widespread non-halophyte macrophytes through an overview of salinity tolerance mechanisms, their tolerance classification, and salinity effects at different levels of organization: from individuals to ecosystems. Thus, we demonstrated that widespread macrophytes that inhabit freshwaters display efficient salinity tolerance to salinity levels between 5 and 10 g L-1, and only a few species display tolerance to salinities higher than 10 g L-1. Widespread macrophytes demonstrated salinity tolerance of approximately 5 g L-1. Widespread macrophytes demonstrated salinity tolerance of approximately 5 g L-1. Emergent, floating and submerged species showed no significant difference in salinity tolerance. Salinity stress symptoms in freshwater macrophytes are somewhat similar to those of terrestrial plants and can show up even at slight salinity increases. Salinities higher than 1 g L-1 can negatively affect both physiology and diversity of non-halophyte macrophytes and cause long-term - and not well understood - changes in freshwater ecosystems. Salinization of freshwater ecosystems, among others threats, in combination with climate change, raise concerns about the future ecological status of freshwater ecosystems and the services they can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Hoffmann Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Ng Haig They
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Departamento Interdisciplinar, Centro de Estudos Limnológicos, Costeiros e Marinhos, Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, RS 95625-000, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Luna Alvarenga-Lucius
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock D-18059, Germany
| | - Alice Pita-Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; Departamento Interdisciplinar, Centro de Estudos Limnológicos, Costeiros e Marinhos, Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, RS 95625-000, Brazil.
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16
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Mooney TJ, Harford AJ, Hanley J, Walker S, Sandgren M, Jansen A, Humphrey C. Seasonal responses of macroinvertebrate assemblages to magnesium in a seasonally flowing stream. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120586. [PMID: 36379293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Macroinvertebrates can be highly sensitive to elevated salinity in freshwater environments, and are known to respond to saline discharges. Magnesium (Mg) is a mine-related contaminant and is a potential environmental risk to a seasonally-flowing, receiving water stream in Kakadu National Park, located in the wet-dry tropics of Australia. The macroinvertebrate assemblage in the stream in the was characterised at four hydrographic phases, from early wet season flow to early dry season pools at flow cessation. On each of the four occasions representing the respective phases, individuals from the most abundant macroinvertebrate species present were collected and acutely exposed to a range (up to 19) of Mg concentrations under laboratory conditions. Sensitivity of taxa to Mg ranged between 39 mg/L Mg (Caenidae: Tasmanocoenis spp.) and 4400 mg/L Mg (Dytiscidae: Clypeodytes feryi), based on the 50% Lethal Concentration (LC50). Characterisation of the macroinvertebrate assemblage at each hydrographic phase indicated the seasons when Mg-sensitive species were present. Whilst no statistical differences in measures of seasonal sensitivity were found, the macroinvertebrate assemblages present during the early flow period had higher Mg-sensitivity than the assemblages present during other hydrographic phases. This could be attributed to the greater relative proportions of Mg-sensitive taxa (e.g. Ephemeroptera) present at early flow compared to greater relative proportions of more Mg-tolerant taxa (C. feryi and Hydacarina spp.) present during later hydrograph phases, especially periods of lower, or no, flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mooney
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Darwin, NT, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Harford
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Julie Hanley
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Samantha Walker
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Mia Sandgren
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Andrew Jansen
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Chris Humphrey
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Darwin, NT, Australia
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17
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Noune F, Chaib N, Kaddeche H, Dzizi S, Metallaoui S, Blanco S. Effect of salinity on valves morphology in freshwater diatoms. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:159. [PMID: 36441291 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased salt concentration is one of the most widespread problems affecting freshwater worldwide. Aquatic communities, and in particular periphytic diatoms, react to this alteration in water quality by modifying their structural parameters and physiology at the individual level, which is commonly manifested by the appearance of teratological forms. The present work presents the results of an experimental laboratory study in which a biofilm grown on artificial substrates was subjected to a gradient of water conductivities for 4 weeks. The results show an increase in the number of deformed valves over time proportionally to the increase in conductivity for each experimental treatment. These effects are also verified by analyzing the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the experimental biofilms, which demonstrate a metabolic response to the induced osmotic stress. No changes were recorded; however, in species richness or diversity of taxa present in the treatments. Our results, therefore, confirm at the experimental level numerous previous field observations about the harmful effect of salinity on periphytic diatoms, and also their ability to reintegrate with the new stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faïza Noune
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria.
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur La Physico-Chimie des Surfaces Et Interfaces (LRPCSI), University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria.
| | - Nadjla Chaib
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Bioprocesses and Environment - LCBE, University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Hadjer Kaddeche
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur La Physico-Chimie des Surfaces Et Interfaces (LRPCSI), University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Sabrina Dzizi
- Laboratoire de Recherche Sur La Physico-Chimie des Surfaces Et Interfaces (LRPCSI), University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Sophia Metallaoui
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Interactions, Biodiversité, Ecosystèmes et Biotechnologie (LRIBEB), University of 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Saùl Blanco
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
- Laboratorio de Diatomología, La Serna 58, 24007, León, Spain
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18
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Ersoy Z, Abril M, Cañedo-Argüelles M, Espinosa C, Vendrell-Puigmitja L, Proia L. Experimental assessment of salinization effects on freshwater zooplankton communities and their trophic interactions under eutrophic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120127. [PMID: 36089138 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are becoming saltier due to human activities. The effects of increased salinity can lead to cascading trophic interactions, affecting ecosystem functioning and energy transfer, through changes in community and size structure. These effects can be modulated by other environmental factors, such as nutrients. For example, communities developed under eutrophic conditions could be less sensitive to salinization due to cross-tolerance mechanisms. In this study, we used a mesocosm approach to assess the effects of a salinization gradient on the zooplankton community composition and size structure under eutrophic conditions and the cascading effects on algal communities. Our results showed that zooplankton biomass, size diversity and mean body size decreased with increased chloride concentration induced by salt addition. This change in the zooplankton community did not have cascading effects on phytoplankton. The phytoplankton biomass decreased after the chloride concentration threshold of 500 mg L-1 was reached, most likely due to direct toxic effects on the osmotic regulation and nutrient uptake processes of certain algae rather than as a response to community turnover or top-down control. Our study can help to put in place mitigation strategies for salinization and eutrophication, which often co-occur in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ersoy
- FEHM-Lab (Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management), Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Rui Nabeiro' Biodiversity Chair, MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Meritxell Abril
- BETA Technological Center, University of Vic- Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles
- FEHM-Lab (Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management), Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Espinosa
- BETA Technological Center, University of Vic- Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Lidia Vendrell-Puigmitja
- BETA Technological Center, University of Vic- Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Proia
- BETA Technological Center, University of Vic- Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.
