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Li L, Zhang X, Wu Y, Xing C, Du H. Challenges of mesenchymal stem cells in the clinical treatment of COVID-19. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:293-312. [PMID: 38512548 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has brought an enormous public health burden to the global society. The duration of the epidemic, the number of infected people, and the widespread of the epidemic are extremely rare in modern society. In the initial stage of infection, people generally show fever, cough, and dyspnea, which can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death in severe cases. The strong infectivity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 make it more urgent to find an effective treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a kind of pluripotent stem cells with the potential for self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation. They are widely used in clinical experiments because of their low immunogenicity and immunomodulatory function. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) can play a physiological role similar to that of stem cells. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of clinical trials based on MSC therapy have been carried out. The results show that MSCs are safe and can significantly improve patients' respiratory function and prognosis of COVID-19. Here, the effects of MSCs and MSC-Exo in the treatment of COVID-19 are reviewed, and the clinical challenges that may be faced in the future are clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yawen Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Cencan Xing
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hongwu Du
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Mak GC, Lau SS, Wong KK, Than EK, Ng AY, Hung DL. Optimizing heat inactivation for SARS-CoV-2 at 95 °C and its implications: A standardized approach. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28371. [PMID: 38655330 PMCID: PMC11035938 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Standardized and validated heat inactivation procedure for Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are not available. For heat inactivation, various protocols were reported to prepare External Quality Assessment Programme (EQAP) samples without direct comparison between different durations. Objective To assess the heat inactivation procedures against SARS-CoV-2. The efficacy of the optimized condition was reflected by the results from laboratories testing the EQAP samples. Study design The SARS-CoV-2 strain was exposed to 95 °C in a water bath for three different time intervals, 5 min, 10 min and 15 min, respectively. The efficacy of inactivation was confirmed by the absence of cytopathic effects and decreasing viral load in 3 successive cell line passages. The viral stock inactivated by the optimal time interval was dispatched to EQAP participants and the result returned were analyzed. Results All of the three conditions were capable of inactivating the SARS-CoV-2 of viral load at around cycle threshold value of 10. When the 95 °C 10 min condition was chosen to prepare SARS-CoV-2 EQAP samples, they showed sufficient homogeneity and stability. High degree of consensus was observed among EQAP participants in all samples dispatched. Conclusions The conditions evaluated in the present study could be helpful for laboratories in preparing SARS-CoV-2 EQAP samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gannon C.K. Mak
- All from Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Stephen S.Y. Lau
- All from Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kitty K.Y. Wong
- All from Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Eunice K.Y. Than
- All from Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Anita Y.Y. Ng
- All from Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Derek L.L. Hung
- All from Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Gu X, Cao T, Mou J, Liu J. Water bath is more efficient than hot air oven at thermal inactivation of coronavirus. Virol J 2023; 20:84. [PMID: 37131169 PMCID: PMC10153051 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermal inactivation is a conventional and effective method of eliminating the infectivity of pathogens from specimens in clinical and biological laboratories, and reducing the risk of occupational exposure and environmental contamination. During the COVID-19 pandemic, specimens from patients and potentially infected individuals were heat treated and processed under BSL-2 conditions in a safe, cost-effective, and timely manner. The temperature and duration of heat treatment are optimized and standardized in the protocol according to the susceptibility of the pathogen and the impact on the integrity of the specimens, but the heating device is often undefined. Devices and medium transferring the thermal energy vary in heating rate, specific heat capacity, and conductivity, resulting in variations in efficiency and inactivation outcome that may compromise biosafety and downstream biological assays. METHODS We evaluated the water bath and hot air oven in terms of pathogen inactivation efficiency, which are the most commonly used inactivation devices in hospitals and biological laboratories. By evaluating the temperature equilibrium and viral titer elimination under various conditions, we studied the devices and their inactivation outcomes under identical treatment protocol, and to analyzed the factors, such as energy conductivity, specific heat capacity, and heating rate, underlying the inactivation efficiencies. RESULTS We compared thermal inactivation of coronavirus using different devices, and have found that the water bath was more efficient at reducing infectivity, with higher heat transfer and thermal equilibration than a forced hot air oven. In addition to the efficiency, the water bath showed relative consistency in temperature equilibration of samples of different volumes, reduced the need for prolonged heating, and eliminated the risk of pathogen spread by forced airflow. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the proposal to define the heating device in the thermal inactivation protocol and in the specimen management policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Gu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Mou
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Parsa SM, Norozpour F, Elsheikh AH, Kabeel AE. Solar desalination/purification (solar stills, humidification-dehumidification, solar disinfection) in high altitude during COVID19: Insights of gastrointestinal manifestations and systems' mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 10:100259. [PMID: 36816517 PMCID: PMC9927827 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
From the starting of the pandemic different transmission routes of the pathogen was brought into the spotlight by researchers from different disciplines. This matter in high-altitudes was more boosted as the main parameters were not exactly realized. In this review we are about to highlight the possibility of consuming contaminated water generated form solar water desalination/disinfection systems in highlands. Three systems including solar still, solar disinfection (which experimented by the authors in 2019 in high altitude) and humidification-dehumidification were consider in this context. Ascribe to the risks of pathogens transmission in solar desalination/disinfection systems where the water resources are heavily polluted in every corner of the world, highlighting the risk of consuming water in high-altitude where there are many other parameters associated with spread of pathogen is of great importance. As it was reported, reliability of solar desalination and solar water disinfections systems against contaminated water by the novel coronavirus remained on the question because the virus can be transmitted by vapor in solar stills due to tiny particle size (60-140 nm) and would not be killed by solar disinfections due to low-temperature of operation <40 °C while for HDH contamination of both water and air by sars-cov-2 could be a concern. Although the SARS-CoV-2 is not a waterborne pathogen, its capability to replicate in stomach and infection of gastrointestinal glandular suggested the potential of transmission via fecal-oral. Eventually, it was concluded that using solar-based water treatment as drinking water in high altitude regions should be cautiously consider and recommendations and considerations are presented. Importantly, this critical review not only about the ongoing pandemic, but it aims is to highlight the importance of produced drinking water by systems for future epidemic/pandemic to prevent spread and entering a pathogen particularly in high-altitude regions via a new routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Parsa
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Norozpour
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ammar H Elsheikh
- Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - A E Kabeel
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Komu JG, Jamsransuren D, Matsuda S, Ogawa H, Takeda Y. Efficacy Validation of SARS-CoV-2-Inactivation and Viral Genome Stability in Saliva by a Guanidine Hydrochloride and Surfactant-Based Virus Lysis/Transport Buffer. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020509. [PMID: 36851723 PMCID: PMC9959814 DOI: 10.3390/v15020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance biosafety and reliability in SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis, virus lysis/transport buffers should inactivate the virus and preserve viral RNA under various conditions. Herein, we evaluated the SARS-CoV-2-inactivating activity of guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl)- and surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (Hexa-DTMC))-based buffer, Prep Buffer A, (Precision System Science Co., Ltd., Matsudo, Japan) and its efficacy in maintaining the stability of viral RNA at different temperatures using the traditional real-time one-step RT-PCR and geneLEAD VIII sample-to-result platform. Although Prep Buffer A successfully inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in solutions with high and low organic substance loading, there was considerable viral genome degradation at 35 °C compared with that at 4 °C. The individual roles of GuHCl and Hexa-DTMC in virus inactivation and virus genome stability at 35 °C were clarified. Hexa-DTMC alone (0.384%), but not 1.5 M GuHCl alone, exhibited considerable virucidal activity, suggesting that it was essential for potently inactivating SARS-CoV-2 using Prep Buffer A. GuHCl and Hexa-DTMC individually reduced the viral copy numbers to the same degree as Prep Buffer A. Although both components inhibited RNase activity, Hexa-DTMC, but not GuHCl, directly destroyed naked viral RNA. Our findings suggest that samples collected in Prep Buffer A should be stored at 4 °C when RT-PCR will not be performed for several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gitau Komu
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Dulamjav Jamsransuren
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sachiko Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-155-49-5896
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Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Vicente-Romero MR, Bernal E, Torres Cantero A, Tecles F, Sánchez Resalt C, Martínez M, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S. Salivary Ferritin Changes in Patients with COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:41. [PMID: 35010300 PMCID: PMC8751062 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High ferritin serum levels can be found in patients with macrophage activation syndrome, and increased serum ferritin due to cytokine storm have been reported in severe COVID-19 patients. Saliva is being increasingly used in COVID-19 tests as a diagnostic sample for virus detection and quantification. This study aimed to evaluate the possible changes in ferritin in saliva in COVID-19 patients. In addition, the effects of different inactivation SARS-CoV-2 treatments in ferritin measurements in saliva, the correlation between ferritin in saliva and serum, and the possible effects of correction of ferritin values by total protein were assessed. Ferritin was measured in saliva from healthy (n = 30) and COVID-19 (n = 65) patients with severe, (n = 18) or mild (n = 47) disease, depending on the need for nasal flow oxygen or assisted respiration. Ferritin was also measured in paired serum and saliva samples (n = 32) from healthy and COVID-19 patients. The evaluated inactivation protocols did not affect the assay's results except the addition of 0.5% SDS. Significantly higher ferritin was found in the saliva of COVID-19 patients (median; 25-75th percentile) (27.75; 9.77-52.2 µg/L), compared with healthy controls (4.21; 2.6-8.08 µg/L). Individuals with severe COVID-19 showed higher ferritin values in saliva (48.7; 18.7-53.9) than mild ones (15.5; 5.28-41.3 µg/L). Significant correlation (r = 0.425; p < 0.001) was found between serum and saliva in ferritin. Ferritin levels were higher in COVID-19 patients in serum and saliva, and the highest values were found in those patients presenting severe symptomatology. In conclusion, ferritin in saliva has the potential to be a biomarker to evaluate severity in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (F.T.); (C.S.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (F.T.); (C.S.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - María R. Vicente-Romero
- Unit of Microbiology, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Enrique Bernal
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (E.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Alberto Torres Cantero
- Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (F.T.); (C.S.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Cristina Sánchez Resalt
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (F.T.); (C.S.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Mónica Martínez
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (E.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (F.T.); (C.S.R.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (F.T.); (C.S.R.); (S.M.-S.)
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Anderegg L, Doyle J, Gardel ML, Gupta A, Hallas C, Lensky Y, Love NG, Lucas BA, Mazenc E, Meisenhelder C, Pillarisetti A, Ranard D, Squires AH, Vechakul J, Vilas NB, Williams S, Wilson D, Chen TN. Heat and Humidity for Bioburden Reduction of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2021; 26:80-89. [DOI: 10.1089/apb.20.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard/MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard/MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret L. Gardel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amit Gupta
- Consolidated Sterilizer Systems, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard/MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuri Lensky
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nancy G. Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Edward Mazenc
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cole Meisenhelder
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard/MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- PPE Sanitizer Group, Vallejo, California, USA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Ranard
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Allison H. Squires
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel B. Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard/MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Tyler N. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Franco-Martínez L, Tecles F, Torres-Cantero A, Bernal E, San Lázaro I, Alcaraz MJ, Vicente-Romero MR, Lamy E, Sánchez-Resalt C, Rubio CP, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. Analytical validation of an automated assay for the measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and a pilot evaluation of their changes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1592-1599. [PMID: 33908223 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to validate a commercially available automated assay for the measurement of total adenosine deaminase (tADA) and its isoenzymes (ADA1 and ADA2) in saliva in a fast and accurate way, and evaluate the possible changes of these analytes in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS The validation, in addition to the evaluation of precision and accuracy, included the analysis of the effects of the main procedures that are currently being used for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation in saliva and a pilot study to evaluate the possible changes in salivary tADA and isoenzymes in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS The automated assay proved to be accurate and precise, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation below 8.2%, linearity under dilution linear regression with R2 close to 1, and recovery percentage between 80 and 120% in all cases. This assay was affected when the sample is treated with heat or SDS for virus inactivation but tolerated Triton X-100 and NP-40. Individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=71) and who recovered from infection (n=11) had higher mean values of activity of tADA and its isoenzymes than healthy individuals (n=35). CONCLUSIONS tADA and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 can be measured accurately and precisely in saliva samples in a rapid, economical, and reproducible way and can be analyzed after chemical inactivation with Triton X-100 and NP-40. Besides, the changes observed in tADA and isoenzymes in individuals with COVID-19 open the possibility of their potential use as non-invasive biomarkers in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Torres-Cantero
- Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrique Bernal
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad De Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Indra San Lázaro
- Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Alcaraz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad De Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María R Vicente-Romero
- Unit of Microbiology, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad De Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Advanced Research and Training Institute (IIFA), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | | | - Camila P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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9
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Patel M, Chaubey AK, Pittman CU, Mlsna T, Mohan D. Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in the environment: Occurrence, persistence, analysis in aquatic systems and possible management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142698. [PMID: 33097261 PMCID: PMC7531938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The year 2020 brought the news of the emergence of a new respiratory disease (COVID-19) from Wuhan, China. The disease is now a global pandemic and is caused by a virus named SARS-CoV-2 by international bodies. Important viral transmission sources include human contact, respiratory droplets and aerosols, and through contact with contaminated objects. However, viral shedding in feces and urine by COVID-19-afflicted patients raises concerns about SARS-CoV-2 entering aquatic systems. Recently, targeted SARS-CoV-2 genome fragments have been successfully detected in wastewater, sewage sludge and river waters around the world. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) studies can provide early detection and assessment of COVID-19 transmission and the growth of active cases within given wastewater catchment areas. WBE surveillance's ability to detect the growth of cases was demonstrated. Was this science applied throughout the world as this pandemic spread throughout the globe? Wastewater treatment efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 removal and risk assessments associated with treated water are reported. Disinfection strategies using chemical disinfectants, heat and radiation for deactivating and destroying SARS-CoV-2 are explained. Analytical methods of SARS-CoV-2 detection are covered. This review provides a more complete overview of the present status of SARS-CoV-2 and its consequences in aquatic systems. So far, WBE programs have not yet served to provide the early alerts to authorities that they have the potential to achieve. This would be desirable in order to activate broad public health measures at earlier stages of local and regional stages of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Patel
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Charles U Pittman
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Todd Mlsna
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Hasan SW, Ibrahim Y, Daou M, Kannout H, Jan N, Lopes A, Alsafar H, Yousef AF. Detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and treated effluents: Surveillance of COVID-19 epidemic in the United Arab Emirates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142929. [PMID: 33131867 PMCID: PMC7571379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Testing SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in wastewater has recently emerged as a method of tracking the prevalence of the virus and an early-warning tool for predicting outbreaks in the future. This study reports SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater influents and treated effluents of 11 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as well as untreated wastewater from 38 various locations, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in May and June 2020. Composite samples collected over twenty-four hours were thermally deactivated for safety, followed by viral concentration using ultrafiltration, RNA extraction using commercially available kits, and viral quantification using RT-qPCR. Furthermore, estimates of the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in different regions were simulated using Monte Carlo. Results showed that the viral load in wastewater influents from these WWTPs ranged from 7.50E+02 to over 3.40E+04 viral gene copies/L with some plants having no detectable viral RNA by RT-qPCR. The virus was also detected in 85% of untreated wastewater samples taken from different locations across the country, with viral loads in positive samples ranging between 2.86E+02 and over 2.90E+04 gene copies/L. It was also observed that the precautionary measures implemented by the UAE government correlated with a drop in the measured viral load in wastewater samples, which were in line with the reduction of COVID-19 cases reported in the population. Importantly, none of the 11 WWTPs' effluents tested positive during the entire sampling period, indicating that the treatment technologies used in the UAE are efficient in degrading SARS-CoV-2, and confirming the safety of treated re-used water in the country. SARS-CoV-2 wastewater testing has the potential to aid in monitoring or predicting an outbreak location and can shed light on the extent viral spread at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi W Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Yazan Ibrahim
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marianne Daou
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hussein Kannout
- Center for Biotechnology (BTC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nila Jan
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alvaro Lopes
- Ministry of Interior Research Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology (BTC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed F Yousef
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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11
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Auerswald H, Yann S, Dul S, In S, Dussart P, Martin NJ, Karlsson EA, Garcia-Rivera JA. Assessment of inactivation procedures for SARS-CoV-2. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33416462 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.28.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), presents a challenge to laboratorians and healthcare workers around the world. Handling of biological samples from individuals infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus requires strict biosafety measures. Within the laboratory, non-propagative work with samples containing the virus requires, at minimum, Biosafety Level-2 (BSL-2) techniques and facilities. Therefore, handling of SARS-CoV-2 samples remains a major concern in areas and conditions where biosafety for specimen handling is difficult to maintain, such as in rural laboratories or austere field testing sites. Inactivation through physical or chemical means can reduce the risk of handling live virus and increase testing ability especially in low-resource settings due to easier and faster sample processing. Herein we assess several chemical and physical inactivation techniques employed against SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Cambodia. This data demonstrates that all chemical (AVL, inactivating sample buffer and formaldehyde) and heat-treatment (56 and 98 °C) methods tested completely inactivated viral loads of up to 5 log10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokhoun Yann
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokha Dul
- Naval Medical Research Unit TWO, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saraden In
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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12
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Senatore V, Zarra T, Buonerba A, Choo KH, Hasan SW, Korshin G, Li CW, Ksibi M, Belgiorno V, Naddeo V. Indoor versus outdoor transmission of SARS-COV-2: environmental factors in virus spread and underestimated sources of risk. EURO-MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATION 2021; 6:30. [PMID: 33585671 PMCID: PMC7873670 DOI: 10.1007/s41207-021-00243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The first case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Europe was officially confirmed in February 2020. On 11 March 2020, after thousands of deaths from this disease had been reported worldwide, the WHO changed their classification of COVID-19 from a public health emergency of international concern to a pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been shown to be much more resistant to environmental degradation than other coated viruses. Several studies have shown that environmental conditions can influence its viability and infectivity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the transmission pathways of the novel coronavirus, and directs attention towards potentially underestimated factors that affect its propagation, notably indoor spread and outdoor risk sources. The contributions of significant indoor factors such as ventilation systems to the spread of this virus need to be carefully ascertained. Outdoor risk sources such as aerosolized particles emitted during wastewater treatment and particulate matter (PM), both of which may act as virus carriers, should be examined as well. This study shows the influence of certain underestimated factors on the environmental behavior and survival of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These aspects of coronavirus propagation need to be accounted for when devising actions to limit not only the current pandemic but also future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Senatore
