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Shekhar A, Hörtnagl L, Paul-Limoges E, Etzold S, Zweifel R, Buchmann N, Gharun M. Contrasting impact of extreme soil and atmospheric dryness on the functioning of trees and forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:169931. [PMID: 38199368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate an increase in the frequency of extreme compound dryness days (days with both extreme soil AND air dryness) across central Europe in the future, with little information on their impact on the functioning of trees and forests. This study aims to quantify and assess the impact of extreme soil dryness, extreme air dryness, and extreme compound dryness on the functioning of trees and forests. For this, >15 years of ecosystem-level (carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes) and 6-10 years of tree-level measurements (transpiration and growth) each from a montane mixed deciduous forest (CH-Lae) and a subalpine evergreen coniferous forest (CH-Dav) in Switzerland, is used. The results showed extreme air dryness limitation on CO2 fluxes and extreme soil dryness limitations on water vapor fluxes. Additionally, CH-Dav was mainly affected by extreme air dryness whereas CH-Lae was affected by both extreme soil dryness and extreme air dryness. The impact of extreme compound dryness on net CO2 uptake (about 75 % decrease) was more due to higher increased ecosystem respiration (40 % and 70 % increase at CH-Dav and CH-Lae, respectively) than decreased gross primary productivity (10 % and 40 % decrease at CH-Dav and CH-Lae, respectively). A significant negative impact on evapotranspiration and transpiration was only observed at CH-Lae during extreme soil and compound dryness (about 25 % decrease). Furthermore, with some differences, the tree-level impact on tree water deficit, transpiration, and growth were consistent with the ecosystem-level impact on carbon uptake and evapotranspiration. Finally, the impact of extreme dryness showed no significant relationship with tree allometry (diameter and height) but across different tree species. The projected future is likely to expose these forest areas to more extreme and frequent dryness conditions, thus compromising the functioning of trees and forests, thereby calling for management interventions to increase the adaptive capacity and resistance of these forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shekhar
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eugénie Paul-Limoges
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mana Gharun
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Tang ACI, Flechard CR, Arriga N, Papale D, Stoy PC, Buchmann N, Cuntz M, Douros J, Fares S, Knohl A, Šigut L, Simioni G, Timmermans R, Grünwald T, Ibrom A, Loubet B, Mammarella I, Belelli Marchesini L, Nilsson M, Peichl M, Rebmann C, Schmidt M, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Cremonese E, El-Madany TS, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Hörtnagl L, Roland M, Varlagin A, Fu Z, Heinesch B, Janssens I, Kowalska N, Dušek J, Gerosa G, Mölder M, Tuittila ES, Loustau D. Detection and attribution of an anomaly in terrestrial photosynthesis in Europe during the COVID-19 lockdown. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166149. [PMID: 37567315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plant photosynthesis, referred to as gross primary production (GPP) at the ecosystem level, is sensitive to environmental factors, including pollutant exposure, pollutant uptake, and changes in the scattering of solar shortwave irradiance (SWin) - the energy source for photosynthesis. The 2020 spring lockdown due to COVID-19 resulted in improved air quality and atmospheric transparency, providing a unique opportunity to assess the impact of air pollutants on terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, detecting these effects can be challenging as GPP is influenced by other meteorological drivers and management practices. Based on data collected from 44 European ecosystem-scale CO2 flux monitoring stations, we observed significant changes in spring GPP at 34 sites during 2020 compared to 2015-2019. Among these, 14 sites showed an increase in GPP associated with higher SWin, 10 sites had lower GPP linked to atmospheric and soil dryness, and seven sites were subjected to management practices. The remaining three sites exhibited varying dynamics, with one experiencing colder and rainier weather resulting in lower GPP, and two showing higher GPP associated with earlier spring melts. Analysis using the regional atmospheric chemical transport model (LOTOS-EUROS) indicated that the ozone (O3) concentration remained relatively unchanged at the research sites, making it unlikely that O3 exposure was the dominant factor driving the primary production anomaly. In contrast, SWin increased by 9.4 % at 36 sites, suggesting enhanced GPP possibly due to reduced aerosol optical depth and cloudiness. Our findings indicate that air pollution and cloudiness may weaken the terrestrial carbon sink by up to 16 %. Accurate and continuous ground-based observations are crucial for detecting and attributing subtle changes in terrestrial ecosystem functioning in response to environmental and anthropogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Che Ing Tang
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | | | - Nicola Arriga
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Dario Papale
- University of Tuscia DIBAF, Viterbo, Italy; EuroMediterranean Center on Climate Change, CMCC IAFES, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paul C Stoy
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - John Douros
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Renske Timmermans
- Climate Air and Sustainability Unit, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Grünwald
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), DTU-Sustain, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- UMR ECOSYS, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mats Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley - Climate Change Unit, Saint-Christophe, Italy