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19
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Sahoo TP, Vasavdutta S, Chanchpara A, Sahu N, Thiyagarajan I, Ray S, Chatterjee S, Thorat RB, Haldar S, Madhava AK. Pre-to-post COVID-19 lockdown and their environmental impacts on Ghoghla beach and Somnath beach, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:82140-82155. [PMID: 35750909 PMCID: PMC9244305 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental impact of COVID-19 imposed lockdown (2020) and the new normal condition (2021) on two different beaches of India (Ghoghla beach, Diu and Somnath beach, Veraval) were compared with the pre-lockdown era, 2013. The lockdown phase favored the natural restoration of the beaches and showed infinitesimal values of the parameters tested when compared with the pre-lockdown regime. However, the new normal situation in 2021 opened up the accessibility of these beaches to the tourists and pilgrims resulting in significant changes of water quality. The release of diluted sewage mixed with freshwater from the Somnath town to the sea has led to the drastic change in beach water quality. The mean cadmium concentration increased drastically in beach waters (Ghoghla: 1.35, 0.28 and 7.09 μg/L; Somnath: 0.45, 0.28 and 0.58 μg/L) during pre-to-post lockdown, respectively. However, post-lockdown resulted in the rise of toxic heavy metals in the sediments of Somnath beach but Ghoghla beach remained to be pristine which may be due to the Blue Flagship status. The total number of marine bacteria was higher during 2013 and 2021 when compared during lockdown describing greater human interventions. For instance, Vibrio spp. count in Ghoghla beach water during pre-lockdown phase was 7733 CFU/mL and this value reduced to 70 and 5 CFU/mL in the lockdown and post-lockdown phases. Interestingly, the diversity of planktonic and benthic components showed a different trend from pre-to-post lockdown due to significant change in the inorganic nutrients and metal bioaccumulation. To our knowledge, this will be the first comprehensive assessment to report the environmental and ecological health of Ghoghla beach and Somnath beach during the pre-to-post lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini Prasad Sahoo
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Sonpal Vasavdutta
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Amit Chanchpara
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Nosad Sahu
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Indirapriyatharsini Thiyagarajan
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Sanak Ray
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Shruti Chatterjee
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Ravikumar Bhagawan Thorat
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Soumya Haldar
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Anil Kumar Madhava
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
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20
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Xin X, Chen B, Péquin B, Song P, Yang M, Song X, Zhang B. Binary toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and polybrominated diphenyl ethers to Arctic Cyanobacteria under ambient and future climates. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119188. [PMID: 36323199 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the predominant biota in the Arctic. Interactive effects on Arctic cyanobacteria between climate-change-shifting parameters and anthropogenic contaminants are largely unknown. We utilized a fractional factorial experiment and Arctic cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena biceps Strain PCCC_O-153 to capture the complexity of interacting climate factors, nano-polystyrene (nano-PS) and 2,2´,4,4´-tetrabromodipenyl ether (BDE-47). The short-term binary toxicity of nano-PS and BDE-47 was then examined through experiments, toxicity units, and reference models. The toxic mechanism was further revealed through biochemical analyses and multivariate statistics. We found that BDE-47 and nano-PS had more hazardous effects than changing climate conditions. The mixture had antagonistic effects on PCCC_O-153, attributing to the aggregation of nano-PS, the adsorption of BDE-47, and the wrapping of both contaminants by released extracellular polymeric substances. Binary toxicity was caused by the chain reactions triggered by combining individual contaminants. Total protein was a sensitive target and positively correlated to chlorophyll pigment. Oxidative stress for the mixture mainly resulted from the presence of nano-PS. This is the first study to access the hazardous effects of a mixture of anthropogenic contaminants on Arctic cyanobacteria under ambient and future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaying Xin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Bérangère Péquin
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9×3V9, Canada
| | - Pei Song
- Institute of Green and Low-Carbon Eco-Environment Technology, CNCEC Lang, Zheng Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shannxi 710065, China
| | - Min Yang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Xing Song
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
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M K VS, Joseph S, P S A, Ghermandi A, Kumar A. A coastal Ramsar site on transition to hypoxia and tracking pollution sources: a case study of south-west coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:45. [PMID: 36305948 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coastal lakes and estuaries are considered economic drivers for coastal communities by delivering invaluable economic and ecosystem services. The coastal ecosystems are facing recurrent hypoxia events (dissolved oxygen; DO < 2.0 mg L-1) and are emerging as a major threat to ecosystem structure and functioning. The Ashtamudi Lake, (area = 56 km2), is one of the Ramsar sites in the State of Kerala and located on the SW coast of India. The waterways are extensively used for backwater tourism and for fishery activities. This paper discusses the spatio-temporal variation of water quality attributes with emphasis on hypoxia during non-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The extent of hypoxia on fishery diversity was discussed. The Southern Zone, adjacent to the urban area, shows the hypoxic condition with higher concentration of BOD, NO3-N, and NH4-N. The hypoxic condition is largely limited to the Southern Zone in both seasons. The occurrence of low DO in the lake is highly related to salinity and organic load in the lake system. The tracking of pollution sources in the lake system was also done through identification of pollution potential zones and found that catchments adjacent to Southern and Western Zones (urban regions) are the major source of pollution. The study suggests that hypoxia is chiefly attributed to anthropogenic interventions in the form of discharge of wastes into the lake causing overloading of nutrients and organic effluents, decrease in the freshwater supply, the absence of proper freshwater mixing or dilution, and effluent discharge from nearby urban centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Sagar M K
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, 695581
| | - Sabu Joseph
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, 695581.
| | - Arunkumar P S
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, 695581
| | - Andrea Ghermandi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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22
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Vendrell-Puigmitja L, Proia L, Espinosa C, Barral-Fraga L, Cañedo-Argüelles M, Osorio V, Casas C, Llenas L, Abril M. Hypersaline mining effluents affect the structure and function of stream biofilm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156966. [PMID: 35760177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The salinisation of freshwater ecosystems is a global environmental problem that threatens biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and human welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of a realistic salinity gradient on the structure and functioning of freshwater biofilms. The salinity gradient was based on the real ion concentration of a mining effluent from an abandoned mine in Germany. We exposed biofilm from a pristine stream to 5 increasing salinities (3 to 100 g L-1) under controlled conditions in artificial streams for 21 days. We evaluated its functional (photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient uptake, and microbial respiration) and structural responses (community composition, algal biomass and diatom, cyanobacteria and green algae metrics) over time. Then we compared their responses with an unexposed biofilm used as control. The functionality and structure of the biofilm exposed to the different salinities significantly decreased after short-term and long-term exposure, respectively. The community composition shifted to a new stable state where the most tolerant species increased their abundances. At the same time, we observed an increase in the community tolerance (measured as Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance) along the salinity gradient. This study provides relevant information on the salt threshold concentrations that can substantially damage algal cells (i.e., between 15 and 30 g L-1). The results provide new insights regarding the response and adaptation of stream biofilm to salinity and its potential implications at the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Vendrell-Puigmitja
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Proia
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain.