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Tiziano Zarra
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Antonio Buonerba
- Inter-University Centre for Prediction and Prevention of Relevant Hazards (C.U.G.RI.), Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Kwang-Ho Choo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Shadi W. Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gregory Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, P.O. Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98105-2700 USA
| | - Chi-Wang Li
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, 151 Yingzhuan Road Tamsui District, New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan
| | - Mohamed Ksibi
- Laboratoire de Génie de L’Environnement et Ecotechnologie, GEET-ENIS, Université de Sfax, Route de Soukra km 4, P.O. Box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Vincenzo Naddeo
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, Salerno Italy
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13
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Gwenzi W. Leaving no stone unturned in light of the COVID-19 faecal-oral hypothesis? A water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) perspective targeting low-income countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141751. [PMID: 32911161 PMCID: PMC7438205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is now a global pandemic. Social distancing, hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment dominate the current fight against COVID-19. In developing countries, the need for clean water provision, sanitation and hygiene has only received limited attention. The current perspective examines the latest evidence on the occurrence, persistence and faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent causing COVID-19. Evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 proliferate in the human gastrointestinal system, and is shed via faeces. SARS-CoV-2 can survive and remain viable for up to 6 to 9 days on surfaces. Recent wastewater-based epidemiological studies from several countries also detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in raw wastewaters. Shell disorder analysis shows that SARS-CoV-2 has a rigid outer shell conferring resilience, and a low shell disorder conferring moderate potential for faecal-oral transmission. Taken together, these findings point to potential faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which may partly explain its rapid transmission. Three potential mechanisms may account for SARS-CoV-2 faecal-oral transmission: (1) untreated contaminated drinking water, (2) raw and poorly cooked marine and aquatic foods from contaminated sources, (3) raw wastewater-based vegetatble production systems (e.g., salads) and aquaculture, and (4) vector-mediated transmission from faecal sources to foods, particularly those from open markets and street vending. SARS-CoV-2 faecal-oral transmission could be particularly high in developing countries due to several risk factors, including; (1) poor drinking water, wastewater and sanitation infrastructure, (2) poor hygiene and food handling practices, (3) unhygienic and rudimentary funeral practices, including home burials close to drinking water sources, and (4) poor social security and health care systems with low capacity to cope with disease outbreaks. Hence, clean drinking water provision, proper sanitation, food safety and hygiene could be critical in the current fight against COVID-19. Future research directions on COVID-19 faecal-oral transmission are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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14
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Wilches Visbal JH, Castillo Pedraza MC, Serpa Romero XZ. Inactivación potencial del coronavirus SARS-CoV2: ¿qué agentes germicidas se proponen? REVISTA CUIDARTE 2020. [DOI: 10.15649/cuidarte.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), una afección respiratoria aguda causada por el SARS-CoV2, ha sido clasificada como pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) una vez que se ha expandido a 215 países del mundo, ha infectado a más de 7.800.000 personas y cerca de 440.000 personas han muerto por su causa1. El SARS-CoV2 es un coronavirus tipo β de características genómicas similares al MERS-CoV y al SARS-CoV1 los cuales afectaron a más de 10.000 personas en las últimas dos décadas2,3. Debido a la alta tasa de contagio y propagación del SARS-CoV2, diversas medidas de mitigación han sido empleadas. Entre las medidas adoptadas se encuentran la cuarentena, el distanciamiento físico, la limpieza de superficies y aerosoles, así como el uso de equipos de protección personal (EPP)2–6
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15
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van Bockel D, Munier CML, Turville S, Badman SG, Walker G, Stella AO, Aggarwal A, Yeang M, Condylios A, Kelleher AD, Applegate TL, Vallely A, Whiley D, Rawlinson W, Cunningham P, Kaldor J, Guy R. Evaluation of Commercially Available Viral Transport Medium (VTM) for SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation and Use in Point-of-Care (POC) Testing. Viruses 2020; 12:E1208. [PMID: 33114233 PMCID: PMC7690900 DOI: 10.3390/v12111208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical to facilitating SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care (POC) testing is assurance that viruses present in specimens are inactivated onsite prior to processing. Here, we conducted experiments to determine the virucidal activity of commercially available Viral Transport Mediums (VTMs) to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Independent testing methods for viral inactivation testing were applied, including a previously described World Health Organization (WHO) protocol, in addition to a buffer exchange method where the virus is physically separated from the VTM post exposure. The latter method enables sensitive detection of viral viability at higher viral titre when incubated with VTM. We demonstrate that VTM formulations, Primestore® Molecular Transport Medium (MTM) and COPAN eNAT™ completely inactivate high-titre SARS-CoV-2 virus (>1 × 107 copies/mL) and are compatible with POC processing. Furthermore, full viral inactivation was rapidly achieved in as little as 2 min of VTM exposure. We conclude that adding certain VTM formulations as a first step post specimen collection will render SARS-CoV-2 non-infectious for transport, or for further in-field POC molecular testing using rapid turnaround GeneXpert platforms or equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David van Bockel
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - C. Mee Ling Munier
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Stuart Turville
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Steven G. Badman
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Gregory Walker
- NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia; (G.W.); (M.Y.); (A.C.); (W.R.)
| | - Alberto Ospina Stella
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Malinna Yeang
- NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia; (G.W.); (M.Y.); (A.C.); (W.R.)
| | - Anna Condylios
- NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia; (G.W.); (M.Y.); (A.C.); (W.R.)
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Tanya L. Applegate
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Andrew Vallely
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - David Whiley
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV-AIDS/St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney Limited, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia;
- Australia Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia; (G.W.); (M.Y.); (A.C.); (W.R.)
| | - Phillip Cunningham
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Campus, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - John Kaldor
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Rebecca Guy
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (C.M.L.M.); (S.T.); (S.G.B.); (A.O.S.); (A.A.); (A.D.K.); (T.L.A.); (A.V.); (J.K.); (R.G.)