| | - Tarek S El-Madany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Jena, Germany
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zheng Fu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ivan Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Natalia Kowalska
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Meelis Mölder
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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3
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Davidson KJ, Lamour J, McPherran A, Rogers A, Serbin SP. Seasonal trends in leaf-level photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency in a North American Eastern deciduous forest and their impact on canopy-scale gas exchange. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:138-156. [PMID: 37475146 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative transpiration (E) and photosynthetic carbon assimilation (A) are known to be seasonally dynamic, with changes in their ratio determining the marginal water use efficiency (WUE). Despite an understanding that stomata play a mechanistic role in regulating WUE, it is still unclear how stomatal and nonstomatal processes influence change in WUE over the course of the growing season. As a result, limited understanding of the primary physiological drivers of seasonal dynamics of canopy WUE remains one of the largest uncertainties in earth system model projections of carbon and water exchange in temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. We investigated seasonal patterns in leaf-level physiological, hydraulic, and anatomical properties, including the seasonal progress of the stomatal slope parameter (g1 ; inversely proportional to WUE) and the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax ). Vcmax and g1 were seasonally variable; however, their patterns were not temporally synchronized. g1 generally showed an increasing trend until late in the season, while Vcmax peaked during the midsummer months. Seasonal progression of Vcmax was primarily driven by changes in leaf structural, and anatomical characteristics, while seasonal changes in g1 were most strongly related to changes in Vcmax and leaf hydraulics. Using a seasonally variable Vcmax and g1 to parameterize a canopy-scale gas exchange model increased seasonally aggregated A and E by 3% and 16%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Davidson
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Julien Lamour
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Anna McPherran
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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4
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Shekhar A, Hörtnagl L, Buchmann N, Gharun M. Long-term changes in forest response to extreme atmospheric dryness. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5379-5396. [PMID: 37381105 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric dryness, as indicated by vapor pressure deficit (VPD), has a strong influence on forest greenhouse gas exchange with the atmosphere. In this study, we used long-term (10-30 years) net ecosystem productivity (NEP) measurements from 60 forest sites across the world (1003 site-years) to quantify long-term changes in forest NEP resistance and NEP recovery in response to extreme atmospheric dryness. We tested two hypotheses: first, across sites differences in NEP resistance and NEP recovery of forests will depend on both the biophysical characteristics (i.e., leaf area index [LAI] and forest type) of the forest as well as on the local meteorological conditions of the site (i.e., mean VPD of the site), and second, forests experiencing an increasing trend in frequency and intensity of extreme dryness will show an increasing trend in NEP resistance and NEP recovery over time due to emergence of long-term ecological stress memory. We used a data-driven statistical learning approach to quantify NEP resistance and NEP recovery over multiple years. Our results showed that forest types, LAI, and median local VPD conditions explained over 50% of variance in both NEP resistance and NEP recovery, with drier sites showing higher NEP resistance and NEP recovery compared to sites with less atmospheric dryness. The impact of extreme atmospheric dryness events on NEP lasted for up to 3 days following most severe extreme events in most forests, indicated by an NEP recovery of less than 100%. We rejected our second hypothesis as we found no consistent relationship between trends of extreme VPD with trends in NEP resistance and NEP recovery across different forest sites, thus an increase in atmospheric dryness as it is predicted might not increase the resistance or recovery of forests in terms of NEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shekhar
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mana Gharun
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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5
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Pohl F, Werban U, Kumar R, Hildebrandt A, Rebmann C. Observational evidence of legacy effects of the 2018 drought on a mixed deciduous forest in Germany. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10863. [PMID: 37407831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Forests play a major role in the global carbon cycle, and droughts have been shown to explain much of the interannual variability in the terrestrial carbon sink capacity. The quantification of drought legacy effects on ecosystem carbon fluxes is a challenging task, and research on the ecosystem scale remains sparse. In this study we investigate the delayed response of an extreme drought event on the carbon cycle in the mixed deciduous forest site 'Hohes Holz' (DE-HoH) located in Central Germany, using the measurements taken between 2015 and 2020. Our analysis demonstrates that the extreme drought and heat event in 2018 had strong legacy effects on the carbon cycle in 2019, but not in 2020. On an annual basis, net ecosystem productivity was [Formula: see text] higher in 2018 ([Formula: see text]) and [Formula: see text] lower in 2019 ([Formula: see text]) compared to pre-drought years ([Formula: see text]). Using spline regression, we show that while current hydrometeorological conditions can explain forest productivity in 2020, they do not fully explain the decrease in productivity in 2019. Including long-term drought information in the statistical model reduces overestimation error of productivity in 2019 by nearly [Formula: see text]. We also found that short-term drought events have positive impacts on the carbon cycle at the beginning of the vegetation season, but negative impacts in later summer, while long-term drought events have generally negative impacts throughout the growing season. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering the diverse and complex impacts of extreme events on ecosystem fluxes, including the timing, temporal scale, and magnitude of the events, and the need to use consistent definitions of drought to clearly convey immediate and delayed responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Pohl