| | - Carmen Espinosa
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain; Aigües de Vic S.A., Carrer de la Riera, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Laura Barral-Fraga
- LDAR24-Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de la Dordogne, 24660 Coulounieix-Chamiers, France; Grup de recerca en Ecologia aquàtica continental (GRECO), Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Grup de recerca FEHM (Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management), Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Osorio
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Carme Casas
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Laia Llenas
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Meritxell Abril
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain
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23
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Silva CJM, Machado AL, Campos D, M V M Soares A, Pestana JLT. Combined effects of polyethylene microplastics and natural stressors on Chironomus riparius life-history traits. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113641. [PMID: 35716817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that ingestion of microplastics causes adverse effects in aquatic organisms, including sediment-dwelling invertebrates. Most studies focus on evaluating the effects of plastic particles alone without testing the mediating effects of different natural stressors and thus lacking realistic exposure scenarios. The present study addresses the interactive effects of exposure to polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs; 2.5 g/kg) in the midge Chironomus riparius life history traits under different temperatures (15, 20 and 25 °C), a salinity gradient (0, 1 and 3 g L-1 sodium chloride - NaCl) and different levels of food (0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 mg macerated fish food larva-1day-1). By the analyses of linear models and independent action models applied to different life-history traits, such as larval growth, development time and imagoes body weight, the present work reveals that under temperatures lower than 20 °C or severe food shortage (<0.25 mg macerated fish food larva-1day-1), microplastics' effects can be stronger than those observed at standard toxicity test conditions (20 °C and 0.5 mg food larva-1day-1). Additionally, we also found that, in general, toxicity induced by PE-MPs to C. riparius larvae was reduced under warmer temperature (25 °C) and salinity. As observed, MPs toxicity can be mediated by natural stressors, which underlines the importance of co-exposure studies. In this sense, these results contribute to a more accurate risk assessment of microplastics. Despite the complex interactions between microplastics and natural factors here tested, were not found evidence that the deleterious effects of PE-MPs on C. riparius life cycle history are aggravated under increased temperature, food shortage, or salinisation of freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J M Silva
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Machado
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Diana Campos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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24
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Erickson RJ, Mount DR, Highland TL, Hockett JR, Hoff DJ, Jenson CT, Norberg-King TJ, Forsman B. Acute Toxicity of Major Geochemical Ions to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas): Part B-Modeling Ion Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2095-2106. [PMID: 35665535 PMCID: PMC10777892 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical models are presented for the acute median lethal concentrations of major geochemical ions (Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Cl- , SO4 2- , HCO3 - /CO3 2- ) to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), based on an extensive series of experiments presented in a companion article. Toxicity relationships across different dilution waters, individual salts, and salt mixtures suggest six independent mechanisms of toxicity to consider in modeling efforts, including Mg/Ca-specific toxicity, osmolarity-related toxicity, SO4 -specific toxicity, K-specific toxicity, effects of high pH/alkalinity, and a multiple ion-related toxicity at low Ca distinct from the other mechanisms. Models are evaluated using chemical activity-based exposure metrics pertinent to each mechanism, but concentration-based alternative models that are simpler to apply are also addressed. These models are compared to those previously provided for Ceriodaphnia dubia, and various issues regarding their application to risk assessments are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2095-2106. © 2022 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J. Erickson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - David R. Mount
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Terry L. Highland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - J. Russell Hockett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Dale J. Hoff
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Correne T. Jenson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Teresa J. Norberg-King
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Brandy Forsman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
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25
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Erickson RJ, Mount DR, Highland TL, Hockett JR, Hoff DJ, Jenson CT, Norberg-King TJ, Forsman B. Acute Toxicity of Major Geochemical Ions to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas): Part A-Observed Relationships for Individual Salts and Salt Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2078-2094. [PMID: 35622012 PMCID: PMC9533472 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The results of a series of experiments on the acute toxicity of major geochemical ions (Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Cl- , SO4 2- , HCO3 - /CO3 2- ) to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are reported. Tests of individual major ion salts in various dilution waters demonstrated that the toxicities of Na, Mg, and K salts decrease as the overall ion content of the dilution water increases. For Na and Mg salts, this is attributable to Ca content as previously reported for Ceriodaphnia dubia. For K salts, the cause is unclear, but it is not due to Na as reported for C. dubia. In an unregulated test at high pH (9.3), NaHCO3 was also found to be twice as toxic compared to when the pH was reduced to 8.4. Experiments with binary salt mixtures indicated the existence of multiple independent mechanisms of action. These include K-specific toxicity and Ca/Mg-specific toxicity previously reported for C. dubia, but also apparent toxicities related to SO4 and to high pH/alkalinity in CO3 /HCO3 -dominated exposures. Previous work with C. dubia also suggested a general ion toxicity involving all ions that was correlated with osmolarity. For fathead minnow, similar correlations were observed, but multiple mechanisms were indicated. At higher Ca, this general toxicity could be attributable to osmotic effects, but at lower Ca, osmolarity may be more a covariate than a cause, with this toxicity being related to a combined effect of ions other than via osmolarity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2078-2094. © 2022 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J. Erickson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - David R. Mount
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Terry L. Highland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - J. Russell Hockett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Dale J. Hoff
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Correne T. Jenson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Teresa J. Norberg-King
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
| | - Brandy Forsman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804 USA
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26
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Martemyanov VI, Tikhonenkov DV. Assessment of the tolerance range of salinity for invasive waterweed Elodea canadensis Michaux by parameters of water-salt homeostasis. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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27
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Farshchi Heydari M, Tabatabaei N, Rezai P. Low-Cost Resistive Microfluidic Salinity Sensor for High-Precision Detection of Drinking Water Salt Levels. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15529-15539. [PMID: 35571800 PMCID: PMC9096939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, inexpensive, and precise water salinity testing remains indispensable in water quality monitoring applications. Despite many sensors and commercialized devices to monitor seawater salinity, salt detection and quantification at very low levels of drinking water (below 120 ppm) have been overlooked. In this paper, we report on optimization of a low-cost microfluidic sensor to measure water salinity in the range of 1-120 ppm. The proposed design employs two copper microbridge wires suspended orthogonally in a PDMS microchannel to measure salinity based on the electrical resistance between the wires. The preliminary design of the sensor microchannel with a rectangular cross-section width (w) of 900 μm and height (h) of 500 μm could measure the water salinity in the range of 1-20 ppm in less than 1 min with detection sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 17.1 ohm/ohm·cm, 0.31 ppm, and 0.37 ppm, respectively. Data from the preliminary design was used for developing and validating a numerical model which was subsequently used for parametric studies and optimization to improve the sensor's performance. The optimized design demonstrated an order of magnitude increase in sensitivity (385 ohm/ohm·cm), a 6-fold wider detection range (1-120 ppm), and a 15-fold enhancement in miniaturization of the microfluidic channel (w = 200 μm and h = 150 μm) with LOD and LOQ of 0.39 and 0.44 ppm, respectively. In the future, the sensor can be integrated into a hand-held device to remove present impediments for low-cost and ubiquitous salinity surveillance of drinking water.