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16
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Bernard L, Desoubeaux G, Bodier-Montagutelli E, Pardessus J, Brea D, Allimonnier L, Eymieux S, Raynal PI, Vasseur V, Vecellio L, Mathé L, Guillon A, Lanotte P, Pourchez J, Verhoeven PO, Esnouf S, Ferry M, Eterradossi N, Blanchard Y, Brown P, Roingeard P, Alcaraz JP, Cinquin P, Si-Tahar M, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Controlled Heat and Humidity-Based Treatment for the Reuse of Personal Protective Equipment: A Pragmatic Proof-of-Concept to Address the Mass Shortage of Surgical Masks and N95/FFP2 Respirators and to Prevent the SARS-CoV2 Transmission. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:584036. [PMID: 33195335 PMCID: PMC7607499 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.584036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an unprecedented shortage of healthcare resources, primarily personal protective equipment like surgical masks, and N95/filtering face piece type 2 (FFP2) respirators. Objective: Reuse of surgical masks and N95/FFP2 respirators may circumvent the supply chain constraints and thus overcome mass shortage. Methods, design, setting, and measurement: Herein, we tested the effects of dry- and moist-air controlled heating treatment on structure and chemical integrity, decontamination yield, and filtration performance of surgical masks and FFP2 respirators. Results: We found that treatment in a climate chamber at 70°C during 1 h with 75% humidity rate was adequate for enabling substantial decontamination of both respiratory viruses, oropharyngeal bacteria, and model animal coronaviuses, while maintaining a satisfying filtering capacity. Limitations: Further studies are now required to confirm the feasibility of the whole process during routine practice. Conclusion: Our findings provide compelling evidence for the recycling of pre-used surgical masks and N95/FFP2 respirators in case of imminent mass shortfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Bernard
- Médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Desoubeaux
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Parasitologie-mycologie-médecine tropicale, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Elsa Bodier-Montagutelli
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France.,Pharmacie à usage intérieure, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jeoffrey Pardessus
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Déborah Brea
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Laurine Allimonnier
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Eymieux
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Biologie cellulaire-Microscopie électronique, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,UMR Inserm U1259-Morphogénèse et antigénicité du VIH et des virus des hépatites, Tours, France
| | - Pierre-Ivan Raynal
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Biologie cellulaire-Microscopie électronique, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Laurent Vecellio
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Ludovic Mathé
- Blanchisserie centrale GCS NOT, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France.,Médecine intensive-Réanimation, CHU de Tours et Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Lanotte
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène hospitalière, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,ISP Equipe 5-Bactéries et Risque Materno-fœtale, INRAE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul O Verhoeven
- GIMAP, EA 3064, Université Jean Monnet, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,Service des Agents Infectieux et d'Hygiène, CHU de St-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Esnouf
- Service d'Étude du Comportement des Radionucléides (SECR), CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Muriel Ferry
- Service d'Étude du Comportement des Radionucléides (SECR), CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Paul Brown
- French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Biologie cellulaire-Microscopie électronique, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,UMR Inserm U1259-Morphogénèse et antigénicité du VIH et des virus des hépatites, Tours, France
| | | | - Philippe Cinquin
- TIMC-IMAG, UMR5525 Univ. Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, La Tronche, France.,CIC-IT1406 INSERM/CHU Grenoble Alpes/Univ. Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
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17
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Andersson MI, Arancibia-Carcamo CV, Auckland K, Baillie JK, Barnes E, Beneke T, Bibi S, Brooks T, Carroll M, Crook D, Dingle K, Dold C, Downs LO, Dunn L, Eyre DW, Gilbert Jaramillo J, Harvala H, Hoosdally S, Ijaz S, James T, James W, Jeffery K, Justice A, Klenerman P, Knight JC, Knight M, Liu X, Lumley SF, Matthews PC, McNaughton AL, Mentzer AJ, Mongkolsapaya J, Oakley S, Oliveira MS, Peto T, Ploeg RJ, Ratcliff J, Robbins MJ, Roberts DJ, Rudkin J, Russell RA, Screaton G, Semple MG, Skelly D, Simmonds P, Stoesser N, Turtle L, Wareing S, Zambon M. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in blood products from patients with COVID-19 is not associated with infectious virus. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:181. [PMID: 33283055 PMCID: PMC7689603 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16002.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (the cause of COVID-19) uses PCR to detect viral RNA (vRNA) in respiratory samples. SARS-CoV-2 RNA has also been detected in other sample types, but there is limited understanding of the clinical or laboratory significance of its detection in blood. Methods: We undertook a systematic literature review to assimilate the evidence for the frequency of vRNA in blood, and to identify associated clinical characteristics. We performed RT-PCR in serum samples from a UK clinical cohort of acute and convalescent COVID-19 cases (n=212), together with convalescent plasma samples collected by NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) (n=462 additional samples). To determine whether PCR-positive blood samples could pose an infection risk, we attempted virus isolation from a subset of RNA-positive samples. Results: We identified 28 relevant studies, reporting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 0-76% of blood samples; pooled estimate 10% (95%CI 5-18%). Among serum samples from our clinical cohort, 27/212 (12.7%) had SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected by RT-PCR. RNA detection occurred in samples up to day 20 post symptom onset, and was associated with more severe disease (multivariable odds ratio 7.5). Across all samples collected ≥28 days post symptom onset, 0/494 (0%, 95%CI 0-0.7%) had vRNA detected. Among our PCR-positive samples, cycle threshold (ct) values were high (range 33.5-44.8), suggesting low vRNA copy numbers. PCR-positive sera inoculated into cell culture did not produce any cytopathic effect or yield an increase in detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA. There was a relationship between RT-PCR negativity and the presence of total SARS-CoV-2 antibody (p=0.02). Conclusions: vRNA was detectable at low viral loads in a minority of serum samples collected in acute infection, but was not associated with infectious SARS-CoV-2 (within the limitations of the assays used). This work helps to inform biosafety precautions for handling blood products from patients with current or previous COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique I. Andersson
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Carolina V. Arancibia-Carcamo
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kathryn Auckland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - J. Kenneth Baillie
- Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tom Beneke
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- Porton Down, Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Porton Down, Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Derrick Crook
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kate Dingle
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Louise O. Downs
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Laura Dunn
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David W. Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Big Data Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Javier Gilbert Jaramillo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- NHS Blood and Transfusion, 26 Margaret St, Marylebone, London, W1W 8NB, UK
- University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sarah Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Samreen Ijaz
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Ave, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Tim James
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anita Justice
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julian C. Knight
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michael Knight
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Xu Liu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sheila F. Lumley
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anna L. McNaughton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alexander J. Mentzer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Sarah Oakley
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Marta S. Oliveira
- NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Timothy Peto
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rutger J. Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Melanie J. Robbins
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Donor Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - David J. Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Justine Rudkin
- Big Data Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University Oxford Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Rebecca A. Russell
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Malcolm G. Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Donal Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Susan Wareing
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Ave, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
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18