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Werban
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rohini Kumar
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Hildebrandt
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Geoscience, Burgweg 11, 07749, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Chen L, Keski-Saari S, Kontunen-Soppela S, Zhu X, Zhou X, Hänninen H, Pumpanen J, Mola-Yudego B, Wu D, Berninger F. Immediate and carry-over effects of late-spring frost and growing season drought on forest gross primary productivity capacity in the Northern Hemisphere. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3924-3940. [PMID: 37165918 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Forests are increasingly exposed to extreme global warming-induced climatic events. However, the immediate and carry-over effects of extreme events on forests are still poorly understood. Gross primary productivity (GPP) capacity is regarded as a good proxy of the ecosystem's functional stability, reflecting its physiological response to its surroundings. Using eddy covariance data from 34 forest sites in the Northern Hemisphere, we analyzed the immediate and carry-over effects of late-spring frost (LSF) and growing season drought on needle-leaf and broadleaf forests. Path analysis was applied to reveal the plausible reasons behind the varied responses of forests to extreme events. The results show that LSF had clear immediate effects on the GPP capacity of both needle-leaf and broadleaf forests. However, GPP capacity in needle-leaf forests was more sensitive to drought than in broadleaf forests. There was no interaction between LSF and drought in either needle-leaf or broadleaf forests. Drought effects were still visible when LSF and drought coexisted in needle-leaf forests. Path analysis further showed that the response of GPP capacity to drought differed between needle-leaf and broadleaf forests, mainly due to the difference in the sensitivity of canopy conductance. Moreover, LSF had a more severe and long-lasting carry-over effect on forests than drought. These results enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of forest response to extreme events across forest types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sarita Keski-Saari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sari Kontunen-Soppela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Xudan Zhu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Heikki Hänninen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Blas Mola-Yudego
- School of Forest Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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7
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Rowland L, Ramírez-Valiente JA, Hartley IP, Mencuccini M. How woody plants adjust above- and below-ground traits in response to sustained drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37306017 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Future increases in drought severity and frequency are predicted to have substantial impacts on plant function and survival. However, there is considerable uncertainty concerning what drought adjustment is and whether plants can adjust to sustained drought. This review focuses on woody plants and synthesises the evidence for drought adjustment in a selection of key above-ground and below-ground plant traits. We assess whether evaluating the drought adjustment of single traits, or selections of traits that operate on the same plant functional axis (e.g. photosynthetic traits) is sufficient, or whether a multi-trait approach, integrating across multiple axes, is required. We conclude that studies on drought adjustments in woody plants might overestimate the capacity for adjustment to drier environments if spatial studies along gradients are used, without complementary experimental approaches. We provide evidence that drought adjustment is common in above-ground and below-ground traits; however, whether this is adaptive and sufficient to respond to future droughts remains uncertain for most species. To address this uncertainty, we must move towards studying trait integration within and across multiple axes of plant function (e.g. above-ground and below-ground) to gain a holistic view of drought adjustments at the whole-plant scale and how these influence plant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Rowland
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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8