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28
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Po BHK, Wood CM. Transepithelial potential remains indicative of major ion toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after 4-day pre-exposure to major salts. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 246:106132. [PMID: 35286992 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Multi-Ion Toxicity (MIT) Model uses electrochemical theory to predict the transepithelial potential (TEP) across the gills as an index of major ion toxicity in freshwater animals. The goal is to determine environmental criteria that will be protective of aquatic organisms exposed to salt pollution. In recent studies, TEP disturbances above baseline (ΔTEP) during short-term exposures to major ions have been proven as indicative of their toxicity to fish, in accord with the MIT model. However, the acute 1-h exposures used in these previous studies might not be realistic relative to the 24 h or 96 h test periods used for toxicity assessment. To address this temporal inconsistency, the current study investigated both the TEP responses to serial concentrations of 10 major salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, KCl, K2SO4, KHCO3, CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2, MgSO4) and plasma ion levels in juvenile rainbow trout after they had been pre-exposed to 50% of the 96h-LC50 levels of these same salts for 4 days. The pre-exposures caused no mortalities. In general, plasma ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-) were well-regulated; however, pre-exposure to sulfate salts resulted in the greatest number of alterations in plasma ion levels. TEP responses remained largely similar to those of naïve trout (without salt pre-exposure). All salts caused hyperbolic concentration-dependent increases in TEP that were well-described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. In the pre-exposed trout, the variation of ∆TEP at the 96h-LC50 concentrations was only 2.2-fold, compared to nearly 28-fold variation among the molar concentrations of the various salts at the 96h-LC50s, identical to the conclusion for naïve trout. Overall, the results remove the temporal inconsistency of previous tests and remain supportive of the MIT model. In addition, the recorded alterations in certain plasma ions, baseline TEP, and Michaelis-Menten constants improve our knowledge on specific physiological responses after extended major ion exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly H K Po
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4; Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Jemec Kokalj A, Fišer Ž, Dolar A, Novak S, Drobne D, Bračko G, Fišer C. Screening of NaCl salinity sensitivity across eight species of subterranean amphipod genus Niphargus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113456. [PMID: 35395599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary salinization of freshwater is becoming a growing environmental problem. Currently, there is few data available on the effects of salinisation on subterranean crustaceans that are vital for the maintenance of groundwater ecosystem functioning. In this study, the sensitivity of subterranean Niphargus amphipods to NaCl was investigated. We expected that cave-dwelling species would be more sensitive as surface-subterranean boundary species. Eight ecologically different Niphargus species were tested: four live at the boundary between the surface and subterranean ecosystems (N. timavi, N. krameri, N. sphagnicolus, N. spinulifemur), three live in cave streams (N. stygius, N. scopicauda, N. podpecanus), and one species (N. hebereri) lives in anchialine caves and wells. The organisms were exposed to five concentrations of NaCl for 96 h and afterwards the immobility, mortality, and electron transfer system (ETS) activity (a measure for metabolic rate of animals) were evaluated. As expected, the most tolerant species was N. hebereri dwelling in naturally high-salinity habitat. However, contrary to our expectations, the species collected at the surface-subterranean boundary were more sensitive as cave stream species when their immobility and mortality were assessed. Interestingly, the majority of Niphargus tested were more NaCl tolerant as can be deduced from currently available data for subterranean and surface crustaceans. We could not observe a clear trend in ETS activity changes between groups of surface-subterranean boundary and cave streams species after exposure to NaCl stress, but it appears that osmotic stress-induced metabolic rate changes are species-specific. This study shows that amphipods Niphargus can be a valuable subterranean environmental research model and further ecotoxicity research is of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Žiga Fišer
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Bračko
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Fišer
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Stress history affects heat tolerance in an aquatic ectotherm (Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). J Therm Biol 2022; 106:103252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Leite T, Branco P, Ferreira MT, Santos JM. Activity, boldness and schooling in freshwater fish are affected by river salinization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153046. [PMID: 35032527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rivers are experiencing increasing anthropogenic pressures and salinity has shown to affect freshwater fish behaviour, potentially disrupting ecological processes. In this study, the aim was to determine the sub-lethal effects of salinization on freshwater fish behaviour, using a widespread native cyprinid species, the Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) as the model species. Behavioural trials in a mesocosms setting were performed to assess the effects of three levels of a salinity gradient - control (no salt added to the water, 0.8 mS/cm), low (9 mS/cm), and high concentration (18 mS/cm) - on fish routine activity, shoal cohesion and boldness. Upon increasing the salinity levels in the flume-channels, fish showed a significant reduction on their i) swimming activity (76% of searching behaviour in the control vs. 57% in high salinity), and ii) shoal cohesion (0.95 shoal cohesion ratio in the control vs. 0.76 in high salinity), while iii) an increase of bolder individuals, measured by a higher number of attempts to escape the altered environment (106 total jumps in the control vs. 262 in high salinity), was simultaneously observed. Behavioural changes in fish can reflect shifts in ecological condition. Thus, the behavioural responses of fish caused by salinization stress should be further researched, in addition to the interaction with other environmental stressors, in order to understand the true scope of the consequences of salinization for fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Leite
- Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Branco
- Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria Teresa Ferreira
- Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - José Maria Santos
- Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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32
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Zhang VM, Martin RL, Murray RL. Chronic Road Salt Exposure Across Life Stages and The Interactive Effects of Warming and Salinity in a Semiaquatic Insect. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:313-321. [PMID: 35348654 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The salinization of freshwater habitats from winter road salt application is a growing concern. Understanding how taxa exposed to road salt run-off respond to this salinity exposure across life history transitions will be important for predicting the impacts of increasing salinity. We show that Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae) dragonflies are robust to environmentally relevant levels of salt pollution across intrinsically stressful life history transitions (hatching, growth, and metamorphosis). Additionally, we observed no carry-over effects into adult dragonfly morphology. However, in a multiple-stressor setting, we see negative interactive effects of warming and salinity on activity, and we found that chronically warmed dragonfly larvae consumed fewer mosquitoes. Despite showing relatively high tolerance to salinity individually, we expect that decreased dragonfly performance in multiple-stressor environments could limit dragonflies' contribution to ecosystem services such as mosquito pest control in urban freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki M Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. L5L 1C6, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. M5S 3B2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosemary L Martin
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. L5L 1C6, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. M5S 3B2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosalind L Murray