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Michael-Kordatou I, Karaolia P, Fatta-Kassinos D. Sewage analysis as a tool for the COVID-19 pandemic response and management: the urgent need for optimised protocols for SARS-CoV-2 detection and quantification. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [PMID: 32834990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece:2020.104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of July 29th 2020, more than 16,6 million cases have been reported in more than 188 countries/territories, leading to more than 659000 deaths. One of the main challenges facing health authorities has been testing for the virus on a sufficiently comprehensive scale. The pandemic has been an impetus for the wastewater community as it has inspired scientists to look to wastewater to help fill in the gap of measuring the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 within a given community. Testing the wastewater may serve as an early warning system allowing timely interventions. Although viral shedding varies among individuals and over the course of their infection, the sewage system can blend these variations into an average that represents the wider studied community. The urgent need has led to a lack of coherent reporting of data regarding the analysis, as these huge and remarkable efforts by the wastewater scientific community were made in a very short time. Important information on the analytical approach is often lacking, while there is still no optimisation of the methodology, including sampling, sample storage and concentration, RNA extraction and detection/quantification. This review aims at identifying the main issues for consideration, relating to the development of validated methodological protocols for the virus quantitative analysis in wastewater. Their inclusion will enable the methodological optimisation of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater analyses, transforming the wastewater infrastructure into a source of useful information for the health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Michael-Kordatou
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - P Karaolia
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - D Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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19
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Bhatt A, Arora P, Prajapati SK. Occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: A review with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 8:104429. [PMID: 32895629 PMCID: PMC7467108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The world is combating the emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Further, due to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and stool samples, its transmission through water routes cannot be neglected. Thus, the efficient treatment of wastewater is a matter of utmost importance. The conventional wastewater treatment processes demonstrate a wide variability in absolute removal of viruses from wastewater, thereby posing a severe threat to human health and environment. The fate of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater treatment plants and its removal during various treatment stages remains unexplored and demands immediate attention; particularly, where treated effluent is utilised as reclaimed water. Consequently, understanding the prevalence of pathogenic viruses in untreated/treated waters and their removal techniques has become the topical issue of the scientific community. The key objective of the present study is to provide an insight into the distribution of viruses in wastewater, as well as the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, and its possible transmission by the faecal-oral route. The review also gives a detailed account of the major waterborne and non-waterborne viruses, and environmental factors governing the survival of viruses. Furthermore, a comprehensive description of the potential methods (physical, chemical, and biological) for removal of viruses from wastewater has been presented. The present study also intends to analyse the research trends in microalgae-mediated virus removal and, inactivation. The review also addresses the UN SDG 'Clean Water and Sanitation' as it is aimed at providing pathogenically safe water for recycling purposes.
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Key Words
- ASP, Activated Sludge Process
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- DUV-LED, Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode
- E.coli, Escherichia coli
- EPS, Exopolysaccharide
- LRV, Log Reduction Value
- MBR, Membrane Bioreactor
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MLSS, Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
- Microalgaee
- PMR, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor
- Phycoremediationn
- RH, Relative Humidity
- SARS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SBBGR, Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor
- SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy
- SSF, Slow Sand Filtration
- UASB, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
- UN SDG, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal
- UV, Ultraviolet
- WHO, World Health Organisation
- WWTP, Wastewater Treatment Plant
- Waterbornee
- dsDNA, Double stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- dsRNA, Double stranded Ribonucleic acid
- ssRNA, Single stranded Ribonucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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20
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Huang Y, Wu Y, Zhang W. Comprehensive identification and isolation policies have effectively suppressed the spread of COVID-19. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2020; 139:110041. [PMID: 32834599 PMCID: PMC7305880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused severe life and economic damage worldwide. Since the absence of medical resources or targeted therapeutics, systemic containment policies have been prioritized but some critics query what extent can they mitigate this pandemic. We construct a fine-grained transmission dynamics model to forecast the crucial information of public concern, therein using dynamical coefficients to quantify the impact of the implement schedule and intensity of the containment policies on the spread of epidemic. Statistical evidences show the comprehensive identification and quarantine policies eminently contributed to reduce casualties during the phase of a dramatic increase in diagnosed cases in Wuhan and postponing or weakening such policies would undoubtedly exacerbate the epidemic. Hence we suggest that governments should swiftly execute the forceful public health interventions in the initial stage until the pandemic is blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Huang
- The Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- The Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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21
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Medema G, Been F, Heijnen L, Petterson S. Implementation of environmental surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 virus to support public health decisions: Opportunities and challenges. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2020; 17:49-71. [PMID: 33024908 PMCID: PMC7528975 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysing wastewater can be used to track infectious disease agents that are shed via stool and urine. Sewage surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested as a tool to determine the extent of COVID-19 in cities and serve as an early warning for (re-)emergence of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in communities. The focus of this review is on the strength of evidence, opportunities and challenges for the application of sewage surveillance to inform public health decision making. Considerations for undertaking sampling programs are reviewed including sampling sites, strategies, sample transport, storage and quantification methods; together with the approach and evidence base for quantifying prevalence of infection from measured wastewater concentration. Published SARS-CoV-2 sewage surveillance studies (11 peer reviewed and 10 preprints) were reviewed to demonstrate the current status of implementation to support public health decisions. Although being very promising, a number of areas were identified requiring additional research to further strengthen this approach and take full advantage of its potential. In particular, design of adequate sampling strategies, spatial and temporal resolution of sampling, sample storage, replicate sampling and analysis, controls for the molecular methods used for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. The use of appropriate prevalence data and methods to correlate or even translate SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater to prevalence of virus shedders in the population is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan Medema
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, Nieuwegein, 3433 PE, the Netherlands
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft, 2628 CN, the Netherlands
- Michigan State University, 1405 S Harrison Rd, East-Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, Nieuwegein, 3433 PE, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Heijnen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, Nieuwegein, 3433 PE, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Petterson
- Water & Health Pty Ltd, North Sydney, 2060, Australia
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Gold Coast, Australia
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22
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Michael-Kordatou I, Karaolia P, Fatta-Kassinos D. Sewage analysis as a tool for the COVID-19 pandemic response and management: the urgent need for optimised protocols for SARS-CoV-2 detection and quantification. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 8:104306. [PMID: 32834990 PMCID: PMC7384408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of July 29th 2020, more than 16,6 million cases have been reported in more than 188 countries/territories, leading to more than 659000 deaths. One of the main challenges facing health authorities has been testing for the virus on a sufficiently comprehensive scale. The pandemic has been an impetus for the wastewater community as it has inspired scientists to look to wastewater to help fill in the gap of measuring the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 within a given community. Testing the wastewater may serve as an early warning system allowing timely interventions. Although viral shedding varies among individuals and over the course of their infection, the sewage system can blend these variations into an average that represents the wider studied community. The urgent need has led to a lack of coherent reporting of data regarding the analysis, as these huge and remarkable efforts by the wastewater scientific community were made in a very short time. Important information on the analytical approach is often lacking, while there is still no optimisation of the methodology, including sampling, sample storage and concentration, RNA extraction and detection/quantification. This review aims at identifying the main issues for consideration, relating to the development of validated methodological protocols for the virus quantitative analysis in wastewater. Their inclusion will enable the methodological optimisation of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater analyses, transforming the wastewater infrastructure into a source of useful information for the health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Michael-Kordatou