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Pohl F, Rakovec O, Rebmann C, Hildebrandt A, Boeing F, Hermanns F, Attinger S, Samaniego L, Kumar R. Long-term daily hydrometeorological drought indices, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration for ICOS sites. Sci Data 2023; 10:281. [PMID: 37179354 PMCID: PMC10183025 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eddy covariance sites are ideally suited for the study of extreme events on ecosystems as they allow the exchange of trace gases and energy fluxes between ecosystems and the lower atmosphere to be directly measured on a continuous basis. However, standardized definitions of hydroclimatic extremes are needed to render studies of extreme events comparable across sites. This requires longer datasets than are available from on-site measurements in order to capture the full range of climatic variability. We present a dataset of drought indices based on precipitation (Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI), atmospheric water balance (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, SPEI), and soil moisture (Standardized Soil Moisture Index, SSMI) for 101 ecosystem sites from the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) with daily temporal resolution from 1950 to 2021. Additionally, we provide simulated soil moisture and evapotranspiration for each site from the Mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM). These could be utilised for gap-filling or long-term research, among other applications. We validate our data set with measurements from ICOS and discuss potential research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Pohl
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Oldrich Rakovec
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Hildebrandt
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Geoscience, Burgweg 11, 07749, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedrich Boeing
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Floris Hermanns
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Attinger
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luis Samaniego
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rohini Kumar
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Fu Z, Ciais P, Makowski D, Bastos A, Stoy PC, Ibrom A, Knohl A, Migliavacca M, Cuntz M, Šigut L, Peichl M, Loustau D, El-Madany TS, Buchmann N, Gharun M, Janssens I, Markwitz C, Grünwald T, Rebmann C, Mölder M, Varlagin A, Mammarella I, Kolari P, Bernhofer C, Heliasz M, Vincke C, Pitacco A, Cremonese E, Foltýnová L, Wigneron JP. Uncovering the critical soil moisture thresholds of plant water stress for European ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2111-2123. [PMID: 34927310 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the critical soil moisture (SM) threshold (θcrit ) of plant water stress and land surface energy partitioning is a basis to evaluate drought impacts and improve models for predicting future ecosystem condition and climate. Quantifying the θcrit across biomes and climates is challenging because observations of surface energy fluxes and SM remain sparse. Here, we used the latest database of eddy covariance measurements to estimate θcrit across Europe by evaluating evaporative fraction (EF)-SM relationships and investigating the covariance between vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and gross primary production (GPP) during SM dry-down periods. We found that the θcrit and soil matric potential threshold in Europe are 16.5% and -0.7 MPa, respectively. Surface energy partitioning characteristics varied among different vegetation types; EF in savannas had the highest sensitivities to SM in water-limited stage, and the lowest in forests. The sign of the covariance between daily VPD and GPP consistently changed from positive to negative during dry-down across all sites when EF shifted from relatively high to low values. This sign of the covariance changed after longer period of SM decline in forests than in grasslands and savannas. Estimated θcrit from the VPD-GPP covariance method match well with the EF-SM method, showing this covariance method can be used to detect the θcrit . We further found that soil texture dominates the spatial variability of θcrit while shortwave radiation and VPD are the major drivers in determining the spatial pattern of EF sensitivities. Our results highlight for the first time that the sign change of the covariance between daily VPD and GPP can be used as an indicator of how ecosystems transition from energy to SM limitation. We also characterized the corresponding θcrit and its drivers across diverse ecosystems in Europe, an essential variable to improve the representation of water stress in land surface models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Makowski
- Unit Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (UMR 518), INRAE AgroParisTech Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul C Stoy
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Tarek S El-Madany
- Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Janssens
- Center of Excellence Global Change Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christian Markwitz
- Bioclimatology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Grünwald
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universit ̈at Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Meelis Mölder
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Kolari
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universit ̈at Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michal Heliasz
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, Italy
| | - Lenka Foltýnová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Nadal-Sala D, Grote R, Birami B, Knüver T, Rehschuh R, Schwarz S, Ruehr NK. Leaf Shedding and Non-Stomatal Limitations of Photosynthesis Mitigate Hydraulic Conductance Losses in Scots Pine Saplings During Severe Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:715127. [PMID: 34539705 PMCID: PMC8448192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.715127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During drought, trees reduce water loss and hydraulic failure by closing their stomata, which also limits photosynthesis. Under severe drought stress, other acclimation mechanisms are trigged to further reduce transpiration to prevent irreversible conductance loss. Here, we investigate two of them: the reversible impacts on the photosynthetic apparatus, lumped as non-stomatal limitations (NSL) of photosynthesis, and the irreversible effect of premature leaf shedding. We integrate NSL and leaf shedding with a state-of-the-art tree hydraulic simulation model (SOX+) and parameterize them with example field measurements to demonstrate the stress-mitigating impact of these processes. We measured xylem vulnerability, transpiration, and leaf litter fall dynamics in Pinus sylvestris (L.) saplings grown for 