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. L5L 1C6, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. M5S 3B2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bakonyi G, Vásárhelyi T, Szabó B. Pollution impacts on water bugs (Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha): state of the art and their biomonitoring potential. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:301. [PMID: 35344112 PMCID: PMC8960648 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As water pollution poses an increasing risk worldwide, it is timely to assess the achievements of the aquatic macroinvertebrate ecotoxicology to provide a sound basis for the discipline's future and support the development of biomonitoring. Aquatic and semi-aquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha) are ubiquitous in almost all water types, sometimes in high densities, and play a significant role in organic material turnover and energy flow. Nevertheless, they are ignored in the water pollution biomonitoring schemes. Here, based on 300 papers, we review and evaluate the effects of chemical pesticides, microorganism-derived pesticides, insecticides of plant origin, heavy metals, eutrophication, salinisation and light pollution which are summarised for the first time. Our review encompasses the results of 100 laboratory and 39 semi-field/field experiments with 47 pesticides and 70 active ingredients. Pyrethroids were found to be more toxic than organochlorine, organophosphate and neonicotinoid insecticides to water bugs, like other macroinvertebrate groups. Additionally, in 10 out of 17 cases, the recommended field concentration of the pesticide was higher than the LC50 values, indicating potential hazards to water bugs. The recommended field concentrations of pesticides used in mosquito larvae control were found non-toxic to water bugs. As very few replicated studies are available, other findings on the effects of pesticides cannot be generalised. The microorganism-derived pesticide Bti appears to be safe when used at the recommended field concentration. Data indicates that plant-derived pesticides are safe with a high degree of certainty. We have identified three research areas where water bugs could be better involved in water biomonitoring. First, some Halobates spp. are excellent, and Gerris spp. are promising sentinels for Cd contamination. Second, Micronecta and, to a certain extent, Corixidae species composition is connected to and the indicator of eutrophication. Third, the species composition of the Corixidae is related to salinisation, and a preliminary method to quantify the relationship is already available. Our review highlights the potential of water bugs in water pollution monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Bakonyi
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | | | - Borbála Szabó
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, 2163, Vácrátót, Hungary
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Huang J, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhang L, Lyu K, Yang Z. Size-specific sensitivity of cladocerans to freshwater salinization: Evidences from the changes in life history and population dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 296:118770. [PMID: 34974088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The salinization of the global freshwater system caused by various human activities and climate change has become a common problem threatening freshwater biodiversity and resources, which may affect a variety of species of cladocerans at individual and population levels. In order to comprehensively evaluate the impact of salinization on different-sized cladocerans at individual and population levels, we exposed two species of cladocerans with obvious body size difference, Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa, to seven salinities (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 M), recorded individual life history traits and population growth dynamics, and used multiple mechanistic models to fit the data. At the individual level, the median effect concentration of survival time, total offspring per female, and number of broods of D. magna were significantly higher than those of M. macrocopa. At the population level, the decrease in carrying capacity of D. magna with increasing salinity was significantly less than that of M. macrocopa. At the same salinity treatment, the integrated biomarker response indexes value of M. macrocopa is higher than that of D. magna. Therefore, it was further inferred that the sensitivity of small-sized species M. macrocopa to salinity stress is significantly higher than that of big-sized species D. magna. Thus, freshwater salinization may result in the replacement of smaller salt-intolerant cladocerans with larger salt-tolerant cladocerans, which may have dramatic effects on freshwater communities and ecosystems. Additionally, the increase of salinity had a greater impact on the population level of D. magna and M. macrocopa than on the individual level, indicating that population level of cladocerans was more susceptible to salinity stress. Experiments only based on individuals may underestimate the ecologically related changes in populations and communities, thus understanding the impact of salinization on freshwater systems needs to consider multiple ecological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yurou Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kai Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Coastal Water Quality to Support Application of Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Intensive Pond Technology. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the performance of whiteleg shrimp culture in relation to temporal and spatial aspects and characteristics and water quality status. Measurement and sampling of water were carried out before stocking/initial stocking of culture whiteleg shrimp (rainy season) and end of culture/after harvesting of whiteleg shrimp (dry season) at two locations in the coastal area of Bulukumba Regency, namely Bonto Bahari Subdistrict (BB) and Gantarang Subdistrict (GT), and one location as a control, namely in the coastal area of Ujung Loe Subdistrict. Variables measured and analyzed included temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, total suspended solids, and total organic matter. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, multivariate statistics, and non-parametric statistics. Water quality status was determined using the Storet (Storage and Retrieval) method. The results showed that the culture of whiteleg shrimp was technology intensive with a stocking density of 110–220 ind/m2 with productivity between 13.9 and 44.4 tons/ha/cycle. The predicted waste load of N is 28.00 tons/cycle and P reaches 6.61 tons/cycle. Another result was that changes in water quality status during the rainy season were classified as moderately polluted at the BB location and complying with quality standards at the GT location. In the dry season, both locations were categorized as heavily polluted. Variables of water quality that caused the decrease in water quality status in both locations (BB and GT) were observed to increase salinity, nitrate concentration, and ammonia concentration and decreased dissolved oxygen concentration in the dry season. It is recommended to carry out proper feed management, use of probiotics, and increase the capacity and capability of wastewater treatment plants to reduce ammonia and nitrate concentrations in water in coastal areas. It is necessary to determine a more precise time for whiteleg shrimp stocking by reducing the possibility that whiteleg shrimp culture will still occur at the dry season’s peak.
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Lorrain-Soligon L, Robin F, Lelong V, Jankovic M, Barbraud C, Brischoux F. Distance to coastline modulates morphology and population structure in a coastal amphibian. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Salinization due to sea-level rise and marine submersions is expected to strongly impact coastal ecosystems. Exposure to salinity can negatively impact biodiversity especially in coastal wetlands. To understand comprehensively the consequences of environmental salinization on coastal biodiversity, it is essential to document how coastal species currently respond to exposure to salinity. In this study, we investigated how variations of environmental salinity relative to the distance to the ocean influence population structure (age ratio and sex ratio), and individual hydro-mineral balance (osmolality) and morphology (size, mass, condition) in the western spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes) in two populations from the French Atlantic coast. We show that distance to coastline strongly influences exposure to salt on a small spatial scale. Some variables (e.g., abundances, osmolality, morphology) responded similarly in both sites and may be related to salt deposition due to landward sea-spray. Interestingly, other variables (sex ratio and age ratio) displayed site-specific responses and appeared to be linked to the salinity of breeding sites. Distance to the shoreline appears to be a critical population structuring factor in this coastal salt-tolerant species. Future studies should investigate how distance to shoreline—and thus environmental salinity—can ultimately affect individual performances and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Lorrain-Soligon
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372 CNRS – La Rochelle Université, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Frédéric Robin
- LPO France, Fonderies Royales, Rochefort, France
- Réserve naturelle de Moëze-Oléron, LPO, Plaisance, Saint-Froult, France
- Réserve naturelle du marais d’Yves LPO, Ferme de la belle espérance, Yves, France
| | - Vincent Lelong
- Réserve naturelle de Moëze-Oléron, LPO, Plaisance, Saint-Froult, France
| | - Marko Jankovic
- Réserve naturelle du marais d’Yves LPO, Ferme de la belle espérance, Yves, France
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372 CNRS – La Rochelle Université, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - François Brischoux
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372 CNRS – La Rochelle Université, Villiers en Bois, France
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Govaert L, Gilarranz LJ, Altermatt F. Competition alters species' plastic and genetic response to environmental change. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23518. [PMID: 34876603 PMCID: PMC8651732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Species react to environmental change via plastic and evolutionary responses. While both of them determine species' survival, most studies quantify these responses individually. As species occur in communities, competing species may further influence their respective response to environmental change. Yet, how environmental change and competing species combined shape plastic and genetic responses to environmental change remains unclear. Quantifying how competition alters plastic and genetic responses of species to environmental change requires a trait-based, community and evolutionary ecological approach. We exposed unicellular aquatic organisms to long-term selection of increasing salinity-representing a common and relevant environmental change. We assessed plastic and genetic contributions to phenotypic change in biomass, cell shape, and dispersal ability along increasing levels of salinity in the presence and absence of competition. Trait changes in response to salinity were mainly due to mean trait evolution, and differed whether species evolved in the presence or absence of competition. Our results show that species' evolutionary and plastic responses to environmental change depended both on competition and the magnitude of environmental change, ultimately determining species persistence. Our results suggest that understanding plastic and genetic responses to environmental change within a community will improve predictions of species' persistence to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Govaert