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - P Karaolia
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - D Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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23
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La Rosa G, Iaconelli M, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Veneri C, Bonadonna L, Lucentini L, Suffredini E. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewaters in Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020. [PMID: 32464333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139652.medrxiv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the advantages of environmental surveillance through the monitoring of sewage for the assessment of viruses circulating in a given community (wastewater-based epidemiology, WBE). During the COVID-19 public health emergency, many reports have described the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stools from COVID-19 patients, and a few studies reported the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewaters worldwide. Italy is among the world's worst-affected countries in the COVID-19 pandemic, but so far there are no studies assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in Italian wastewaters. To this aim, twelve influent sewage samples, collected between February and April 2020 from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Milan and Rome, were tested adapting, for concentration, the standard WHO procedure for Poliovirus surveillance. Molecular analysis was undertaken with three nested protocols, including a newly designed SARS-CoV-2 specific primer set. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection was accomplished in volumes of 250 ml of wastewaters collected in areas of high (Milan) and low (Rome) epidemic circulation, according to clinical data. Overall, 6 out of 12 samples were positive. One of the positive results was obtained in a Milan wastewater sample collected a few days after the first notified Italian case of autochthonous SARS-CoV-2. The study confirms that WBE has the potential to be applied to SARS-CoV-2 as a sensitive tool to study spatial and temporal trends of virus circulation in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Lucentini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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24
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La Rosa G, Iaconelli M, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Veneri C, Bonadonna L, Lucentini L, Suffredini E. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewaters in Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139652. [PMID: 32464333 PMCID: PMC7245320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the advantages of environmental surveillance through the monitoring of sewage for the assessment of viruses circulating in a given community (wastewater-based epidemiology, WBE). During the COVID-19 public health emergency, many reports have described the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stools from COVID-19 patients, and a few studies reported the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewaters worldwide. Italy is among the world's worst-affected countries in the COVID-19 pandemic, but so far there are no studies assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in Italian wastewaters. To this aim, twelve influent sewage samples, collected between February and April 2020 from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Milan and Rome, were tested adapting, for concentration, the standard WHO procedure for Poliovirus surveillance. Molecular analysis was undertaken with three nested protocols, including a newly designed SARS-CoV-2 specific primer set. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection was accomplished in volumes of 250 ml of wastewaters collected in areas of high (Milan) and low (Rome) epidemic circulation, according to clinical data. Overall, 6 out of 12 samples were positive. One of the positive results was obtained in a Milan wastewater sample collected a few days after the first notified Italian case of autochthonous SARS-CoV-2. The study confirms that WBE has the potential to be applied to SARS-CoV-2 as a sensitive tool to study spatial and temporal trends of virus circulation in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Lucentini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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25
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La Rosa G, Iaconelli M, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Veneri C, Bonadonna L, Lucentini L, Suffredini E. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewaters in Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139652. [PMID: 32464333 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the advantages of environmental surveillance through the monitoring of sewage for the assessment of viruses circulating in a given community (wastewater-based epidemiology, WBE). During the COVID-19 public health emergency, many reports have described the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stools from COVID-19 patients, and a few studies reported the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewaters worldwide. Italy is among the world's worst-affected countries in the COVID-19 pandemic, but so far there are no studies assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in Italian wastewaters. To this aim, twelve influent sewage samples, collected between February and April 2020 from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Milan and Rome, were tested adapting, for concentration, the standard WHO procedure for Poliovirus surveillance. Molecular analysis was undertaken with three nested protocols, including a newly designed SARS-CoV-2 specific primer set. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection was accomplished in volumes of 250 ml of wastewaters collected in areas of high (Milan) and low (Rome) epidemic circulation, according to clinical data. Overall, 6 out of 12 samples were positive. One of the positive results was obtained in a Milan wastewater sample collected a few days after the first notified Italian case of autochthonous SARS-CoV-2. The study confirms that WBE has the potential to be applied to SARS-CoV-2 as a sensitive tool to study spatial and temporal trends of virus circulation in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Lucentini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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26
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Singh P, Chakraborty R, Marwal R, Radhakrishan VS, Bhaskar AK, Vashisht H, Dhar MS, Pradhan S, Ranjan G, Imran M, Raj A, Sharma U, Singh P, Lall H, Dutta M, Garg P, Ray A, Dash D, Sivasubbu S, Gogia H, Madan P, Kabra S, Singh SK, Agrawal A, Rakshit P, Kumar P, Sengupta S. A rapid and sensitive method to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus using targeted-mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 11:159-165. [PMID: 33132628 PMCID: PMC7457902 DOI: 10.1007/s42485-020-00044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last few months, there has been a global catastrophic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 affecting millions of people worldwide. Early diagnosis and isolation are key to contain the rapid spread of the virus. Towards this goal, we report a simple, sensitive and rapid method to detect the virus using a targeted mass spectrometric approach, which can directly detect the presence of virus from naso-oropharyngeal swabs. Using a multiple reaction monitoring we can detect the presence of two peptides specific to SARS-CoV-2 in a 2.3 min gradient run with 100% specificity and 90.5% sensitivity when compared to RT-PCR. Importantly, we further show that these peptides could be detected even in the patients who have recovered from the symptoms and have tested negative for the virus by RT-PCR highlighting the sensitivity of the technique. This method has the translational potential of in terms of the rapid diagnostics of symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 and can augment current methods available for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Rahul Chakraborty
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Robin Marwal
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | | | - Akash Kumar Bhaskar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | | | - Mahesh S Dhar
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Shalini Pradhan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Gyan Ranjan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Mohamed Imran
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Anurag Raj
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Uma Sharma
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Hemlata Lall
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Meena Dutta
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Parth Garg
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020 India
| | - Arjun Ray
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020 India
| | - Debasis Dash
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Hema Gogia
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Preeti Madan
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Sandhya Kabra
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Sujeet K Singh
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Partha Rakshit
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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27
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Lalli MA, Langmade SJ, Chen X, Fronick CC, Sawyer CS, Burcea LC, Wilkinson MN, Fulton RS, Heinz M, Buchser WJ, Head RD, Mitra RD, Milbrandt J. Rapid and extraction-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 from saliva with colorimetric LAMP. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32511508 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, reliable, and widespread testing is required to curtail the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Current gold standard nucleic acid tests are hampered by supply shortages in critical reagents including nasal swabs, RNA extraction kits, personal protective equipment (PPE), instrumentation, and labor. Here we present an approach to overcome these challenges with the development of a rapid colorimetric assay using reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) optimized on human saliva samples without an RNA purification step. We describe our optimizations of the LAMP reaction and saliva pretreatment protocols that enabled rapid and sensitive detection of < 102 viral genomes per reaction in contrived saliva controls. Moreover, our saliva pretreatment protocol enabled sensitive viral detection by conventional quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) without RNA extraction. We validated the high performance of these assays on clinical samples and demonstrate a promising approach to overcome the current bottlenecks limiting widespread testing.