54 days under severe dry-down. The observations showed that, once transpiration stopped, the rate of leaf shedding strongly increased until about 30% of leaf area was lost on average. We trained the SOX+ model with the observations and simulated changes in root-to-canopy conductance with and without including NSL and leaf shedding. Accounting for NSL improved model representation of transpiration, while model projections about root-to-canopy conductance loss were reduced by an overall 6%. Together, NSL and observed leaf shedding reduced projected losses in conductance by about 13%. In summary, the results highlight the importance of other than purely stomatal conductance-driven adjustments of drought resistance in Scots pine. Accounting for acclimation responses to drought, such as morphological (leaf shedding) and physiological (NSL) adjustments, has the potential to improve tree hydraulic simulation models, particularly when applied in predicting drought-induced tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nadal-Sala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Birami
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- University of Bayreuth, Chair of Plant Ecology, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timo Knüver
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romy Rehschuh
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Selina Schwarz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Nadine K. Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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11
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Lindroth A, Holst J, Linderson ML, Aurela M, Biermann T, Heliasz M, Chi J, Ibrom A, Kolari P, Klemedtsson L, Krasnova A, Laurila T, Lehner I, Lohila A, Mammarella I, Mölder M, Löfvenius MO, Peichl M, Pilegaard K, Soosar K, Vesala T, Vestin P, Weslien P, Nilsson M. Effects of drought and meteorological forcing on carbon and water fluxes in Nordic forests during the dry summer of 2018. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190516. [PMID: 32892726 PMCID: PMC7485108 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nordic region was subjected to severe drought in 2018 with a particularly long-lasting and large soil water deficit in Denmark, Southern Sweden and Estonia. Here, we analyse the impact of the drought on carbon and water fluxes in 11 forest ecosystems of different composition: spruce, pine, mixed and deciduous. We assess the impact of drought on fluxes by estimating the difference (anomaly) between year 2018 and a reference year without drought. Unexpectedly, the evaporation was only slightly reduced during 2018 compared to the reference year at two sites while it increased or was nearly unchanged at all other sites. This occurred under a 40 to 60% reduction in mean surface conductance and the concurrent increase in evaporative demand due to the warm and dry weather. The anomaly in the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was 93% explained by a multilinear regression with the anomaly in heterotrophic respiration and the relative precipitation deficit as independent variables. Most of the variation (77%) was explained by the heterotrophic component. Six out of 11 forests reduced their annual NEP with more than 50 g C m-2 yr-1 during 2018 as compared to the reference year. The NEP anomaly ranged between -389 and +74 g C m-2 yr-1 with a median value of -59 g C m-2 yr-1. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Lindroth
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jutta Holst
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maj-Lena Linderson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tobias Biermann
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michal Heliasz
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jinshu Chi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pasi Kolari
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif Klemedtsson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alisa Krasnova
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Irene Lehner
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meelis Mölder
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikaell Ottosson Löfvenius
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kaido Soosar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik Vestin
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Weslien
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Peters W, Bastos A, Ciais P, Vermeulen A. A historical, geographical and ecological perspective on the 2018 European summer drought. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190505. [PMID: 32892723 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Peters
- Department of Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Isotope Research Groningen, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Bastos
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alex Vermeulen
- Integrated Carbon Observing System (ICOS ERIC), Carbon Portal, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Graf A, Klosterhalfen A, Arriga N, Bernhofer C, Bogena H, Bornet F, Brüggemann N, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Chi J, Chipeaux C, Cremonese E, Cuntz M, Dušek J, El-Madany TS, Fares S, Fischer M, Foltýnová L, Gharun M, Ghiasi S, Gielen B, Gottschalk P, Grünwald T, Heinemann G, Heinesch B, Heliasz M, Holst J, Hörtnagl L, Ibrom A, Ingwersen J, Jurasinski G, Klatt J, Knohl A, Koebsch F, Konopka J, Korkiakoski M, Kowalska N, Kremer P, Kruijt B, Lafont S, Léonard J, De Ligne A, Longdoz B, Loustau D, Magliulo V, Mammarella I, Manca G, Mauder M, Migliavacca M, Mölder M, Neirynck J, Ney P, Nilsson M, Paul-Limoges E, Peichl M, Pitacco A, Poyda A, Rebmann C, Roland M, Sachs T, Schmidt M, Schrader F, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Tuittila ES, Varlagin A, Vendrame N, Vincke C, Völksch I, Weber S, Wille C, Wizemann HD, Zeeman M, Vereecken H. Altered energy partitioning across terrestrial ecosystems in the European drought year 2018. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190524. [PMID: 32892732 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought and heat events, such as the 2018 European drought, interact with the exchange of energy between the land surface and the atmosphere, potentially affecting albedo, sensible and latent heat fluxes, as well as CO2 exchange. Each of these quantities may aggravate or mitigate the drought, heat, their side effects on productivity, water scarcity and global warming. We used measurements of 56 eddy covariance sites across Europe to examine the response of fluxes to extreme drought prevailing most of the year 2018 and how the response differed across various ecosystem types (forests, grasslands, croplands and peatlands). Each component of the surface radiation and energy balance observed in 2018 was compared to available data per site during a reference period 2004-2017. Based on anomalies in precipitation and reference evapotranspiration, we classified 46 sites as drought affected. These received on average 9% more solar radiation and released 32% more sensible heat to the atmosphere compared to the mean of the reference period. In general, drought decreased net CO2 uptake by 17.8%, but did not significantly change net evapotranspiration. The response of these fluxes differed characteristically between ecosystems; in particular, the general increase in the evaporative index was strongest in peatlands and weakest in croplands. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Graf
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anne Klosterhalfen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany.,Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicola Arriga
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Chair of Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 23, 01737 Tharandt, Germany
| | - Heye Bogena
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Frédéric Bornet
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 02000 Barenton-Bugny, France
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstraße 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jinshu Chi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Italy
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Unité mixte de Recherche Silva, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tarek S El-Madany
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council (NRC), Institute of Bioeconomy, Via dei Taurini 19, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Milan Fischer
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foltýnová
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstraße 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shiva Ghiasi
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstraße 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bert Gielen
- University of Antwerp, Plants and Ecosystems, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pia Gottschalk
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Grünwald
- Chair of Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 23, 01737 Tharandt, Germany
| | - Günther Heinemann
- Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- Terra Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Avenue de la Faculté, 8, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Michal Heliasz
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jutta Holst
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstraße 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joachim Ingwersen
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gerald Jurasinski
- Department for Landscape Ecology and Site Evaluation, University of Rostock, Justus von Liebig Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Janina Klatt
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Koebsch
- Department for Landscape Ecology and Site Evaluation, University of Rostock, Justus von Liebig Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Konopka
- Climatology and Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mika Korkiakoski
- Climate System Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Kowalska
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pascal Kremer
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastien Lafont
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Joël Léonard
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 02000 Barenton-Bugny, France
| | - Anne De Ligne
- Terra Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Avenue de la Faculté, 8, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bernard Longdoz
- Terra Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Avenue de la Faculté, 8, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- CNR - Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems, Via Patacca, 85, 80040 Ercolano (Napoli), Italy
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2B, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Matthias Mauder
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meelis Mölder
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, INBO, Havenlaan 88 Box 73, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Ney
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eugénie Paul-Limoges
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Arne Poyda
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Grass and Forage Science/Organic Agriculture, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marilyn Roland
- University of Antwerp, Plants and Ecosystems, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Torsten Sachs
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Frederik Schrader
- Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- Laboratory of Biocentology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr.33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Nadia Vendrame
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Environmental Sciences, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ingo Völksch
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Stephan Weber
- Climatology and Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Wille
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Wizemann
- Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Zeeman
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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