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Luis J. Gilarranz
- grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Farinelli G, Coha M, Minella M, Fabbri D, Pazzi M, Vione D, Tiraferri A. Evaluation of Fenton and modified Fenton oxidation coupled with membrane distillation for produced water treatment: Benefits, challenges, and effluent toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148953. [PMID: 34328879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation is a promising technology to desalinate hypersaline produced waters. However, the organic content can foul and wet the membrane, while some fractions may pass into the distillate and impair its quality. In this study, the applicability of the traditional Fenton process was investigated and preliminarily optimized as a pre-treatment of a synthetic hypersaline produced water for the following step of membrane distillation. The Fenton process was also compared to a modified Fenton system, whereby safe iron ligands, i.e., ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinate and citrate, were used to overcome practical limitations of the traditional reaction. The oxidation pre-treatments achieved up to 55% removal of the dissolved organic carbon and almost complete degradation of the low molecular weight toxic organic contaminants. The pre-treatment steps did not improve the productivity of the membrane distillation process, but they allowed for obtaining a final effluent with significantly higher quality in terms of organic content and reduced Vibrio fischeri inhibition, with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values up to 25 times those measured for the raw produced water. The addition of iron ligands during the oxidation step simplified the process, but resulted in an effluent of slightly lower quality in terms of toxicity compared to the use of traditional Fenton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Farinelli
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Coha
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Pazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Tiraferri
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
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Saccò M, White NE, Harrod C, Salazar G, Aguilar P, Cubillos CF, Meredith K, Baxter BK, Oren A, Anufriieva E, Shadrin N, Marambio-Alfaro Y, Bravo-Naranjo V, Allentoft ME. Salt to conserve: a review on the ecology and preservation of hypersaline ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2828-2850. [PMID: 34747117 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
When it comes to the investigation of key ecosystems in the world, we often omit salt from the ecological recipe. In fact, despite occupying almost half of the volume of inland waters and providing crucial services to humanity and nature, inland saline ecosystems are often overlooked in discussions regarding the preservation of global aquatic resources of our planet. As a result, our knowledge of the biological and geochemical dynamics shaping these environments remains incomplete and we are hesitant in framing effective protective strategies against the increasing natural and anthropogenic threats faced by such habitats. Hypersaline lakes, water bodies where the concentration of salt exceeds 35 g/l, occur mainly in arid and semiarid areas resulting from hydrological imbalances triggering the accumulation of salts over time. Often considered the 'exotic siblings' within the family of inland waters, these ecosystems host some of the most extremophile communities worldwide and provide essential habitats for waterbirds and many other organisms in already water-stressed regions. These systems are often highlighted as natural laboratories, ideal for addressing central ecological questions due to their relatively low complexity and simple food web structures. However, recent studies on the biogeochemical mechanisms framing hypersaline communities have challenged this archetype, arguing that newly discovered highly diverse communities are characterised by specific trophic interactions shaped by high levels of specialisation. The main goal of this review is to explore our current understanding of the ecological dynamics of hypersaline ecosystems by addressing four main research questions: (i) why are hypersaline lakes unique from a biological and geochemical perspective; (ii) which biota inhabit these ecosystems and how have they adapted to the high salt conditions; (iii) how do we protect biodiversity from increasing natural and anthropogenic threats; and (iv) which scientific tools will help us preserve hypersaline ecosystems in the future? First, we focus on the ecological characterisation of hypersaline ecosystems, illustrate hydrogeochemical dynamics regulating such environments, and outline key ecoregions supporting hypersaline systems across the globe. Second, we depict the diversity and functional aspects of key taxa found in hypersaline lakes, from microorganisms to plants, invertebrates, waterbirds and upper trophic levels. Next, we describe ecosystem services and discuss possible conservation guidelines. Finally, we outline how cutting-edge technologies can provide new insights into the study of hypersaline ecology. Overall, this review sheds further light onto these understudied ecosystems, largely unrecognised as important sources of unique biological and functional diversity. We provide perspectives for key future research avenues, and advocate that the conservation of hypersaline lakes should not be taken with 'a grain of salt'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Saccò
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Nicole E White
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Chris Harrod
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, 3349001, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Salazar
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, 3349001, Chile
| | - Pablo Aguilar
- Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, 3349001, Chile.,Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Carolina F Cubillos
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Karina Meredith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Bonnie K Baxter
- Great Salt Lake Institute, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, UT, 84105, U.S.A
| | - Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Institute of Life Sciences, the Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Elena Anufriieva
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Nakhimov Avenue 2, Sevastopol, 299011, Russia
| | - Nickolai Shadrin
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Nakhimov Avenue 2, Sevastopol, 299011, Russia
| | - Yeri Marambio-Alfaro
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Víctor Bravo-Naranjo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Benavente 980, La Serena, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Silver S, Donini A. Physiological responses of freshwater insects to salinity: molecular-, cellular- and organ-level studies. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272480. [PMID: 34652452 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.222190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Salinization of freshwater is occurring throughout the world, affecting freshwater biota that inhabit rivers, streams, ponds, marshes and lakes. There are many freshwater insects, and these animals are important for ecosystem health. These insects have evolved physiological mechanisms to maintain their internal salt and water balance based on a freshwater environment that has comparatively little salt. In these habitats, insects must counter the loss of salts and dilution of their internal body fluids by sequestering salts and excreting water. Most of these insects can tolerate salinization of their habitats to a certain level; however, when exposed to salinization they often exhibit markers of stress and impaired development. An understanding of the physiological mechanisms for controlling salt and water balance in freshwater insects, and how these are affected by salinization, is needed to predict the consequences of salinization for freshwater ecosystems. Recent research in this area has addressed the whole-organism response, but the purpose of this Review is to summarize the effects of salinization on the osmoregulatory physiology of freshwater insects at the molecular to organ level. Research of this type is limited, and pursuing such lines of inquiry will improve our understanding of the effects of salinization on freshwater insects and the ecosystems they inhabit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Silver