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28
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Andersson MI, Arancibia-Carcamo CV, Auckland K, Baillie JK, Barnes E, Beneke T, Bibi S, Brooks T, Carroll M, Crook D, Dingle K, Dold C, Downs LO, Dunn L, Eyre DW, Gilbert Jaramillo J, Harvala H, Hoosdally S, Ijaz S, James T, James W, Jeffery K, Justice A, Klenerman P, Knight JC, Knight M, Liu X, Lumley SF, Matthews PC, McNaughton AL, Mentzer AJ, Mongkolsapaya J, Oakley S, Oliveira MS, Peto T, Ploeg RJ, Ratcliff J, Robbins MJ, Roberts DJ, Rudkin J, Russell RA, Screaton G, Semple MG, Skelly D, Simmonds P, Stoesser N, Turtle L, Wareing S, Zambon M. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in blood products from patients with COVID-19 is not associated with infectious virus. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:181. [PMID: 33283055 PMCID: PMC7689603 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (the cause of COVID-19) uses PCR to detect viral RNA (vRNA) in respiratory samples. SARS-CoV-2 RNA has also been detected in other sample types, but there is limited understanding of the clinical or laboratory significance of its detection in blood. Methods: We undertook a systematic literature review to assimilate the evidence for the frequency of vRNA in blood, and to identify associated clinical characteristics. We performed RT-PCR in serum samples from a UK clinical cohort of acute and convalescent COVID-19 cases (n=212), together with convalescent plasma samples collected by NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) (n=462 additional samples). To determine whether PCR-positive blood samples could pose an infection risk, we attempted virus isolation from a subset of RNA-positive samples. Results: We identified 28 relevant studies, reporting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 0-76% of blood samples; pooled estimate 10% (95%CI 5-18%). Among serum samples from our clinical cohort, 27/212 (12.7%) had SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected by RT-PCR. RNA detection occurred in samples up to day 20 post symptom onset, and was associated with more severe disease (multivariable odds ratio 7.5). Across all samples collected ≥28 days post symptom onset, 0/494 (0%, 95%CI 0-0.7%) had vRNA detected. Among our PCR-positive samples, cycle threshold (ct) values were high (range 33.5-44.8), suggesting low vRNA copy numbers. PCR-positive sera inoculated into cell culture did not produce any cytopathic effect or yield an increase in detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Conclusions: vRNA was detectable at low viral loads in a minority of serum samples collected in acute infection, but was not associated with infectious SARS-CoV-2 (within the limitations of the assays used). This work helps to inform biosafety precautions for handling blood products from patients with current or previous COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique I. Andersson
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Carolina V. Arancibia-Carcamo
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kathryn Auckland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - J. Kenneth Baillie
- Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tom Beneke
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- Porton Down, Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Porton Down, Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Derrick Crook
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kate Dingle
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Louise O. Downs
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Laura Dunn
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David W. Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Big Data Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Javier Gilbert Jaramillo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- NHS Blood and Transfusion, 26 Margaret St, Marylebone, London, W1W 8NB, UK
- University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sarah Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Samreen Ijaz
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Ave, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Tim James
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anita Justice
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julian C. Knight
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michael Knight
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Xu Liu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sheila F. Lumley
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anna L. McNaughton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alexander J. Mentzer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Sarah Oakley
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Marta S. Oliveira
- NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Timothy Peto
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rutger J. Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Melanie J. Robbins
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Donor Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - David J. Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Justine Rudkin
- Big Data Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University Oxford Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Rebecca A. Russell
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Malcolm G. Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Donal Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Susan Wareing
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Ave, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
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29
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Impact of heat-inactivation on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody by ELISA. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:288-292. [PMID: 32569631 PMCID: PMC7305743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish a safe and accurate method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG, we assessed the impact of sera after heat-inactivation on the SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG levels measured by ELISA-immunoassay. METHODS The serum samples of 62 patients with COVID-19 and 18 healthy controls were collected in Hankou's Hospital of Wuhan from February 27 to March 6, 2020. Before and after the samples were inactivated, the levels of IgM and IgG antibodies were measured. RESULTS The indexes of antibodies after inactivated were significantly higher than those in fresh sera, while the positive rates in all participants or in patients with COVID-19 did not change. The positive coincidence rate, negative coincidence rate and total coincidence rate of IgM antibodies before and after inactivation were 100.00% (55/55), 96.00% (24/25) and 98.75% (79/80), respectively (κ = 0.971, P < 0.001), while those for IgG antibodies were 98.21% (55/56), 91.67% (22/24) and 98.75% (79/80) respectively (κ = 0.910, P < 0.001). These results showed a good consistency. CONCLUSIONS Heating-activation does not decrease the diagnostic efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 IgM or IgG antibodies. Sera inactivated by heating at 56 °C for 30 min should be recommended to minimize the risk of virus contamination of laboratory staff.
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30
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Methods of inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for downstream biological assays. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511399 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.21.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The scientific community has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by rapidly undertaking research to find effective strategies to reduce the burden of this disease. Encouragingly, researchers from a diverse array of fields are collectively working towards this goal. Research with infectious SARS-CoV-2 is undertaken in high containment laboratories, however, it is often desirable to work with samples at lower containment levels. To facilitate the transfer of infectious samples from high containment laboratories, we have tested methods commonly used to inactivate virus and prepare the sample for additional experiments. Incubation at 80°C, and a range of detergents and UV energies were successful at inactivating a high titre of SARS-CoV-2. These protocols can provide a framework for in house inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in other laboratories, ensuring the safe use of samples in lower containment levels.
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