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Coldsnow KD, Relyea RA. The combined effects of macrophytes and three road salts on aquatic communities in outdoor mesocosms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117652. [PMID: 34186499 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of environmental and societal concerns, new strategies are being developed to mitigate the effects of road salt. These include new deicers that are alternatives to or mixtures with the most common road salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), improved techniques and equipment, and biotic mitigation methods. Using outdoor mesocosms, we investigated the impacts of NaCl and two common alternatives, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on freshwater communities. We also investigated the mitigation ability of a common macrophyte, Elodea. We hypothesized that road salt exposure reduces filamentous algae, zooplankton, and macrocrustaceans, but results in increases in phytoplankton and gastropods. We also hypothesized that MgCl2 is the most toxic salt to communities, followed by CaCl2, and then NaCl. Lastly, we hypothesized that macrophytes mitigate some of the effects of road salt, specifically the effects on primary producers. We found that all three salts reduced filamentous algal biomass and amphipod abundance, but only MgCl2 reduced Elodea biomass. MgCl2 had the largest and longest lasting effects on zooplankton, specifically cladocerans and copepods, which resulted in a significant increase in phytoplankton and rotifers. CaCl2 increased ostracods and decreased snail abundance, but NaCl increased snail abundance. Lastly, while we did not find many interactions between road salt and macrophyte treatments, macrophytes did counteract many of the salt effects on producers, leading to decreased phytoplankton, increased filamentous algae, and altered abiotic responses. Thus, at similar chloride concentrations, NaCl alternatives, specifically MgCl2, are not safer for aquatic ecosystems and more research is needed to find safer road management strategies to protect freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla D Coldsnow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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Leng P, Zhang Q, Li F, Kulmatov R, Wang G, Qiao Y, Wang J, Peng Y, Tian C, Zhu N, Hirwa H, Khasanov S. Agricultural impacts drive longitudinal variations of riverine water quality of the Aral Sea basin (Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers), Central Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117405. [PMID: 34062430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
River ecosystems are under increasing stress in the background of global change and ever-growing anthropogenic impacts in Central Asia. However, available water quality data in this region are insufficient for a reliable assessment of the current status, which come as no surprise that the limited knowledge of regulating processes for further prediction of solute variations hinders the development of sustainable management strategies. Here, we analyzed a dataset of various water quality variables from two sampling campaigns in 2019 in the catchments of two major rivers in Central Asia-the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers. Our results suggested high spatial heterogeneity of salinity and major ion components along the longitudinal directions in both river catchments, pointing to an increasing influence of human activities toward downstream areas. We linked the modeling outputs from the global nutrient model (IMAGE-GNM) to riverine nutrients to elucidate the effect of different natural and anthropogenic sources in dictating the longitudinal variations of the riverine nutrient concentrations (N and P). Diffuse nutrient loadings dominated the export flux into the rivers, whereas leaching and surface runoff constituted the major fractions for N and P, respectively. Discharge of agricultural irrigation water into the rivers was the major cause of the increases in nutrients and salinity. Given that the conditions in Central Asia are highly susceptible to climate change, our findings call for more efforts to establish holistic management of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Leng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Department of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Qiuying Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fadong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Rashid Kulmatov
- Department of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100170, Uzbekistan
| | - Guoqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; International Ecosystem Management Partnership, United Nations Environment Programme, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yunfeng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Nong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hubert Hirwa
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Sayidjakhon Khasanov
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Tashkent, 100000, Uzbekistan
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Mathews AP. Effectiveness of water softening residuals as components of road deicing chemicals: Model analysis of freezing point depression. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112888. [PMID: 34058451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water softening residuals disposal is a worldwide issue due to the lack of effective reuse alternatives. The current principal disposal methods of landfilling and land application are quite costly due to the dewatering and transportation costs involved, and these operations can also cause potential environmental harm from leaching of the additives used in the treatment process. This research is aimed at the use of water softening residuals in the production of biodegradable road deicers that would be beneficial in replacing the highly corrosive and environmentally harmful chloride salts that are currently used for road deicing. Experimental data developed show that calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) and calcium magnesium propionate (CMP) deicers produced using water plant sludges are effective in deicing applications. A mathematical model is developed for predicting freezing point depression of CMA and CMP deicers as a function of molal concentration. The model predictions are found to match well with the experimental data, providing confidence in the use of this model for the effective design water softening sludge based deicers. The information developed herein provides options for the sustainable management of softening residuals and the concommitant mitigation of environmental harm associated with road deicing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Mathews
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Oliveira R, Martínez A, Gonçalves AL, Almeida Júnior ES, Canhoto C. Salt pulses effects on in-stream litter processing and recovery capacity depend on substrata quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147013. [PMID: 33872895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have greatly extended and intensified freshwater salinization, which threatens the structure and functioning of streams and rivers. Research on salt effects on in-stream processes has been strongly biased towards chronic salinization at constant levels. The aim of this study was to assess microbial mediated decomposition of two leaf species contrasting in quality (alder and oak) and associated descriptors, during salt-pulsed contamination (salinization period) and after cessation of salt additions (recovery period). Leaves were incubated in a mountain stream (central Portugal) longitudinally divided over 22 m. Half of the stream (salinized half) was subjected to daily short-term sharp salinity increases (conductivity up to ~48 mS cm-1) during 7 days while the other half (control half) was used as control. During the salinization period, salt exposure negatively affected mass loss and microbial respiration rate of alder (high-quality resource) while effects on fungal sporulation rate were independent of leaf quality. Fungal biomass was not impacted. After the recovery period, mass loss and respiration rate in both leaf species were similar between experimental stream halves. Fungal biomass associated with oak was enhanced and sporulation rate of alder, maintained in the previously salinized half, remained depressed. These results point out that the effects of salt pulses may be more deleterious in streams exclusively lined by high (vs. low) quality riparian trees as a result of a less efficient microbial-mediated leaf processing, and a reduced contribution to the conidial pool, even beyond the salinization period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Oliveira
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aingeru Martínez
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Lúcia Gonçalves
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Edivan S Almeida Júnior
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Canhoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Carmona R, Muñoz R, Niell FX. Differential Nutrient Uptake by Saltmarsh Plants Is Modified by Increasing Salinity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:709453. [PMID: 34394167 PMCID: PMC8360633 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.709453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Southern European estuaries and associated salt marshes, the anthropogenic nutrient inputs, together with longer drought periods, are leading to increasing eutrophication and salinization of these coastal ecosystems. In this study, uptake kinetics of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate by three common plants in Palmones salt marsh (Southern Spain), Sarcocornia perennis ssp. alpini, Atriplex portulacoides, and Arthrocnemum macrostachyum were measured in hydroponic cultures. We also determined how these uptakes could be modified by increasing salinity, adding NaCl to the incubation medium (from 170 to 1,025 mM). Kinetic parameters are analyzed to understand the competition of the three species for nutrient resources under realistic most frequent concentrations in the salt marsh. These results may also be useful to predict the possible changes in the community composition and distribution if trends in environmental changes persist. Atriplex portulacoides showed the highest Vmax for ammonium, the most abundant nutrient in the salt marsh, while the highest affinity for this nutrient was observed in A. macrostachyum. Maximum uptake rates for nitrate were much lower than for ammonium, without significant differences among species. The highest Vmax value for phosphate was observed in A. macrostachyum, whereas A. portulacoides presented the highest affinity for this nutrient. High salinity drastically affected the physiological response of these species, decreasing nutrient uptake. Sarcocornia perennis ssp. alpini and A. macrostachyum were not affected by salinity up to 510 mM NaCl, whereas A. portulacoides notably decreased its uptake capacity at 427 mM and even withered at 1,025 mM NaCl. At current most frequent concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in the salt marsh, S. perennis ssp. alpini is the most favored species, from the nutritional point of view. However, A. portulacoides could enhance its presence if the increasing ammonium load continues, although a simultaneous salinization would negatively affect its nutritional physiology.
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Naik R, Sharma L. Spatio-temporal modelling for the evaluation of an altered Indian saline Ramsar site and its drivers for ecosystem management and restoration. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248543. [PMID: 34292947 PMCID: PMC8297798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Saline lakes occupy 44% and 23% of the volume and area of all lakes that are tending to suffer from extended dryness, reduced hydro period, or complete desiccation by 2025. The current study is conducted on Sambhar Salt Lake, the largest inland saline Ramsar, site of India, contributing to 9.86% of total salt production. The lake is under threat due to illegal salt pan encroachment, losing brine worth 300 million USD. The objective was to identify the key drivers that affect the lake at a landscape level. Geospatial modelling was conducted for 96 years (1963–2059) at a decadal scale, integrating ground data (birds-soil-water). Land Use Land Cover (LULC) classification was conducted using CORONA aerial imagery of 1963, along with Landsat imageries, using supervised classification for 1972, 1981, 1992, 2009, and 2019, and future prediction for 2029, 2039, 2049, and 2059. Further, images were classified into 8 classes that include the Aravali hills, barren land, saline soil, salt crust, salt pans, wetland, settlement, and vegetation. Past trends show a reduction of wetland from 30.7 to 3.4% at a constant rate (4.23%) to saline soil, which subsequently seemed to increase by 9.3%, increasing thereby the barren land by 4.2%; salt pans by 6.6%, and settlement by 1.2% till 2019. Future predictions show loss of 40% wetland and 120% of saline soil and net increase in 30% vegetation, 40% settlement, 10% salt pan, 5% barren land, and a net loss of 20%, each by Aravali hills and salt crust. Additionally, the ground result shows its alteration and reduction of migratory birds from 3 million to 3000. In the light of UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030), restoration strategies are suggested; if delayed, more restoration capital may be required than its revenue generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Naik
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Laxmikant Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
- * E-mail:
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Thorslund J, Bierkens MFP, Oude Essink GHP, Sutanudjaja EH, van Vliet MTH. Common irrigation drivers of freshwater salinisation in river basins worldwide. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4232. [PMID: 34244500 PMCID: PMC8270903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater salinisation is a growing problem, yet cross-regional assessments of freshwater salinity status and the impact of agricultural and other sectoral uses are lacking. Here, we assess inland freshwater salinity patterns and evaluate its interactions with irrigation water use, across seven regional river basins (401 river sub-basins) around the world, using long-term (1980-2010) salinity observations. While a limited number of sub-basins show persistent salinity problems, many sub-basins temporarily exceeded safe irrigation water-use thresholds and 57% experience increasing salinisation trends. We further investigate the role of agricultural activities as drivers of salinisation and find common contributions of irrigation-specific activities (irrigation water withdrawals, return flows and irrigated area) in sub-basins of high salinity levels and increasing salinisation trends, compared to regions without salinity issues. Our results stress the need for considering these irrigation-specific drivers when developing management strategies and as a key human component in water quality modelling and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Thorslund
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Physical Geography and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc F. P. Bierkens
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.6385.80000 0000 9294 0542Unit Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Deltares, The Netherlands
| | - Gualbert H. P. Oude Essink
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.6385.80000 0000 9294 0542Unit Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Deltares, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin H. Sutanudjaja
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle T. H. van Vliet
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mo Y, Peng F, Gao X, Xiao P, Logares R, Jeppesen E, Ren K, Xue Y, Yang J. Low shifts in salinity determined assembly processes and network stability of microeukaryotic plankton communities in a subtropical urban reservoir. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:128. [PMID: 34082826 PMCID: PMC8176698 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freshwater salinization may result in significant changes of microbial community composition and diversity, with implications for ecosystem processes and function. Earlier research has revealed the importance of large shifts in salinity on microbial physiology and ecology, whereas studies on the effects of smaller or narrower shifts in salinity on the microeukaryotic community in inland waters are scarce. Our aim was to unveil community assembly mechanisms and the stability of microeukaryotic plankton networks at low shifts in salinity. RESULTS Here, we analyzed a high-resolution time series of plankton data from an urban reservoir in subtropical China over 13 consecutive months following one periodic salinity change ranging from 0 to 6.1‰. We found that (1) salinity increase altered the community composition and led to a significant decrease of plankton diversity, (2) salinity change influenced microeukaryotic plankton community assembly primarily by regulating the deterministic-stochastic balance, with deterministic processes becoming more important with increased salinity, and (3) core plankton subnetwork robustness was higher at low-salinity levels, while the satellite subnetworks had greater robustness at the medium-/high-salinity levels. Our results suggest that the influence of salinity, rather than successional time, is an important driving force for shaping microeukaryotic plankton community dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that at low salinities, even small increases in salinity are sufficient to exert a selective pressure to reduce the microeukaryotic plankton diversity and alter community assembly mechanism and network stability. Our results provide new insights into plankton ecology of inland urban waters and the impacts of salinity change in the assembly of microbiotas and network architecture. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Mo
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Feng Peng
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Ramiro Logares
- Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, ES08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, 100049 China
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 33731 Erdemli-Mersin, Turkey
| | - Kexin Ren
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
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49
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Pinheiro JPS, Windsor FM, Wilson RW, Tyler CR. Global variation in freshwater physico-chemistry and its influence on chemical toxicity in aquatic wildlife. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1528-1546. [PMID: 33942490 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical pollution is one of the major threats to global freshwater biodiversity and will be exacerbated through changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, acid-base chemistry, and reduced freshwater availability due to climate change. In this review we show how physico-chemical features of natural fresh waters, including pH, temperature, oxygen, carbon dioxide, divalent cations, anions, carbonate alkalinity, salinity and dissolved organic matter, can affect the environmental risk to aquatic wildlife of pollutant chemicals. We evidence how these features of freshwater physico-chemistry directly and/or indirectly affect the solubility, speciation, bioavailability and uptake of chemicals [including via alterations in the trans-epithelial electric potential (TEP) across the gills or skin] as well as the internal physiology/biochemistry of the organisms, and hence ultimately toxicity. We also show how toxicity can vary with species and ontogeny. We use a new database of global freshwater chemistry (GLORICH) to demonstrate the huge variability (often >1000-fold) for these physico-chemical variables in natural fresh waters, and hence their importance to ecotoxicology. We emphasise that a better understanding of chemical toxicity and more accurate environmental risk assessment requires greater consideration of the natural water physico-chemistry in which the organisms we seek to protect live.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Matão Street, 14 Lane, Number 101, Room 220, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fredric M Windsor
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Rod W Wilson
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, U.K
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50
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Castillo AM, De León LF. Evolutionary mismatch along salinity gradients in a Neotropical water strider. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5121-5134. [PMID: 34025996 PMCID: PMC8131768 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of local adaptation is crucial for the in situ persistence of populations in changing environments. However, selection along broad environmental gradients could render local adaptation difficult, and might even result in maladaptation. We address this issue by quantifying fitness trade-offs (via common garden experiments) along a salinity gradient in two populations of the Neotropical water strider Telmatometra withei-a species found in both fresh (FW) and brackish (BW) water environments across Panama. We found evidence for local adaptation in the FW population in its home FW environment. However, the BW population showed only partial adaptation to the BW environment, with a high magnitude of maladaptation along naturally occurring salinity gradients. Indeed, its overall fitness was ~60% lower than that of the ancestral FW population in its home environment, highlighting the role of phenotypic plasticity, rather than local adaptation, in high salinity environments. This suggests that populations seemingly persisting in high salinity environments might in fact be maladapted, following drastic changes in salinity. Thus, variable selection imposed by salinization could result in evolutionary mismatch, where the fitness of a population is displaced from its optimal environment. Understanding the fitness consequences of persisting in fluctuating salinity environments is crucial to predict the persistence of populations facing increasing salinization. It will also help develop evolutionarily informed management strategies in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anakena M. Castillo
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de DrogasInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)PanamáPanamá
- Department of BiotechnologyAcharya Nagarjuna UniversityGunturIndia
| | - Luis F. De León
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de DrogasInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)PanamáPanamá
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
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